Nobility - Knowledge

4834:

vasallos de mi Corona, y que por el trascurso del tiempo se detiene la práctica y uso de ellas, y siento tan conveniente su puntual cumplimiento al bien público y utilidad de los Indios y al servicio de Dios y mío, y que en esta consecuencia por lo que toca a los indios mestizos está encargo a los Arzobispos y Obispos de las Indias, por la Ley Siete, Título Siete, del Libro Primero, de la Recopilación, los ordenen de sacerdotes, concurriendo las calidades y circunstancias que en ella se disponen y que si algunas mestizas quisieren ser religiosas dispongan el que se las admita en los monasterios y a las profesiones, y aunque en lo especial de que quedan ascender los indios a puestos eclesiásticos o seculares, gubernativos, políticos y de guerra, que todos piden limpieza de sangre y por estatuto la calidad de nobles, hay distinción entre los Indios y mestizos, o como descendentes de los indios principales que se llaman caciques, o como procedidos de indios menos principales que son los tributarios, y que en su gentilidad reconocieron vasallaje, se considera que a los primeros y sus descendentes se les deben todas las preeminencias y honores, así en lo eclesiástico como en lo secular que se acostumbran conferir a los nobles Hijosdalgo de Castilla y pueden participar de cualesquier comunidades que por estatuto pidan nobleza, pues es constante que estos en su gentilismo eran nobles a quienes sus inferiores reconocían vasallaje y tributaban, cuya especie de nobleza todavía se les conserva y considera, guardándoles en lo posible, o privilegios, como así se reconoce y declara por todo el Título de los caciques, que es el Siete, del Libro Seis, de la Recopilación, donde por distinción de los indios inferiores se les dejó el señorío con nombre de cacicazgo, transmisible de mayor en mayor, a sus posterioridades...

1708: 4751:"It is not right that the Indian chiefs of Filipinas be in a worse condition after conversion; rather they should have such treatment that would gain their affection and keep them loyal, so that with the spiritual blessings that God has communicated to them by calling them to His true knowledge, the temporal blessings may be added and they may live contentedly and comfortably. Therefore, we order the governors of those islands to show them good treatment and entrust them, in our name, with the government of the Indians, of whom they were formerly lords. In all else the governors shall see that the chiefs are benefited justly, and the Indians shall pay them something as a recognition, as they did during the period of their paganism, provided it be without prejudice to the tributes that are to be paid us, or prejudicial to that which pertains to their encomenderos." Felipe II, 1966: 2864: 1684: 2086: 593: 2078: 1342: 2342: 2448: 4931:

se recogen los nombramientos de centenares de aborígenes de aquel Archipiélago, a los cuales, en virtud de su posición social, ocuparon cargos en la administración de aquellos territorios y cuya presencia demuestra la inquietud cultural de nuestra Patria en aquéllas Islas para la preparación de sus naturales y la colaboración de estos en las tareas de su Gobierno. Esta faceta en Filipinas aparece mucho más actuada que en el continente americano y de ahí que en Filipinas la Nobleza de cargo adquiera mayor importancia que en las Indias.

472:, have expressly abolished the conferral and use of titles of nobility for their citizens. This is distinct from countries that have not abolished the right to inherit titles, but which do not grant legal recognition or protection to them, such as Germany and Italy, although Germany recognizes their use as part of the legal surname. Still, other countries and authorities allow their use, but forbid attachment of any privilege thereto, e.g., Finland, Norway, and the European Union, while French law also protects lawful titles against 2787: 1467: 4906:

manera estructuradas y se apreciaba en ellas una organización jerárquica embrionaria y local, pero era digna de ser atendida. Precisamente en esa organización local es, como siempre, de donde nace la nobleza. El indio aborigen, jefe de tribu, es reconocido como noble y las pruebas irrefutables de su nobleza se encuentran principalmente en las Hojas de Servicios de los militares de origen filipino que abrazaron la carrera de las Armas, cuando para hacerlo necesariamente era preciso demostrar el origen nobiliario del individuo.

140: 4675: 2559: 820: 1957:

extinguished even in Joseon, which began to actively introduce Han Chinese rule. So, in the early days, there were quite a few hereditary powerful noblemen like the Jeju Ko. However, as Confucian reforms continued, it became difficult for yangbans to obtain political positions if they did not pass the exam. Each of them was usually still superior to ordinary people, but was not recognized unless it passed the test. So now, to become a yangban, it was essential for the members to pass the exam.

683: 2174: 694: 1100: 4847: 4679: 961: 6655: 2722: 5061: 1617: 43: 304: 2399:. The presence of these notables demonstrates the cultural concern of Spain in those Islands to prepare the natives and the collaboration of these in the government of the Archipelago. This aspect of Spanish rule in the Philippines appears much more strongly implemented than in the Americas. Hence in the Philippines, the local nobility, by reason of charge accorded to their social class, acquired greater importance than in the 4486: 3462: 1582: 6788: 2183: 1668: 485: 2165: 2156: 2463: 1633: 4836: 5041: 933:. Historically, once nobility was granted, if a nobleman served the monarch well he might obtain the title of baron, and might later be elevated to the rank of count. As in other countries of post-medieval central Europe, hereditary titles were not attached to a particular land or estate but to the noble family itself, so that all patrilineal descendants shared a title of baron or count (cf. 4578: 1859:, for example, even though noble titles were no longer given to those other than the emperor's relatives, the fact that the process of selecting officials was mostly based on a vouching system by current officials as officials usually vouched for their own sons or those of other officials meant that a de facto aristocracy continued to exist. This process was further deepened during the 4864:

Servicio de aquellos filipinos que ingresaron en nuestras Academias Militares y cuyos ascendientes eran caciques, encomenderos, tagalos notables, pedáneos, por los gobernadores o que ocupan cargos en la Administración municipal o en la del Gobierno, de todas las diferentes regiones de las grandes islas del Archipiélago o en las múltiples islas pequeñas de que se compone el mismo.

4998:. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century, pp. 296–297. 5027:. "Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century, pp. 329. 929:

standard explains why the noble population was relatively large, although the economic status of its members varied widely. Untitled nobles were not infrequently wealthier than titled families, while considerable differences in wealth were also to be found within the titled nobility. The custom of granting titles was introduced to Hungary in the 16th century by the

2528: 506:, large or small, that might include fields, pasture, orchards, timberland, hunting grounds, streams, etc. It also included infrastructure such as a castle, well and mill to which local peasants were allowed some access, although often at a price. Nobles were expected to live "nobly", that is, from the proceeds of these possessions. Work involving 261:, the nobility were descendants of this Republican aristocracy. While ancestry of contemporary noble families from ancient Roman nobility might technically be possible, no well-researched, historically documented generation-by-generation genealogical descents from ancient Roman times are known to exist in Europe. 1989:, as can members of several present or formerly reigning dynasties, are widely regarded as belonging to the ancient, hereditary Islamic nobility. In some Islamic countries they inherit (through mother or father) hereditary titles, although without any other associated privilege, e.g., variations of the title 1953:

nobles and took power for a short period of time. Goryeo also had many hereditary families, and they were more aristocratic than Confucian bureaucrats, forcibly collecting taxes from the people being slaughtered by the Mongolian army, killing those who rebelled, and writing poetry ignoring their situation.

510:

or subordination to those of lower rank (with specific exceptions, such as in military or ecclesiastic service) was either forbidden (as derogation from noble status) or frowned upon socially. On the other hand, membership in the nobility was usually a prerequisite for holding offices of trust in the

417:

While noble status formerly conferred significant privileges in most jurisdictions, by the 21st century it had become a largely honorary dignity in most societies, although a few, residual privileges may still be preserved legally (e.g. Spain, UK) and some Asian, Pacific and African cultures continue

4833:

Por cuanto teniendo presentes las leyes y cédulas que se mandaron despachar por los Señores Reyes mis progenitores y por mí, encargo el buen tratamiento, amparo, protección y defensa de los indios naturales de la América, y que sean atendidos, mantenidos, favorecidos y honrados como todos los demás

2848:

and the suspension of political rights, to accept noble titles and foreign decorations without the proper permission of the state. In particular, the nobles of greater distinction, by respect and tradition, were allowed to use their titles during the republican regime. The imperial family also could

2478:

The recognition of the rights and privileges accorded to the Filipino principalía as hijosdalgos of Castile seems to facilitate entrance of Filipino nobles into institutions of under the Spanish Crown, either civil or religious, which required proofs of nobility. However, to see such recognition as

2361:

The Laws of the Indies and other pertinent royal decrees were enforced in the Philippines and benefited many indigenous nobles. It can be seen very clearly and irrefutably that, during the colonial period, indigenous chiefs were equated with the Spanish hidalgos, and the most resounding proof of the

1944:

Unlike China, Silla's bone nobles were much more aristocratic and had the right to collect taxes and rule over people. They also thought of the king as Buddha and justified their rule through the idea that status was determined by birth. However, this strict sense of social status gradually weakened

1320:

into the Ethiopian nobility as part of their quest for aggrandizement during the 1800s. To do so they were generally obliged to abandon their faith and some are believed to have feigned conversion to Christianity for the sake of acceptance by the old Christian aristocratic families. One such family,

620:

could be bought, sold or mortgaged. If erected by the crown into, e.g., a barony or countship, it became legally entailed for a specific family, which could use it as their title. Yet most French nobles were untitled ("seigneur of Montagne" simply meant ownership of that lordship but not, if one was

4930:

También en la Real Academia de la Historia existe un importante fondo relativo a las Islas Filipinas, y aunque su mayor parte debe corresponder a la Historia de ellas, no es excluir que entre su documentación aparezcan muchos antecedentes genealógicos… El Archivo del Palacio y en su Real Estampilla

4473:

System of universal geography, founded on the works of Malte-Burn and Balbi; embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical discovery, the principles of mathematical and physical geography, and a complete description from the most recent sources, of the political and social condition

4327:

Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary

2378:

or those who held positions in the municipal administration or government in all different regions of the large islands of the Archipelago, or of the many small islands of which it is composed. In the context of the ancient tradition and norms of Castilian nobility, all descendants of a noble are

2046:

forming a somewhat unusual and complex system in comparison with the other Islamic countries. The bestowal of noble and aristocratic titles was widespread across the empire even after its fall by independent monarchs. One of the most elaborate examples is that of the Egyptian aristocracy's largest

1952:

However, the still strict status order of Silla caused opposition from many people and collapsed when the country moved to Goryeo. In Goryeo, powerful families along with existing nobles became nobles, claiming a new lineage nobility. And in Goryeo, dissatisfied lower class people confronted the

1026:

It was the Spaniards who gave the world the notion that an aristocrat's blood is not red but blue. The Spanish nobility started taking shape around the ninth century in classic military fashion, occupying land as warriors on horseback. They were to continue the process for more than five hundred

928:

In Hungary members of the nobility always theoretically enjoyed the same rights. In practice, however, a noble family's financial assets largely defined its significance. Medieval Hungary's concept of nobility originated in the notion that nobles were "free men", eligible to own land. This basic

736:

in Portugal and Spain, and some noble titles in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Prussia, and Scandinavia. In Russia, Scandinavia and non-Prussian Germany, titles usually descended to all male-line descendants of the original titleholder, including females. In Spain, noble titles are now equally

4905:

Por otra parte, mientras en las Indias la cultura precolombiana había alcanzado un alto nivel, en Filipinas la civilización isleña continuaba manifestándose en sus estados más primitivos. Sin embargo, esas sociedades primitivas, independientes totalmente las unas de las otras, estaban en cierta

2490:

did not strip the ancient sovereign rulers of the Archipelago (who vowed allegiance to the Spanish Crown) of their legitimate rights. Many of them accepted the Catholic religion and were his allies from the very beginning. He only demanded from these local rulers vassalage to the Spanish Crown,

2426:

or the Christianized Datus) and Filipino officials of justice received the greatest consideration from the Spanish Crown officials. The colonial officials were under obligation to show them the honor corresponding to their respective duties. They were allowed to sit in the houses of the Spanish

1090:

of Southern Africa, belong to peoples that have been resident in the continent for millennia. Generally their royal or noble status is recognized by and derived from the authority of traditional custom. A number of them also enjoy either a constitutional or a statutory recognition of their high

573:

in the allocation of societal resources. Nobility came to be associated with social rather than legal privilege, expressed in a general expectation of deference from those of lower rank. By the 21st century even that deference had become increasingly minimized. In general, the present nobility

4863:

Por ella se aprecia bien claramente y de manera fehaciente que a los caciques indígenas se les equiparada a los Hidalgos españoles y la prueba más rotunda de su aplicación se halla en el Archivo General Militar de Segovia, en donde las calificaciones de «Nobleza» se encuentran en las Hojas de

2590:

However, in many countries at this time, the nobility retained substantial political importance and social influence: for instance, the United Kingdom's government was dominated by the (unusually small) nobility until the middle of the 19th century. Thereafter the powers of the nobility were

1956:

As Goryeo weakened and nobles pursuing Joseon appeared, Goryeo's nobility could not stand against them and chose to be absorbed into yangban. However, since the Korean nobility had never experienced defeat by commoners like Han Gaozu Liu Bang, the aristocratic character was not completely

1027:

years, clawing back sections of the peninsula from its Moorish occupiers, and a nobleman demonstrated his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin—proof that his birth had not been contaminated by the dark-skinned enemy.

948:, often with impressive-looking documentation. This may be illegal, depending on local law. They are more often illegal in countries that actually have nobilities, such as European monarchies. In the United States, such commerce may constitute actionable fraud rather than criminal 857:

Scotland's Salic law) granted the arms and allocated the chiefships of medieval noble families to female-line descendants of lords, even when they were not of noble lineage in the male line, while persons of legitimate male-line descent may still survive (e.g. the modern

1832:

It was a custom in China for the new dynasty to ennoble and enfeoff a member of the dynasty which they overthrew with a title of nobility and a fief of land so that they could offer sacrifices to their ancestors, in addition to members of other preceding dynasties.

1441:

rarely married outside their caste: a high-ranking woman who married a lower-ranking man took on her husband's lower rank, but a high-ranking man marrying a woman of lower rank did not forfeit his status, although his children could not inherit his rank or property

2618:

where there were no more than 300,000 prior to 1789, which was 1% of the population (although some scholars believe this figure is an overestimate). In 1718 Sweden had between 10,000 and 15,000 nobles, which was 0.5% of the population. In Germany it was 0.01%.

1015:

appeared blue through their untanned skin) from a working class of the time. The latter consisted mainly of agricultural peasants who spent most of their time working outdoors and thus had tanned skin, through which superficial veins appear less prominently.

1321:

the Wara Seh (more commonly called the "Yejju dynasty") converted to Christianity and eventually wielded power for over a century, ruling with the sanction of the Solomonic emperors. The last such Muslim noble to join the ranks of Ethiopian society was

1537:

are some of the most famous examples. Although many of their traditional functions have become dormant due to the advent of modern governance, their members retain precedence of a traditional nature and are especially prominent during festivals.

5355: 532:

domain. In some countries, the local lord could impose restrictions on such a commoner's movements, religion or legal undertakings. Nobles exclusively enjoyed the privilege of hunting. In France, nobles were exempt from paying the

2614:(probably 10%), Spain (722,000 in 1768 which was 7–8% of the entire population) and other countries with lower percentages, such as Russia in 1760 with 500,000–600,000 nobles (2–3% of the entire population), and pre-revolutionary 1817:. Imperial descendants formed the highest class of ancient Chinese nobility, their status based upon the rank of the empress or concubine from which they descend maternally (as emperors were polygamous). Numerous titles such as 2479:

an approximation or comparative estimation of rank or status might not be correct since in reality, although the principales were vassals of the Crown, their rights as sovereign in their former dominions were guaranteed by the

1549:

in the service of their traditional sovereigns in a symbolic continuation of the way that their titled ancestors and predecessors did during the pre-colonial and colonial periods. Many of them are also members of the country's

1980:

In some Islamic countries, there are no definite noble titles (titles of hereditary rulers being distinct from those of hereditary intermediaries between monarchs and commoners). Persons who can trace legitimate descent from

193:

Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by a monarch or government, and acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, ownerships, or royal favour has occasionally enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility.

985:"Aristocrat" and "aristocracy", in modern usage, refer colloquially and broadly to persons who inherit elevated social status, whether due to membership in the (formerly) official nobility or the monied upper class. 2034:, often derived from the post held by their ancestors, considering the fact that family names in Iran only appeared in the beginning of the 20th century. Sultans have been an integral part of Islamic history. See: 2829:, the emperor conferred titles of nobility, which were personal and therefore non-hereditary, unlike the earlier Portuguese and Portuguese-Brazilian titles, being inherited exclusively to the royal titles of the 2394:

and its royal stamp recognized the appointments of hundreds of natives of the Philippines who, by virtue of their social position, occupied posts in the administration of the territories and were classified as

1494:. Though their functions are largely ceremonial, the titles of the country's royals and nobles are often centuries old and are usually vested in the membership of historically prominent families in the various 4265:

differentiates the system in use in Scotland from many other European traditions, in that armorial bearings which are entered in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland by warrant of the

1436:

held various privileges, including land ownership, preferment for senior government posts, free labor from members of lower classes, the right to have their tombs constructed within town limits, etc. The

2586:

gradually grew in power; a rich city merchant came to be more influential than a nobleman, and the latter sometimes sought inter-marriage with families of the former to maintain their noble lifestyles.

2414:, a mark of esteem and distinction in Europe reserved for a person of noble or royal status during the colonial period. Other honors and high regard were also accorded to the Christianized Datus by the 1501:

Membership of initiatory societies that have inalienable functions within the kingdoms is also a common feature of Nigerian nobility, particularly among the southern tribes, where such figures as the

449:

make one noble, nor are all nobles wealthy or influential (aristocratic families have lost their fortunes in various ways, and the concept of the 'poor nobleman' is almost as old as nobility itself).

2325:) to indigenous nobilities of the Crown colonies, including the principalía of the Philippines, and extended to them and to their descendants the preeminence and honors customarily attributed to the 178:

with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristics associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions (e.g.,

3934: 275:, often distinguish nobles from non-nobles in conversation and written speech. In many nations, most of the nobility have been untitled, and some hereditary titles do not indicate nobility (e.g., 1945:

due to the introduction of Confucianism and opposition from the lower class, and even in Silla, opportunities were given to people of low social status through Confucian tests such as '독서삼품과(讀書三品

1936:

The bestowal of titles was abolished upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, as part of a larger effort to remove feudal influences and practises from Chinese society.

1829:

were introduced for Imperial descendants. The titles of the junior princes were gradually lowered in rank by each generation while the senior heir continued to inherit their father's titles.

2483:, more particularly the Royal Decree of Philip II of 11 June 1594, which Charles II confirmed for the purpose stated above to satisfy the requirements of the existing laws in the Peninsula. 2427:

Provincial Governors, and in any other places. They were not left to remain standing. It was not permitted for Spanish Parish Priests to treat these Filipino nobles with less consideration.

2821:

With the independence of Brazil in 1822 as a constitutional monarchy, the titles of nobility initiated by the king of Portugal were continued and new titles of nobility were created by the

2626:

nobles made up 5% of the population. All the nobles in 18th-century Europe numbered perhaps 3–4 million out of a total of 170–190 million inhabitants. By contrast, in 1707, when

5011:. Volume 27 of 55 (1636–37). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourbe; additional translations by Arthur B. Myrick. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. 4982:. Volume 27 of 55 (1636–37). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne; additional translations by Arthur B. Myrick. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. 2641:

Apart from the hierarchy of noble titles, in England rising through baron, viscount, earl, and marquess to duke, many countries had categories at the top or bottom of the nobility. The

4935:

Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia"

4910:

Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia"

4868:

Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas in Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia"

2430:

The Gobernadorcillos exercised the command of the towns. They were Port Captains in coastal towns. They also had the rights and powers to elect assistants and several lieutenants and

2366:, where the qualifications of "nobility" (found in the service records) are attributed to those Filipinos who were admitted to the Spanish military academies and whose ancestors were 741:

in much of western Europe aside from Germany. In Eastern Europe, by contrast, with the exception of a few Hungarian estates, they usually descended to all sons or even all children.

296: 197:

There are often a variety of ranks within the noble class. Legal recognition of nobility has been much more common in monarchies, but nobility also existed in such regimes as the

4388:

The nobility of Valencia..are, by themselves, divided into three classes, blue blood, red blood, and yellow blood. Blue blood is confined to families who have been made grandees.

1749:, many members of the nobility were elevated to royalty as they became the monarchs of their princely states, but as many princely state rulers were reduced from royals to noble 502:. Usually privileges were granted or recognized by the monarch in association with possession of a specific title, office or estate. Most nobles' wealth derived from one or more 4449: 4376: 2972:

does not issue or recognize titles of nobility or any hereditary prerogatives and honors. Informally, however, a Mexican aristocracy remains a part of Mexican culture and its

4104: 4026: 2693:) who had long traditions of being led by monarchs and nobles, peerage traditions dating to the colonial and post-colonial imperial periods (in the case of such countries as 1119:

most of the titles of nobility have been tribal or military in nature. However the Ethiopian nobility resembled its European counterparts in some respects; until 1855, when

3186: 824: 808:

have disputed this so-called "Aristocratic Reaction". Various court and military positions were reserved by tradition for nobles who could "prove" an ancestry of at least

1561:

title, either of the traditional variety (which involves taking part in ritual re-enactments of your title's history during annual festivals, roughly akin to a British

1707: 4421:

One in particular, from Spain, of high rank and birth, of the sangre azul, the blue blood, who have the privilege of the silken cord if they should come to be hanged.

4079: 3874: 621:

not otherwise noble, the right to use a title of nobility, as commoners often purchased lordships). Only a member of the nobility who owned a countship was allowed,

2547:

or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for an allocation of land (usually together with

2791: 1141:(literally "King of Kings"). Despite its being a Christian monarchy, various Muslim states paid tribute to the emperors of Ethiopia for centuries: including the 452:

Although many societies have a privileged upper class with substantial wealth and power, the status is not necessarily hereditary and does not entail a distinct

2386:, there is a substantial number of records providing reference to the Philippine Islands, and while most parts correspond to the history of these islands, the 5731: 2293: 1375:

exercised both spiritual and political leadership. The word "Andriana" has been used to denote nobility in various ethnicities in Madagascar: including the

4498:

The Spanish community is divided into two great castes, those of pure Gothic or blue blood, and those of mixed Gothic and Moorish descent, or black blood.

539:, the major direct tax. Peasants were not only bound to the nobility by dues and services, but the exercise of their rights was often also subject to the 3899: 2811: 518:, European nobles typically commanded tribute in the form of entitlement to cash rents or usage taxes, labor or a portion of the annual crop yield from 1891:

Under a centralized system, the empire's governance was the responsibility of the Confucian-educated scholar-officials and the local gentry, while the

1878:

system marked the transformation of a power shift towards a full bureaucracy, though the process would not be truly completed until the Song dynasty.

1208: 847:. However, heraldry has never been restricted to the noble classes in most countries, and being armigerous does not necessarily demonstrate nobility. 5305: 1965: 1895:

were accorded gentry status. For male citizens, advancement in status was possible via garnering the top three positions in imperial examinations.

414:, sometimes associated with a right to bear a hereditary title and, for example in pre-revolutionary France, enjoying fiscal and other privileges. 2795: 1888:, titles of nobility were still granted by the emperor, but served merely as honorifics based on a loose system of favours to the Qing emperor. 4540: 5381: 2117:; for long periods, these held the real power without a real central government, and often plunged the country into a state of civil war. The 2512: 511:

realm and for career promotion, especially in the military, at court and often the higher functions in the government, judiciary and church.

1230: 921:

of Italy were explicitly acknowledged by the monarchs of those countries as members of the nobility, although untitled. In Scandinavia, the

6691: 1129:

its aristocracy was organized similarly to the feudal system in Europe during the Middle Ages. For more than seven centuries, Ethiopia (or

995:

recorded since 1811 in the Annual Register and in 1834 for noble birth or descent; it is also known as a translation of the Spanish phrase

6459: 6334: 4169: 5172: 4137: 2701:), have left noble families in each of them that have ancestral ties to those nations' Indigenous and European families, especially the 543:

of courts and police from whose authority the actions of nobles were entirely or partially exempt. In some parts of Europe the right of

6344: 4776:

Scott, William Henry (1982). Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.

3993: 2350: 2001:. Regarded as more religious than the general population, many people turn to them for clarification or guidance in religious matters. 1554:

due to their not being covered by the prohibition from involvement in politics that governs the activities of the traditional rulers.

6602: 4735: 4368: 2238: 1424:

has often formed part of the names of Malagasy kings, princes and nobles. Linguistic evidence suggests that the origin of the title

5500: 4409: 4096: 4049: 2101:

Medieval Japan developed a feudal system similar to the European system, where land was held in exchange for military service. The

4303:

The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent

4277: 6744: 6451: 6389: 4809: 3033: 2107:

class, or hereditary landowning nobles, held great socio-political power. As in Europe, they commanded private armies made up of

2043: 1112: 6731: 6431: 5762: 5408: 2555:, nobles gradually lost their role in raising and commanding private armies, as many nations created cohesive national armies. 2284:. These titles are the rough equivalents of European titles, albeit dependent on the actual wealth and prestige of the bearer. 614:(lordship) might include one or more manors surrounded by land and villages subject to a noble's prerogatives and disposition. 2304:

ordered that the indigenous rulers continue to receive the same honors and privileges accorded them prior their conversion to

6426: 5016: 4987: 4711: 4208: 3470: 5279: 5248: 5210: 6766: 6436: 4307: 3866: 3575: 3127: 710:. It is usually an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e. the status descends exclusively to some or all of the 5126: 4701: 4076: 3185:

the federal and state governments from granting titles of nobility, in most cases citizens are not barred from accepting,

7116: 6469: 4433: 4228: 1495: 3149: 6617: 6597: 6576: 5268: 4781: 2906: 2607: 2400: 2305: 441:

in that the latter is mainly based on pedigree, income, possessions, or lifestyle. Being wealthy or influential cannot

107: 1881:

Titles of nobility became symbolic along with a stipend while governance of the country shifted to scholar officials.

6581: 6464: 6307: 5242: 5204: 5166: 5106: 5055: 4942: 4917: 4875: 4554: 4443: 4163: 4043: 3189:

or inheriting them. And, since at least 1953, the U.S. requires applicants for naturalization to renounce any titles.

2645:, relatively small landowners with perhaps one or two villages, were mostly noble in most countries, for example the 126: 79: 5043:

Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas

2519:

having had alliances with the Spanish Crown before the Kingdom took total control of most parts of the Archipelago.

2308:. The baptized nobility subsequently coalesced into the exclusive, landed ruling class of the lowlands known as the 851:, however, is an exception. In a number of recent cases in Scotland the Lord Lyon King of Arms has controversially ( 7457: 7305: 6684: 6329: 4839:

Las Pruebas de Nobleza y Genealogia en Filipinas y Los Archivios en Donde se Pueden Encontrar Antecedentes de Ellas

3590: 2765: 2650: 718:, descendants of a nobleman. In this respect, the nobility as a class has always been much more extensive than the 182:), and vary by country and by era. Membership in the nobility, including rights and responsibilities, is typically 148: 2599:. Since then, only 92 of them have this entitlement, of whom 90 are elected by the hereditary peers as a whole to 2965: 2938: 1914: 350:

originated as an informal designation for the political governing class who had allied interests, including both

992: 86: 6319: 4959:, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de 4333: 4328:

Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e.,

2826: 2574:

This was coupled with a loss of the socio-economic power of the nobility, owing to the economic changes of the

2121:

class can be compared to European peers, and the samurai to European knights, but important differences exist.

64: 4025:(2003). Hall, Lesley; Lilley, Keith D.; MacMaster, Neil; Spellman, W. M.; Waite, Gary K.; Webb, Diana (eds.). 1184:

borne by those at the apex of medieval Ethiopian society. The highest royal title (after that of emperor) was

418:

to attach considerable significance to formal hereditary rank or titles. (Compare the entrenched position and

7361: 7328: 7280: 7175: 6612: 6384: 6379: 5863: 3803: 3646: 3390: 1011:. The idiom originates from ancient and medieval societies of Europe and distinguishes an upper class (whose 727: 5371: 891:. Most nations traditionally had an untitled lower nobility in addition to titled nobles. An example is the 6738: 6607: 6441: 6406: 6357: 6081: 5083:

Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa

4286: 3914: 2992: 2844:, in 1889, the Brazilian nobility was discontinued. It was also prohibited, under penalty of accusation of 2231:

have indigenous nobility, partially influenced by Hindu, Chinese, and Islamic custom. Since ancient times,

1104: 339: 5297: 2902:

The term is used in reference to various groups throughout the entirety of Mexican history, from formerly

93: 6809: 6754: 6677: 6561: 6551: 6418: 5626: 5118:

Marcassa, Stefania, Jérôme Pouyet, and Thomas Trégouët. "Marriage strategy among the European nobility."

5037: 3144: 3077: 2999: 2669:

In addition to the nobility of a variety of native populations in what is now Latin America (such as the

1491: 1036:

Africa has a plethora of ancient lineages in its various constituent nations. Some, such as the numerous

4273:

are legally "Ensigns of Nobility", and although the historical accuracy of that interpretation has been

2863: 213:(1300–1798), and remains part of the legal social structure of some small non-hereditary regimes, e.g., 7158: 6541: 5880: 5401: 5047:

Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de "Hidalguia", 1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento

3753: 913: 644:

In other parts of Europe, sovereign rulers arrogated to themselves the exclusive prerogative to act as

2578:

and the growing economic importance of the merchant classes, which increased still further during the

2487: 1813:

In East Asia, the system was often modeled on imperial China, the leading culture. Emperors conferred

1329:

of Wollo, and later King of Zion, and even married into the Imperial family. He lived to see his son,

6964: 6878: 6566: 6506: 4008: 3209: 2830: 2492: 1899: 1683: 805: 737:

heritable by females and males alike. Noble estates, on the other hand, gradually came to descend by

469: 457: 268: 75: 60: 5143:

What Makes the Nobility Noble?: Comparative Perspectives from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century

1164:("governor") who were appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the nobility ( 7243: 7150: 6511: 6501: 5858: 5670: 3798: 3712: 3385: 2841: 2390:

did not exclude among its documents the presence of many genealogical records. The archives of the

2085: 592: 351: 242: 2198:

illustrating ancient Filipino nobility wearing the distinctive colours of their social status: a

2030:("Son of a Shah), are now no longer recognised. An aristocratic family is now recognised by their 1753:. Hence, many nobles in the subcontinent had royal titles of Raja, Rai, Rana, Rao, etc. In Nepal, 925:

nations and Spain there are still untitled as well as titled families recognised in law as noble.

460:. Various republics, including European countries such as Greece, Turkey, and Austria, and former 7472: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6658: 6556: 6491: 5326: 4072: 2769: 1672: 1082:, claim descent from notables from outside of the continent. Most, such as those composed of the 945: 711: 53: 20: 2653:, who were hugely rich and politically powerful. In other countries the small groups of Spanish 7257: 6516: 6145: 5887: 4477:

Edinburgh; London: Adam and Charles Black; Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 537.

4200: 4194: 3132: 2961: 2872: 2760: 2729: 2210: 1346: 1313:

district of Tigray. The vast majority of titles borne by nobles were not, however, hereditary.

1160:("prince"), the hereditary nobility that formed the upper echelon of the ruling class; and the 967: 859: 812:(16 quarterings), indicating exclusively noble descent (as displayed, ideally, in the family's 387: 4153: 2772:

ever since that event and have been officially recognized by Bolivia's government since 2007.

1905:

The oldest held continuous noble title in Chinese history was that held by the descendants of

1855:

This development was gradual and generally only completed in full by the Song dynasty. In the

7079: 6571: 6546: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6374: 5442: 5394: 5156: 5094: 3281: 3011: 2985: 2950: 2868: 2579: 2539:

European nobility originated in the feudal/seignorial system that arose in Europe during the

2139: 793: 677: 210: 3960: 2077: 1565:) or the honorary variety (which does not involve the said re-enactments, roughly akin to a 1454:

In 2011, the Council of Kings and Princes of Madagascar endorsed the revival of a Christian

1333:, inherit the throne in 1913—only to be deposed in 1916 because of his conversion to Islam. 7295: 6749: 6632: 6627: 6531: 6401: 6352: 5746: 5712: 5697: 5533: 5480: 3758: 3072: 3050: 2946: 2646: 2563: 2486:

It must be recalled that ever since the beginning of the colonialization, the conquistador

1875: 1774: 1487: 1475: 1471: 1389: 175: 31: 4732: 597: 8: 7263: 7209: 7145: 7074: 7036: 6016: 5821: 5796: 5776: 5680: 5085:(Vol. 1 of 6 vols) (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra, p. 146 4401: 3971: 3686: 3597: 3565: 3543: 3405: 3312: 2807: 2706: 2635: 2600: 2552: 2496: 2318: 1730: 1551: 1448: 1133:, as it was then known) was made up of many small kingdoms, principalities, emirates and 974: 796:", i.e. several generations of noble ancestry, to be eligible for offices and favours at 772: 222: 179: 167: 4131: 2341: 1341: 839:

and nobility; in those countries where heraldry is used, nobles have almost always been

7467: 7462: 7323: 7290: 7168: 7163: 7140: 6985: 6899: 6846: 6726: 6173: 6155: 6150: 6138: 5972: 5791: 5771: 5741: 5523: 5495: 4845:, 19531–993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Castellano). Madrid: HIDALGUIA, pp. 234–235. 4534: 4274: 4035: 3985: 3926: 3840: 3829: 3768: 3614: 3580: 3538: 3432: 3427: 3410: 3395: 3322: 3154: 3028: 2930: 2895:

nobility of Mexico, with specific privileges and obligations determined in the various

2815: 2781: 2758:

For example, there is a ceremonial monarchy led by a titular ruler who is known as the

2698: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2500: 2480: 2455: 2423: 2326: 2322: 2301: 978: 828: 758: 601: 280: 206: 4802: 2725: 2447: 2410:

With the recognition of the Spanish monarchs came the privilege of being addressed as

1821:(crown prince), and equivalents of "prince" were accorded, and due to complexities in 410:, who might be a higher-ranking nobleman or a monarch. It rapidly became a hereditary 100: 7452: 7270: 7248: 7238: 7233: 7204: 7199: 6873: 6771: 6178: 6096: 5833: 5786: 5724: 5553: 5238: 5200: 5162: 5102: 5051: 5020: 5012: 4991: 4983: 4938: 4913: 4871: 4785: 4777: 4707: 4478: 4439: 4204: 4159: 4039: 3989: 3681: 3482: 3355: 3350: 3251: 3199: 2926: 2910: 2876: 2822: 2658: 2615: 2567: 2508: 2354: 2213:, red and blue), which are also used by royalty in Asia; a native princess; and a 2125: 2068: 1429: 1255: 1177: 1083: 1051: 930: 723: 515: 202: 2786: 2241:

principalities and sovereign dominions throughout the isles; in some areas the term

1466: 7315: 7310: 7214: 7134: 7102: 7085: 7069: 6894: 6823: 6622: 6496: 6396: 6226: 6034: 5924: 5875: 5848: 5601: 5596: 5449: 4760: 4262: 3975: 3918: 3895: 3845: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3602: 3570: 3553: 3502: 3375: 3370: 3295: 3204: 3169: 3055: 2914: 2896: 2858: 2849:

not return to the Brazilian soil until 1921, when the Banishment Law was repealed.

2837: 2752: 2748: 2702: 2694: 2611: 2451: 2330: 2321:

confirmed the privileges granted by his predecessors (in Title VII, Book VI of the

2094: 1969: 1892: 1864: 1814: 1770: 1645: 1542: 1271: 1146: 1130: 1116: 1087: 1012: 907: 866: 575: 465: 427: 264: 183: 139: 3980: 2558: 784: 636: 7285: 7111: 7063: 6931: 6367: 6059: 5870: 5616: 5606: 5283: 5276: 5232: 5194: 5130: 4851: 4739: 4524: 4332:) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland". This title is not, however, a 4301: 4281: 4083: 3959:

Bengtsson, Erik; Missiaia, Anna; Olsson, Mats; Svensson, Patrick (12 June 2018).

3773: 3691: 3585: 3512: 3507: 3492: 3380: 3360: 3307: 3276: 3271: 3182: 2803: 2710: 2592: 2419: 2411: 2375: 2114: 1918: 1758: 1368: 1322: 1125: 1075: 1067: 1059: 869:, as distinct from noble rank, were not always recognised in law, e.g., Poland's 819: 789: 706: 697: 686: 152: 4358:Ölyvedi Vad Imre. (1930) Nemességi könyv. Koroknay-Nyomda. Szeged, Hungary. 85.p 4349:Ölyvedi Vad Imre. (1930) Nemességi könyv. Koroknay-Nyomda. Szeged, Hungary. 45p. 2138:

system after the British example, which granted seats in the upper house of the

1628:, India. The Nair caste was a martial nobility, similar to the Samurai of Japan. 1541:

Outside of this, many of the traditional nobles of Nigeria continue to serve as

7275: 7193: 7129: 7123: 7019: 6959: 6830: 6324: 6268: 6107: 6064: 5992: 5736: 5707: 5632: 5586: 5528: 5485: 5366: 5123: 4603: 4022: 3818: 3813: 3634: 3558: 3548: 3497: 3487: 3327: 3219: 3159: 2880: 2741: 2689: 2596: 2415: 2297: 2296:, the datus retained governance of their territories despite annexation to the 2262: 2214: 2039: 1973: 1860: 1786: 1766: 1701: 1609: 1589: 1586: 1150: 1142: 880: 844: 715: 661: 653: 566: 562: 234: 198: 187: 144: 7025: 4653: 4224: 3332: 2867:

A deputation of members of the Mexican nobility, presenting the throne of the

2346: 2310: 437:

Nobility is a historical, social, and often legal notion, differing from high

7446: 7421: 7030: 6165: 5962: 5751: 5621: 5611: 5569: 5543: 5538: 5475: 5435: 4676:"عائلات بارزة تدفع بأبنائها في الانتخابات لحفظ الميراث النيابي | مصر العربية" 4126: 3961:"The Wealth of the Richest: Inequality and the Nobility in Sweden, 1750–1900" 3835: 3727: 3666: 3441: 3364: 3338: 3224: 3087: 2768:

that were brought to Bolivia as slaves. They have provided leadership to the

2671: 2090: 2010: 1910: 1837: 1734: 1509: 1350: 1316:

Despite being largely dominated by Christian elements, some Muslims obtained

1295: 1172: 1043: 896: 892: 797: 763: 738: 719: 507: 503: 438: 431: 327: 4703:

Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali – Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot – Google Books

4482: 4290:

entry, 'Heraldry' (Volume 11), 3, The Law of Arms. 1613. The nature of arms.

1913:, which was renamed as the Sacrificial Official to Confucius in 1935 by the 693: 682: 574:

present in the European monarchies has no more privileges than the citizens

7416: 6198: 6125: 5904: 5894: 5813: 5563: 5470: 5420: 5234:

Les noblesses européennes de la fin du XVe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe siècle

4270: 3745: 3661: 3317: 3286: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3214: 2922: 2845: 2683: 2206: 2173: 2048: 2016: 1885: 1849: 1841: 1714: 1688: 1569:), grants an individual the right to use the word "chief" as a pre-nominal 1407: 1251: 1115:

that is almost as old as the country itself. Throughout the history of the

1099: 1079: 1019: 1000: 813: 647: 540: 489: 461: 453: 372: 258: 238: 218: 171: 5024: 4995: 2503:. Other independent polities that were not vassals to other States, e.g., 2218: 7398: 7353: 6990: 6362: 6193: 6183: 6133: 6115: 6026: 5987: 5781: 5692: 5675: 5382:

A few notes about grants of titles of nobility by modern Serbian Monarchs

5273:

Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third

5196:

Noblesses et pouvoirs dans l'Europe d'Ancien Régime, Hachette Littérature

4889:

Los Saberes de la Nobleza Española y su Tradición: Familia, corte, libros

4471: 3778: 3475: 3422: 3094: 3038: 2954: 2755:, Bolivia has several groups that may fit into the category of nobility. 2575: 2540: 2471: 2371: 2228: 2195: 2056: 2031: 1871: 1856: 1845: 1822: 1746: 1558: 1533: 1521: 1281: 1120: 960: 952:

of an exclusive right to use of any given title by an established class.

801: 746: 587: 570: 544: 523: 4937:, 1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. 4912:, 1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. 4870:, 1953–1993: 40 años de un pensamiento (in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. 4789: 4141:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 728. 3930: 2984:

A list of noble titles for different European countries can be found at

1921:. There is also a "Sacrificial Official to Mencius" for a descendant of 394:(in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility were generally those who held a 151:

and is filled with members that are selected from the aristocracy (both

7390: 6208: 5548: 3783: 3111: 2721: 2516: 1844:, which gradually gave way to a more bureaucratic one beginning in the 1566: 1515: 1432:

title of nobility. Before the colonization by France in the 1890s, the

1401: 1367:. In much of Madagascar, before French colonization of the island, the 1358: 1258:, such as the princes of Gojjam, Tigray, and Selalle. The heirs of the 1242: 949: 941: 473: 444: 419: 403: 378: 214: 4627: 3922: 386:

In modern usage, "nobility" is applied to the highest social class in

7372: 6776: 6669: 6254: 6249: 6216: 6188: 6076: 6071: 6007: 5982: 5929: 5843: 5558: 5490: 4267: 4190: 3717: 3707: 2973: 2942: 2884: 2840:, 1,211 noble titles were acknowledged. With the proclamation of the 2404: 2273: 2022: 1906: 1826: 1667: 1570: 1395: 1330: 1306: 1214: 1004: 816:) extending back five generations (all 16 great-great-grandparents). 752: 528: 399: 391: 284: 272: 246: 156: 6915: 4655:#مساء_الخير | محمود اباظة : حصلنا على لقب العيلة من سيدة شركسية 3867:"Move Over, Kate Middleton: These Commoners All Married Royals, Too" 3256: 2103: 1616: 1190:("king") which was held by hereditary governors of the provinces of 42: 7300: 6818: 6761: 6711: 6263: 6235: 6221: 6088: 6012: 5997: 5957: 5702: 3737: 3519: 3400: 3174: 3062: 3043: 2892: 2736:

From the many historical native chiefs and rulers of pre-Columbian

2504: 2432: 2277: 2203: 2199: 1982: 1794: 1750: 1601: 1413: 1383: 1363: 1285: 1276: 1224: 1191: 1055: 937:). Neither nobility nor titles could be transmitted through women. 871: 848: 836: 792:

to noblemen who could demonstrate that their lineage had extended "

767: 633:, although this restriction came to be increasingly ignored as the 519: 492:(1789). The rural third estate carries the clergy and the nobility. 407: 303: 295: 7427: 5099:

Naissance de la noblesse. L'essor des élites politiques en Europe.

2764:. The members of his dynasty are the direct descendants of an old 2362:

application of this comparison is the General Military Archive in

1785:

which meant functionary. Other noble and aristocratic titles were

1371:

were organised into a rigid social caste system, within which the

970:(1835–1914), a Finnish aristocrat, businessman, and the father of 7344: 6995: 6937: 6259: 6244: 6240: 6002: 5952: 5944: 5934: 5838: 5826: 5685: 5581: 5575: 5362:

Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility

5007:

Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1903).

4978:

Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1903).

4843:

Heraldica, Genealogia y Nobleza en los Editoriales de «Hidalguia»

4767:, Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1903, Vol. XVI, pp. 155–156. 3808: 3763: 3461: 3446: 3246: 2918: 2903: 2737: 2654: 2367: 2363: 2265: 2135: 2109: 2052: 1986: 1930: 1922: 1898:

The Qing appointed the Ming imperial descendants to the title of

1798: 1726: 1722: 1641: 1605: 1581: 1562: 1546: 1483: 1290: 934: 922: 884: 778: 732: 657: 565:

has largely been abolished in the Western World as intrinsically

561:

Since the end of World War I the hereditary nobility entitled to

345: 271:

added to names (such as "Prince", "Lord", or "Lady"), as well as

5376: 835:

This illustrates the traditional link in many countries between

788:

the old nobility pushed for restrictions of certain offices and

279:). Some countries have had non-hereditary nobility, such as the 6921: 6787: 6231: 6044: 5977: 5917: 5912: 5719: 5386: 4130: 3958: 3788: 3722: 3531: 3451: 3300: 3261: 3164: 3099: 3082: 2969: 2818:

were granted by the king of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

2642: 2591:

progressively reduced by legislation. However, until 1999, all

2544: 2281: 2247: 2142:; this ended in 1947 following Japan's defeat in World War II. 2130: 2035: 1997: 1991: 1926: 1790: 1738: 1711: 1625: 1597: 1503: 1377: 1236: 1199: 1156:

Ethiopian nobility were divided into two different categories:

1038: 901: 888: 840: 665: 555: 535: 338:("noble but also secondarily well-known, famous, notable"). In 276: 2582:. In countries where the nobility was the dominant class, the 2462: 2209:

couple dressed in colours distinctive of their class (gold or

2182: 1929:, and a "Sacrificial Official to Yan Hui" for a descendant of 1852:, and by its peak power shifted from nobility to bureaucrats. 776:, increasingly resented the influence and pretensions of this 652:

within their realms. For example, in the United Kingdom royal

496:

Not all of the benefits of nobility derived from noble status

484: 7408: 6039: 5967: 5518: 5361: 5081:

FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870–1872).

3793: 3701: 3656: 3607: 3415: 3122: 3067: 3023: 3016: 2677: 2532: 2253: 2164: 2155: 1802: 1742: 1700:

For the historical hierarchy of the Indian subcontinent, see

1676: 1637: 1632: 1310: 1203: 1195: 1186: 1071: 1063: 1008: 971: 876: 423: 411: 355: 27: 5358:, an on-line database of European noble genealogy (archived) 4097:"Half of England is owned by less than 1% of the population" 2638:, though their immediate families were recognised as noble. 7380: 6908: 6049: 5591: 5298:"El retorno del rey negro boliviano a sus raíces africanas" 3823: 3696: 3651: 3526: 3266: 2934: 2913:

states of present-day Mexico, to noble Mexican families of

2566:

in 1471. Large numbers of English nobility perished in the

2548: 2467: 2233: 2072: 2005: 1621: 1593: 1527: 1266:, indicative of the higher status they enjoyed relative to 1134: 1047: 964: 843:, and have used heraldry to demonstrate their ancestry and 551: 522:

or nobles of lower rank who lived or worked on the noble's

395: 363: 4306:(2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham – Simpkin and Marshall. 4225:"The consolidation of Noble Power in Europe, c. 1600–1800" 2953:(1862–1867); as well as bearers of titles and other noble 2527: 2436:, proportionate in number to the inhabitants of the town. 2227:

Like other Southeast Asian countries, many regions in the

2128:

in 1868, feudal titles and ranks were reorgnised into the

1717:, surrounded by nobles in his court in 18th-century India. 569:, and discredited as inferior in efficiency to individual 237:

were families descended from persons who had achieved the

4062:– via Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries. 3106: 2606:

The countries with the highest proportion of nobles were

2336: 2081:

Japanese samurai (from left the second and fourth), 1798.

1925:, a "Sacrificial Official to Zengzi" for a descendant of 1695: 1444: 1166: 660:, which also carries nobility and formerly a seat in the 2042:

in the Imperial Court and the provinces there were many

1250:

was accorded to the heads of various noble families and

2991:

For the proper address of holders of these titles, see

2272:) are currently used in some parts of the Philippines, 2237:

was the common title of a chief or monarch of the many

2093:—the most powerful and important family of nobility in 1270:

who were not of the blood imperial. There were various

1180:). In Ethiopia there were titles of nobility among the 166:

is a social class found in many societies that have an

2957:

granted by foreign powers who have settled in Mexico.

26:

For "kings" in the personal characteristic sense, see

2937:), untitled noble families of Mexico, and holders of 1294:, a title created for the descendants of the deposed 704:

Nobility might be either inherited or conferred by a

4435:

The politics of aristocratic empires by John Kautsky

4284:, Innes of Learney's perspective is accepted in the 2899:

that historically ruled over the Mexican territory.

299:

Nobility offered protection in exchange for service.

5036: 4803:"Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias" 2287: 1458:monarchy that would blend modernity and tradition. 879:or its equivalent, are commonly referred to as the 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4967:Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana 668:of land nor rights to the local peasants' output. 558:and was an accepted manner of resolving disputes. 488:A French political cartoon of the three orders of 249:whose ancestors were consuls were also considered 4963:y se reconocía capacidad para ser gobernadorcillo 4628:"عائلات تحكم مصر.. 1 ـ "الأباظية" عائلة الباشوات" 3367:nobility in the modern area of Estonia and Latvia 2495:, which previously existed in a few cases, e.g., 7444: 4969:. VII. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A. 1921, p. 624. 2661:had great prestige but little additional power. 2610:(15% of an 18th-century population of 800,000), 2551:living thereon). During the period known as the 1022:explains the genesis of the blue blood concept: 4887:Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Alfonso, ed. (2016). 4742:, July 28, 1953 – Bamboo Breeze – Vol. 6, No. 3 4469: 4199:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 4028:The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century 2466:A pre-colonial Tagalog couple belonging to the 1765:) was a title and position used by nobility of 750:, most particularly the members of the various 430:is in the hands of aristocrats and traditional 422:expectations of the nobility of the Kingdom of 2964:has prohibited the state from recognizing any 2008:, historical titles of the nobility including 1725:formed a class of aristocracy associated with 1280:, reserved for males of the family of Empress 756:, were ennobled by the king, constituting the 6685: 5402: 4699: 2345:Typical costume of a family belonging to the 1741:emerged who initially served as governors of 464:countries and places in the Americas such as 19:"Nobles" redirects here. For other uses, see 6306: 6086: 3517: 2921:, and other European descent, which include 2439: 852: 634: 628: 622: 615: 609: 547:long remained the privilege of every noble. 406:and various, mainly military, services to a 5230: 5141:Jorn Leonhard, and Christian Wieland, eds. 4470:Malte-Brun, Conrad; Balbi, Adriano (1842). 4158:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. 1729:, developing after the 10th century in the 1490:which is led by its reigning monarchs, the 1107:(center) and members of the imperial court. 671: 645: 497: 442: 376: 361: 343: 332: 320: 251: 227: 6692: 6678: 5409: 5395: 5161:. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. 5030: 4539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 170:. It is normally ranked immediately below 5331:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 5295: 4837:Cf. DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). 4399: 3979: 2379:considered noble, regardless of fortune. 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 6294: 5154: 4700:Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (2024-02-24). 4438:. Transaction Publishers. January 1997. 4293: 4196:Titles: How the King became His Highness 4151: 4125: 4021: 3460: 2998:For the English Knowledge category, see 2862: 2802:The nobility in Brazil began during the 2785: 2720: 2630:into Great Britain, there were only 168 2557: 2526: 2461: 2446: 2353:. Exhibit in the Villa Escudero Museum, 2340: 2084: 2076: 1964: 1706: 1682: 1666: 1631: 1615: 1580: 1465: 1340: 1284:who ruled over the mountain fortress of 1098: 959: 875:. European ranks of nobility lower than 818: 692: 681: 591: 554:established the status of a respectable 483: 302: 294: 157:ennobled only for their individual lives 138: 4759:, lib. vi, tit. VII, ley xvi. Also cf. 4299: 3247:Indonesian (Dutch East Indies) nobility 1003:and high nobility who claimed to be of 887:of the British Isles are deemed titled 722:-based titled nobility, which included 656:are necessary to obtain a title of the 241:. Those who belonged to the hereditary 7445: 6699: 4651: 4610:(in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies 4513:Little, Brown and Company, 1983, p. 67 3999:from the original on 15 September 2018 3940:from the original on 15 September 2018 3894: 2875:in 1863. He was a descendant of prior 2337:Filipino nobles during the Spanish era 1976:, Egypt's largest aristocratic family. 1696:India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal 371:with an ancestor who had risen to the 6673: 6293: 5650: 5390: 5296:Rodríguez, Andres (19 January 2018). 4933:DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). 4908:DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). 4895:, N. 68 (Octubre-Diciembre 2016, p. 4 4866:DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente (1993). 4522: 3471:Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy 2979: 2595:were entitled to sit and vote in the 2470:class or nobility as depicted in the 2300:. In a law signed 11 June 1594, King 1848:(221 BC). This continued through the 1745:, later becoming independent. In the 1737:, a class of administrators known as 1349:was from the Andriana stratum of the 1206:. The next highest seven titles were 1137:, which owed their allegiance to the 804:descent, although historians such as 5327:"Chapter 2 – The Oath of Allegiance" 5262: 5237:. Presses universitaires de France. 5192: 4189: 4107:from the original on 30 October 2021 1863:period with the introduction of the 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 4955:Durante la dominación española, el 4250:Essays on Eighteenth Century France 4183: 2751:and that has ancestral ties to the 1496:subnational kingdoms of the country 782:nobility. In the last years of the 479: 13: 5652: 5651: 4765:The Philippine Islands (1493–1898) 4300:Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) . 1874:, however, the institution of the 30:. For a list of noble houses, see 14: 7484: 5349: 5277:Volume I, Chapter 5, pp. 273–281. 5269:Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron 5050:(in Spanish). Madrid: HIDALGUIA. 5009:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 4980:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 2651:a far smaller class of "magnates" 1836:China had a feudal system in the 6786: 6654: 6653: 5416: 5158:The European nobility, 1400–1800 5120:Explorations in Economic History 4369:"The annual register. v.51 1809" 4155:The European nobility, 1400–1800 2962:Political Constitution of Mexico 2664: 2374:, notable Tagalogs, chieftains, 2288:Recognition by the Spanish Crown 2181: 2172: 2163: 2154: 1960: 1428:is traceable back to an ancient 664:, but never came with automatic 149:Parliament of the United Kingdom 147:is the upper legislature of the 41: 16:Official privileged social class 5319: 5308:from the original on 2020-11-09 5289: 5286:London: Longmans, Green and Co. 5251:from the original on 2022-04-07 5224: 5213:from the original on 2022-04-07 5186: 5175:from the original on 2022-04-07 5148: 5135: 5112: 5088: 5075: 5064:from the original on 2022-04-07 5001: 4972: 4948: 4923: 4898: 4881: 4856: 4826: 4815:from the original on 2017-03-28 4795: 4770: 4763:and James Alexander Robertson, 4745: 4726: 4693: 4668: 4645: 4620: 4595: 4571: 4547: 4516: 4503: 4489:from the original on 2021-09-25 4463: 4452:from the original on 2016-05-27 4426: 4412:from the original on 2020-02-15 4393: 4379:from the original on 2021-09-25 4361: 4352: 4343: 4321: 4310:from the original on 2013-05-26 4255: 4242: 4231:from the original on 2013-12-13 4217: 4172:from the original on 2022-04-07 3968:Scandinavian Journal of History 3877:from the original on 2018-10-25 2245:was also used. With the titles 2044:Ottoman titles and appellations 1274:in Ethiopia: including that of 899:. Unlike England's gentry, the 596:Opening of the Hungarian Diet ( 52:needs additional citations for 6295: 4706:. Cambridge University Press. 4523:Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1979). 4145: 4119: 4089: 4066: 4015: 3952: 3888: 3859: 2827:Brazilian Constitution of 1824 2608:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2145: 1781:is derived from Sanskrit word 1691:Bestows a Jewel on a Nobleman. 1042:families of North Africa, the 999:, which described the Spanish 955: 581: 550:During the early Renaissance, 398:, often land or office, under 1: 5231:Jean-Pierre, Labatut (1981). 4601: 3981:10.1080/03468755.2018.1480538 3852: 3804:Patrician (post-Roman Europe) 3647:Australian peers and baronets 3442:British gentry/minor nobility 3391:Peerage of the United Kingdom 1657: 1488:class of traditional notables 1336: 1302:, held by the descendants of 308: 174:. Nobility has often been an 5377:Genesis of European Nobility 5038:DE CADENAS Y VICENT, Vicente 4678:. 2019-02-20. Archived from 4287:Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia 3915:University of Illinois Press 2993:Royal and noble title styles 2943:Viceroyalty of the New Spain 2891:The Mexican nobility were a 2836:During the existence of the 2825:. However, according to the 2816:Brazilian titles of nobility 2812:united kingdom with Portugal 2384:Real Academia de la Historia 1644:aristocrats were carried in 1105:Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia 1007:descent, in contrast to the 827:in the typical dress of the 318:The term derives from Latin 7: 4340:ranks in England as gentry. 3704:(social hierarchy of India) 3674: 3465:Burmese nobles and servants 3344: 3145:Canadian peers and baronets 3138: 3078:Nigerian traditional rulers 3005: 3000:Category:Nobility by nation 2730:Queen of the Afro-Bolivians 2628:England and Scotland united 1492:Nigerian traditional rulers 1094: 375:through his own merit (see 10: 7489: 5501:Weberian (three-component) 3907:Illinois Classical Studies 3754:List of fictional nobility 3640: 3181:United States – While its 2997: 2990: 2856: 2779: 2716: 2066: 1699: 1461: 675: 627:, to style himself as its 604:in the Royal Palace, 1865. 585: 290: 25: 18: 7407: 7389: 7371: 7352: 7343: 7224: 7186: 7095: 7056: 7049: 6975: 6949: 6887: 6866: 6859: 6839: 6802: 6795: 6784: 6719: 6708: 6649: 6590: 6482: 6450: 6417: 6343: 6315: 6302: 6289: 6207: 6164: 6124: 6106: 6025: 5943: 5903: 5812: 5805: 5760: 5663: 5659: 5646: 5509: 5463: 5459: 5430: 5155:Jonathan, Dewald (1996). 4400:Edgeworth, Maria (1857). 4152:Jonathan, Dewald (1996). 4009:Lund University Libraries 3210:Indian peers and baronets 3193: 2852: 2831:Brazilian imperial family 2775: 2747:that dates to the era of 2649:. At the top, Poland had 2522: 2505:Confederation of Madja-as 2349:of the late 19th century 2294:islands' Christianization 1900:Marquis of Extended Grace 1762: 1031: 6623:Pre-industrial East Asia 4077:Who really owns Britain? 3799:Patrician (ancient Rome) 3713:False titles of nobility 3386:Peerage of Great Britain 3150:French-Canadian nobility 2968:since 1917. The present 2883:, the crown jewel being 2842:First Brazilian Republic 2796:Prime Minister of Brazil 2062: 1939: 1808: 1478:, on his throne in 2016. 1325:who converted, was made 744:In France, some wealthy 672:Rank within the nobility 426:.) More than a third of 402:, i.e., in exchange for 7458:Estates (social groups) 6710:(*) : state where 5671:Administrative detainee 4652:CBCtwo (May 10, 2014). 4138:Encyclopædia Britannica 2810:. When Brazil became a 2770:Afro-Bolivian community 2766:African tribal monarchy 2499:'s overlordship of the 2488:Miguel López de Legazpi 2422:(elected leader of the 2317:On 22 March 1697, King 1917:. The title is held by 1773:(1768–1846). Historian 1624:nobles in 18th century 1576: 946:fake titles of nobility 287:in the United Kingdom. 153:hereditary titleholders 21:Nobles (disambiguation) 6087: 4583:contents.history.go.kr 4559:contents.history.go.kr 3900:"Tacitean "Nobilitas"" 3518: 3466: 3133:Zimbabwean chieftaincy 2888: 2873:Maximilian I of Mexico 2799: 2733: 2571: 2536: 2491:replacing the similar 2475: 2459: 2358: 2098: 2082: 1977: 1718: 1692: 1680: 1664: 1629: 1613: 1479: 1354: 1347:Radama I of Madagascar 1108: 1029: 982: 968:Carl Robert Mannerheim 860:Chiefs of Clan MacLeod 853: 832: 762:. The old nobility of 701: 690: 646: 635: 629: 623: 616: 610: 605: 600:) with the members of 498: 493: 443: 377: 362: 344: 333: 321: 315: 300: 252: 228: 160: 6628:Pre-industrial Europe 5095:Karl Ferdinand Werner 4757:Recapilación de leyes 4753:Ley de Junio 11, 1594 4526:Regmi Research Series 3464: 3012:Botswanan chieftaincy 2986:Royal and noble ranks 2970:United Mexican States 2951:Second Mexican Empire 2949:(1821–1823), and the 2866: 2789: 2724: 2601:represent the peerage 2580:Industrial Revolution 2561: 2530: 2465: 2450: 2344: 2088: 2080: 1968: 1805:, Pradhan, Kaji etc. 1710: 1686: 1670: 1635: 1619: 1604:, Istamuradars & 1584: 1469: 1344: 1309:, who ruled over the 1102: 1024: 963: 822: 800:along with nobles of 728:in the United Kingdom 696: 685: 678:Royal and noble ranks 595: 487: 456:, nor differentiated 439:socio-economic status 340:ancient Roman society 306: 298: 211:Old Swiss Confederacy 142: 6485: or countries 6296:By country or region 5534:Class discrimination 5193:Jean, Meyer (1973). 5101:Fayard, Paris 1998, 4664:– via YouTube. 4529:. Nepal. p. 43. 3972:Taylor & Francis 3759:List of noble houses 3576:Montenegrin nobility 3301:Burmese Mon nobility 3073:Nigerian Chieftaincy 3051:Ghanaian chieftaincy 2947:First Mexican Empire 2941:acquired during the 2647:Polish landed gentry 2564:Battle of Tewkesbury 2474:of the 16th century. 1876:Imperial examination 1775:Mahesh Chandra Regmi 1084:descendants of Shaka 388:pre-modern societies 307:French aristocrats, 209:(697–1797), and the 61:improve this article 32:List of noble houses 6772:South Africa (Zulu) 6017:Vanniar (Chieftain) 5122:75 (2020): 101303. 4086:, 16. October 2010. 3687:Aristocracy (class) 3657:Polynesian nobility 3598:Portuguese nobility 3566:Lithuanian nobility 3313:Vietnamese nobility 2814:in 1815, the first 2808:Portuguese nobility 2553:Military Revolution 2497:Sultanate of Brunei 2424:Cabezas de Barangay 2418:. For example, the 2319:Charles II of Spain 1731:Indian subcontinent 1673:aristocratic family 1592:showing the Chief ( 1476:Muhammadu Sanusi II 1449:morganatic marriage 1088:those of Moshoeshoe 975:C. G. E. Mannerheim 641:drew to its close. 223:Classical Antiquity 176:estate of the realm 6598:18th-century Spain 6452:Standard of living 6156:Upper middle class 6151:Lower middle class 5742:Political prisoner 5524:Chattering classes 5496:Spoon class theory 5282:2008-06-22 at the 5129:2021-07-14 at the 4893:Cuadernos de Ayala 4850:2015-06-23 at the 4738:2020-02-19 at the 4733:The Olongapo Story 4555:"교과서 용어해설 | 우리역사넷" 4336:, thus Scotland's 4280:2010-01-09 at the 4082:2021-11-04 at the 4036:Palgrave Macmillan 3841:Social environment 3830:Redorer son blason 3769:Nobiliary particle 3615:Ruthenian nobility 3581:Norwegian nobility 3544:Icelandic nobility 3539:Hungarian nobility 3467: 3433:Chiefs of the Name 3335:of the Philippines 3323:Mongolian nobility 3155:Brazilian nobility 3034:Ethiopian nobility 3024:Burundian nobility 2980:Nobility by nation 2966:titles of nobility 2939:titles of nobility 2929:(ennobled by King 2889: 2800: 2782:Brazilian nobility 2761:Afro-Bolivian king 2734: 2624:Kingdom of Hungary 2572: 2537: 2501:Kingdom of Maynila 2481:Laws of the Indies 2476: 2460: 2359: 2323:Laws of the Indies 2302:Philip II of Spain 2194:: Images from the 2099: 2083: 1978: 1815:titles of nobility 1719: 1693: 1681: 1665: 1630: 1614: 1596:) and the nobles ( 1573:while in Nigeria. 1480: 1355: 1109: 1091:social positions. 983: 979:Marshal of Finland 833: 829:Hungarian nobility 790:orders of chivalry 724:peerages in France 702: 691: 606: 602:hungarian nobility 494: 316: 301: 243:patrician families 207:Republic of Venice 161: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7339: 7338: 7253:Baltic countries 7045: 7044: 6855: 6854: 6667: 6666: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6478: 6477: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6179:Lumpenproletariat 5681:illegal immigrant 5642: 5641: 5554:Classless society 5017:978-1-333-01347-9 4988:978-1-333-01347-9 4713:978-0-521-28968-9 4406:Project Gutenberg 4210:978-1-56619-085-5 4103:. 17 April 2019. 3896:Oliver, Revilo P. 3682:Almanach de Gotha 3483:Croatian nobility 3401:Scottish noblesse 3356:Austrian nobility 3351:Albanian nobility 3252:Japanese nobility 3200:Armenian nobility 3183:constitution bars 3063:Malagasy nobility 3029:Egyptian nobility 2945:(1521–1821), the 2897:political systems 2823:emperor of Brazil 2792:Marquis of Paraná 2568:Wars of the Roses 2509:Rajahnate of Cebu 2456:Hispanic Hidalgos 2442:status questionis 2355:San Pablo, Laguna 2202:noble couple; a 2126:Meiji Restoration 2089:Genealogy of the 2069:Japanese nobility 1915:Republic of China 1543:privy counsellors 1361:are known as the 1272:hereditary titles 1256:Solomonic dynasty 1178:Holy Roman Empire 1052:Solomonic dynasty 1013:superficial veins 931:House of Habsburg 917:of Spain and the 867:hereditary titles 865:In some nations, 823:Hungarian prince 516:French Revolution 356:plebeian families 330:of the adjective 265:Hereditary titles 245:were nobles, but 205:(1005–1815), the 203:Republic of Genoa 201:(1581–1795), the 137: 136: 129: 111: 7480: 7399:Marshall Islands 7350: 7349: 7225:Central, Eastern 7054: 7053: 6864: 6863: 6800: 6799: 6790: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6671: 6670: 6657: 6656: 6484: 6385:Mexican-American 6313: 6312: 6304: 6303: 6291: 6290: 6092: 6035:Business magnate 5925:Knowledge worker 5810: 5809: 5698:dual or multiple 5661: 5660: 5648: 5647: 5602:Social exclusion 5597:Social cleansing 5511: 5461: 5460: 5450:Economic classes 5411: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5372:Etymology OnLine 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5293: 5287: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5133: 5116: 5110: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5034: 5028: 5005: 4999: 4976: 4970: 4952: 4946: 4927: 4921: 4902: 4896: 4885: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4774: 4768: 4761:Emma Helen Blair 4749: 4743: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4632:albawabhnews.com 4624: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4538: 4530: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4474:of the world ... 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4297: 4291: 4263:Innes of Learney 4259: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4134: 4132:"Nobility" 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4093: 4087: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4054: 4048:. Archived from 4033: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3904: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3863: 3846:Symbolic capital 3630:Swedish nobility 3625:Spanish nobility 3620:Serbian nobility 3603:Russian nobility 3571:Maltese nobility 3554:Italian nobility 3523: 3503:Finnish nobility 3406:Scottish peerage 3376:British nobility 3371:Belgian nobility 3296:Burmese nobility 3282:Tachibana family 3205:Chinese nobility 3170:Mexican nobility 3123:Rwandan nobility 3056:Akan chieftaincy 2909:families of the 2859:Mexican nobility 2838:Empire of Brazil 2790:Portrait of the 2753:Spanish nobility 2749:colonial Bolivia 2703:Spanish nobility 2593:hereditary peers 2420:Gobernadorcillos 2185: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2095:history of Japan 1985:or the clans of 1970:Aziz Pasha Abaza 1865:Nine-rank system 1771:Kingdom of Nepal 1769:(1559–1768) and 1764: 1662: 1659: 1620:Illustration of 1357:The nobility in 1147:Emirate of Harar 1117:Ethiopian Empire 908:noblesse de robe 905:of Germany, the 856: 759:noblesse de robe 651: 640: 632: 626: 619: 613: 501: 480:Noble privileges 458:forms of address 448: 382: 367: 349: 336: 324: 313: 310: 281:Empire of Brazil 255: 233:(nobles) of the 231: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7432: 7403: 7385: 7367: 7335: 7226: 7220: 7182: 7124:The Netherlands 7091: 7041: 6971: 6945: 6883: 6851: 6835: 6791: 6782: 6715: 6704: 6698: 6668: 6663: 6637: 6586: 6474: 6446: 6413: 6397:Underprivileged 6339: 6298: 6297: 6273: 6203: 6160: 6120: 6102: 6021: 5939: 5899: 5801: 5756: 5655: 5654: 5638: 5617:Social position 5607:Social mobility 5505: 5455: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5294: 5290: 5284:Wayback Machine 5267: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5169: 5153: 5149: 5140: 5136: 5131:Wayback Machine 5117: 5113: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5058: 5035: 5031: 5006: 5002: 4977: 4973: 4953: 4949: 4928: 4924: 4903: 4899: 4886: 4882: 4861: 4857: 4852:Wayback Machine 4831: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4775: 4771: 4750: 4746: 4740:Wayback Machine 4731: 4727: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4490: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4446: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4394: 4382: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4330:Barones Minores 4326: 4322: 4313: 4311: 4298: 4294: 4282:Wayback Machine 4260: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4084:Wayback Machine 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4038:. p. 243. 4031: 4023:Lukowski, Jerzy 4020: 4016: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3902: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3774:Noblesse oblige 3692:Ascribed status 3677: 3662:Samoan nobility 3652:Fijian nobility 3643: 3586:Polish nobility 3513:German nobility 3508:French nobility 3493:Danish nobility 3396:English peerage 3381:British peerage 3361:Baltic nobility 3347: 3308:Korean nobility 3277:Minamoto family 3272:Fujiwara family 3196: 3141: 3128:Somali nobility 3068:Malian nobility 3008: 3003: 2996: 2982: 2861: 2855: 2784: 2778: 2726:Angélica Larrea 2719: 2705:, but also the 2667: 2525: 2511:, were more of 2445: 2339: 2290: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2211:imperial yellow 2188: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2148: 2075: 2067:Main articles: 2065: 1963: 1942: 1919:Kung Tsui-chang 1811: 1705: 1698: 1660: 1579: 1552:political elite 1464: 1369:Malagasy people 1339: 1323:Mikael of Wollo 1264:Le'ul Dejazmach 1246:. The title of 1126:Zemene Mesafint 1111:Ethiopia has a 1097: 1068:Zulfikar family 1060:De Souza family 1034: 958: 911:of France, the 831:, 18th century. 810:seize quartiers 773:noblesse d'épée 698:Polish magnates 687:Polish magnates 680: 674: 590: 584: 482: 311: 293: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7486: 7476: 7475: 7473:Social classes 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417:Samoan Islands 7413: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7358: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7176:United Kingdom 7173: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7135:United Kingdom 7132: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6902: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6824:post-Columbian 6821: 6813: 6806: 6804: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6618:Ottoman Empire 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603:Ancient Greece 6600: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6577:United Kingdom 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6470:Home-ownership 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6325:American Dream 6322: 6316: 6310: 6300: 6299: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737:Migrant worker 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5667: 5665: 5657: 5656: 5653:By demographic 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5633:Status Anxiety 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5587:Ranked society 5584: 5579: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Class conflict 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5512: topics 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5486:Mudsill theory 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5367:Worldwidewords 5364: 5359: 5351: 5350:External links 5348: 5345: 5344: 5333:. 4 April 2023 5318: 5288: 5261: 5243: 5223: 5205: 5185: 5167: 5147: 5134: 5111: 5087: 5074: 5056: 5029: 5000: 4971: 4947: 4922: 4897: 4880: 4855: 4825: 4794: 4782:978-9711000004 4769: 4744: 4725: 4712: 4692: 4667: 4644: 4619: 4594: 4570: 4546: 4515: 4509:Robert Lacey, 4502: 4462: 4444: 4425: 4392: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4320: 4292: 4261:An opinion of 4254: 4252:, London, 1995 4241: 4216: 4209: 4182: 4164: 4144: 4129:, ed. (1911). 4127:Chisholm, Hugh 4118: 4088: 4065: 4044: 4014: 3951: 3887: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3819:Princely state 3816: 3814:Petty nobility 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3635:Swiss nobility 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3559:Black Nobility 3551: 3549:Irish nobility 3546: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3498:Dutch nobility 3495: 3490: 3488:Czech nobility 3485: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3373: 3368: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3328:Ottoman titles 3325: 3320: 3318:Malay nobility 3315: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3220:Basnyat family 3212: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3162: 3160:Cuban nobility 3157: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3007: 3004: 2981: 2978: 2881:Spanish Empire 2879:rulers of the 2871:to the future 2869:Mexican Empire 2857:Main article: 2854: 2851: 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2718: 2715: 2666: 2663: 2659:Peer of France 2597:House of Lords 2543:. Originally, 2524: 2521: 2452:Heraldic Crown 2444: 2438: 2416:Spanish Empire 2338: 2335: 2298:Spanish Empire 2289: 2286: 2217:royal and his 2190: 2189: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2134:, a five-rank 2124:Following the 2064: 2061: 2051:, of maternal 2040:Ottoman Empire 1974:House of Abaza 1962: 1959: 1941: 1938: 1861:Three Kingdoms 1842:Zhou dynasties 1810: 1807: 1777:suggests that 1767:Gorkha Kingdom 1712:Maratha Peshwa 1702:princely state 1697: 1694: 1640:, royalty and 1578: 1575: 1463: 1460: 1338: 1335: 1252:cadet branches 1151:Awsa sultanate 1143:Adal Sultanate 1096: 1093: 1076:Sherbro Tucker 1033: 1030: 957: 954: 881:petty nobility 845:family history 714:, and usually 676:Main article: 673: 670: 662:House of Lords 654:letters patent 586:Main article: 583: 580: 578:in republics. 567:discriminatory 563:special rights 526:or within his 490:feudal society 481: 478: 383:, "new man"). 292: 289: 235:Roman Republic 221:in Europe. In 199:Dutch Republic 145:House of Lords 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7485: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7151:Great Britain 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6965:Indo-European 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:pre-Columbian 6817: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6789: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6660: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6582:United States 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483:Other regions 6481: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:United States 6305: 6301: 6292: 6288: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Socioeconomic 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5622:Social stigma 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Social orphan 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570:Nouveau riche 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Class traitor 5542: 5540: 5539:Class society 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:Gilbert model 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5250: 5246: 5244:9782130353447 5240: 5236: 5235: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5206:9782346228201 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5174: 5170: 5168:0-521-42528-X 5164: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5107:2-213-02148-1 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5057:9788487204548 5053: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4943:9788487204548 4940: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4919: 4918:9788487204548 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4876:9788487204548 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4682:on 2019-02-20 4681: 4677: 4671: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4506: 4499: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4445:9781412838351 4441: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4171: 4167: 4165:0-521-42528-X 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4055:on 2018-09-15 4051: 4047: 4045:0-333-74440-3 4041: 4037: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4010: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Royal descent 3834: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3728:Grand Burgher 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3668: 3667:Tongan nobles 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3428:Irish peerage 3426: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365:Baltic German 3363:– ethnically 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3339:Thai nobility 3337: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3225:Kunwar family 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3165:Kuraka (Peru) 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:conquistadors 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:pre-Columbian 2908: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2665:Latin America 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2636:Scottish ones 2633: 2632:English peers 2629: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Left to right 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2143: 2141: 2140:Imperial Diet 2137: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115:warrior class 2112: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961:Islamic world 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:Duke Yansheng 1908: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1733:. During the 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721:Historically 1716: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482:Contemporary 1477: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390:Betsimisaraka 1386: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1351:Merina people 1348: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:Zagwe dynasty 1293: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1173:Ministerialis 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:nəgusä nägäst 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Keita dynasty 1041: 1040: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:English idiom 990: 986: 980: 976: 973: 969: 966: 962: 953: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 926: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 909: 904: 903: 898: 897:British Isles 894: 893:landed gentry 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873: 868: 863: 861: 855: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 826: 825:Ferenc József 821: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806:William Doyle 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786: 785:ancien régime 781: 780: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 760: 755: 754: 749: 748: 742: 740: 739:primogeniture 735: 734: 729: 725: 721: 720:primogeniture 717: 713: 709: 708: 699: 695: 688: 684: 679: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 649: 642: 639: 638: 637:ancien régime 631: 625: 618: 612: 608:In France, a 603: 599: 594: 589: 579: 577: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 537: 531: 530: 525: 521: 517: 514:Prior to the 512: 509: 505: 500: 491: 486: 477: 475: 471: 470:United States 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 447: 446: 440: 435: 433: 432:landed gentry 429: 425: 421: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 392:feudal system 389: 384: 381: 380: 374: 370: 366: 365: 360: 357: 353: 348: 347: 341: 337: 335: 329: 328:abstract noun 325: 323: 305: 297: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 254: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 230: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 29: 22: 7258:Ritterschaft 7256: 7227:and Caucasus 6936: 6914: 6907: 6714:still exists 6700: 6633:Soviet Union 6608:Ancient Rome 6465:Homelessness 6390:Upper Middle 6262: / 6243: / 6234: / 6199:Working poor 6095: 6082:Robber baron 6054: 5905:Intellectual 5895:Royal family 5859:Ancient Rome 5713:second-class 5631: 5574: 5573: / 5568: 5564:High society 5471:Elite theory 5448: 5441: 5434: 5421:Social class 5335:. 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A Korean 1559:chieftaincy 1282:Menen Asfaw 1268:Dejazmaches 1260:Le'ul Rases 1121:Tewodros II 997:sangre azul 956:Other terms 942:con artists 883:, although 794:quarterings 617:Seigneuries 588:Ennoblement 582:Ennoblement 571:meritocracy 545:private war 529:seigneurial 312: 1774 188:patrilineal 168:aristocracy 117:August 2020 7447:Categories 7391:Micronesia 7296:Montenegro 7244:Azerbaijan 6762:Madagascar 6542:Luxembourg 6432:Inequality 6097:Superclass 5888:Hereditary 5864:Post-Roman 5855:Patrician 5725:adolescent 5549:Classicide 5312:2020-03-07 5255:2020-11-02 5217:2020-11-02 5179:2015-10-23 5068:2020-11-02 4819:2015-07-28 4719:2024-04-03 4686:2024-04-03 4661:2024-04-03 4638:2024-04-03 4614:2024-06-08 4588:2024-06-08 4564:2024-06-08 4493:2020-09-15 4456:2015-10-23 4416:2020-09-15 4383:2020-09-15 4373:HathiTrust 4314:2013-01-06 4275:challenged 4248:W. 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