31:
846:
416:, and made offering of the prescribed money or other object, by reason of which he held his fief. These requirements had to be repeated as often as there was a change in the person of the suzerain or vassal. These fiefs were granted by churchmen to princes, barons, knights, and others, who thereupon assumed the obligation of protecting the church and domains of the overlord.
713:
The last payment ever recorded was a token £1,000 from Edward III in 1333, in expectation of papal favours.... thereafter, although papal requests were regularly transmitted for settlement, no money was forthcoming. In 1365 parliament debated the latest papal request and concluded that John's
437:. A fief was not ecclesiastical simply because its overlord was a churchman; it was requisite also that the domain granted should be church property. Lands, which belonged to the patrimony of an ecclesiastic, became a secular fief if he bestowed them on a vassal.
484:
Papal fiefs included not only individual landed estates, however vast, but also duchies, principalities, and even kingdoms. When the Pope enfeoffed a prince, the latter did homage to him as to his liege lord, and acknowledged his vassalage by an annual tribute.
463:
It was as passive fiefs that many bishoprics, abbacies, and prelacies, as to their temporalities, were held of kings in the medieval period, and the power thereby acquired by secular princes over elections to ecclesiastical dignities led to the strife over
525:, after successfully rebelling his county out of the Kingdom of Leon, put his new Kingdom of Portugal under Papal vassalage, represented by an annual symbolic tribute of four ounces of gold. In some circumstances, however, such as the
424:
This system of feudal tenure was not always restricted to lands, as church revenues and tithes were often farmed out to secular persons as a species of ecclesiastical fief. Strictly speaking, however, a fief was usually defined as
683:
In the end Afonso
Henriques had to declare himself liegeman of the Pope and to promise a tribute of four ounces of gold a year to the Holy See. A Papal Bull eventually confirmed him in his titles as possessions as King of
500:
Turning a State into a Papal Fief was a clever political move that allowed a kingdom to ensure its independence in face of stronger or threatening
Catholic enemies. At the Iberian Peninsula, except for the dominant
472:
and ring at the time of his making homage, but the employment of these symbols of spiritual power gradually paved the way to claims on the part of the secular overlords (see
714:
original surrender of the realm had been invalid since it had lacked the assent of the bishops. This marked the formal end to
English recognition of the pope's sovereignty.
763:), initially referring to the triangle of the lower sections of the Daugava and the Gauja, which roughly corresponds to today's Vidzeme. Considering the land as his own
856:
460:
and undertake all the implied obligations. When these included military service, the ecclesiastic was empowered to fulfil this duty by a substitute.
434:
456:. In the latter case, temporal princes gave certain lands to the Church by enfeoffing a bishop or abbot, and the latter had then to do homage as
751:
The concept of
Livonia expanded with the conquest. It was also referred to as Maria's land after 1202 when the Pope took it under his auspices (
733:. Historia könyvtar. Vol. 4. Translated by Rédey, Szilvia. Budapest: Central European University Press (published 1999). p. 124.
457:
372:
817:
The
Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter upon the King of Spain's Monarchy
884:
664:
591:
815:
788:
825:
798:
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676:
365:
30:
293:
401:, e.g. bishop, abbot, or other possessor, granted an estate in perpetuity to a person, who thereby became his
697:
218:
37:
775:(fiefdom). Establishing a Church state was always the underlying agenda of the crusades (Taube 1938, 21).
623:
529:, the vassalage gave justification for the Pope to depose a king whenever he thought useful to do so.
358:
440:
All fiefs were personal and hereditary, and many of the latter could be inherited by female descent.
490:
473:
468:. These passive fiefs were conferred by the suzerain investing the newly elected churchman with
643:
861:
553:
533:
233:
522:
172:
128:
22:
8:
595:
587:
541:
514:
118:
879:
635:
631:
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549:
537:
510:
506:
452:; when churchmen themselves undertook obligations to a suzerain, the fiefs were called
283:
123:
502:
821:
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734:
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560:
526:
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158:
133:
768:
639:
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313:
728:
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394:
243:
113:
44:
599:
563:, sprang from investitures of 1059 and 1269. When the kingdom split due to the
273:
248:
163:
98:
73:
583:, the lands in Livonia considered directly subject to the Holy See from 1215.
873:
850:
627:
580:
426:
303:
288:
607:
494:
333:
238:
536:
declared that he held his realm as a fief from the Pope in 1213, and King
489:(29 March 1567) decreed that, in future, fiefs belonging strictly to the
486:
465:
228:
208:
168:
148:
612:
603:
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whenever the vassalage lapsed, and that no new enfeoffment take place.
398:
328:
68:
638:
for the next two centuries, until in 1731 with the extinction of the
409:
386:
348:
278:
263:
88:
634:. Suzerainty over the duchy was disputed between the Papacy and the
849: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
556:
concluded John's surrender of domains to the Papacy to be invalid.
433:
perpetually conceded to another under the obligation of fealty and
430:
268:
253:
188:
93:
78:
619:, thus thwarting the idea he held such domain under Papal behalf.
767:(fief) in 1207 Bishop Albert offered the land to the German King
545:
469:
338:
323:
258:
203:
198:
178:
103:
669:
The
Portugal Story: Three Centuries of Exploration and Discovery
576:
413:
402:
318:
138:
108:
83:
730:
Foreword to the Past: A Cultural
History of the Baltic People
183:
193:
58:
552:
remained a rather erratic Papal Fief until 1365, when the
397:, followed all the laws laid down for temporal fiefs. The
642:, Papal claims were ignored and the duchy passed to the
727:
Bojtár, Endre (1997). "5.4: The conquest of
Livonia".
615:
broke away from the Papacy, the
Lordship was elevated
671:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (published 2011).
448:
Fiefs bestowed by the Church on vassals were called
590:was for centuries considered a papal fief of the
871:
771:who immediately returned it to the bishop as a
366:
16:Medieval fief held from the Catholic Church
854:
814:J, Dr Thomas M. McCoog S. (28 July 2013).
662:
373:
359:
575:remained a Papal fief, paying the annual
419:
872:
726:
38:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
786:
865:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
412:did homage to his overlord, took an
695:
626:was created in 1545 for the son of
13:
855:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
14:
896:
813:
790:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia
698:"When did the pope rule England?"
663:Dos Passos, John (2 March 2011).
844:
559:The most famous papal fief, the
493:should be incorporated into the
443:
389:of the European Middle Ages, an
29:
885:Christianity in the Middle Ages
787:Duffy, Seán (15 January 2005).
540:accepted the same relation for
807:
780:
719:
689:
656:
479:
294:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
649:
219:Feudal land tenure in England
579:tribute until 1855. Compare
408:As such, the grantee at his
7:
820:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
624:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
617:to the condition of Kingdom
10:
901:
830:– via Google Books.
803:– via Google Books.
521:were all Papal vassals.
644:House of Bourbon-Parma
491:Patrimony of St. Peter
420:Features of the system
862:Catholic Encyclopedia
857:Ecclesiastical Tenure
613:Henry VIII of England
234:English feudal barony
761:Terra beate Virginis
567:, Sicily came under
474:Investiture Conflict
129:Feudal fragmentation
696:Vincent, Nicholas.
596:Henry II of England
588:Lordship of Ireland
509:, kingdoms such as
391:ecclesiastical fief
64:Ecclesiastical fief
636:Holy Roman Emperor
632:Pier Luigi Farnese
538:James II of Aragon
427:immovable property
284:Customary freehold
124:Feudal maintenance
573:Kingdom of Naples
571:control, but the
561:Kingdom of Sicily
527:Aragonese Crusade
383:
382:
159:Lord of the manor
134:Bastard feudalism
23:English feudalism
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565:Sicilian Vespers
523:Afonso Henriques
393:, held from the
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592:King of England
534:John of England
482:
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435:personal homage
422:
395:Catholic Church
379:
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213:
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50:
49:
45:Bayeux Tapestry
42:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
898:
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773:feudum oblatum
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600:Pope Adrian IV
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851:public domain
843:
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837:
829:
827:9781409482826
823:
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800:9781135948245
796:
793:. Routledge.
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753:Terra Mariana
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740:9789639116429
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703:
702:History Extra
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678:9780307787064
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628:Pope Paul III
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757:Terra Matris
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750:
744:. Retrieved
729:
721:
712:
705:. Retrieved
701:
691:
682:
668:
658:
621:
608:Laudabiliter
606:
602:by the 1155
585:
558:
531:
499:
495:Papal States
483:
466:investitures
462:
453:
450:active fiefs
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447:
439:
423:
407:
390:
384:
334:Scot and lot
244:Knight's fee
239:Feudal baron
63:
36:
839:Attribution
707:11 February
487:Pope Pius V
480:Papal fiefs
410:enfeoffment
229:Land tenure
209:Free tenant
169:Manor house
149:Manorialism
874:Categories
746:2017-07-12
650:References
554:Parliament
458:pro-vassal
329:Feudal aid
69:Crown land
880:Feudalism
725:Compare:
569:Aragonese
548:in 1295.
349:Feudalism
279:Gavelkind
264:Serjeanty
89:Feoffment
765:allodium
684:Portugal
542:Sardinia
515:Portugal
431:usufruct
399:suzerain
274:Freehold
269:Copyhold
254:Baronage
189:Overlord
119:Affinity
94:Seignory
79:Appanage
853::
611:. When
550:England
546:Corsica
511:Navarre
507:Castile
470:crozier
454:passive
385:In the
339:Tallage
324:Scutage
259:Peerage
204:Serfdom
199:Peasant
179:Demesne
104:Feoffee
824:
797:
769:Philip
737:
675:
577:Chinea
519:Aragon
517:, and
429:whose
403:vassal
319:Socage
139:Livery
114:Homage
109:Fealty
84:Vassal
532:King
184:Glebe
822:ISBN
795:ISBN
735:ISBN
709:2023
673:ISBN
622:The
604:bull
586:The
544:and
505:and
503:León
476:).
194:Lord
173:List
59:Fief
859:".
665:"3"
598:by
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700:.
681:.
667:.
646:.
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171:(
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