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to the
Tapestry. Some historians have questioned whether this man is intended to be Harold or if the panel shows two instances of Harold in sequence of his death the figure standing to the left of the central figure commonly thought to be Harold, and then lying to the right almost supine being mutilated beneath a horse's hooves. Etchings made of the Tapestry in the 1730s show the standing figure with differing objects. Benoît's 1729 sketch shows only a dotted line indicating stitch marks which is longer than the currently shown arrow and without any indication of fletching, whereas all other arrows in the Tapestry are fletched. Bernard de Montfaucon's 1730 engraving has a solid line resembling a spear being held overhand matching the manner of the standing figure currently depicted with an arrow to the eye; while stitch marks for where such a spear may have been removed can be seen in the Tapestry. In 1816,
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nineteenth-century restorers that was later unstitched. Many believe the figure with an arrow in his eye to be Harold as the name "Harold" is above him. This has been disputed by examining other examples from the
Tapestry where the visual centre of a scene, not the location of the inscription, identifies named figures. A further suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that Harold suffered first the eye wound, then the mutilation, and the Tapestry is depicting both in sequence.
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903:("History of the Normans"), written only twenty years after the battle of Hastings, contains a report of Harold being shot in the eye with an arrow, but this may be an early fourteenth-century addition. The sources for how Harold met his death are contradictory, thus modern historians have not been able to produce a definitive story without finding something that will compromise any hypothesis.
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mother, who offered for the body of her beloved son its weight in gold. For the Duke thought it unseemly to receive money for such merchandise, and equally he considered it wrong that Harold should be buried as his mother wished, since so many men lay unburied because of his avarice. They said in jest that he who had guarded the coast with such insensate zeal should be buried by the seashore.
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702:
733:, though limited but persuasive evidence from the time survives to confirm this, in the form of its depiction in the Bayeux Tapestry (shown above left). Although later Norman sources point to the suddenness of this coronation, the reason may have been that all the nobles of the land were present at Westminster for the feast of
1015:
a powerfully built man of about 5ft 6in in height, aged over 60 years and with traces of arthritis." It was suggested that the contents of the coffin had been opened at a much earlier date and vandalised, as the skull was missing and the remaining bones damaged in a way that was inconsistent with decomposition
752:, but the invasion fleet remained in port for almost seven months, perhaps due to unfavourable winds. On 8 September, with provisions running out, Harold disbanded his army and returned to London. On the same day, the invasion force of Harald Hardrada, accompanied by Tostig, landed at the mouth of the
1014:
having ruled that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as Harold's were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place. The exhumation in 1954 had revealed the remains of a man in a coffin. " was made of
Horsham stone, magnificently finished, and contained the thigh and pelvic bones of
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The two brothers of the King were found near him and Harold himself, stripped of all badges of honour, could not be identified by his face but only by certain marks on his body. His corpse was brought into the Duke's camp, and
William gave it for burial to William, surnamed Malet, and not to Harold's
918:
In the panel of the Bayeux
Tapestry with the inscription "Hic Harold Rex Interfectus Est" ("Here King Harold is killed") a figure standing below the inscription is currently depicted gripping an arrow that has struck his eye. This, however, may have been a late 18th or early 19th century modification
606:
Later Norman chroniclers suggest alternative explanations for Harold's journey: that he was seeking the release of members of his family who had been held hostage since Godwin's exile in 1051, or even that he had simply been travelling along the
English coast on a hunting and fishing expedition and
798:
as "plainly mythical", before the battle a single man rode up alone to Harald
Hardrada and Tostig. He gave no name, but spoke to Tostig, offering the return of his earldom if he would turn against Hardrada. Tostig asked what his brother Harold would be willing to give Hardrada for his trouble. The
677:
wrote of Harold that he "was distinguished by his great size and strength of body, his polished manners, his firmness of mind and command of words, by a ready wit and a variety of excellent qualities. But what availed so many valuable gifts, when good faith, the foundation of all virtues, was
420:
When Harold
Harefoot died in 1040, Harthacnut ascended the English throne and Godwin's power was imperiled by his earlier involvement in Alfred's murder, but an oath and large gift secured the new king's favour for Godwin. Harthacnut's death in 1042 probably involved Godwin in a role as
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to make a copy of the Bayeux
Tapestry. He included in his reproduction previously damaged or missing parts of the work with his own hypothesised depictions. This is when the arrow first appears. It has been proposed that the supine figure once had an arrow added by over-enthusiastic
524:
and soon afterwards drove them into exile, but they raised an army which forced the king to restore them to their positions a year later. Earl Godwin died in 1053, and Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex, which made him the most powerful lay figure in
England after the king.
517:, who was in revolt against Henry. During this campaign, Sweyn returned to England and attempted to secure a pardon from the king, but Harold and Beorn refused to return any of their lands, and Sweyn, after leaving the royal court, took Beorn hostage and later killed him.
725:, but not before briefly regaining consciousness and commending his widow and the kingdom to Harold's "protection". The intent of this charge remains ambiguous, as is the Bayeux Tapestry, which simply depicts Edward pointing at a man thought to represent Harold. When the
670:, and other Norman sources, then state that Harold swore an oath on sacred relics to William to support his claim to the English throne. After Edward's death, the Normans were quick to claim that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had broken this alleged oath.
468:. Harold is called "earl" when he appears as a witness in a will that may date to 1044; but, by 1045, Harold regularly appears as an earl in documents. One reason for his appointment to East Anglia may have been a need to defend against the threat from King
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to be buried. What happened to her after 1066, is not known. Also, after their defeat at the Battle of Northam the fate of the sons is unclear although some later sources suggest they took refuge at the Danish court with their grandmother, aunt and sister.
595:. Scholars disagree as to the reliability of this story. William, at least, seems to have believed he had been offered the succession, but some acts of Edward are inconsistent with his having made such a promise, such as his efforts to return his nephew
799:
rider replied "Seven feet of English ground, as he is taller than other men." Then he rode back to the Saxon host. Hardrada was impressed by the rider's boldness, and asked Tostig who he was. Tostig replied that the rider was Harold Godwinson himself.
1853:, whereby the kingdoms of the first to die were to pass to the survivor. Magnus had thus gained a claim to Denmark on Harthacnut's death but had not pursued this other crown. Hardrada, uncle and heir of Magnus, now claimed England on this basis.
456:(originally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor), Gunhild and Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown. Harold was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth year around 1020.
498:, or "in the Danish manner", and was accepted by most laypeople in England at the time. Any children of such a union were considered legitimate. Harold probably entered the relationship in part to secure support in his new earldom.
1076:) by the Orthodox Church. Supporters of Harold's sainthood view him as a potential Martyr or Passion Bearer. Among English-speaking Orthodox Christians there has been some interest in creating iconography and localised veneration.
3193:
1950:. When the Anglo-Saxons were evangelized although by church law concubinage would not have been legally ratified, it was largely acknowledged by custom. Edith's marriage was described as
1042:, which he had refounded in 1060. Legends also grew up that Harold had not died at Hastings but instead fled England or that he later ended his life as a hermit at Chester or Canterbury.
1002:, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King Harold's burial. A request to exhume a grave in
1145:. Because of the chronology it is likely that the boys would have been twins and born after the demise of their father. Another possibility is that Ulf was the son of Edith the Fair.
865:) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, Harold was killed and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle.
1023:, that says Harold was buried by the sea. The location of the grave, at Bosham Church, is also consistent with William of Poitiers' description as it is only a small distance from
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in 1045 against Magnus. Sweyn, Harold's elder brother, had been named an earl in 1043. It was also around the time that Harold was named an earl that he began a relationship with
401:
Godwin remained an earl throughout the remainder of Cnut's reign, one of only two earls to survive to the end of that reign. On Cnut's death in 1035, Godwin originally supported
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3200:
883:, Bishop of Amiens, says that Harold was lanced and his body dismembered by four knights, probably including Duke William. Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman histories, such as
748:
formally declared William the rightful heir of the throne of England and nobles flocked to his cause. In preparation of the invasion, Harold assembled his troops on the
783:
on 20 September 1066. Harold led his army north on a forced march from London, reached Yorkshire in four days, and caught Hardrada by surprise. On 25 September, in the
425:, helping to secure the English throne for Edward the Confessor. In 1045, Godwin reached the height of his power when the new king married Godwin's daughter Edith.
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on the Normandy coast. Initially, William struggled to gain support for his cause, however, after claiming that Harold had broken an oath sworn on sacred relics,
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At the end of 1065, King Edward the Confessor fell into a coma without clarifying his preference for the succession. He died on 5 January 1066, according to the
1862:
Stothard's is the first record of the Bayeux Tapestry after it was damaged during the French Revolution and before repairs were carried out in the 19th century.
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Grainge, Christine; Grainge, Gerald (1999). "Interpretations: The Pevensey Expedition: Brilliantly Executed plan or near disaster". In Morillo, Stephen (ed.).
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Edward may not have been blameless in this situation, as at least one other man, Sweyn II of Denmark, also thought Edward had promised him the succession.
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In early January 1066, upon hearing of Harold's coronation, William began plans to invade England, building approximately 700 warships and transports at
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Foys, Martin (2010). "Pulling the Arrow Out: The Legend of Harold's Death and the Bayeux Tapestry". In Foys; Overbey, Karen Eileen; Terkla, Dan (eds.).
1049:, who knighted him, and then disappeared from history. Two of Harold's other sons, Godwine and Edmund, invaded England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of
957:
1126:. After her husband's death, at the Battle of Hastings, the pregnant Ealdgyth had been collected, from London, by her brothers, the Northern earls,
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Harold's death depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, reflecting the tradition that Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. The annotation above states
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1045:
Harold's son Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087. Ulf threw his lot in with
708:. "Here sits Harold King of the English. Archbishop Stigand". Scene immediately after crowning of Harold by (according to the Norman tradition)
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689:. This led to Harold's marriage alliance with the northern earls but fatally split his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King
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on the coast of East Sussex. Harold's army marched 240 miles (390 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in
583:. There is much speculation about this voyage. The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers state that King Edward had previously sent
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The widely held belief that Harold died by an arrow to the eye is a subject of much scholarly debate. A Norman account of the battle,
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On 12 September 1066, William's fleet sailed from Normandy. Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at
492:, lands in Harold's new earldom. The relationship was a form of marriage that was not blessed or sanctioned by the Church, known as
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influence in England under the restored monarchy (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor, who had spent more than 25 years in exile in
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Some historians have suggested that Harold and Ealdgyth's union was childless, others ascribe two children to Ealdgyth, named
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Brooks, N. P.; Walker, H. E. (1997). "The Authority and Interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry". In Gameson, Richard (ed.).
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998:, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark known only to her. Harold's strong association with
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and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September, the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at
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1823:, who appears to have looked favourably on Harold, was writing after the Conquest and may have been intentionally vague.
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convened the next day they selected Harold to succeed, and his coronation followed on 6 January, most likely held in
398:(reigned April to November 1016), but switched to supporting King Cnut by 1018, when Cnut named him Earl of Wessex.
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Due to a doubling of taxation by Tostig in 1065 that threatened to plunge England into civil war, Harold supported
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There is a tradition that Edith the Fair took the broken body of her husband Harold Godwinson to the Church at
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Harold was married to Edith the Fair for approximately twenty years and had at least five children with her.
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van Kempen, Ad F. J. (November 2016). "'A mission he bore – to Duke William he came': Harold Godwineson's
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led a force that defeated a raid by Godwine and Edmund, sons of Harold Godwinson, who had sailed from
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convened and chose Harold to succeed him; he was probably the first English monarch to be crowned in
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of Norway. It is possible that Harold led some of the ships from his earldom that were sent to
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310:
142:
72:
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controversially view King Harold as a saint, though he has not been officially glorified (
879:("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), said to have been written shortly after the battle by
8:
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in 1069. In 1068, Diarmait presented another Irish king with Harold's battle standard.
1024:
906:
818:
808:
734:
701:
587:, the archbishop of Canterbury, to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, Duke
549:
509:. In 1049, Harold was in command of a ship or ships that were sent with a fleet to aid
449:
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279:
3398:. English Historical Documents 1042-1189. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Oxford: Routledge.
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The History of the Norman Conquest of England: The Reign of Harold and the Interregnum
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1019:. The description of the remains is not unlike the fate of the king, recorded in the
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1134:, and taken to Chester for safety. It is not known what happened to her thereafter.
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1115:, a daughter of William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led to marriage.
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before marching his army back south to meet William at Hastings two weeks later.
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3319:(108). Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society: 3–34.
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There were legends of Harold's body being given a proper funeral years later in
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Who also claimed the English crown through a succession pact concluded between
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Harold then apparently accompanied William to battle against William's enemy,
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Harold's elder brother Sweyn was exiled in 1047 after abducting the abbess of
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4559:
4509:
3262:
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2789:
895:, recount that Harold died by an arrow wound to his head. An earlier source,
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631:. William arrived soon afterward and ordered Guy to turn Harold over to him.
620:
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Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 and, around that time, Harold became
394:
and a native of Sussex. Godwin began his political career by supporting King
385:
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in 1058, and replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing
323:. In late September, he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant
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3199:. Chichester: Consistory Court of the Diocese of Chichester. Archived from
2976:. Vol. 13 (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press – via
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3370:. Vol. 1 Bk 3. Translated by Forester, Thomas. London: Henry G. Bohn.
3156:. Warfare in History. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 130–142.
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615:, and was blown off course, landing at Ponthieu. He was captured by Count
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The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results
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William of Poitiers (1953). Douglas, David; Greenaway, George W. (eds.).
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990:: the lower three storeys of the tower are Saxon, the top storey Norman
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The invading forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls
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Ross, Margaret Clunies (1985). "Concubinage in Anglo-Saxon England".
1918:
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666:. William presented Harold with weapons and arms, knighting him. The
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by an unexpected storm. There is general agreement that he left from
422:
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3118:(3rd, reprinted ed.). Cambridge: University Press. p. 29.
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737:, and not because of any usurpation of the throne on Harold's part.
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2947:
Anglo-Norman Studies III: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1980
854:
842:
833:(Here have fallen dead Leofwine and Gyrth, brothers of King Harold)
639:
580:
541:
537:
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413:, half-brother of Harthacnut and younger brother of the later King
4392:
3086:(1999). "Interpretations: The Battle". In Morillo, Stephen (ed.).
4590:
4262:
4168:
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Fleming, Robin (23 September 2010). "Harold II (1022/3?–1066)".
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Arnold, Nick (2014). "The Defeat of the sons of Harold in 1069".
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1914:
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849:, southern England. Harold established his army in hastily built
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224:
3233:"The Arrow in King Harold's Eye: The Legend That Just Won't Die"
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The spot where Harold reportedly died, which became the site of
646:, Harold is recorded as rescuing two of William's soldiers from
556:. This conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat and death in 1063.
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1934:
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shows Harold touching two altars at Bayeux as the duke watches.
380:
of England and Denmark. Ulf and Estrid's son would become King
146:
116:
4823:
3974:
2631:
1922:
1088:
13th century version of Harold's crowning, from an anonymous
1062:
1039:
787:, Harold defeated Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed.
726:
663:
662:, where he surrendered the fortress's keys at the point of a
659:
553:
489:
390:
2597:
2595:
2526:
2370:
2368:
1956:(in the Danish fashion) which means unblessed by the church.
544:. He led a series of successful campaigns (1062–63) against
278:. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the
3758:
3474:
BBC Historic Figures: Harold II (Godwineson) (c. 1020–1066)
2813:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
970:
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum,
780:
619:, and was then taken as a hostage to the count's castle at
328:
305:. He became a powerful earl after the death of his father,
3652:
2922:"The Debate concerning the remains found in Bosham Church"
2655:
2431:
2270:
505:. Sweyn's lands were divided between Harold and a cousin,
2736:
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2486:
2484:
2482:
2455:
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3090:. Warfare in History. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
2726:
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1975:
1973:
591:, and that at this later date, Harold was sent to swear
2748:
2672:
2670:
2538:
2443:
2317:
1892:
Harold was thought to have been in his 40s at his death
857:. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at
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2380:
2206:
2196:
2194:
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In 1055, Harold drove back the Welsh, who had burned
520:
In 1051, Edward appointed an enemy of the Godwins as
2711:
2709:
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2667:
2407:
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1933:. In 1068 and 1069, Diarmait lent them the fleet of
831:
HIC CECIDERUNT LEVVINE ET GYRÐ FRATRES HAROLDI REGIS
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2191:
971:
480:, who appears to have been the heiress to lands in
3367:The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy
2806:
2403:. Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books. p. 149.
3360:
2853:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty
2706:
2694:
2288:
1832:This was in preference to Edward's great-nephew,
706:HIC RESIDET HAROLD REX ANGLORUM. STIGANT ARCHIEPS
4875:
4673:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
2643:
2575:
2510:. London: College of Antiquaries. Archived from
2467:
3479:Portraits of King Harold II (Harold Godwineson)
3461:at the official website of the British monarchy
3308:Orthodox Christianity and the English Tradition
2870:
2637:
2313:"Westminster Abbey Official site – Coronations"
1819:Frank Barlow points out that the author of the
282:on 14 October 1066, the decisive battle of the
3251:Maund, K.L. (23 September 2004). "Ealdgyth ".
3151:
2425:
2080:. London: Hambledon & London. p. 35.
1874:also known as Edyth Swannesha (Edith Swanneck)
579:In 1064, Harold was apparently shipwrecked at
313:, died without an heir on 5 January 1066, the
4408:
3638:
3356:. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2919:
2601:
1917:with a fleet of 64 ships to the mouth of the
571:("Harold made an oath to Duke William"): the
3257:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3012:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2928:. The Bosham Online Magazine. Archived from
2556:
2248:
2246:
956:states that the body of Harold was given to
559:
4728:
4205:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2131:
994:Another source states that Harold's widow,
952:The account of the contemporary chronicler
715:(d. 1072). Detail from the Bayeux Tapestry.
685:against his brother, and replaced him with
4415:
4401:
4382:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
3645:
3631:
3485:
3425:
3230:
3054:"Shot through the eye and who's to blame?"
2490:
2988:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
2898:
2619:
2532:
2398:
2243:
2155:
1937:for their attempted invasions of England.
1925:. They had escaped to Leinster after the
1079:
2963:
2212:
2179:
2167:
2143:
2119:
2078:House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty
1997:
1807:, in which the place is called in Latin
1083:
978:
935:
905:
812:
758:
700:
563:
3411:
3305:
3254:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3218:
3082:
3068:
3037:. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 158–75.
3009:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3005:
2984:
2833:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216
2661:
2437:
2386:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2200:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1870:
1868:
569:HAROLD SACRAMENTUM FECIT VVILLELMO DUCI
4876:
3374:
3277:
3170:
3132:
2949:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
2849:
2835:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman.
2827:
2804:
2771:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2676:
2625:
2561:. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 63–92.
2461:
2374:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2300:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2069:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1991:
1118:In about January 1066, Harold married
452:(in that order); and three daughters:
4396:
3626:
3339:
3250:
2944:
2715:
2700:
2413:
2094:
2075:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1635:
1607:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1316:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1223:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
817:Gyrth and his brother's death at the
802:
623:, 24.5 km (15.2 mi) up the
372:(c. 1015/1016), the daughter of King
16:Anglo-Saxon King of England (r. 1066)
4830:
3469:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3396:Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum
3314:
3296:
3194:"Consistory Court Judgment CH 79/03"
3191:
3112:; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (2003).
3051:
3035:Bayeux Tapestry: New Interpretations
3032:
2688:
2649:
2586:
2544:
2473:
2449:
1865:
931:
459:
405:instead of Cnut's initial successor
334:
4570:Companions of William the Conqueror
4422:
2100:
1849:, king of England and Denmark, and
286:. Harold's death marked the end of
13:
3404:
2920:Bosham Online (25 November 2003).
2902:The Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry
2105:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. p. 31.
1929:in 1066 where they were hosted by
14:
4990:
3483:National Portrait Gallery, London
3452:
1120:Ealdgyth, daughter of Earl Ælfgar
1090:Life of King Edward the Confessor
309:. After his brother-in-law, King
297:Harold Godwinson was a member of
4944:English people of Danish descent
4856:
4839:
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
3377:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King
3353:Dictionary of National Biography
3064:(10). London: History Today Ltd.
2559:The Study of the Bayeux Tapestry
2504:Society of Antiquaries of London
2103:Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King
1836:, who had yet to reach maturity.
1122:, and widow of the Welsh prince
925:Society of Antiquaries of London
267:– 14 October 1066), also called
29:
4964:Monarchs of England before 1066
3682:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
3379:. Gloucestershire: Wrens Park.
2884:. Cambridge: University Press.
2550:
2496:
2392:
2306:
2294:
2258:
2218:
1940:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1856:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1798:
1789:
1021:Carmen de Hastingae Proeliormen
384:in 1047. Godwin was the son of
376:(died 1014) and sister of King
127:14 October 1066 (aged about 44)
3679:Monarchs of England until 1603
3224:1066: The Year of the Conquest
3115:Handbook of British Chronology
627:from its mouth at what is now
299:a prominent Anglo-Saxon family
1:
4919:Anglo-Saxons killed in battle
4899:11th-century English monarchs
2945:Brown, R. Allen, ed. (1980).
2881:A Military History of Ireland
1963:
763:Coin of King Harold Godwinson
511:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
350:
288:Anglo-Saxon rule over England
261:
109:
3299:The Fall of Orthodox England
3271:UK public library membership
3231:Livingston, Michael (2022).
3133:Gibson, Margaret T. (1978).
3026:UK public library membership
2964:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
1094:Cambridge University Library
642:past the fortified abbey of
515:Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
7:
4731:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
4663:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
4289:British monarchs after the
3430:and his covert ambitions".
3174:William, King and Conqueror
3137:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2638:Bartlett & Jeffery 1997
2350:, pp. 142-143, pp. 150-151.
1946:The pagan English had been
1159:Family of Harold Godwinson
1070:Eastern Orthodox Christians
1057:) but were defeated at the
914:, " King Harold is killed".
876:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
607:had been driven across the
54:5 January – 14 October 1066
35:Harold Godwinson, from the
10:
4995:
4969:Norman conquest of England
3421:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3282:. London: Windmill Books.
2764:
2426:Grainge & Grainge 1999
2399:Sturluson, Snorri (1966).
1107:, Harold was at some time
912:Harold Rex interfectus est
891:and Henry of Huntingdon's
861:(near the present town of
806:
794:, in a story described by
693:("Hard Ruler") of Norway.
650:. They pursued Conan from
636:Conan II, Duke of Brittany
338:
4959:Monarchs killed in action
4711:
4655:
4624:
4578:
4497:
4474:Battle of Stamford Bridge
4461:
4430:
4377:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4217:
4200:
4196:
3673:
3669:
3601:
3593:
3583:
3574:
3566:
3559:
3549:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3500:
3343:"Adeliza (d 1066?)"
3310:. English Orthodox Trust.
2899:Bernstein, David (1986).
1729:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1553:
1534:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1290:
1272:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
785:Battle of Stamford Bridge
603:, from Hungary in 1057.
560:Harold in northern France
245:
235:
223:
175:
154:
137:
123:
105:
101:
78:
68:
58:
50:
43:
28:
23:
3413:Freeman, Edward Augustus
3306:Philips, Andrew (1995).
3084:Freeman, Edward Augustus
3070:Freeman, Edward Augustus
2926:Bosham Community Website
1782:
1051:Diarmait mac Máel na mBó
972:William of Poitiers 1953
923:was commissioned by the
868:
710:Archbishop of Canterbury
696:
522:Archbishop of Canterbury
4949:English Roman Catholics
4703:Trial of Penenden Heath
4611:Malcolm III of Scotland
3444:10.1111/1468-2281.12147
3297:Moss, Vladimir (2011).
3177:. London: I.B. Tauris.
2991:. Woodbridge: Boydell.
2985:DeVries, Kelly (1999).
2973:Encyclopædia Britannica
2856:. Abingdon: Routledge.
2774:Report and Transactions
2230:Encyclopædia Britannica
901:L'Ystoire de li Normant
341:Ancestry of the Godwins
271:, was the last crowned
4934:Earls of Herefordshire
4924:Deaths by arrow wounds
4729:
4489:Siege of Exeter (1068)
3493:Society of Antiquaries
3154:The Battle of Hastings
3088:The Battle of Hastings
3078:. New York: Macmillan.
3018:10.1093/ref:odnb/12360
2905:. Univ of Chicago Pr.
2850:Barlow, Frank (2013).
2805:Barlow, Frank (1970).
2782:Devonshire Association
2289:Ordericus Vitalis 1853
1097:
1080:Marriages and children
1010:in December 2003, the
991:
977:
949:
915:
897:Amatus of Montecassino
839:Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
834:
764:
716:
638:. While crossing into
589:William II of Normandy
576:
307:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
290:. He was succeeded by
240:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
4688:Council of Winchester
4678:Harrying of the North
4668:Council of Lillebonne
4438:William the Conqueror
3340:Round, J. H. (1885).
3278:Morris, Marc (2012).
3171:Hagger, Mark (2012).
3052:Foys, Martin (2016).
1883:5.5 feet (1.7 m)
1132:Morcar of Northumbria
1087:
1008:Diocese of Chichester
982:
962:
939:
909:
885:William of Malmesbury
816:
773:Morcar of Northumbria
762:
704:
567:
532:. Harold also became
428:Godwin and Gytha had
356:–1053), the powerful
292:William the Conqueror
4929:Earls of East Anglia
4914:Anglo-Saxon warriors
4904:Anglo-Norse monarchs
4586:Edward the Confessor
4484:Burning of Southwark
4259:William III & II
3824:Henry the Young King
3774:Edward the Confessor
3742:Æthelred the Unready
3536:Edward the Confessor
3375:Walker, Ian (2000).
3325:10.1093/past/108.1.3
3263:10.1093/ref:odnb/307
2809:Edward the Confessor
2076:Mason, Emma (2004).
1124:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
1055:High King of Ireland
1036:Waltham Abbey Church
1027:and in sight of the
889:Gesta Regum Anglorum
546:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
415:Edward the Confessor
362:Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
345:Harold was a son of
311:Edward the Confessor
250:Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
143:Waltham Abbey, Essex
73:Edward the Confessor
4979:Shipwreck survivors
4806:Anglo-Saxon England
4743:William of Poitiers
4693:Revolt of the Earls
4637:Battle, East Sussex
4616:Matilda of Flanders
4545:Eustace of Boulogne
4453:Sweyn II of Denmark
4207:Union of the Crowns
3577:Earl of East Anglia
3543:King of the English
3432:Historical Research
3280:The Norman Conquest
3192:Hill, Mark (2003).
2745:, pp. 168–170.
2664:, pp. 253–254.
2628:, pp. 181–182.
2547:, pp. 171–175.
2535:, pp. 148–152.
2464:, pp. 183–187.
2452:, pp. 161–163.
2440:, pp. 150–164.
2428:, pp. 130–142.
2377:, pp. 154–165.
2291:, pp. 459–460.
2279:, pp. 165–166.
2164:, pp. 127–128.
2101:Rex, Peter (2005).
1006:was refused by the
954:William of Poitiers
683:Northumbrian rebels
466:Earl of East Anglia
382:Sweyn II of Denmark
370:Estrid Svendsdatter
149:, Sussex (disputed)
45:King of the English
4974:People from Bosham
4909:Anglo-Saxon people
4515:Leofwine Godwinson
4479:Battle of Hastings
4291:Acts of Union 1707
4254:James II & VII
3947:Kenneth I MacAlpin
3732:Edgar the Peaceful
3561:Peerage of England
3317:Past & Present
3301:. Lulu Publishing.
3206:on 3 December 2020
2932:on 3 February 2009
2780:. Barnstable: The
2602:Bosham Online 2003
2514:on 24 October 2022
2401:King Harald's Saga
1927:Battle of Hastings
1851:Magnus I of Norway
1834:Edgar the Ætheling
1150:Waltham Holy Cross
1098:
1025:Chichester Harbour
992:
950:
916:
835:
819:Battle of Hastings
809:Battle of Hastings
803:Battle of Hastings
765:
722:Vita Ædwardi Regis
717:
585:Robert of Jumièges
577:
280:Battle of Hastings
4751:
4750:
4698:Council of London
4579:Associated people
4565:Roger de Breteuil
4555:Robert of Mortain
4520:Hereward the Wake
4469:Battle of Fulford
4390:
4389:
4373:
4372:
4276:
4275:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
3737:Edward the Martyr
3621:
3620:
3584:Succeeded by
3550:Succeeded by
3502:Harold Godwinson
3386:978-0-905778-46-4
3362:Ordericus Vitalis
3289:978-0-09-953744-1
3269:(Subscription or
3184:978-1-78076-354-5
3163:978-0-85115-619-4
3144:978-0-19-822462-4
3125:978-0-86193-106-4
3097:978-0-85115-619-4
3044:978-1-8438-3470-0
3024:(Subscription or
2998:978-1-8438-3027-6
2967:"Harold II"
2956:978-0-85115-141-0
2912:978-0-226-04400-2
2891:978-0-5216-2989-8
2863:978-0-5827-8440-6
2842:978-0-582-49504-3
2820:978-0-5200-1671-2
2757:, pp. 34–56.
2614:Fryde et al. 2003
2568:978-0-85115-664-4
2508:"Bayeux Tapestry"
2326:, pp. 38–39.
2267:, pp. 71–72.
2255:, pp. 69–70.
2188:, pp. 24–25.
2128:, pp. 18–19.
2112:978-0-7394-7185-2
2087:978-1-85285-389-1
2066:, pp. 17–18.
2042:, pp. 13–15.
1907:Brian of Brittany
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1059:Battle of Northam
932:Burial and legacy
893:Historia Anglorum
777:Battle of Fulford
746:Pope Alexander II
731:Westminster Abbey
658:, and finally to
644:Mont Saint-Michel
617:Guy I of Ponthieu
460:Powerful nobleman
335:Family background
321:Westminster Abbey
255:
254:
133:, Sussex, England
4986:
4884:Harold Godwinson
4869:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4826:Harold Godwinson
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4734:
4443:Harold Godwinson
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4282:
4281:
4242:Richard Cromwell
4232:The Protectorate
4222:James I & VI
4198:
4197:
3779:Harold Godwinson
3699:Edward the Elder
3692:Alfred the Great
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3616:Merged in Crown
3594:Preceded by
3567:Preceded by
3533:Preceded by
3523:
3516:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3447:
3438:(246): 591–612.
3422:
3399:
3390:
3371:
3357:
3345:
3336:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3274:
3266:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3237:Medievalists.net
3227:
3226:. Penguin Books.
3215:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3188:
3167:
3148:
3129:
3101:
3079:
3065:
3048:
3029:
3021:
3002:
2981:
2969:
2960:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2916:
2895:
2872:Bartlett, Thomas
2867:
2846:
2824:
2812:
2801:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2691:, pp. 3–34.
2686:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
975:
921:Charles Stothard
792:Snorri Sturluson
597:Edward the Exile
534:Earl of Hereford
430:several children
411:Alfred Aetheling
364:, whose brother
355:
352:
266:
263:
258:Harold Godwinson
114:
111:
33:
24:Harold Godwinson
21:
20:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4954:House of Godwin
4939:Earls of Wessex
4874:
4873:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:sister projects
4828:at Knowledge's
4822:
4812:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4719:Bayeux Tapestry
4707:
4651:
4647:Tower of London
4620:
4574:
4550:Eadric the Wild
4505:Gyrth Godwinson
4493:
4457:
4448:Harald Hardrada
4426:
4424:Norman Conquest
4421:
4391:
4386:
4369:
4296:
4272:
4237:Oliver Cromwell
4213:
4188:
4183:
4030:Constantine III
3939:
3764:Harold Harefoot
3754:Edmund Ironside
3665:
3660: and
3651:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3589:
3580:
3572:
3555:
3546:
3538:
3522:14 October 1066
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:House of Godwin
3503:
3455:
3450:
3407:
3405:Further reading
3402:
3387:
3348:Stephen, Leslie
3290:
3268:
3241:
3239:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3185:
3164:
3145:
3135:Lanfranc of Bec
3126:
3110:Greenway, D. E.
3098:
3045:
3023:
2999:
2957:
2935:
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2892:
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2821:
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2527:
2517:
2515:
2501:
2497:
2491:Livingston 2022
2489:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2416:, pp. 7–9.
2412:
2408:
2397:
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2385:
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2373:
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2095:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:, pp. 7–9.
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1900:
1896:
1891:
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1873:
1866:
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1857:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1805:Bayeux Tapestry
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1539:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1302:
1277:
1268:
1128:Edwin of Mercia
1105:Orderic Vitalis
1082:
1047:Robert Curthose
1029:English Channel
976:
969:
934:
871:
832:
830:
827:Bayeux Tapestry
811:
805:
769:Edwin of Mercia
699:
691:Harald Hardrada
675:Orderic Vitalis
673:The chronicler
668:Bayeux Tapestry
652:Dol-de-Bretagne
609:English Channel
601:Edmund Ironside
573:Bayeux Tapestry
562:
470:Magnus the Good
462:
454:Edith of Wessex
407:Harold Harefoot
396:Edmund Ironside
374:Sweyn Forkbeard
368:was married to
353:
343:
337:
325:Harald Hardrada
284:Norman Conquest
264:
219:
171:
167:Edith of Mercia
150:
128:
115:
112:
97:
39:
37:Bayeux Tapestry
17:
12:
11:
5:
4992:
4982:
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4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4871:
4870:
4868:from Wikiquote
4853:
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4772:
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4709:
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4683:Danish attacks
4680:
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4598:
4596:Edith the Fair
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4133:Edward Balliol
4129:
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3993:Constantine II
3990:
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3604:Earl of Wessex
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3568:
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3528:Regnal titles
3525:
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3453:External links
3451:
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3391:
3385:
3372:
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3220:Howarth, David
3216:
3189:
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2802:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2733:, p. 128.
2720:
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2630:
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2606:
2591:
2574:
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2549:
2537:
2533:Bernstein 1986
2525:
2495:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2391:
2389:, p. 365.
2379:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2338:, p. 111.
2328:
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2305:
2303:, p. 251.
2293:
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2020:
2008:
2006:, p. 451.
1996:
1984:
1982:, p. 230.
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1939:
1911:Alan the Black
1894:
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1479:Edith the Fair
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1309:
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1278:Thorkelsdóttir
1273:
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1168:
1161:
1160:
1081:
1078:
996:Edith the Fair
967:
933:
930:
870:
867:
807:Main article:
804:
801:
796:Edward Freeman
698:
695:
599:, son of King
561:
558:
482:Cambridgeshire
478:Edith the Fair
461:
458:
378:Cnut the Great
358:earl of Wessex
336:
333:
303:Cnut the Great
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
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227:
221:
220:
218:
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207:
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162:Edith the Fair
158:
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135:
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121:
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107:
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99:
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86:Edgar Ætheling
82:
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76:
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70:
66:
65:
64:6 January 1066
62:
56:
55:
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48:
47:
41:
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34:
26:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4907:
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4902:
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4761:
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4757:
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4736:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4724:Domesday Book
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:Miscellaneous
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
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4658:
4654:
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4609:
4607:
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4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Ralph de Gael
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Odo of Bayeux
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
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4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
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4406:
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4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4366:
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4353:
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4348:
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4299:
4293:
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4287:
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4279:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4257:
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4230:
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4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:Alexander III
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
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4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:Constantine I
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:
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3898:
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3893:
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3885:
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3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
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3855:
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3848:
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3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
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3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
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3678:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3558:
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3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
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3466:
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3460:
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3410:
3409:
3397:
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3388:
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3378:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:History Today
3055:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:Barlow, Frank
2826:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2679:, p. 78.
2678:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2640:, p. 59.
2639:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2616:, p. 29.
2615:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2362:, p. 43.
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2215:, p. 11.
2214:
2213:Chisholm 1911
2209:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2176:, p. 22.
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2152:, p. 20.
2151:
2146:
2140:, p. 74.
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2054:, p. 16.
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2030:, p. 12.
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1994:, p. 10.
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1610:
1603:
1583:
1581:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:the Confessor
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1336:
1334:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1254:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:According to
1101:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Bosham Church
1001:
997:
989:
985:
984:Bosham Church
981:
974:, p. 229
973:
966:
961:
959:
958:William Malet
955:
947:
943:
938:
929:
926:
922:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
828:
824:
820:
815:
810:
800:
797:
793:
790:According to
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
761:
757:
755:
751:
750:Isle of Wight
747:
743:
742:Dives-sur-Mer
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
714:
711:
707:
703:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
392:
388:, probably a
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
348:
342:
332:
330:
327:of Norway in
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
301:with ties to
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
259:
251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
178:
174:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
126:
122:
118:
108:
104:
100:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4889:1020s births
4863:
4851:from Commons
4846:
4825:
4632:Battle Abbey
4442:
4381:
4360:Elizabeth II
4288:
4204:
4131:
4109:
4100:Alexander II
4017:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3927:
3916:
3839:
3822:
3810:
3783:
3778:
3746:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3615:
3609:1st creation
3608:
3602:
3575:
3541:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3395:
3376:
3366:
3351:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3279:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:
3223:
3210:11 September
3208:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3173:
3153:
3134:
3114:
3106:Fryde, E. B.
3087:
3074:
3061:
3057:
3034:
3007:
2987:
2971:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2930:the original
2925:
2901:
2880:
2852:
2832:
2808:
2777:
2773:
2750:
2738:
2696:
2684:
2662:Philips 1995
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2558:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:the original
2498:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2438:Freeman 1999
2433:
2421:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2387:Freeman 1869
2382:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2277:Freeman 1869
2272:
2265:Howarth 1983
2260:
2253:Howarth 1983
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2208:
2201:Fleming 2010
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2077:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1980:DeVries 1999
1951:
1942:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1858:
1841:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1485:
1147:
1136:
1117:
1102:
1099:
1089:
1067:
1044:
1033:
1020:
1016:
993:
963:
960:for burial:
951:
942:Battle Abbey
917:
911:
900:
892:
888:
874:
872:
836:
789:
766:
739:
720:
718:
705:
680:
672:
633:
625:River Canche
605:
578:
568:
527:
519:
500:
493:
463:
432:— six sons:
427:
419:
400:
389:
366:Ulf the Earl
344:
314:
296:
276:English king
268:
257:
256:
18:
4894:1066 deaths
4782:Middle Ages
4738:Norman yoke
4365:Charles III
4350:Edward VIII
4080:Alexander I
4060:Malcolm III
4035:Kenneth III
3935:Elizabeth I
3897:Richard III
2755:Arnold 2014
2743:Barlow 2013
2731:Barlow 2013
2677:Barlow 2013
2626:Walker 2000
2462:Morris 2012
2375:Morris 2012
2360:Hagger 2012
2348:Morris 2012
2336:Gibson 1978
2324:Hagger 2012
2301:Barlow 1970
2226:"Harold II"
2186:Walker 2000
2174:Walker 2000
2162:Walker 2000
2150:Walker 2000
2138:Barlow 1970
2126:Walker 2000
2064:Walker 2000
2052:Walker 2000
2040:Walker 2000
2028:Walker 2000
2016:Walker 2000
2004:Barlow 1988
1992:Walker 2000
1953:more danico
1506:ap Llywelyn
1017:post mortem
988:West Sussex
946:East Sussex
859:Senlac Hill
495:More danico
354: 1001
316:Witenagemot
273:Anglo-Saxon
265: 1022
131:Senlac Hill
113: 1022
88:(uncrowned)
69:Predecessor
4878:Categories
4865:Quotations
4498:Combatants
4340:Edward VII
4330:William IV
4320:George III
4249:Charles II
4144:Robert III
4090:Malcolm IV
4065:Donald III
4040:Malcolm II
4025:Kenneth II
3907:Henry VIII
3867:Richard II
3862:Edward III
3796:William II
3769:Harthacnut
3612:1053–1066
3581:1052–1053
3273:required.)
3028:required.)
2978:Wikisource
2936:3 February
2798:5840886678
2716:Maund 2004
2701:Round 1885
2414:Brown 1980
2235:21 January
1964:References
1948:polygynous
1847:Harthacnut
1012:Chancellor
851:earthworks
678:wanting?"
629:Le Touquet
552:, king of
503:Leominster
436:, Harold,
403:Harthacnut
339:See also:
60:Coronation
4818:Biography
4625:Locations
4355:George VI
4325:George IV
4315:George II
4227:Charles I
4209:from 1603
4159:James III
4139:Robert II
4095:William I
4070:Duncan II
3998:Malcolm I
3988:Donald II
3912:Edward VI
3902:Henry VII
3887:Edward IV
3857:Edward II
3847:Henry III
3830:Richard I
3791:William I
3712:Æthelstan
3553:William I
3459:Harold II
3428:Commentum
2790:0309-7994
2784:: 33–56.
2689:Ross 1985
2650:Moss 2011
2587:Hill 2003
2545:Foys 2010
2474:Foys 2016
2450:Foys 2010
1919:River Taw
1905:in 1069,
1903:midsummer
1497:of Mercia
1488:Godwinson
1303:the Great
1269:of Wessex
1109:betrothed
1074:canonised
648:quicksand
423:kingmaker
360:, and of
269:Harold II
119:, England
94:(crowned)
92:William I
79:Successor
4642:Pevensey
4540:Waltheof
4345:George V
4335:Victoria
4310:George I
4179:James VI
4164:James IV
4154:James II
4127:David II
4122:Robert I
4111:Margaret
4045:Duncan I
3954:Donald I
3892:Edward V
3882:Henry VI
3872:Henry IV
3852:Edward I
3818:Henry II
3717:Edmund I
3706:Ælfweard
3664:monarchs
3658:Scottish
3465:Harold 3
3415:(1871).
3364:(1853).
3222:(1983).
3072:(1869).
2878:(1997).
2831:(1988).
2506:(2020).
1931:Diarmait
1526:Wulfnoth
1521:Leofwine
1504:Gruffydd
1495:Ealdgyth
1287:Earl Ulf
1143:Wulf/Ulf
968:—
855:Hastings
843:Pevensey
823:scene 52
735:Epiphany
640:Brittany
621:Beaurain
581:Ponthieu
542:Normandy
530:Hereford
513:against
474:Sandwich
450:Wulfnoth
446:Leofwine
386:Wulfnoth
4794:Royalty
4770:England
4756:Portals
4606:Ealdred
4591:Stigand
4462:Battles
4431:Leaders
4263:Mary II
4169:James V
4149:James I
4085:David I
4050:Macbeth
3982:Eochaid
3877:Henry V
3812:Matilda
3806:Stephen
3801:Henry I
3662:British
3656:,
3654:English
3515:c. 1022
3481:at the
3350:(ed.).
2765:Sources
1915:Ireland
1757:Gunhild
1113:Adeliza
825:of the
775:at the
713:Stigand
550:Gwynedd
486:Suffolk
200:Gunhild
155:Spouses
4656:Events
4535:Tostig
4530:Morcar
4174:Mary I
4055:Lulach
4019:Amlaíb
4013:Cuilén
4003:Indulf
3929:Philip
3924:Mary I
3727:Eadwig
3722:Eadred
3597:Godwin
3587:Ælfgār
3570:Ælfgār
3518:
3383:
3333:650572
3331:
3286:
3267:
3181:
3160:
3141:
3122:
3094:
3041:
3022:
2995:
2953:
2909:
2888:
2860:
2839:
2817:
2796:
2788:
2565:
2109:
2084:
1935:Dublin
1809:Belrem
1769:Harold
1747:Magnus
1742:Edmund
1737:Godwin
1538:Edward
1511:Tostig
1486:Harold
1294:Estrid
1267:Godwin
1139:Harold
1000:Bosham
863:Battle
847:Sussex
687:Morcar
656:Rennes
613:Bosham
593:fealty
538:Norman
438:Tostig
347:Godwin
246:Mother
236:Father
230:Godwin
210:Harold
195:Magnus
190:Edmund
185:Godwin
147:Bosham
138:Burial
117:Wessex
4848:Media
4525:Edwin
4075:Edgar
3975:Giric
3841:Louis
3748:Sweyn
3547:1066
3520:Died:
3513:Born:
3346:. In
3329:JSTOR
3242:4 May
3204:(PDF)
3197:(PDF)
2518:4 May
1923:Devon
1783:Notes
1752:Gytha
1531:Edith
1516:Gyrth
1474:Sweyn
1276:Gytha
1068:Some
1063:Devon
1040:Essex
869:Death
853:near
779:near
727:Witan
697:Reign
664:lance
660:Dinan
554:Wales
507:Beorn
490:Essex
442:Gyrth
434:Sweyn
391:thegn
225:House
205:Gytha
177:Issue
145:, or
129:near
51:Reign
4305:Anne
4268:Anne
4261:and
4117:John
3926:and
3918:Jane
3835:John
3759:Cnut
3381:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3244:2023
3212:2023
3179:ISBN
3158:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3120:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3039:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2938:2009
2907:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2837:ISBN
2815:ISBN
2794:OCLC
2786:ISSN
2563:ISBN
2520:2023
2237:2020
2107:ISBN
2082:ISBN
1909:and
1821:Vita
1301:Cnut
1141:and
1130:and
781:York
771:and
754:Tyne
488:and
448:and
329:York
124:Died
106:Born
4008:Dub
3968:Áed
3467:at
3440:doi
3321:doi
3259:doi
3014:doi
2778:146
1921:in
1901:At
1762:Ulf
1111:to
1092:in
1061:in
1038:in
986:in
944:in
899:'s
887:'s
881:Guy
654:to
548:of
417:.
215:Ulf
4880::
3436:89
3434:.
3327:.
3235:.
3108:;
3062:66
3060:.
3056:.
2970:.
2924:.
2874:;
2792:.
2776:.
2723:^
2708:^
2669:^
2594:^
2577:^
2481:^
2367:^
2245:^
2228:.
2193:^
1972:^
1867:^
1031:.
821:,
756:.
484:,
444:,
440:,
351:c.
294:.
262:c.
110:c.
4834::
4758::
4416:e
4409:t
4402:v
3646:e
3639:t
3632:v
3446:.
3442::
3389:.
3335:.
3323::
3292:.
3265:.
3261::
3246:.
3214:.
3187:.
3166:.
3147:.
3128:.
3100:.
3047:.
3020:.
3016::
3001:.
2980:.
2959:.
2940:.
2915:.
2894:.
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