Yiddish - Knowledge

11052: 11062: 8519: 787:: Eastern and Western. Eastern Yiddish is far more common today. It includes Southeastern (Ukrainian–Romanian), Mideastern (Polish–Galician–Eastern Hungarian) and Northeastern (Lithuanian–Belarusian) dialects. Eastern Yiddish differs from Western both by its far greater size and by the extensive inclusion of words of Slavic origin. Western Yiddish is divided into Southwestern (Swiss–Alsatian–Southern German), Midwestern (Central German), and Northwestern (Netherlandic–Northern German) dialects. Yiddish is used in a number of Haredi Jewish communities worldwide; it is the first language of the home, school, and in many social settings among many Haredi Jews, and is used in most 8492: 7227: 8476: 7543: 2652: 2414: 7266:

right to a Jewish education and as a result the Yiddish education system was established. After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 even more Yiddish schools were established. These schools thrived with government, specifically Bolshevik, and Jewish support. They were established as part of the effort to revitalize the Soviet Jewish Community. Specifically, the Bolsheviks wanted to encourage Jewish assimilation. While these schools were taught in Yiddish, the content was Soviet. They were created to attract Jews in to getting a Soviet education under the guise of a Jewish institution.

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resurrected – it has receded into the world of the enchanting past, where it should remain. Any artificial culture, a culture without replenishment, is meaningless. ... Everything that happens with Yiddish culture is transformed into a kind of cabaret—epistolary genre, nice, cute to the ear and the eye, but having nothing to do with high art, because there is no natural, national soil. In Russia, it is the memory of the departed, sometimes sweet memories. But it's the memories of what will never be again. Perhaps that's why these memories are always so sharp.

6790:, however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life were largely destroyed. Around five million of those killed – 85 percent of the Jews murdered in the Holocaust – were speakers of Yiddish. Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war (including nearly all Yiddish speakers in the Americas), further assimilation in countries such as the United States and the 7000:. The debate in Zionist circles over the use of Yiddish in Israel and in the diaspora in preference to Hebrew also reflected the tensions between religious and secular Jewish lifestyles. Many secular Zionists wanted Hebrew as the sole language of Jews, to contribute to a national cohesive identity. Traditionally religious Jews, on the other hand, preferred use of Yiddish, viewing Hebrew as a respected holy language reserved for prayer and religious study. In the early 20th century, Zionist activists in the 2972:

literature, who were still living in Slavic-speaking countries—revised the printed editions of their oeuvres to eliminate obsolete and 'unnecessary' Slavisms." The vocabulary used in Israel absorbed many Modern Hebrew words, and there was a similar but smaller increase in the English component of Yiddish in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. This has resulted in some difficulty in communication between Yiddish speakers from Israel and those from other countries.

7507: 14529: 7223:, the Jewish Socialist Group, both heavily encouraged the use of Yiddish. During the Bolshevik Era these political groups worked alongside the government to encourage the widespread Jewish use of Yiddish. Both the Evsketsii and the Bund supported the Jewish movement towards assimilation and saw Yiddish as a way to encourage it. They saw the use of Yiddish as a step away from the religious aspects of Judaism, instead favoring the cultural aspects of Judaism. 7152: 7451: 2909: 2889: 833: 476: 8071: 7270:

overall Yiddish culture. The two were inherently linked and with the downfall of one, so did the other. General Soviet denationalization programs and secularization policies also led to a further lack of enrollment and funding; the last schools to be closed existed until 1951. It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus).

8982:". University of Manchester. humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Matres explains that with the emigration of Jews eastward into Slavic-speaking areas of Central Europe, from around the twelfth century onward, Yiddish "took on an independent development path", adding: "It was only in this context that Jews began to refer to their language as 'Yiddish' (= 'Jewish'), while earlier, it had been referred to as 'Yiddish-Taitsh' (='Judeo-German')." 14543: 6974: 8538: 8226: 523: 496: 2402: 6755: 7603:) was one of seven Yiddish daily newspapers in New York City, and other Yiddish newspapers served as a forum for Jews of all European backgrounds. In 1915, the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines. 2363:, and the means and location of this fusion. Some theorists argue that the fusion occurred with a Bavarian dialect base. The two main candidates for the germinal matrix of Yiddish, the Rhineland and Bavaria, are not necessarily incompatible. There may have been parallel developments in the two regions, seeding the Western and Eastern dialects of Modern Yiddish. 7412:, titled, "Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage", examined the current status of the city and suggested that, even though the Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia's far east is now barely 1% Jewish, officials hope to woo back people who left after Soviet collapse and to revive the Yiddish language in this region. 6743:, Yiddish uses letters to represent all vowels. Several Yiddish letters consist of another letter combined with a niqqud mark resembling a Hebrew letter–niqqud pair, but each of those combinations is an inseparable unit representing a vowel alone, not a consonant–vowel sequence. The niqqud marks have no phonetic value on their own. 7370: 8241:

There has been a resurgence in Yiddish learning in recent times among many from around the world with Jewish ancestry. The language which had lost many of its native speakers during the Holocaust has been making something of a comeback. In Poland, which traditionally had Yiddish speaking communities,

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While schools with curriculums taught in Yiddish existed in some areas until the 1950s, there was a general decline in enrollment due to preference for Russian-speaking institutions and the declining reputation of Yiddish schools among Yiddish speaking Soviets. As the Yiddish schools declined, so did

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developed this model further in the mid-1950s. In Weinreich's view, this Old Yiddish substrate later bifurcated into two distinct versions of the language, Western and Eastern Yiddish. They retained the Semitic vocabulary and constructions needed for religious purposes and created a Judeo-German form

7385:, with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper 6904:

There has been frequent debate about the extent of the linguistic independence of Yiddish from the languages that it absorbed. There has been periodic assertion that Yiddish is a dialect of German, or even "just broken German, more of a linguistic mishmash than a true language". Even when recognized

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pieces in Hebrew and German, began to appear. These were collected in the late 15th century by Menahem ben Naphtali Oldendorf. During the same period, a tradition seems to have emerged of the Jewish community's adapting its own versions of German secular literature. The earliest Yiddish epic poem of

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After the war Yiddish theater enjoyed great popularity in Sweden and all the great stars performed there. Since the recognition of Yiddish as an official minority language, Swedish schoolchildren have the right to study Yiddish at school as a mother tongue, and there are public radio broadcasts and

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In the Hasidic communities of Israel, boys speak more Yiddish amongst themselves, while girls use Hebrew more often. This is probably due to the tendency of girls to learn more secular subjects, thus increasing their contact with the Hebrew language, while boys are usually taught religious subjects

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The first Jews were permitted to reside in Sweden during the late 18th century. The Jewish population in Sweden is estimated at 20,000. According to various reports and surveys, between 2,000 and 6,000 Swedish Jews have at least some knowledge of Yiddish. In 2009, the number of native speakers was

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to stop Jewish children from taking too many spots in regular Russian schools. Imperial government feared that the Jewish children were both taking spots from non-Jews as well as spreading revolutionary ideas to their non-Jewish peers. As a result, in 1914 laws were passed that guaranteed Jews the

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won a parliamentary fight to have Yiddish reclassified as a European language, thereby permitting the immigration of Yiddish-speakers to South Africa. While there used to be a large Yiddish press in South Africa now Yiddish has largely died out in South Africa being replaced with other languages.

780:("Jewish German"), did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature until the 18th century. In the late 19th and into the 20th century, the language was more commonly called "Jewish", especially in non-Jewish contexts, but "Yiddish" is again the most common designation today. 8541: 2971:

writes, "As increasing numbers of Yiddish speakers moved from the Slavic-speaking East to Western Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they were so quick to jettison Slavic vocabulary that the most prominent Yiddish writers of the time—the founders of modern Yiddish

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dialects of the modern period would emerge. Jewish communities of the high medieval period would have been speaking their own versions of these German dialects, mixed with linguistic elements that they themselves brought into the region, including many Hebrew and Aramaic words, but there is also

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From my point of view, Yiddish culture today isn't just fading away, but disappearing. It is stored as memories, as fragments of phrases, as books that have long gone unread. ... Yiddish culture is dying and this should be treated with utmost calm. There is no need to pity that which cannot be

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The Swedish government has published documents in Yiddish detailing the national action plan for human rights. An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies. On September 6, 2007, it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the

8545: 8544: 8539: 8255:(Vilnius Yiddish Institute) was the first Yiddish center of higher learning to be established in post-Holocaust Eastern Europe. Vilnius Yiddish Institute is an integral part of the four-century-old Vilnius University. Published Yiddish scholar and researcher Dovid Katz is among the Faculty. 8889:"Устав Еврейской автономной области от 8 октября 1997 г. N 40-ОЗ (с изменениями и дополнениями) Глава I. Общие положения. Статья 6.2 [Charter of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast N 40-ОЗ (with the Amendments and Additions of 8 October 1997): Chapter I. General situation. Article 6.2]" 8546: 6708:

can vary slightly depending on the dialect. The main article focuses on standard form of Yiddish grammar while also acknowledging some dialectal differences. Yiddish grammar has similarities to the German grammar system, as well as grammatical elements from Hebrew and Slavic languages.

8154:, with the notable exception of many Hasidic communities. However, many Haredim who use Modern Hebrew also understand Yiddish. There are some who send their children to schools in which the primary language of instruction is Yiddish. Members of anti-Zionist Haredi groups such as the 7481:

Additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, the Swedish National Language Council, whose goal is to "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages." These languages include Yiddish.

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Its chief virtue lay in its internal subtlety, particularly in its characterization of human types and emotions. It was the language of street wisdom, of the clever underdog, of pathos, resignation and suffering, all of which it palliated by humor, intense irony and superstition.

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origin, and hence did not speak Yiddish. It was not until the mid-to-late 19th century, as first German Jews, then Central and Eastern European Jews, arrived in the nation, that Yiddish became dominant within the immigrant community. This helped to bond Jews from many countries.

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have included Yiddish in the list of their recognized minority languages: the Netherlands (1996), Sweden (2000), Romania (2008), Poland (2009), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010). In 2005, Ukraine did not mention Yiddish as such, but "the language(s) of the Jewish ethnic minority".

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announced the launch of the new daily version of its newspaper's website, which has been active since 1999 as an online weekly, supplied with radio and video programs, a literary section for fiction writers and a special blog written in local contemporary Hasidic dialects.

8150:. Yiddish is also spoken in many Haredi communities throughout Israel. Among most Ashkenazi Haredim, Hebrew is generally reserved for prayer, while Yiddish is used for religious studies, as well as a home and business language. In Israel, however, Haredim commonly speak 8547: 4571:

distinctions of German do not exist in the Northeastern (Lithuanian) varieties of Yiddish, which form the phonetic basis for Standard Yiddish. In those varieties, the vowel qualities in most long/short vowel pairs diverged and so the phonemic distinction has remained.

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that Yiddish was his first and sole spoken language, and remained so for about two years after he emigrated to the United States as a small child. By contrast, Asimov's younger siblings, born in the United States, never developed any degree of fluency in Yiddish.

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proposes that Yiddish emerged from contact between speakers of High German and Aramaic-speaking Jews from the Middle East. The lines of development proposed by the different theories do not necessarily rule out the others (at least not entirely); an article in

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offers classes in Yiddish Language Instruction and workshops on Yiddish Songs. The museum has taken steps to revive the culture through concerts and events held on site. There are various universities worldwide which now offer Yiddish programs based on the

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movement, led to a decline in the use of Eastern Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Haredi (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. Although used in various countries, Yiddish has attained official recognition as a

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Yiddish was a rich, living language, the chattering tongue of an urban population. It had the limitations of its origins. There were few Yiddish words for animals and birds. It had virtually no military vocabulary. Such voids were filled by borrowing from

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by High German. In more recent work, Wexler has argued that Eastern Yiddish is unrelated genetically to Western Yiddish. Wexler's model has been met with little academic support, and strong critical challenges, especially among historical linguists.

7045:. Zuckermann believes that "Israeli does include numerous Hebrew elements resulting from a conscious revival but also numerous pervasive linguistic features deriving from a subconscious survival of the revivalists’ mother tongues, e.g. Yiddish." 7892:

reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S. to 152,515. In 2011, the number of persons in the United States above the age of five speaking Yiddish at home was 160,968. 88% of them were living in four

2726:), with square Hebrew letters (shown in the third column) being reserved for text in that language and Aramaic. This distinction was retained in general typographic practice through to the early 19th century, with Yiddish books being set in 2484:

This brief rhyme is decoratively embedded in an otherwise purely Hebrew text. Nonetheless, it indicates that the Yiddish of that day was a more or less regular Middle High German written in the Hebrew alphabet into which Hebrew words –

7041:, the members of this group in particular, and the Hebrew revival in general, did not succeed in uprooting Yiddish patterns (as well as the patterns of other European languages Jewish immigrants spoke) within what he calls "Israeli", i.e. 7403:) includes a Yiddish section. In modern Russia, the cultural significance of the language is still recognized and bolstered. The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007. 2789:, for example, wrote that "the language of the Jews ... degenerat into a ridiculous jargon, a mixture of German, Polish, and Talmudical elements, an unpleasant stammering, rendered still more repulsive by forced attempts at wit." 2617:

Women in the Ashkenazi community were traditionally not literate in Hebrew but did read and write Yiddish. A body of literature therefore developed for which women were a primary audience. This included secular works, such as the

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Later linguistic research has refined the Weinreich model or provided alternative approaches to the language's origins, with points of contention being the characterization of its Germanic base, the source of its Hebrew/Aramaic

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abroad today only 3,100 of the remaining jews speak Yiddish as their first language. The Southeast dialect of Yiddish has many Ukrainian loanwords due to the long contact between Yiddish speakers and Ukrainian speakers.

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and their descendants would account for nearly half the Jewish population. While all were at least familiar with Hebrew as a liturgical language, essentially none had any contact with or affinity for Yiddish (some, of

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had, and to some extent still has, one of the most thriving Yiddish communities in North America. Yiddish was Montreal's third language (after French and English) for the entire first half of the twentieth century.

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generally use only Yiddish to converse with their followers and to deliver their various Torah talks, classes, and lectures. The linguistic style and vocabulary of Yiddish have influenced the manner in which many

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appears as though it might have been added by a second scribe, in which case it may need to be dated separately and may not be indicative of the pronunciation of the rhyme at the time of its initial annotation.

11340: 8262:, finding opportunities for practical use of Yiddish is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus many students have trouble learning to speak the language. One solution has been the establishment of a farm in 2238:, and from these groups the Ashkenazi community took shape. Exactly what German substrate underlies the earliest form of Yiddish is disputed. The Jewish community in the Rhineland would have encountered the 9802:

audiences heard on the stage a continuum of hybrid language-levels between Yiddish and German that was sometimes combined with the traditional use of Mauscheldeutsch (surviving forms of Western Yiddish).

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estimates, based on publications through 1991, that there were at that time 1.5 million speakers of Eastern Yiddish, of which 40% lived in Ukraine, 15% in Israel, and 10% in the United States. The

11274: 7143:. Isaac Berliner's Yiddishism was a way for the Ashkenazi Jews in Mexico to build a secular culture in a Mexico skeptical of religion. Yiddish became a marker of Ashkenazi ethnic identity in Mexico. 6856:

lists 1,946 Yiddish speakers in Mandatory Palestine (9 in the Southern District, 1,401 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 4 in Samaria, and 532 in the Northern District), including 1,759 in municipal areas (999 in

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There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language. The largest group of Yiddish speakers in Britain reside in the

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Nothing is known with certainty about the vernacular of the earliest Jews in Germany, but several theories have been put forward. As noted above, the first language of the Ashkenazim may have been

7948:. The Yiddish readership in the UK is mainly reliant upon imported material from the United States and Israel for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. However, the London-based weekly 2807:

Yiddish grates on our ears and distorts. This jargon is incapable in fact of expressing sublime thoughts. It is our obligation to cast off these old rags, a heritage of the dark Middle Ages.

2755:, from the name of the most renowned early author, whose commentary is usually printed using this script. (Rashi is also the typeface normally used when the Sephardic counterpart to Yiddish, 2751:

An additional distinctive semicursive typeface was, and still is, used for rabbinical commentary on religious texts when Hebrew and Yiddish appear on the same page. This is commonly termed

8911:[In the oblast the conditions will be created for the protection, stidy and growth of the languages of the Jewish peoples and other peoples living on the territory of the oblast.] 2802:) would write about and promote acclimatization to the outside world. Jewish children began attending secular schools where the primary language spoken and taught was German, not Yiddish. 8209:, the Hasidim have mixed some Yiddish into their Hebrew, and are also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish. For example, the tales about the 2203:

trading population of the Roman provinces, including those in Europe, would have reinforced the use of Aramaic among Jews engaged in trade. In Roman times, many of the Jews living in

3879: 7727:). (The romanized titles cited in this paragraph are in the form given on the masthead of each publication and may be at some variance both with the literal Yiddish title and the 17469: 12552:

Code of Yiddish spelling ratified in 1992 by the programmes in Yiddish language and literature at Bar Ilan University, Oxford University, Tel Aviv University, Vilnius University

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considered Yiddish their native language; however, native Yiddish speakers tended not to pass the language on to their children, who assimilated and spoke English. For example,

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A public educational system entirely based on the Yiddish language was established and comprised kindergartens, schools, and higher educational institutions (technical schools,

2230:, Jews speaking distinct languages learned new co-territorial vernaculars, which they then Judaized. In the case of Yiddish, this scenario sees it as emerging when speakers of 8597:יעדער מענטש װערט געבױרן פֿרײַ און גלײַך אין כּבֿוד און רעכט. יעדער װערט באַשאָנקן מיט פֿאַרשטאַנד און געװיסן; יעדער זאָל זיך פֿירן מיט אַ צװײטן אין אַ געמיט פֿון ברודערשאַפֿט. 11552: 10003: 8629:

Jeder Mensch wird geboren, frei und gleich in Ehre und Recht. Jeder wird beschenkt, mit Verstand und Gewissen; Jeder soll sich führen, miteinander im Gemüt von Bruderschaft.

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kol benei ha'adam noldu benei khorin veshavim be'erkam uvizkhuyoteihem. Kulam khonenu bitevuna uvematspun, lefikhakh chova 'aleihem linhog ish bere'ehu beruakh shel akhava.

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There is a growing revival of interest in Yiddish culture among secular Israelis, with the flourishing of new proactive cultural organizations like YUNG YiDiSH, as well as

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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developed towards the end of the high medieval period. It is first recorded in 1272, with the oldest surviving literary document in Yiddish, a blessing found in the Worms

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Die verkümmerten und verdrückten Jargons, deren wir uns jetzt bedienen, diese Ghettosprachen werden wir uns abgewöhnen. Es waren die verstohlenen Sprachen von Gefangenen.

7095:), who continue to teach, speak and use Yiddish, making it a language used regularly by hundreds of thousands of Haredi Jews today. The largest of these centers are in 2598:(often referred to as "Widuwilt" by Germanizing scholars), presumably also dates from the 15th century, although the manuscripts are from the 16th. It is also known as 8859:

Wien: Czernin Verlag, 2004, p. 74: "Chaja Raismann, Nit in Golus un nit in der Heem, Amsterdam 1931, ein in lateinischen Buchstaben geschriebenes jiddisches Büchlein."

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yeder mentsh vert geboyrn fray un glaykh in koved un rekht. yeder vert bashonkn mit farshtand un gevisn; yeder zol zikh firn mit a tsveytn in a gemit fun brudershaft.

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proposed a model in 1991 that took Yiddish, by which he means primarily eastern Yiddish, not to be genetically grounded in a Germanic language at all, but rather as "

17489: 17474: 11022: 2994:. The description that follows is of a modern Standard Yiddish that was devised during the early 20th century and is frequently encountered in pedagogical contexts. 8643:

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.

7037:", that is, "Hebrew , speak Hebrew!", used to tear down signs written in "foreign" languages and disturb Yiddish theatre gatherings. However, according to linguist 9260:" as "one of the most Yiddish tunes ever written", despite the fact that "Cole Porter's genetic background was completely alien to any Jewishness". Oscar Levant, 8251:

Yiddish standard. Many of these programs are held during the summer and are attended by Yiddish enthusiasts from around the world. One such school located within

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Over eleven thousand Yiddish texts, estimated as between a sixth and a quarter of all the published works in Yiddish, are now online, based on the work of the

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were written largely in Yiddish. The Torah Talks of the late Chabad leaders are published in their original form, Yiddish. In addition, some prayers, such as "

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In most varieties of Yiddish, however, words borrowed from Hebrew are written in their native forms without application of Yiddish orthographical conventions.

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communities all over the world. In some of the more closely knit such communities, Yiddish is spoken as a home and schooling language, especially in Hasidic,

7110:(usually with simultaneous translation to Hebrew and Russian) and young people are taking university courses in Yiddish, some achieving considerable fluency. 7994:, by Romanian-born Morris Myer, who was succeeded on his death in 1943 by his son Harry. There were also from time to time Yiddish newspapers in Manchester, 12860: 11717: 11713: 9693: 7885:(1,055). The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower. 15924: 7199: 11598: 10353: 7438: 7374: 7364: 2897: 3967:(−1=short, −2=long, −3=short but lengthened early in the history of Yiddish, −4=diphthong, −5=special length occurring only in Proto-Yiddish vowel 25). 11731: 11653: 10141: 11748: 7494:

estimated by linguist Mikael Parkvall to be 750–1,500. He says that most native speakers of Yiddish in Sweden today are adults, many of them elderly.

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In the early years of the 20th century Yiddish was classified as a 'Semitic Language'. After much campaigning, in 1906 the South African legislator

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may be understood by considering their common origins in the Proto-Yiddish sound system. Yiddish linguistic scholarship uses a system developed by

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in the 16th century enabled the large-scale production of works, at a cheaper cost, some of which have survived. One particularly popular work was

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argues that "in the end, a new 'standard theory' of Yiddish's origins will probably be based on the work of Weinreich and his challengers alike."

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led to an increase in formal Yiddish-language education, more uniform orthography, and to the 1925 founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute,

17800: 12796: 12158: 10561:...there has been a regular, significant increase in enrollment in Columbia's Yiddish language and literature classes over the past few years. 10319: 7406:

As of 2010, according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were 97 speakers of Yiddish in the JAO. A November 2017 article in

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This conflict also reflected the opposing views among secular Jews worldwide, one side seeing Hebrew (and Zionism) and the other Yiddish (and

17557: 17334: 13106: 12555: 8909:В области создаются условия для сохранения, изучения и развития языков еврейского народа и других народов, проживающих на территории области. 6934: 1857: 11467: 9777:

Bechtel, Delphine (2010). "Yiddish Theatre and Its Impact on the German and Austrian Stage". In Malkin, Jeanette R.; Rokem, Freddie (eds.).

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passed a law founding the "National Authority for Yiddish Culture", with the aim of supporting and promoting contemporary Yiddish art and

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We shall get rid of the stunted and squashed jargons which we use now, these ghetto languages. They were the furtive tongues of prisoners.

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to have had an ethnic population of 50,000 in 2000, and an undated speaking population of 5,400, mostly in Germany. A 1996 report by the

1970: 483: 10536: 4436:, but in Yiddish, they have not merged. Although Standard Yiddish does not distinguish between those two diphthongs and renders both as 731:

was that there were 250,000 American speakers, 250,000 Israeli speakers, and 100,000 in the rest of the world (for a total of 600,000).

14581: 12901: 12864: 11890: 11057:[Statistical Bulletin "National structure and language skills, citizenship population Jewish Autonomous Region"] (in Russian). 8680: 3624: 1915: 9326:. Similarly when Rashi writes: "But in Ashkenaz I saw " he no doubt meant the communities of Mainz and Worms in which he had dwelt." 8780: 7640:

newspaper which is also published weekly and appears online. The widest-circulation Yiddish newspapers are probably the weekly issues

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The use of Yiddish as the primary spoken language by Jews was heavily encouraged by multiple Jewish political groups at the time. The

10382: 7341:, former Minister of Culture of Russia and himself of Jewish origin, Yiddish culture in Russia is gone, and its revival is unlikely. 7023: 10409: 3970:

Vowels 23, 33, 43 and 53 have the same reflexes as 22, 32, 42 and 52 in all Yiddish dialects, but they developed distinct values in

12930: 11549: 11058: 10620:"The Yiddish press and the making of South African Jewry in the British world: exclusion, libel, and Jewish nationalism, 1890–1914" 10215: 9390: 2096: 1960: 11226: 3952:

Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier, and its reflexes use it as a subscript, for example Southeastern

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appear only in Slavic loanwords. The phonemic status of these palatalised consonants, as well as any other affricates, is unclear.

17830: 17790: 14429: 11938: 7779: 2223:). Hebrew, on the other hand, was regarded as a holy language reserved for ritual and spiritual purposes and not for common use. 11030: 8653:כל בני האדם נולדו בני חורין ושווים בערכם ובזכויותיהם. כולם חוננו בתבונה ובמצפון, לפיכך חובה עליהם לנהוג איש ברעהו ברוח של אחווה 17810: 14756: 13529: 12983: 10011: 8921: 7231: 7195: 2932:

in Russia, Yiddish was emerging as a major Eastern European language. Its rich literature was more widely published than ever,

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for the Jews settling in this area. Ashkenaz bordered on the area inhabited by another distinctive Jewish cultural group, the

17590: 14731: 13524: 12620: 12582: 12476: 12278: 12238: 11376: 11157: 11127: 10880: 10842: 10779: 9828: 9788: 9604: 9577: 9515: 9436: 9346: 9040: 8564: 7475: 6905:

as an autonomous language, it has sometimes been referred to as Judeo-German, along the lines of other Jewish languages like

5215: 3747: 10658: 8047:, remains the only permanent Yiddish theatre in North America. The theatre group also tours Canada, US, Israel, and Europe. 6758:

Map of the Yiddish dialects between the 15th and the 19th centuries (Western dialects in orange / Eastern dialects in green)

17755: 15914: 2840:

In eastern Europe, the response to these forces took the opposite direction, with Yiddish becoming the cohesive force in a

13433: 797:

The term "Yiddish" is also used in the adjectival sense, synonymously with "Ashkenazi Jewish", to designate attributes of

17750: 14746: 14741: 13544: 13539: 12963: 12756: 11418: 11199: 5283: 3467: 540: 16826: 10743: 8161:

Hundreds of thousands of young children around the globe have been, and are still, taught to translate the texts of the

697:, there were 11–13 million speakers. Eighty-five percent of the approximately six million Jews who were murdered in the 14356: 13233: 8555:

The following is a short example of the Yiddish language written in both the Hebrew and Latin scripts with English and

8446:

used by Jews with loanwords from Hebrew and Yiddish. And Yiddish had an influence on Hungarian with extra influence on

8039:

was the center of Yiddish theater from 1896 until the construction of the Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts (now the

7209: 6845:

information about the recent status of what is treated as an Eastern–Western dialect continuum is provided in the YIVO

5611: 3756: 3479: 2945: 10930:"Информационные материалы всероссийской переписи населения 2010 г. Население Российской Федерации по владению языками" 9497:, "noble"). Western Yiddish includes additional words of ultimate Latin derivation (but still very few): for example, 4358:

In vocabulary of Germanic origin, the differences between Standard German and Yiddish pronunciation are mainly in the

17550: 17327: 15287: 13384: 13238: 12724: 12701: 12639: 12601: 12563: 12537: 12514: 12495: 11635: 11451: 11054:Статистический бюллетень "Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство населения Еврейской автономной области" 10596: 10173: 10051: 9987: 9726: 9677: 9399: 9296: 9271: 9010: 1033: 2651: 15370: 13293: 13201: 10004:"Hebrew or Yiddish? – The Interwar Period – The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna" 9089: 8934:"Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення" 8040: 3777: 3332: 3232: 12051: 11698: 7004:

tried to eradicate the use of Yiddish among Jews in preference to Hebrew, and make its use socially unacceptable.

4388:

Diphthongs have also undergone divergent developments in German and Yiddish. Where Standard German has merged the

17479: 15141: 14801: 14458: 13652: 9697: 9262: 7337:, 1,683 people spoke Yiddish in Russia, approximately 1% of all the Jews of the Russian Federation. According to 5090: 4580: 3311: 1639: 17452: 11609: 10326:, Council of Europe Committee on Culture and Education Doc. 7489, February 12, 1996. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 8979: 8062:. Besides Yiddish-speaking activists, it remains today the native everyday language of 15,000 Montreal Hasidim. 7908:

communities in the United States in which Yiddish remains the majority language including concentrations in the

7610:

still appears weekly and is also available in an online edition. It remains in wide distribution, together with

3673:; unlike many such languages, voiced stops are not devoiced in final position. Moreover, Yiddish has regressive 3609:, puts it in the "palatalized" column. This can mean that it is either palatalized alveolar or alveolo-palatal 2534:, which survives in the famous Cambridge Codex T.-S.10.K.22. This 14th-century manuscript was discovered in the 2282:) extending over parts of Germany and France. There, they encountered and were influenced by Jewish speakers of 17805: 17765: 17740: 17509: 14574: 13334: 12894: 12845: 11291: 8675: 8451: 8301: 8139: 8044: 7425: 7421: 7065:). Thus, Hebrew emerged as the dominant linguistic common denominator between the different population groups. 5018: 4892: 3770: 2848:). Notable Yiddish writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are Sholem Yankev Abramovitch, writing as 11792: 11770: 8485:, Town of Ramapo, New York, entirely in Yiddish. The candidates' names are transliterated into Hebrew letters. 4601:, but this pronunciation is also quasi-standard throughout northern and central Germany); /pf/ surfaces as an 17825: 17815: 17785: 17494: 17193: 15326: 14435: 13756: 11819: 11321: 11227:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148

8455: 8123: 7837:, 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home. Of these speakers, 113,515 lived in 7765: 7474:

In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's

7140: 5161: 3388: 3277: 2003: 1910: 1862: 1688: 1678: 380: 12184: 11728: 11657: 10995: 10904: 10806: 9956: 9947:

Rabinovich, O.A. (1861). "Russia – Our Native Land: Just as We Breathe Its Air We Must Speak Its Language".

8551:

Example video of native Yiddish speaker talking in the Yiddish language (with English-translated subtitles).

8375:

Inc. released its smartphones with keyboard access for the Yiddish language in its foreign language option.

7688:'the newspaper'). Several additional newspapers and magazines are in regular production, such as the weekly 6991:"You shall have love for the stranger, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt." (Deuteronomy 10:19) 2837:, Western Yiddish survived only as a language of "intimate family circles or of closely knit trade groups". 398: 17820: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17543: 17320: 17223: 16393: 16355: 16340: 15156: 14751: 14736: 14498: 14366: 14361: 13549: 13534: 13298: 13253: 12998: 12007: 11749:"Yiddish making a comeback, as theater group shows | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California" 9070: 7204: 5537: 4960: 4768: 4695: 3612: 3366: 3318: 3218: 2426: 2243: 2089: 1948: 15667: 12800: 11846: 8466:. These ethnolects are shown in various pieces of media across various mediums both digital and physical. 8304:, and still maintains daily Yiddish instruction today, and includes student theater and music in Yiddish. 6688: 6679: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6534: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6491: 6481: 6476: 6457: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6416: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6293: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6174: 6170: 6122: 6112: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6061: 6051: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 5988: 5978: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5928: 5918: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5860: 5850: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5800: 5790: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5732: 5722: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5660: 5650: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5586: 5576: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5509: 5499: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5435: 5425: 5384: 5374: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5312: 5302: 5264: 5254: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5190: 5180: 5139: 5129: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5062: 5052: 5035: 5030: 5025: 4989: 4979: 4941: 4931: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4863: 4853: 4836: 4817: 4807: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4744: 4734: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4587: 4583: 4437: 4425: 4405: 4401: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4328: 4309: 4301: 4284: 4269: 4261: 4215: 4196: 4188: 4173: 4165: 4150: 4138: 4096: 4077: 4065: 4046: 4038: 4023: 4011: 3919: 3911: 3904: 3892: 3888: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3826: 3820: 3812: 3695: 3686: 3635: 3618: 3606: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3502: 3494: 3415: 17795: 17203: 17063: 16413: 16372: 16362: 15363: 15320: 14841: 14463: 14448: 13329: 13189: 11577: 11560: 9890: 7728: 7511: 7008: 6830: 5460: 5340: 4602: 4353: 3974:; Katz (1987) argues that they should be collapsed with the −2 series, leaving only 13 in the −3 series. 3784: 3350: 2008: 1736: 952: 802: 349: 10933: 1644: 727:", whose population was estimated at the time to be between 500,000 and 1 million. A 2021 estimate from 17441: 15579: 14806: 14716: 14417: 14311: 13962: 13856: 13564: 13497: 13058: 12948: 8837:

Also cp. the following works, where certain works in Yiddish language with Latin script are mentioned:

7220: 6774: 3798: 3677: 3597: 3445: 3380: 3343: 3325: 3284: 3270: 3239: 3225: 3135: 3128: 3092: 3054: 1619: 1015: 977: 947: 9628: 8118:

in New York (over 88% of the population of Kiryas Joel is reported to speak Yiddish at home.) Also in

1884: 17745: 17373: 16920: 14710: 14705: 14567: 14533: 14473: 14371: 14351: 14221: 14146: 14006: 13873: 13559: 13519: 12887: 9257: 8820:

Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax: Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages.

7889: 7834: 7806:. He was fluent in Yiddish, and translated several Yiddish poems and stories into English, including 7803: 7542: 7226: 5686: 5609: 5535: 5458: 5406: 5404: 5338: 5281: 5213: 5159: 5088: 5016: 4958: 4890: 4766: 4693: 3622: 3610: 3595: 3373: 3263: 2701:

were used for each. The name commonly given to the semicursive form used exclusively for Yiddish was

2044: 1998: 1119: 972: 962: 12868: 2341:, its greatest practitioner, pointed out that it is the only language never spoken by men in power. 17760: 17504: 17383: 17198: 17152: 17147: 17071: 16681: 16665: 16544: 16403: 16294: 16289: 15019: 14987: 14453: 14284: 13583: 13458: 10316: 10190: 8155: 7732: 7356: 7194:

language and its use was generally discouraged. Yiddish was one of the recognized languages of the

6853: 6160:

in Ashkenazi Hebrew. Also, Hebrew features no reduction of unstressed vowels and so the given name

5688: 1342: 918: 464: 264: 12833: 10496: 10479: 9863: 9163: 7791:, much of which is in Yiddish, was released. It was later chosen to be on the Library of Congress 17137: 17081: 17076: 16996: 16669: 16619: 15919: 15737: 15493: 15421: 15409: 15133: 15034: 14882: 14692: 14406: 14395: 13989: 13910: 13615: 13514: 13453: 13339: 13312: 9594: 8716: 8293: 8103: 7925: 7909: 4626:). Additionally, final voiced stops appear in Standard Yiddish but not Northern Standard German. 3399: 3180: 3173: 3148: 2610:. Another significant writer is Avroham ben Schemuel Pikartei, who published a paraphrase on the 2192: 2082: 2069: 1867: 1217: 925: 913: 643: 152: 142: 17259: 16979: 16377: 9842:

in 1787, over 10 percent of the Prague population was Jewish which spoke German and, probably,

9646: 8300:

teaches Yiddish as a second language to all its students. The school was founded in 1975 by the

8229:

A road sign in Yiddish (except for the word "sidewalk") at an official construction site in the

7928:, in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home. 17142: 16624: 16590: 16208: 16024: 15884: 15724: 15619: 14442: 14412: 13475: 12400: 12374: 12348: 9960: 9385: 8888: 8420: 8158:, who view the commonplace use of Hebrew as a form of Zionism, use Yiddish almost exclusively. 8099: 8095: 7917: 7913: 7792: 6808: 3670: 3020: 2377: 2049: 1943: 1779: 1683: 1576: 1402: 1129: 991: 711:(immigration to Israel) further decreased the use of Yiddish among survivors after adapting to 297: 12594:

Outwitting History: How a Young Man Rescued a Million Books and Saved a Vanishing Civilisation

12254: 11174: 11147: 9567: 9426: 7731:

otherwise applied in this article.) Thriving Yiddish theater, especially in the New York City

17683: 17650: 17645: 17514: 17499: 17300: 17264: 16532: 16525: 16477: 16247: 16218: 16187: 16150: 16075: 15832: 15745: 15606: 15568: 15330: 15316: 14863: 14816: 14796: 14789: 14779: 14774: 14766: 14598: 14468: 14389: 14171: 13878: 13761: 13502: 13492: 13485: 13470: 13356: 12469:

Camden House History of German Literature, Volume 4: Early Modern German Literature 1350–1700

11366: 10548: 10135: 10043: 10037: 9337: 9030: 8687: 8243: 8198:

who attend yeshivas speak English. This usage is distinctive enough that it has been dubbed "

8111: 7921: 7807: 7761: 7527: 7334: 7062: 7038: 6770: 6191: 3959:

is the vowel /o/, descended from Proto-Yiddish */a/. The first digit indicates Proto-Yiddish

3506: 3424: 3085: 3078: 2901: 2849: 2413: 2360: 2347: 2338: 2283: 2184:. Ashkenazi culture later spread into Eastern Europe with large-scale population migrations. 1387: 1020: 1010: 1003: 162: 16765: 15640: 12774: 12696:(in Yiddish and English) (6th rev. ed.). New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. 11061:. October 30, 2013. In document "5. ВЛАДЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКАМИ НАСЕЛЕНИЕМ ОБЛАСТИ.pdf". Archived from 10771:

A century of ambivalence : the Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the present

10708:

Ben-Eliezer, Moshe (1980). "Hebrew and the Survival of Jewish Culture in the Soviet Union".

9056: 8050:

Even though Yiddish has receded, it is the immediate ancestral language of Montrealers like

7522: 1693: 1661: 17699: 17269: 17249: 17218: 17091: 16951: 16697: 16515: 16107: 15934: 15896: 15891: 15765: 15712: 15470: 15277: 15228: 15060: 14503: 14493: 13996: 12968: 12132: 11320:. RAPPLING 1. Rapporter från Institutionen för lingvistik vid Stockholms universitet. 2009 10191:"Isaac Bashevis Singer's banquet speech upon receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature 1978" 9921:

was overtly assimilationist, expressed in his correspondence both a great fondness for his

8482: 8115: 7787: 7535: 7394: 7208:

in Yiddish. Yiddish was also an official language in several agricultural districts of the

6968: 3830: 3193: 2776: 2675:), a Yiddish–Hebrew–Latin–German dictionary and thesaurus, published by Elia Levita in 1542 2607: 2385: 1774: 1703: 1698: 1629: 1297: 1287: 16925: 12231:

Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect

7764:, often used by Jews and non-Jews alike, unaware of the linguistic origin of the phrases. 2785:

led to a view of Yiddish as a corrupt dialect. The 19th century Prussian-Jewish historian

2645: 1624: 8: 17566: 17343: 17208: 16444: 16398: 16332: 16085: 15732: 15645: 15443: 15267: 14821: 14811: 14151: 14119: 14045: 13954: 13900: 13507: 13307: 13041: 13006: 11680: 11368:

Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust

11143: 10544: 10413: 8463: 8327: 8135: 8131: 7950: 7810:'s "Gimpel the Fool". In 1978, Singer, a writer in the Yiddish language, who was born in 7774: 7752: 7282: 7274: 7175: 7155: 7001: 6718: 4404:, Yiddish has maintained the distinction between them; and likewise, the Standard German 4367: 3666: 3654: 3298: 3203: 2872: 2845: 2574:), composed around 1507–08 and printed several times, beginning in 1541 (under the title 2433: 2422: 2132: 1654: 1609: 1412: 1337: 1025: 702: 234: 16755: 16600: 15847: 12425: 12106: 12029: 932: 17378: 17254: 17178: 17106: 17096: 17051: 16813: 16740: 16637: 16482: 16457: 16452: 16345: 16173: 16058: 15879: 15657: 15652: 15631: 15592: 15396: 15386: 15202: 15194: 15108: 15054: 14929: 14891: 14857: 14784: 14483: 14478: 14289: 14011: 13888: 13883: 13868: 13838: 13791: 13714: 13620: 13480: 13053: 12958: 12925: 12694:

College Yiddish: An Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture

11509: 10725: 10619: 10162: 10123: 8252: 7625: 7077: 4389: 3971: 3662: 3498: 3104: 3015: 2929: 2917: 2524: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2119:

By the 10th century, a distinctive Jewish culture had formed in Central Europe. By the

1905: 1832: 1634: 1581: 1317: 1257: 1227: 1159: 1114: 1077: 1067: 998: 755: 728: 196: 147: 16408: 15094: 13766: 13642: 11942: 11912: 8951: 7795:

for being considered a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" film.

723:

stated that "most people who speak Yiddish in their daily lives are Hasidim and other

455: 448: 17436: 17431: 17228: 17027: 16943: 16936: 16891: 16835: 16595: 16585: 16568: 16563: 16467: 16229: 16029: 15990: 15970: 15808: 15700: 15682: 15534: 15297: 15283: 15249: 15115: 14267: 14198: 14080: 14065: 13848: 13719: 13684: 12973: 12720: 12697: 12635: 12616: 12597: 12578: 12559: 12533: 12510: 12491: 12472: 12274: 12234: 12204: 12196: 11526:

Note: an updated version of the article appears on Professor Volokh's UCLA web page,

11447: 11372: 11153: 11123: 10886: 10876: 10848: 10838: 10785: 10775: 10717: 10639: 10578: 10442: 10169: 10127: 10115: 10047: 9983: 9976: 9824: 9784: 9722: 9673: 9600: 9573: 9511: 9432: 9395: 9342: 9328: 9292: 9267: 9036: 9006: 8922:

What languages does the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages apply to?

8316: 8059: 8036: 7894: 7531: 6838: 6800: 6736: 6587: 3582:, puts it in the "velar" column, but consistently uses a symbol denoting a voiceless 3538: 3458: 3430: 3359: 3254: 3166: 3041: 3025: 2981: 2941: 2013: 1842: 1720: 1614: 1598: 1476: 1357: 1154: 942: 679: 17608: 12782:, by-monthly for social issues, current affairs, and culture, Tel Aviv, since 1951; 10635: 9322:"Thus in Rashi's (1040–1105) commentary on the Talmud, German expressions appear as 8319:. Hebrew-alphabet keyboards are available, and right-to-left writing is recognized. 7742:

Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of

6833:

agrees with fewer than 200,000 in the United States. Western Yiddish is reported by

17735: 17598: 17580: 17526: 17411: 17183: 16974: 16908: 16864: 16859: 16819: 16808: 16800: 16605: 16573: 16520: 16509: 16422: 16131: 16070: 15860: 15842: 15677: 15438: 15430: 15257: 15214: 15209: 15198: 15177: 15166: 15122: 14939: 14904: 14867: 14723: 14700: 14653: 14590: 14333: 14301: 14262: 14233: 14216: 14166: 13967: 13776: 13709: 13662: 13610: 13578: 13569: 13554: 13428: 13403: 13379: 13263: 13194: 13111: 12978: 12671: 12455: 12294: 11501: 10631: 10194: 10105: 9930: 9143: 8443: 8395: 8331: 8312: 8263: 8242:

a museum has begun to revive Yiddish education and culture. Located in Kraków, the

8234: 8230: 8195: 8107: 8051: 7991: 7982: 7838: 7382: 7338: 7322: 7119: 6140: 3938: 3923: 3816: 3650: 3646: 3408: 3035: 3010: 2991: 2904:

with wheat – Let nothing go to waste". Colour lithograph, 1917. Digitally restored.

2330: 2326: 2306: 2287: 2227: 2120: 2039: 1953: 1900: 1649: 1466: 1307: 1176: 1084: 982: 967: 908: 868: 845: 784: 734:

The earliest surviving references date from the 12th century and call the language

675: 591: 85: 17633: 17613: 17020: 12795:, periodical collection of Yiddish literature and culture, Jerusalem, since 1973; 10575:

Collected Seminar Papers – Institute of Commonwealth Studies. University of London

9363: 8869:

Edited by Manfred Treml and Josef Kirmeier with assistance by Evamaria Brockhoff:

8842:

Poetische Selbstbilder: Deutsch-jüdische und Jiddische Lyrikanthologien 1900–1938.

8751: 8043:), inaugurated on September 24, 1967, where the established resident theater, the 2818:"Russia – Our Native Land: Just as We Breathe Its Air, We Must Speak Its Language" 17640: 17421: 17416: 17406: 17357: 17213: 17173: 17006: 16913: 16896: 16881: 16876: 16869: 16578: 16487: 16472: 16427: 16279: 16242: 16234: 16213: 16200: 16180: 16166: 15929: 15906: 15837: 15827: 15819: 15599: 15273: 15263: 15253: 15040: 14958: 14919: 14678: 14673: 14658: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14607: 14243: 14238: 14050: 13977: 13810: 13781: 13704: 13694: 13657: 13632: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13423: 13418: 13408: 13393: 13184: 13101: 13068: 13026: 13016: 12689: 12322: 12187:[Lexicological notes on interferences between Yidish and modern French]. 11735: 11563:

Language Map Data Center, based on U.S. Census data. Retrieved December 25, 2006.

11556: 11422: 11327: 11278: 11117: 11113: 10573:

Hirson, Baruch (1993). "Friend to Olive Schreiner: The Story of Ruth Schechter".

10336: 10323: 9934: 9818: 9814: 9783:. Studies in theatre history and culture. University of Iowa Press. p. 304. 9778: 9422: 9200: 8933: 8704: 8556: 8411: 8407: 8177:) – 'translating'. Many Ashkenazi yeshivas' highest level lectures in Talmud and 8087: 8032: 7940:

district of North London, but there are sizable communities in northwest London,

7905: 7183: 7107: 7092: 7081: 6732: 6724: 6705: 6700: 6136: 4441: 4279: 4160: 4033: 3658: 3638:

can be either alveolar or uvular, either a trill or, more commonly, a flap/tap .

3530: 3072: 3030: 2933: 2921: 2853: 2813: 2786: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2263: 2181: 2154: 1965: 1895: 1837: 1789: 1668: 1571: 1434: 1222: 1149: 1094: 1089: 957: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 873: 856: 788: 772: 716: 683: 667: 663: 530: 230: 191: 134: 105: 12080: 11985: 8850:

4. 10 Ein radikaler Schritt:eine jiddische Anthologie in lateinischen Buchstaben

7825:

argue that Yiddish is "supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot".

7084:

and publication of Yiddish classics, both in Yiddish and in Hebrew translation.

6841:

estimates a worldwide Yiddish-speaking population of about two million. Further

2523:

Over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, songs and poems in Yiddish, and

701:

were Yiddish speakers, leading to a massive decline in the use of the language.

17426: 17294: 17188: 17168: 17120: 17012: 16886: 16556: 16323: 16262: 16041: 15998: 15955: 15872: 15867: 15756: 15706: 15557: 15508: 15463: 15456: 15346: 15077: 15067: 15028: 14963: 14668: 14663: 14547: 14522: 14343: 14250: 14208: 14188: 14176: 14156: 14070: 14060: 14028: 14021: 14001: 13972: 13944: 13939: 13905: 13815: 13739: 13729: 13667: 13465: 13413: 13324: 13319: 13081: 13076: 13011: 12940: 10387: 10291: 9914: 9192: 8710: 8432: 8428: 8357: 8214: 8186: 8083: 7262: 7151: 7088: 6980:און איר זאלט ליב האבן דעם פרעמדען, ווארום פרעמדע זייט איר געווען אין לאנד מצרים 6957: 4296: 4183: 4060: 3764: 3115: 2964:, there was debate over which language should take primacy, Hebrew or Yiddish. 2937: 2756: 2722: 2555: 2500: 2456:גוּט טַק אִים בְּטַגְֿא שְ וַיר דִּיש מַחֲזוֹר אִין בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ טְרַגְֿא 2389: 2234:(Judeo-French) and other Judeo-Romance languages began to acquire varieties of 2212: 2208: 2136: 2064: 1987: 1521: 1252: 1212: 1055: 1045: 878: 824: 816: 724: 651: 647: 240: 223: 115: 12208: 11964: 11415: 11259:

A National Action Plan for Human Rights 2006–2009. Retrieved December 4, 2006.

10269: 10236: 10110: 9765:]. Vol. 1. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. p. 280. 9341:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 569–571. 8833:

Die Gesetze der Schriftgeschichte: Konfession und Schrift im Leben der Völker.

8623:

German with wording and word order as close to the Yiddish version as possible

2538:

in 1896, and also contains a collection of narrative poems on themes from the

17729: 17660: 17244: 17086: 16842: 16793: 16610: 16549: 16462: 16367: 16305: 16252: 16136: 16063: 15308: 15224: 15171: 15161: 15151: 15047: 14977: 14950: 14852: 14847: 14637: 14316: 14161: 14088: 13895: 13829: 13802: 13751: 13699: 13672: 13647: 13637: 13398: 13344: 13278: 13258: 13248: 13243: 13216: 13162: 13091: 13036: 12200: 12185:"Notes lexicologiques sur des interférences entre yidich et français moderne" 11528: 10958: 10890: 10852: 10789: 10721: 10643: 10582: 10119: 9918: 9754: 9528: 9311: 9071:"A Tale of Two Hypotheses: Genetics and the Ethnogenesis of Ashkenazi Jewry". 8497: 8391: 8365: 8320: 8259: 8210: 8206: 8151: 8055: 8022: 7937: 7866: 7853:(5.00%). The remaining states with speaker populations larger than 1,000 are 7822: 7818: 7581: 7058: 7042: 6997: 6951: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6787: 3942: 3729: 3304: 3209: 3121: 2834: 2381: 2251: 2177: 1784: 1541: 1471: 1267: 1262: 1242: 1237: 1139: 1124: 863: 712: 157: 12850: 12770: 12713: 12467:

Dunphy, Graeme (2007). "The New Jewish Vernacular". In Reinhart, Max (ed.).

12159:"I took Duolingo's new Yiddish course for a test drive. Here's what I found" 9127: 8283:

Some American Jewish days schools and high schools offer Yiddish education.

7135:, Yiddish was spoken among the Ashkenazi Jewish population and Yiddish poet 6986:

Un ir zolt lib hobn dem fremden, varum fremde zayt ir geven in land mitsraym

2478:

May a good day come to him who carries this prayer book into the synagogue.

776:, "holy tongue"), meaning Hebrew and Aramaic. The term "Yiddish", short for 17113: 16537: 16501: 16434: 16257: 16080: 16053: 16036: 15980: 15939: 15521: 15500: 15101: 14296: 14093: 14055: 14016: 13605: 13349: 13288: 13268: 13228: 13211: 13179: 13167: 13128: 13046: 13021: 11716:; "The emergence of Yiddish theater in Montreal", "Examiner", May 14, 2012 9332: 9249: 8975: 8182: 8003: 7965:. From the 1910s to the 1950s, London had a daily Yiddish newspaper called 7854: 7747: 7743: 7408: 7069: 7053: 6914: 6842: 6791: 6783: 4568: 3896: 3846: 3156: 2877: 2752: 2709: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2271: 1852: 1847: 1763: 1277: 1202: 1144: 937: 694: 17628: 17623: 17603: 16760: 12808:, pub. Maison de la Culture Yiddish, Paris, since 1994, also available in 10870: 10832: 10769: 9225: 8138:, and elsewhere. Yiddish is also widely spoken in the Jewish community in 7506: 431: 424: 415: 17704: 17655: 16930: 16903: 16721: 16629: 16311: 16272: 15855: 15550: 15514: 15449: 15293: 15087: 14969: 14306: 13821: 13746: 13724: 13627: 13221: 13150: 13145: 13133: 13123: 12855: 12675: 12162: 11868: 11529:"Judge Alex Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, "Lawsuit, Shmawsuit" <*>" 11399: 10436: 10033: 9535:. Yale University Press/ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. p. 336. 9253: 8427:

was not an arbitrary pastiche of major European languages but a Latinate

7878: 7799: 7677: 7599: 7360: 7191: 7179: 6812: 6728: 4256: 4244: 4133: 4121: 4006: 3994: 3741: 3724: 3715: 2968: 2953: 2913: 2893: 2629: 2611: 2559: 2370: 2322: 2275: 2259: 2215:-speakers, and this is reflected in some Ashkenazi personal names (e.g., 2196: 1746: 1501: 1302: 1282: 798: 659: 536: 313: 17618: 16775: 12664:

Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939

10729: 9102: 7814:

and lived in the United States, received the Nobel Prize in Literature.

7261:

and other university departments). These were initially created in the

6100: 6039: 5966: 5906: 5838: 5778: 5710: 5638: 5564: 5487: 5413: 5362: 5290: 5242: 5168: 5117: 5040: 4967: 4919: 4841: 4795: 4722: 4525: 4481: 16770: 16750: 16115: 15785: 15486: 15220: 14400: 14107: 13689: 13283: 13031: 12953: 12809: 12547: 11439: 11281:

National Minorities and Minority Languages. Retrieved December 4, 2006.

10577:. Collected Seminar Papers. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 45: 43. 10354:"War on Hebrew For Some ultra-Orthodox, There Can Be Only One Language" 10274: 10241: 8756: 8713: – Language derived from Medieval Spanish spoken by Sephardic Jews 8501: 8361: 8143: 8119: 8035:), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper, appeared from 1907 to 1988. The 7850: 7846: 7769: 7450: 7278: 7216: 7178:(NEP) in the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish 7011:) as the means of defining Jewish nationalism. In the 1920s and 1930s, 6824: 6185: 4634: 4323: 4249: 4210: 4126: 4091: 3999: 3946: 3792: 3734: 2908: 2841: 2417:

The South-West Yiddish account of the life of Seligmann Brunschwig von

2364: 2255: 1821: 1741: 1536: 1511: 1312: 1292: 1192: 655: 17535: 17312: 12735: 11513: 11089:"Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage" 8410:

in England and to some degree the city dialects of Vienna and Berlin.

8360:

maintains a hub of Yiddish-language resources, including a searchable

7424:(1917–1921). But due to the holocaust, assimilation, and migration of 7369: 7091:, particularly the Hasidic Jews and the Lithuanian yeshiva world (see 6822:

Reports of the number of current Yiddish speakers vary significantly.

4575:

There are consonantal differences between German and Yiddish. Yiddish

2888: 832: 469:

52-ACB-g = 52-ACB-ga (West) + 52-ACB-gb (East); totalling 11 varieties

17709: 16956: 16704: 16350: 16267: 16048: 16003: 15975: 15801: 15355: 15146: 14995: 14944: 14924: 14321: 13786: 13677: 13588: 13206: 13140: 12507:

Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters

11796: 10497:

Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns

10480:

Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns

9926: 9196: 8424: 8403: 8346: 8337:

There are many websites on the Internet in Yiddish. In January 2013,

8297: 8199: 8070: 7995: 7945: 7657: 7273:

In the former Soviet states, recently active Yiddish authors include

7187: 7100: 7096: 6869: 6857: 6735:. Whereas, in Hebrew, many vowels are represented only optionally by 4363: 3838: 3674: 2987: 2896:-era poster in Yiddish. Translated caption: "Food will win the war – 2564: 2418: 2172: 2124: 1456: 1197: 1109: 698: 441: 408: 390: 372: 16780: 13157: 11295: 11242:

Regeringens proposition 1998/99:143 Nationella minoriteter i Sverige

6917:. A widely cited summary of attitudes in the 1930s was published by 2578:). Levita, the earliest named Yiddish author, may also have written 2153:, and later of various areas of Eastern Europe and Anatolia. In the 715:

in Israel. However, the number of Yiddish-speakers is increasing in

475: 16745: 16093: 15000: 14559: 14040: 13982: 13927: 13922: 13593: 12879: 12787: 12783: 11817: 11505: 9451:

Traces remain in the contemporary Yiddish vocabulary: for example,

8695: 8399: 8379: 8372: 8147: 8091: 8075: 8014: 7874: 7870: 7862: 7606:

The typical circulation in the 21st century is a few thousand. The

6885: 6877: 6161: 4576: 4440:, the distinction becomes apparent when the two diphthongs undergo 3885: 2781: 2698: 2679:

The segmentation of the Yiddish readership, between women who read

2543: 2321:

and from anything with which it intersected. On the other hand, it

2145: 1731: 1566: 1526: 1496: 1451: 1382: 1072: 14837: 11823: 11718:

www.examiner.com/article/the-emergence-of-yiddish-theater-montreal

10683: 9868:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 641 7760:

Many "Yiddishisms", like "Italianisms" and "Spanishisms", entered

6973: 3918:

and appear as syllable nuclei as well, but only as allophones of

2940:

were booming, and for a time it achieved the status of one of the

2291:

of speech, sometimes not accepted as a fully autonomous language.

508: 17714: 17401: 16786: 16382: 15072: 15005: 14934: 14255: 14139: 14134: 14124: 14112: 13932: 13917: 13861: 13796: 13734: 13598: 13273: 13172: 13096: 12988: 12914: 12684:] (in Yiddish). New York: Yidisher Ṿisenshafṭlekher Insṭiṭuṭ. 11106: 10537:"Yiddish Studies Thrives at Columbia After More than Fifty Years" 8864:

Humor und Toleranz. Ostjüdische Anekdoten als historische Quelle.

8504:, 1932. The inscription includes text in Hebrew (לשנה טובה תכתבו— 8350: 8349:

influenced by Yiddish are available via online resources such as

8178: 8127: 7999: 7882: 7842: 7736: 7643: 7159: 7073: 6804: 6795: 4416:, which in Yiddish have merged with their unrounded counterparts 2961: 2697:, and men who read both, was significant enough that distinctive 2494: 2438: 2318: 2267: 2200: 2188: 2150: 1804: 1794: 1546: 1531: 1481: 1417: 1362: 1332: 1232: 1134: 1104: 1062: 1050: 806: 791: 671: 512: 495: 333: 323: 303: 291: 286: 12823: 11341:"Why a Yiddish Renaissance Is Underway in Sweden, of All Places" 10959:"журнал "Лехаим" М. Е. Швыдкой. Расставание с прошлым неизбежно" 10774:(2nd expanded ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 10457: 8698: – Words from the Yiddish Language used in everyday English 6977:

An example of graffiti in Yiddish, Tel Aviv, Washington Avenue (

16089: 14326: 14193: 14129: 11394: 8435:. This model is generally unsupported by mainstream linguists. 8082:

Major exceptions to the decline of spoken Yiddish are found in

7811: 7637: 7286: 7258: 7132: 6873: 6816: 6740: 6145: 3878:

The last two diphthongs may be realized as and , respectively.

2949: 2821: 2794: 2640: 2590: 2516: 2310: 2140: 1799: 1673: 1561: 1556: 1491: 1486: 1461: 1441: 1422: 1407: 1372: 1367: 1347: 1327: 1322: 1247: 1207: 1099: 707: 522: 499:

The opening page of the 1828 Yiddish-written Jewish holiday of

338: 328: 318: 308: 260: 12632:

Adventures in Yiddishland: Postvernacular Language and Culture

10624:

Jewish Historical Studies: A Journal of English-Speaking Jewry

9719:

Old Yiddish Literature from Its Origins to the Haskalah Period

9599:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 339. 8225: 7526:

Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting

2948:. Educational autonomy for Jews in several countries (notably 2421:

describes, among other things, the anti-Semitic events of the

16007: 14909: 14277: 14272: 14226: 14181: 14102: 14097: 13361: 13116: 13086: 11492:

Volokh, Eugene; Kozinski, Alex (1993). "Lawsuit, Shmawsuit".

10039:

Born to Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods

9289:

Yiddish Civilization: The Rise and Fall of a Forgotten Nation

8414: 8190: 8162: 7941: 7517:

Learn to speak, read and write the language of your children.

7514:

advertising free English classes for Yiddish speakers, 1930s:

7253:

The same slogan is written in Belarusian, Russian and Polish.

7048:

After the founding of the State of Israel, a massive wave of

6889: 6881: 6865: 6861: 6764:

Ghosts love Yiddish and as far as I know, they all speak it.

6657: 6430: 6313: 6307: 6152: 4359: 3707: 2916:

of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Revers. Three languages:

2867: 2594:). Another Yiddish retelling of a chivalric romance, װידװילט 2468:

gut tak im betage se vaer dis makhazor in beis hakneses trage

2270:, or both, migrated through Southern Europe to settle in the 2158: 2128: 1932: 1551: 1506: 1446: 1392: 1377: 1272: 500: 10999: 10438:

Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage

3641:

The glottal stop appears only as an intervocalic separator.

2775:, i. e. "Moses German"—declined in the 18th century, as the 2622:, and religious writing specifically for women, such as the 686:; however, there are variations, including the standardized 14376: 12910: 12529: 12268: 11654:"Data center results] Modern Language Association]" 11468:"2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates" 9097: 8248: 8233:

hamlet, a community with thousands of Yiddish speakers, in

7858: 2957: 2771:

The Western Yiddish dialect—sometimes pejoratively labeled

2204: 2199:. The widespread use of Aramaic among the large non-Jewish 1427: 1397: 1352: 1187: 720: 687: 356: 12554:. Oxford: Oksforder Yiddish Press in cooperation with the 11738:, Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 10260:, Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 9266:, Pocket Books 1969 (reprint of G.P. Putnam 1968), p. 32. 8822:

Oxford University Press: New York & Oxford, 1995, p. 7

6754: 3590:⟩ to transcribe it. It is thus safe to assume that 2928:

In the early 20th century, especially after the Socialist

2401: 12030:"Yiddish Book Center's Spielberg Digital Yiddish Library" 11573: 11257:אַ נאַציאָנאַלער האַנדלונגס־פּלאַן פאַר די מענטשלעכע רעכט 9510:. Beider, Alexander (2015). Origins of Yiddish Dialects. 8280:, Jewish boys' schools, and some Hasidic girls' schools. 7487: 6921:, quoting a remark by an auditor of one of his lectures: 3963:(1-=*, 2-=*, 3-=*, 4-=*, 5-=*), and the second refers to 1516: 12851:

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research: Yiddish Dictionaries

12509:(in Yiddish and English). The Hague: Mouton Publishers. 8805:

Routledge: London & New York, 1994, p. 388 (chapter

8142:, and in Haredi communities such as the ones in London, 6794:, in addition to the strictly monolingual stance of the 2900:, now you must help to preserve it – We must supply the 12874: 12176: 11818:

Neosymmetria (www.neosymmetria.com) (October 1, 2009).

10659:"Mexican Yiddish and Secular Jewish Identity in Mexico" 9982:. Middle Village, New York: Jonathan David Publishers. 9846:, a local Jewish-German dialect distinct from Yiddish ( 8700:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

7381:

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the

2967:

Yiddish changed significantly during the 20th century.

12528:. Tübingen: Max-Niemeyer-Verlag in collaboration with 11693:

CHRISTOPHER DEWOLF, "A peek inside Yiddish Montreal",

9203:, often mentioned his fondness for what he called his 2870:

the Dairyman") inspired the Broadway musical and film

2286:

and several other German dialects. Both Weinreich and

654:, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a 12462:(2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 12256:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History,

10383:"Scholars Debate Roots of Yiddish, Migration of Jews" 8524:

Examples of Yiddish usage in Birobidzhan public space

8269:

Yiddish is the medium of instruction in many Hasidic

3823:

may vary freely between a higher and lower allophone.

12818:, pub. Le Cercle Bernard Lazare, Paris, since 1996, 12259:

Cambridge University Press, 2014 pp.157,180ff. p.183

11891:"Naftali Ejdelman and Yisroel Bass: Yiddish Farmers" 11869:"In Academia, Yiddish Is Seen, But Not Heard –" 11491: 11364: 9428:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

9139: 9137: 9029:

Baumgarten, Jean; Frakes, Jerold C. (June 1, 2005).

8980:

Archive of Endangered and Smaller Languages: Yiddish

8871:

Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Bayern: Aufsätze.

7200:

Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

6924:אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמיי און פֿלאָט 6143:

but not identical. The most prominent difference is

10984:. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 75. 8938:

Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine

8801:Edited by Ekkehard König and Johan van der Auwera: 8006:opened in Glasgow in 2021 but closed down in 2023. 7439:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

7365:

History of the Jews in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

2309:. Yiddish was particularly good at borrowing: from 682:. Yiddish has traditionally been written using the 16:

High German-derived language used by Ashkenazi Jews

12712: 12526:The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry 12317: 12315: 11500:(2). The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc.: 463–467. 10837:. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. 10516:. The National Authority for Yiddish Culture. 1996 10263: 10161: 9975: 8315:includes Yiddish as one of its languages, as does 8074:A typical poster-hung wall in a Jewish section of 8002:and Leeds. The bilingual Yiddish and English café 7828: 2602:, an adaptation of the Middle High German romance 482:Yiddish is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO 12856:The Israeli National Authority of Yiddish Culture 10098:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10096:Kleine, Ane (December 2003). "Standard Yiddish". 9550:. Linguistic Circle of New York. pp. 63–101. 9134: 8846:Jüdische Religion, Geschichte und Kultur. Band 29 7888:In the six years since the 2000 census, the 2006 7841:(63.43% of American Yiddish speakers); 18,220 in 7580:In the United States, at first most Jews were of 7289:). Publication of an earlier Yiddish periodical ( 758:. Colloquially, the language is sometimes called 17727: 12755:, pub. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NYC, 11714:www.examiner.com/article/jewish-theater-montreal 11272:נאַציאַנאַלע מינאָריטעטן און מינאָריטעט־שפּראַכן 9327: 9028: 8290:promotes Yiddish-language education in schools. 6786:, there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers. 6135:The pronunciation of vowels in Yiddish words of 2720:, shown in the heading and fourth column in the 2644:. One of the best-known early woman authors was 766:, lit. "mother tongue"), distinguishing it from 674:. Most varieties of Yiddish include elements of 12524:Herzog, Marvin; et al., eds. (1992–2000). 12312: 10869:Lindemann, Albert S.; Levy, Richard S. (2010). 10792:– via Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. 10188: 9813: 8385: 8205:While Hebrew remains the exclusive language of 6847:Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry 2446:A Yiddish phrase transliterated and translated 12575:Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish 12490:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 12366: 11729:MLA Data Center Results: Kiryas Joel, New York 11149:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 10376: 10374: 10140:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 9215:at that time and place) in his correspondence. 9083: 9081: 9079: 8481:A 2008 election poster in front of a store in 7897:– New York City and another metropolitan area 7241:״פראָלעטאריער פון אלע לענדער, פאראייניקט זיך!״ 7158:-era Soviet Yiddish poster "Come to us at the 3929:The syllabic sonorants are always unstressed. 104:Europe, Israel, North America, South America, 17551: 17328: 15371: 14575: 12895: 12556:Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies 12195:(321–322). Strasbourg: SARL ELiPhi: 139–155. 10953: 10951: 10868: 10292:"Did you know Western Yiddish is threatened?" 9743:Volume 78, Issue 01, January 2003, pp 210–212 9565: 9498: 9484: 9470: 9452: 9150:(4., erg. Aufl., Hamburg: Buske, 1984), p. 3. 9024: 9022: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8685: 8613: 8595: 8275: 8270: 8217:", were composed and are recited in Yiddish. 8172: 8166: 8019: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7955: 7719: 7713: 7704: 7698: 7689: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7641: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7592: 7586: 7461: 7455: 7392: 7386: 7312: 7306: 7296: 7290: 7245: 7239: 7164: 6984: 6978: 6935:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 6928: 6922: 6683: 6674: 6643: 6609: 6568: 6529: 6486: 6452: 6411: 6372: 6338: 6288: 6249: 6164: 6150:in closed syllables being pronounced same as 6117: 6056: 5983: 5923: 5855: 5795: 5727: 5655: 5581: 5504: 5430: 5379: 5307: 5259: 5185: 5134: 5057: 4984: 4936: 4858: 4812: 4739: 4618: 4609: 4596: 4591: 4556: 4540: 4512: 4496: 3690: 3681: 2857: 2833:Owing to both assimilation to German and the 2740: 2731: 2702: 2689: 2680: 2634: 2623: 2579: 2569: 2510: 2466: 2454: 2090: 690:orthography that employs the Latin alphabet. 612: 570: 561: 552: 61: 52: 43: 34: 12832:, new literary magazine, Paris, since 2008; 12769:, pub. League for Yiddish, NYC, since 1940; 12666:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 12634:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 12269:Joshua Klagsbrun Lebenswerd, Patric (2015). 12247: 12052:"Yiddish Forverts Seeks New Audience Online" 11708:Carol Roach, "Yiddish Theater in Montreal", 11244:, June 10, 1999. Retrieved October 17, 2006. 11152:. University of Toronto Press. p. 537. 10189:Bashevis Singer, Isaac (December 10, 1978). 9823:. University of Chicago Press. p. 310. 9780:Jews and the making of modern German theatre 9561: 9559: 9557: 9282: 9280: 8771: 8769: 8719: – Jewish variants of Iranian languages 8641: 8627: 7238:in Yiddish (lower left part of the ribbon): 7061:origin, spoke Judeo-Spanish, others various 7032: 7027: 7017: 7012: 6955: 6107: 6046: 5973: 5913: 5845: 5785: 5717: 5645: 5571: 5494: 5420: 5369: 5297: 5249: 5175: 5124: 5047: 4974: 4926: 4848: 4802: 4729: 4548: 4532: 4504: 4488: 4424:, respectively. Lastly, the Standard German 2504: 2492: 2486: 2226:The established view is that, as with other 2166: 2123:, their area of settlement, centered on the 14384:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 12651:Prokim fun der Yidisher Literatur-Geshikhte 12523: 10707: 10371: 10155: 10153: 10151: 9696:. Milon.co.il. May 14, 2007. Archived from 9463: 9431:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. 9076: 8952:"World Atlas of Languages: Eastern Yiddish" 8883: 8881: 8258:Despite this growing popularity among many 8220: 7798:In 1976, the Canadian-born American author 7546:Yiddish distribution in the United States. 7470:), published in Stockholm, January 12, 1917 7350: 6930:a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot 4366:. All varieties of Yiddish lack the German 2660: 625: 596: 17558: 17544: 17335: 17321: 15378: 15364: 14582: 14568: 12902: 12888: 11965:"Google Translate from Yiddish to English" 10948: 10351: 10258:Most spoken languages in the United States 10230: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10083: 9946: 9861: 9626: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9019: 8985: 8681:List of Yiddish newspapers and periodicals 7739:music provided another bonding mechanism. 7247:Proletarier fun ale lender, fareynikt zikh 7174:In the Soviet Union during the era of the 7087:In religious circles, it is the Ashkenazi 2097: 2083: 474: 12861:Comparison of Eastern and Western Yiddish 12688: 11939:"Oy! Google Translate now speaks Yiddish" 11936: 11893:. Yiddishbookcenter.org. January 10, 2013 11136: 11112: 10534: 10109: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 9753: 9554: 9545: 9527: 9461:, "to bless"), ultimately from the Latin 9286: 9277: 9063: 8766: 7437:Several countries that ratified the 1992 7024:Battalion for the Defence of the Language 6130: 4347: 3979:Genetic sources of Yiddish dialect vowels 12931:Index of Jewish history-related articles 11847:"A Lasting Language – Los Angeles Times" 11059:Russian Federal State Statistics Service 10979: 10830: 10807:"YIVO | Soviet Yiddish-Language Schools" 10767: 10352:Rabinowitz, Aaron (September 23, 2017). 10148: 9391:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 8878: 8536: 8224: 8069: 8065: 7541: 7521: 7505: 7449: 7420:Yiddish was an official language of the 7368: 7225: 7150: 6972: 6753: 4327: 4214: 4095: 3516:contrast has collapsed in some speakers. 2907: 2887: 2650: 2412: 2400: 494: 484:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 17565: 17342: 14430:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 13067: 12775:sample article אונדזער פרץ – Our Peretz 12577:(2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 12222: 11795:. Galicia Jewish Museum. Archived from 11678: 11601:Language Use in the United States: 2011 11142: 10875:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 10617: 10535:Hollander, Jason (September 15, 2003). 10380: 9973: 9776: 9739:Speculum, A Journal of Medieval Studies 9592: 9566:Aptroot, Marion; Hansen, Björn (2014). 9421: 9408: 9383: 9130:. Center for Applied Linguistics. 2012. 9035:. Oxford University Press. p. 72. 8707: – Symbols of Yiddishist movements 8058:, as well as former interim city mayor 7990:), founded, and edited from offices in 7780:list of English words of Yiddish origin 7735:, kept the language vital. Interest in 6899: 2262:who were literate in either liturgical 541:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 17728: 15385: 12875:In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies 12228: 12156: 12075: 12073: 11844: 11681:"Yiddish once again speaks for itself" 11438: 11318:Sveriges språk. Vem talar vad och var? 11086: 11020: 10572: 10216:"Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?" 10095: 10060: 9891:"History & Development of Yiddish" 9862:Graetz, Heinrich; Löwy, Bella (1891). 9850:= Moischele-Deutsch = 'Moses German'). 9667: 9361: 9087: 9057:"Development of Yiddish over the ages" 9032:Introduction to Old Yiddish literature 9000: 8899:from the original on February 21, 2015 8893:Сайт Конституции Российской Федерации 7954:has a small section in Yiddish called 7478:(entering into effect in April 2000). 7219:, the Jewish Communist Group, and The 7196:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7146: 7068:Despite a past of marginalization and 6749: 4428:corresponds to both the MHG diphthong 4408:corresponds to both the MHG diphthong 3949:of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels. 3932: 2852:; Sholem Rabinovitsh, widely known as 2405:The calligraphic segment in the Worms 678:and the vocabulary contains traces of 17539: 17316: 17049: 16663: 15407: 15359: 14563: 12883: 12737:Mumme Loohshen: An Anatomy of Yiddish 12657:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv: Peretz. 12613:Basic Yiddish: A Grammar and Workbook 12182: 11222: 11220: 10864: 10862: 10801: 10799: 10618:Pimlott, William (January 11, 2024). 10434: 9885: 9883: 9767:with explanation of symbol on p. xiv. 9291:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9158: 9156: 8565:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8431:of Yiddish, a native language of its 8296:, a secular Jewish primary school in 8165:into Yiddish. This process is called 8122:, Yiddish is widely spoken mostly in 7981: 7050:Jewish immigrants from Arab countries 6940: 6156:in Yiddish but the same as any other 3621:may actually also be alveolo-palatal 3007: 590: 106:other regions with Jewish populations 84: 14589: 12909: 12655:Chapters of Yiddish Literary History 11633: 11172: 11087:Walker, Shaun (September 27, 2017). 10656: 10458:"Jewish Language Path to Extinction" 10455: 10381:Johnson, George (October 29, 1996). 10159: 8779:. Rutgers University. Archived from 8532: 8417:has some words coming from Yiddish. 8090:, or Yeshivish communities, such as 7538:teach other women how to vote, 1936. 7432: 2648:, whose memoirs are still in print. 662:fused with many elements taken from 96:Central, Eastern, and Western Europe 15940:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 12218:– via ETH-Bibliothek Zuerich. 12070: 11986:"Digital Library & Collections" 11937:Lowensohn, Josh (August 31, 2009). 11822:. Judaicvilnius.com. Archived from 10982:Language Policy in the Soviet Union 10032: 9672:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9499: 9493:, good name) and Yentl (Old French 9485: 9471: 9453: 9377: 8596: 8450:, a dialect of Hungarian spoken by 8271: 8167: 7967: 7956: 7714: 7699: 7690: 7684: 7664: 7650: 7612: 7587: 7456: 7454:Banner from the first issue of the 7387: 7307: 7291: 7240: 7165: 7028: 7013: 6996:The national language of Israel is 6979: 6923: 6684: 6675: 6665:, are unpredictably split between A 6644: 6610: 6569: 6530: 6487: 6453: 6412: 6373: 6339: 6289: 6250: 6165: 6118: 6057: 5984: 5924: 5856: 5796: 5728: 5656: 5582: 5505: 5431: 5380: 5308: 5260: 5186: 5135: 5058: 4985: 4937: 4859: 4813: 4740: 4619: 4610: 4592: 4557: 4541: 4513: 4497: 3945:in 1960 to indicate the descendent 3691: 3682: 2858: 2741: 2732: 2703: 2690: 2681: 2635: 2624: 2580: 2570: 2505: 2487: 2455: 2396: 2167: 801:("Ashkenazi culture"; for example, 13: 17299:Languages between parentheses are 16664: 14377:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 14357:American Jewish Historical Society 12801:new volume, contents and downloads 12746: 12488:The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture 12183:Nahon, Peter (January–June 2017). 12130: 12104: 11751:. Jewishsf.com. September 18, 1998 11217: 10859: 10796: 10710:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 10688:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 9880: 9820:Music and German national identity 9629:"The Origins of Yiddish: Part Fir" 9572:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 108. 9479:, "to read"), from the Old French 9153: 9003:Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction 8745: 7210:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic 3710:phonemes of Standard Yiddish are: 2946:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic 2509:, 'synagogue' (read in Yiddish as 14: 17842: 12839: 12682:Thesaurus of the Yiddish language 12398: 12372: 12346: 12008:"David Mazower, White Goat Press" 11771:"Poland's Jews alive and kicking" 11634:Basu, Tanya (September 9, 2014). 11119:Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation 10996:"Birobidzhaner Shtern in Yiddish" 9759:געשיכטע פֿון דער ייִדישער שפּראַך 9073:University of Pennsylvania. 2013. 8454:. Yiddish had influence on other 8126:, but also in smaller towns with 7931: 6712: 3797: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3755: 3746: 3478: 3466: 3444: 3387: 3372: 3365: 3349: 3342: 3331: 3317: 3310: 3276: 3262: 3231: 3217: 3192: 3179: 3172: 3155: 3147: 3134: 3127: 3103: 3084: 3077: 2766: 2748:—the construction is uncertain). 14541: 14528: 14527: 12740:. London: Philip Israel Witriol. 12596:. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books. 12505:Fishman, Joshua A., ed. (1981). 12460:Yiddish – A Survey and a Grammar 12418: 12392: 12340: 12287: 12262: 12157:Kutzik, Jordan (April 5, 2021). 12150: 12124: 12098: 12044: 12022: 12000: 11978: 11957: 11930: 11905: 11883: 11861: 11838: 11811: 11785: 11763: 11741: 11722: 11702: 11687: 11672: 11646: 11627: 11591: 11566: 11543: 11520: 11485: 11460: 11432: 11406: 11385: 11102:– via www.theguardian.com. 11023:"Yiddish returns to Birobidzhan" 11021:Rettig, Haviv (April 17, 2007). 10218:. Rijksoverheid.nl. July 2, 2010 9817:; Potter, Pamela Maxine (2001). 9721:by Zinberg, Israel. KTAV, 1975. 9148:Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache 8517: 8490: 8474: 8185:as well as ethical talks of the 8181:are delivered in Yiddish by the 8041:Segal Centre for Performing Arts 7551: More than 100,000 speakers 7501: 3922:, after bilabial consonants and 3819:respectively, but the height of 2763:, is printed in Hebrew script.) 2515:) – had been included. The 2191:, the vernacular of the Jews in 2165:becomes a term for Germany, and 831: 646:language historically spoken by 521: 505:Esther, oder die belohnte Tugend 12677:Oytser fun der Yidisher Shprakh 12447: 12426:"UDHR in Afroasiatic languages" 11941:. News.cnet.com. Archived from 11679:Shamash, Jack (March 6, 2004). 11636:"Oy Vey: Yiddish Has a Problem" 11358: 11333: 11310: 11284: 11262: 11247: 11232: 11192: 11166: 11080: 11045: 11014: 10988: 10973: 10922: 10897: 10824: 10761: 10736: 10701: 10676: 10650: 10636:10.14324/111.444.jhs.2024v55.02 10611: 10589: 10566: 10528: 10506: 10489: 10472: 10449: 10428: 10402: 10345: 10329: 10309: 10284: 10251: 10208: 10182: 10164:Grammar of the Yiddish Language 10026: 9996: 9978:A History of Yiddish Literature 9967: 9940: 9908: 9855: 9807: 9770: 9763:History of the Yiddish language 9747: 9732: 9712: 9686: 9661: 9639: 9620: 9586: 9539: 9533:History of the Yiddish Language 9521: 9445: 9355: 9316: 9305: 9263:The Unimportance of Being Oscar 9243: 9218: 9185: 9120: 9049: 8969: 8730: 7829:Present U.S. speaker population 7768:were documented extensively by 7575: Fewer than 1,000 speakers 7557: More than 10,000 speakers 7113: 7072:government policy, in 1996 the 7052:arrived. In short order, these 4581:voiceless labiodental affricate 3649:with which Yiddish was long in 3551:, and it can only be syllabic . 2883: 2195:and ancient and early medieval 1858:List of Jews in the visual arts 650:. It originated in 9th century 543: instead of Hebrew letters. 17831:Languages of the United States 17791:Languages of Georgia (country) 17303:of the language on their left. 14449:Relations with other religions 12863:based on a stable vocabulary. 12719:. New York: Ballantine Books. 11229:, Status as of: April 29, 2019 10998:. Gazetaeao.ru. Archived from 10684:"The Ashkenazi Jews of Mexico" 10042:. St. Martin's Press. p. 9929:, of course) a preference for 9546:Weinreich, Uriel, ed. (1954). 9005:. Cambridge University Press. 8944: 8926: 8915: 8825: 8812: 8795: 8676:List of Yiddish-language poets 8382:added Yiddish to its courses. 8045:Dora Wasserman Yiddish Theatre 7920:neighborhoods of Brooklyn. In 7904:There are a few predominantly 7569: More than 1,000 speakers 7563: More than 5,000 speakers 7498:television shows in Yiddish. 4444:, such as in forming plurals: 1971:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur 1: 17811:Endangered diaspora languages 17801:Subject–verb–object languages 17591:Recognized minority languages 17194:Germanic substrate hypothesis 17050: 15327:Algerian Jewish Sign Language 14436:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11871:. Forward.com. March 24, 2006 11845:Rourke, Mary (May 22, 2000). 11365:Robert Moses Shapiro (2003). 11292:"IDG: Jiddischdomänen är här" 11204:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 10872:Antisemitism : a history 10834:The Jews in Poland and Russia 10748:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 9670:Early Yiddish Texts 1100–1750 9531:(2008). Glasser, Paul (ed.). 8723: 8402:students (sometimes known as 7766:Yiddish words used in English 7697:and the monthly publications 7080:, as well as preservation of 6661:in open syllable, as well as 3698:('foreword') is pronounced . 2997: 2898:You came here seeking freedom 2409:. The Yiddish text is in red. 2254:'s model, Jewish speakers of 1863:List of Jewish film directors 742:, "language of Ashkenaz") or 17224:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 15915:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 14367:Leo Baeck Institute New York 14362:American Sephardi Federation 12271:Handbook of Jewish Languages 12189:Revue de Linguistique Romane 11913:"Yiddish in the Day Schools" 10980:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003). 10495:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), 10478:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), 10114:(inactive August 27, 2024). 9895:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9627:Philologos (July 27, 2014). 8848:). 2019, p. 223 (in chapter 8438:Yiddish had an influence on 8386:Influence on other languages 8323:accepts queries in Yiddish. 8106:, and in the communities of 7750:states in his autobiography 7305:), was resumed in 2004 with 7236:Workers of the world, unite! 7205:Workers of the world, unite! 4663:South-Eastern ("Ukrainish") 4308: 4300: 4291: 4283: 4268: 4260: 4195: 4187: 4172: 4164: 4149: 4137: 4076: 4064: 4045: 4037: 4022: 4010: 3965:quantity or diphthongization 3868: 3863: 3858: 3790: 3762: 3739: 3689:('says') is pronounced and 3567:The phonetic realization of 2990:variation among the various 2975: 2427:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 2352:A History of the Jews (1988) 2149:, originally a term used of 754:, the contemporary name for 435: – Western Yiddish 428: – Eastern Yiddish 7: 17756:Jews and Judaism in Germany 17204:High German consonant shift 13190:Constantinopolitan Karaites 12273:. Brill. pp. 618–619. 12107:"Yiddish Dictionary Lookup" 11820:"Vilnius Yiddish Institute" 11578:United States Census Bureau 11555:September 19, 2015, at the 11326:September 20, 2014, at the 11277:September 26, 2007, at the 10501:Journal of Language Contact 10484:Journal of Language Contact 9865:History of the Jews, vol. 6 9569:Yiddish Language Structures 9335:, eds. (2007). "Ashkenaz". 9164:"Basic Facts about Yiddish" 8669: 8614: 8508:) and Yiddish (מאנטעווידעא— 8307: 8276: 8173: 8020: 7973: 7961: 7720: 7705: 7676: 7670: 7656: 7642: 7632: 7624: 7618: 7593: 7476:official minority languages 7462: 7422:Ukrainian People's Republic 7393: 7313: 7297: 7246: 7234:(1927–1937) with the motto 7166:קום צו אונדז אין קאָלווירט! 7033: 7018: 6985: 6929: 6831:Modern Language Association 6731:differs significantly from 4608:medially or finally (as in 4597: 4354:High German consonant shift 3629:, rather than just palatal. 2798:(one who takes part in the 2549: 2511: 2493: 2467: 2425:. In the collection of the 2278:(later known in Yiddish as 705:following World War II and 10: 17847: 17751:Jews and Judaism in France 15742:Westlauwers–Terschellings 15395:According to contemporary 14717:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic 14418:National Library of Israel 13059:Zionism, race and genetics 12715:Yiddish: A Nation of Words 12711:Weinstein, Miriam (2001). 12630:Shandler, Jeffrey (2006). 12611:Margolis, Rebecca (2011). 12486:Fishman, David E. (2005). 11773:. CNN.com. October 6, 2008 11550:Language by State: Yiddish 10597:"South African Jews - BJE" 9506:(to pray), cf. Old French 8406:), Yiddish has influenced 8398:, especially as spoken by 8302:Bund movement in Australia 7901:, Miami, and Los Angeles. 7486:national top-level domain 7415: 7354: 6966: 6775:Nobel Prize for Literature 6723:Yiddish is written in the 6716: 6698: 6694: 4377:, having merged them with 4351: 3521:/nʲ,tsʲ,dzʲ,tʃʲ,dʒʲ,sʲ,zʲ/ 2979: 2114: 2109: 1961:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame 17692: 17676: 17589: 17573: 17523: 17462: 17394: 17366: 17350: 17286: 17237: 17161: 17130: 17062: 17058: 17045: 16994: 16967: 16921:Southern Schleswig Danish 16852: 16733: 16689: 16680: 16676: 16659: 16500: 16443: 16331: 16322: 16227: 16199: 16158: 16149: 16124: 16106: 16017: 15989: 15963: 15954: 15905: 15818: 15793: 15784: 15723: 15618: 15567: 15542: 15533: 15429: 15420: 15416: 15403: 15393: 15340: 15307: 15242: 15187: 15132: 15018: 14986: 14899: 14890: 14881: 14830: 14765: 14691: 14646: 14615: 14606: 14597: 14516: 14372:Yeshiva University Museum 14352:Center for Jewish History 14342: 14207: 14079: 13953: 13847: 13378: 12997: 12939: 12921: 12820:יידישע העפטן sample cover 12662:Shternshis, Anna (2006). 11734:October 16, 2015, at the 10831:Polonsky, Antony (2010). 10768:Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2001). 10111:10.1017/S0025100303001385 9668:Frakes, Jerold C (2004). 9489:Bunim (related to French 9483:; and the personal names 9258:My Heart Belongs to Daddy 8658:Hebrew (transliteration) 8635: 8621: 8604: 8588: 8578: 8573: 8570: 8009: 7890:American Community Survey 7835:2000 United States Census 7804:Nobel Prize in Literature 7445: 7388:דער ביראָבידזשאַנער שטערן 7328: 7126: 6598: 6441: 6327: 6207:Northeastern ("Litvish") 6195: 6190: 6182: 6006: 5877: 5749: 5622: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5318: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5196: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5068: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4879:, all in closed syllable 4869: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4761: 4657:Northeastern ("Litvish") 4642: 4639: 4631: 4452: 4449: 3701: 3519:The palatalized coronals 3474: 3441: 3423: 3414: 3407: 3297: 3202: 3187: 3142: 3114: 3097: 3071: 3040: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 2814:Osip Aronovich Rabinovich 2474: 2462: 2450: 1034:Jewish diaspora languages 767: 759: 743: 735: 614: 613: 572: 571: 563: 562: 554: 553: 473: 463: 439: 406: 388: 370: 365: 348: 274: 253:Official language in 251: 246: 220: 205: 184: 131: 121: 111: 100: 92: 80: 63: 62: 54: 53: 45: 44: 36: 35: 33: 28: 23: 17199:West Germanic gemination 17153:Ancient Belgian language 17148:Germanic parent language 17092:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 16214:Austrian Standard German 15408: 15157:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi 12964:Ancient Israel and Judah 12830:Gilgulim, naye shafungen 12734:Witriol, Joseph (1974). 11421:January 6, 2011, at the 11416:דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל 11294:. Idg.se. Archived from 11173:Congress, World Jewish. 11053: 10503:, Varia 2: 40–67, p. 46. 10486:, Varia 2: 40–67, p. 48. 10338:Palestine Census ( 1922) 9394:(2 ed.). Elsevier. 9287:Kriwaczek, Paul (2005). 9001:Jacobs, Neil G. (2005). 8594: 8506:LeShoyno Toyvo Tikoseyvu 8221:Modern Yiddish education 7733:Yiddish Theatre District 7613:דער אַלגעמיינער זשורנאַל 7395:Der Birobidzhaner Shtern 7375:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7357:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7351:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7139:wrote about the life of 6854:1922 census of Palestine 6173:in Ashkenazi Hebrew but 3680:, so that, for example, 3669:stops have little to no 2442:(a Hebrew prayer book). 2242:dialects from which the 265:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 15288:Portuguese-based Creole 13340:North African Sephardim 13313:Jewish tribes of Arabia 12834:גילגולים, נייע שאפונגען 12649:Shmeruk, Chone (1988). 11793:"Galicia Jewish Museum" 11175:"World Jewish Congress" 10435:Herzl, Theodor (1896). 10322:March 30, 2012, at the 10280:(subscription required) 10247:(subscription required) 9955:: 220. As cited on the 9207:(it was not yet called 8803:The Germanic Languages. 8762:(subscription required) 8717:Judeo-Iranian languages 8637:Official German version 8294:Sholem Aleichem College 8288:Yiddishkayt (יידישקייט) 8286:An organization called 7926:Orange County, New York 6101: 6040: 5967: 5907: 5839: 5779: 5711: 5639: 5565: 5488: 5414: 5363: 5291: 5243: 5169: 5118: 5041: 4968: 4920: 4842: 4796: 4723: 4579:the Middle High German 4526: 4482: 3937:Stressed vowels in the 3594:is phonetically uvular 2816:, in an article titled 2423:revolutionary year 1848 2143:), came to be known as 2070:Category:Jewish culture 1868:Jews in American cinema 17260:Preterite-present verb 17143:Proto-Germanic grammar 17097:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 16209:German Standard German 15885:East Frisian Low Saxon 14443:Holocaust Encyclopedia 14413:Jewish Virtual Library 12869:University of Tübingen 12793:Yerusholaymer Almanakh 12592:Lansky, Aaron (2004). 11849:. Articles.latimes.com 10441:. Leipzig and Vienna: 9961:Jewish Virtual Library 9937:as a culture language. 9649:. Yivoencyclopedia.org 9593:Johnson, Paul (1987). 9464: 9364:"Judaism: Ashkenazism" 9199:and a Litvak Jew from 8857:Erinnerung der Herzen. 8686: 8642: 8628: 8552: 8330:, volunteers, and the 8238: 8079: 7979:Yiddish pronunciation: 7849:(5.11%); and 8,950 in 7793:National Film Registry 7619:der algemeyner zhurnal 7577: 7539: 7519: 7471: 7468:Yiddish People's Voice 7378: 7348: 7254: 7171: 7063:Judeo-Arabic varieties 6993: 6965: 6956: 6809:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6766: 6759: 6340:גֵּט, חֶבְֿרָה, אֱמֶת‎ 6131:Comparison with Hebrew 6108: 6047: 5974: 5914: 5846: 5786: 5718: 5676:in open syllable, and 5646: 5572: 5525:in open syllable, and 5495: 5421: 5394:in open syllable, and 5370: 5328:in open syllable, and 5298: 5250: 5176: 5149:in open syllable, and 5125: 5078:in open syllable, and 5048: 4975: 4927: 4849: 4803: 4730: 4549: 4533: 4505: 4489: 4348:Comparison with German 3665:), but unlike German, 2925: 2905: 2856:, whose stories about 2809: 2676: 2430: 2410: 2343: 1944:List of Jews in sports 805:and "Yiddish music" – 719:communities. In 2014, 529:This article contains 516: 459: Western Yiddish 452: Eastern Yiddish 298:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17806:Verb-second languages 17766:High German languages 17741:Ashkenazi Jews topics 17684:Swedish Sign Language 17265:Grammatischer Wechsel 16248:Namibian Black German 16219:Swiss Standard German 16188:Early New High German 15746:Mainland West Frisian 15607:Harlingerland Frisian 15331:village sign language 15317:Israeli Sign Language 14390:Encyclopaedia Judaica 14172:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 13357:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 13107:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 12806:Der Yiddisher Tam-Tam 12233:. De Gruyter Mouton. 12229:Wexler, Paul (2002). 12010:. Yiddish Book Center 11988:. Yiddish Book Center 11660:on September 23, 2006 11603:, Issued August 2013" 11574:"U.S. Census website" 11179:World Jewish Congress 10168:. London: Duckworth. 9974:Liptzin, Sol (1972). 9596:A History of the Jews 9338:Encyclopaedia Judaica 8688:The Yiddish King Lear 8550: 8483:Village of New Square 8244:Galicia Jewish Museum 8228: 8073: 8066:Religious communities 7808:Isaac Bashevis Singer 7762:New York City English 7729:transliteration rules 7545: 7528:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7525: 7509: 7453: 7372: 7343: 7229: 7154: 6976: 6944: 6771:Isaac Bashevis Singer 6762: 6757: 6192:Tiberian vocalization 6177:in Standard Yiddish. 6139:origin is similar to 2986:There is significant 2911: 2891: 2850:Mendele Mocher Sforim 2805: 2654: 2416: 2404: 2339:Isaac Bashevis Singer 2294: 2284:High German languages 670:) and to some extent 498: 127:≤ 600,000 (2021) 17826:Languages of Germany 17816:Vulnerable languages 17786:Languages of Ukraine 17270:Indo-European ablaut 17250:Germanic strong verb 17219:Germanic spirant law 16356:Southeast Limburgish 15852:Gelders-Overijssels 15481:Irish Middle English 15471:Early Modern English 14807:Judaeo-Tripolitanian 12969:Second Temple period 12573:Katz, Dovid (2007). 11799:on November 27, 2020 11697:, February 23, 2008. 11371:. KTAV. p. 18. 11144:Magocsi, Paul Robert 10909:yivoencyclopedia.org 10811:yivoencyclopedia.org 10657:Grossman, Rachelle. 10315:Emanuelis Zingeris, 10296:Endangered Languages 10160:Katz, Dovid (1987). 9548:The Field of Yiddish 8783:on February 15, 2021 7536:American Labor Party 7463:Jidische Folkschtime 7401:The Birobidzhan Star 7230:State emblem of the 7182:. At the same time, 7026:", whose motto was " 7002:Mandate of Palestine 6969:War of the Languages 6900:Status as a language 6317:in closed syllable; 6210:Central ("Poylish") 4660:Central ("Poylish") 4368:front rounded vowels 2777:Age of Enlightenment 2608:Wirnt von Grafenberg 2499:(prayerbook for the 2386:West Slavic language 2274:in an area known as 2211:appear to have been 2121:high medieval period 1949:Association football 1288:Crossing the Red Sea 620:, historically also 17821:Languages of France 17781:Languages of Russia 17776:Languages of Poland 17771:Languages of Israel 17567:Languages of Sweden 17344:Languages of Israel 17238:Synchronic features 17209:Germanic a-mutation 17162:Diachronic features 16512:in the broad sense 16445:East Central German 16399:Lorraine Franconian 16373:Transylvanian Saxon 16333:West Central German 16108:East Low Franconian 16018:West Low Franconian 15167:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani 14407:Jewish Encyclopedia 14152:Hekhalot literature 13963:Religious movements 13498:Judeo-Tripolitanian 12846:Yiddish Book Center 12032:. Internet Archives 11826:on October 22, 2006 11615:on February 5, 2016 11472:Library of Congress 11298:on February 7, 2009 10551:on October 11, 2017 10545:Columbia University 9362:Schoenberg, Shira. 9195:, the initiator of 8567: 8356:Computer scientist 8328:Yiddish Book Center 8266:, for Yiddishists. 7845:(10.18%); 9,145 in 7775:The Joys of Yiddish 7753:In Memory Yet Green 7283:Olexander Beyderman 7202:included the motto 7176:New Economic Policy 7147:Former Soviet Union 7019:gdud maginéi hasafá 6773:upon receiving the 6750:Numbers of speakers 6719:Yiddish orthography 6591:in closed syllable 6511:in closed syllable 6434:in closed syllable 6231:in closed syllable 5602:in closed syllable 5451:in closed syllable 5274:in closed syllable 5206:in closed syllable 4951:in closed syllable 4686:in closed syllable 4648:Middle High German 4432:and the long vowel 4412:and the long vowel 4238: 4115: 3988: 3981: 3933:Dialectal variation 3841: 3718: 3554:is an allophone of 3543:is an allophone of 3004: 3003:Yiddish consonants 2944:of the short-lived 2873:Fiddler on the Roof 2864:Tevye der milkhiker 2846:Yiddishist movement 2447: 2434:Yiddish orthography 1338:Gathering of Israel 1016:Judeo-Tripolitanian 783:Modern Yiddish has 276:Recognised minority 235:Yiddish orthography 17796:Diaspora languages 17255:Germanic weak verb 17064:Language subgroups 16414:Pennsylvania Dutch 16363:Moselle Franconian 16341:Central Franconian 16174:Middle High German 15925:Central Pomeranian 15880:Northern Low Saxon 15593:Wangerooge Frisian 15387:Germanic languages 15195:Jewish Koine Greek 15055:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14802:Judaeo-Palestinian 14647:Reading traditions 14548:Judaism portal 14484:Jews and Halloween 14479:Jews and Christmas 13869:Rabbinic authority 13621:Judaeo-Piedmontese 13054:Xueta Christianity 12959:Origins of Judaism 12926:Outline of Judaism 12548:Katz, Hirshe-Dovid 12471:. pp. 74–79. 12295:"Jewish Hungarian" 12058:. January 25, 2013 11427:Algemeiner Journal 11027:The Jerusalem Post 10936:on October 6, 2021 10905:"YIVO | Documents" 10416:on October 3, 2005 9329:Berenbaum, Michael 9128:"Yiddish Language" 8562: 8553: 8378:On April 5, 2021, 8253:Vilnius University 8239: 8080: 8029:The Canadian Eagle 7895:metropolitan areas 7785:In 1975, the film 7626:Algemeyner Journal 7578: 7540: 7520: 7472: 7379: 7255: 7198:. Until 1938, the 7172: 7039:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 6994: 6941:Israel and Zionism 6760: 6344:/gɛt,ˈχɛvrɜ,ˈɛmɜs/ 4390:Middle High German 4236: 4113: 3986: 3977: 3972:Middle High German 3837: 3713: 3586:fricative ⟨ 3002: 2942:official languages 2930:October Revolution 2926: 2906: 2859:טבֿיה דער מילכיקער 2677: 2554:The advent of the 2506:בֵּיתֿ הַכְּנֶסֶתֿ 2445: 2431: 2411: 2240:Middle High German 2236:Middle High German 2180:, who ranged into 1906:Biblical cosmology 1833:Ancient Jewish art 1582:Valley of the ants 1318:Conquest of Canaan 1258:Sodom and Gomorrah 756:Middle High German 729:Rutgers University 592:[ˈ(j)ɪdɪʃ] 517: 197:Middle High German 86:[ˈ(j)ɪdɪʃ] 17723: 17722: 17574:Official language 17533: 17532: 17310: 17309: 17295:extinct languages 17282: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17229:Great Vowel Shift 17041: 17040: 17037: 17036: 16990: 16989: 16836:Greenlandic Norse 16655: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16646: 16586:Southern Bavarian 16569:Northern Bavarian 16545:Highest Alemannic 16496: 16495: 16230:standard variants 16145: 16144: 15991:Standard variants 15950: 15949: 15809:Middle Low German 15780: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15580:Saterland Frisian 15353: 15352: 15347:extinct languages 15284:Judaeo-Papiamento 15238: 15237: 15116:Judaeo-Portuguese 15014: 15013: 14877: 14876: 14687: 14686: 14557: 14556: 14523:extinct languages 14424:YIVO Encyclopedia 14199:Hebrew literature 14167:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 14007:Reconstructionist 13685:Judaeo-Portuguese 13374: 13373: 13330:Eastern Sephardim 12974:Synagogal Judaism 12824:subscription info 12810:electronic format 12797:ירושלימער אלמאנאך 12672:Stutchkoff, Nahum 12622:978-0-415-55522-7 12584:978-0-465-03730-8 12478:978-1-57113-247-5 12456:Birnbaum, Solomon 12280:978-90-04-21733-1 12240:978-3-11-089873-6 12131:Finkel, Raphael. 12105:Finkel, Raphael. 11945:on March 11, 2012 11378:978-0-88125-775-5 11316:Mikael Parkvall, 11159:978-1-4426-4085-6 11129:978-0-19-530546-3 11002:on April 14, 2016 10882:978-0-19-102931-8 10844:978-1-874774-64-8 10781:978-0-253-01373-6 10456:Rozovsky, Lorne. 10443:Project Gutenberg 10278:(18th ed., 2015) 10245:(18th ed., 2015) 10008:www.yadvashem.org 9830:978-0-226-02131-7 9790:978-1-58729-868-4 9606:978-0-06-091533-9 9579:978-3-11-033952-9 9516:978-0-19-873931-9 9438:978-1-139-91714-8 9348:978-0-02-866097-4 9108:on March 22, 2012 9042:978-0-19-927633-2 8956:en.wal.unesco.org 8862:Desanka Schwara: 8840:Carmen Reichert: 8831:Matthias Mieses: 8760:(18th ed., 2015) 8692: – 1892 play 8667: 8666: 8609:(transliteration) 8563:Article 1 of the 8548: 8533:Language examples 8124:Lakewood Township 8060:Michael Applebaum 8037:Monument-National 7983:[dɪtsaɪt] 7944:, Manchester and 7532:Herbert H. Lehman 7457:יודישע פאלקסשטימע 7433:Council of Europe 7333:According to the 7308:דער נײַער פֿרײַנד 7186:was considered a 7034:ivri, dabér ivrít 6839:Council of Europe 6801:minority language 6737:diacritical marks 6680:/kaˈdɔχɜs,ˈnaχɜs/ 6654: 6653: 6630:in open syllable 6628:kubutz and shuruk 6588:kubutz and shuruk 6550:in open syllable 6473:in open syllable 6393:in open syllable 6359:in open syllable 6270:in open syllable 6213:Standard Yiddish 6128: 6127: 5009:in open syllable 4833:in open syllable 4672:Standard Yiddish 4590:initially (as in 4565: 4564: 4473:Standard Yiddish 4467:Standard Yiddish 4345: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4232: 4231: 4109: 4108: 3924:dorsal consonants 3884:In addition, the 3875: 3874: 3809: 3808: 3491: 3490: 2982:Yiddish phonology 2878:Isaac Leib Peretz 2835:revival of Hebrew 2646:Glückel of Hameln 2581:פּאַריז און װיענע 2528:this sort is the 2482: 2481: 2335: 2107: 2106: 1999:Ancient Israelite 1843:Judeo-Tat theatre 1358:David and Goliath 680:Romance languages 537:rendering support 493: 492: 421:Individual codes: 350:Regulated by 17838: 17746:Jewish languages 17560: 17553: 17546: 17537: 17536: 17527:Jewish languages 17510:Levantine Arabic 17337: 17330: 17323: 17314: 17313: 17087:Elbe (Irminonic) 17060: 17059: 17047: 17046: 16975:Mainland Gutnish 16865:Swedish dialects 16827:Middle Icelandic 16801:Middle Norwegian 16690:Historical forms 16687: 16686: 16678: 16677: 16661: 16660: 16620:South Franconian 16606:Hutterite German 16574:Central Bavarian 16394:Rhine Franconian 16329: 16328: 16159:Historical forms 16156: 16155: 16071:Surinamese Dutch 15964:Historical forms 15961: 15960: 15794:Historical forms 15791: 15790: 15543:Historical forms 15540: 15539: 15427: 15426: 15418: 15417: 15405: 15404: 15380: 15373: 15366: 15357: 15356: 15264:Judaeo-Malayalam 15178:Judeo-Golpaygani 15123:Judaeo-Aragonese 15041:Judaeo-Livornese 14897: 14896: 14888: 14887: 14613: 14612: 14604: 14603: 14591:Jewish languages 14584: 14577: 14570: 14561: 14560: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14531: 14530: 13663:Judeo-Golpaygani 13264:Palestinian Jews 13239:Alexandrian Jews 13195:Crimean Karaites 13112:Unterlander Jews 13065: 13064: 12979:Rabbinic Judaism 12904: 12897: 12890: 12881: 12880: 12741: 12730: 12718: 12707: 12690:Weinreich, Uriel 12685: 12667: 12658: 12645: 12626: 12607: 12588: 12569: 12543: 12520: 12501: 12482: 12463: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12430:www.omniglot.com 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12327:Jewish Languages 12323:"Jewish Russian" 12319: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12299:Jewish Languages 12291: 12285: 12284: 12266: 12260: 12253:Bernard Spolsky, 12251: 12245: 12244: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12085:Jewish Languages 12077: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12004: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11993: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11745: 11739: 11726: 11720: 11706: 11700: 11695:Spacing Montreal 11691: 11685: 11684: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11656:. Archived from 11650: 11644: 11643: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11614: 11608:. Archived from 11607: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11570: 11564: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11494:Yale Law Journal 11489: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11436: 11430: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11337: 11331: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11288: 11282: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11255: 11251: 11245: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11224: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11114:Yekelchyk, Serhy 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11067: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11029:. Archived from 11018: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10955: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10932:. Archived from 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10866: 10857: 10856: 10828: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10803: 10794: 10793: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10599:. March 30, 2020 10593: 10587: 10586: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10556: 10547:. Archived from 10532: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10510: 10504: 10493: 10487: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10412:. Archived from 10410:"Army Navy Full" 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10378: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10333: 10327: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10195:Nobel Foundation 10186: 10180: 10179: 10167: 10157: 10146: 10145: 10139: 10131: 10113: 10093: 10058: 10057: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10014:on April 3, 2019 10010:. Archived from 10000: 9994: 9993: 9981: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9944: 9938: 9925:and (apart from 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9839: 9837: 9815:Applegate, Celia 9811: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9797: 9774: 9768: 9766: 9751: 9745: 9736: 9730: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9700:on July 15, 2012 9690: 9684: 9683: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9563: 9552: 9551: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9525: 9519: 9502: 9501: 9488: 9487: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9456: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9423:Spolsky, Bernard 9419: 9406: 9405: 9384:Yiddish (2005). 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9320: 9314: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9284: 9275: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9230:Jewish Languages 9222: 9216: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9168: 9160: 9151: 9144:Solomon Birnbaum 9141: 9132: 9131: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9101:. Archived from 9094: 9085: 9074: 9069:Aram Yardumian, 9067: 9061: 9060: 9059:. jewishgen.org. 9053: 9047: 9046: 9026: 9017: 9016: 8998: 8983: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8930: 8924: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8885: 8876: 8829: 8823: 8816: 8810: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8773: 8764: 8763: 8749: 8737: 8734: 8701: 8691: 8645: 8631: 8617: 8599: 8598: 8568: 8561: 8559:for comparison. 8549: 8521: 8494: 8478: 8458:ethnolects like 8448:Jewish Hungarian 8396:New York English 8332:Internet Archive 8313:Google Translate 8279: 8274: 8273: 8264:Goshen, New York 8176: 8170: 8169: 8052:Mordecai Richler 8026: 7992:Whitechapel Road 7985: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7899:just north of it 7723: 7717: 7716: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7635: 7629: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7512:City of New York 7465: 7459: 7458: 7398: 7390: 7389: 7383:Russian Far East 7339:Mikhail Shvydkoy 7323:Saint Petersburg 7316: 7314:der nayer fraynd 7310: 7309: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7232:Byelorussian SSR 7168: 7167: 7120:Morris Alexander 7036: 7031: 7030: 7021: 7016: 7015: 7009:Internationalism 6988: 6982: 6981: 6963: 6961: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6778: 6690: 6689:/ˈχɔlɜm,ˈχasɜnɜ/ 6687: 6686: 6685:חֲלוֹם, חֲתֻנָּה 6681: 6678: 6677: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6640: 6635: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6483: 6478: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6364: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251:אַלְמָן, כְּתָבֿ 6246: 6241: 6236: 6204:Western Yiddish 6180: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6141:Ashkenazi Hebrew 6124: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4669:Standard German 4654:Western Yiddish 4651:Standard German 4629: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4470:Standard German 4464:Standard German 4447: 4446: 4439: 4427: 4407: 4403: 4385:, respectively. 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4334: 4318: 4306: 4286: 4271: 4266: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4202: 4193: 4178: 4167: 4152: 4147: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4083: 4071: 4052: 4040: 4025: 4020: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3939:Yiddish dialects 3926:, respectively. 3921: 3913: 3906: 3895:can function as 3894: 3890: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3851:Central nucleus 3842: 3836: 3829:appears only in 3828: 3822: 3814: 3801: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3759: 3750: 3719: 3712: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3647:Slavic languages 3637: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3504: 3496: 3482: 3470: 3461: 3448: 3433: 3417: 3391: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3346: 3335: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3280: 3266: 3257: 3235: 3221: 3212: 3196: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3151: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3107: 3088: 3081: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3005: 3001: 2992:Yiddish dialects 2861: 2860: 2829: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2655:A page from the 2638: 2637: 2627: 2626: 2583: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2470: 2458: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2397:Written evidence 2388:) that had been 2354: 2334: 2288:Solomon Birnbaum 2228:Jewish languages 2170: 2169: 2099: 2092: 2085: 1308:Ten Commandments 835: 812: 811: 769: 761: 750:), a variant of 745: 737: 676:Slavic languages 641: 638: 633: 630: 627: 619: 618: 616: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 594: 589: 577: 576: 574: 568: 567: 565: 559: 558: 556: 525: 487: 478: 458: 451: 434: 427: 419:– inclusive code 418: 411: 402: 401: 393: 384: 383: 375: 354:No formal bodies 300: 278:language in 226: 137: 88: 68: 67: 65: 59: 58: 56: 50: 49: 47: 41: 40: 38: 21: 20: 17846: 17845: 17841: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17836: 17835: 17761:German dialects 17726: 17725: 17724: 17719: 17693:Other languages 17688: 17672: 17661:Balkan dialects 17585: 17569: 17564: 17534: 17529: 17519: 17458: 17390: 17362: 17346: 17341: 17311: 17306: 17274: 17233: 17214:Germanic umlaut 17179:Holtzmann's law 17157: 17126: 17054: 17033: 16986: 16963: 16897:South Jutlandic 16882:Danish dialects 16848: 16729: 16672: 16643: 16625:East Franconian 16579:Viennese German 16492: 16473:Silesian German 16439: 16428:Central Hessian 16318: 16243:Namibian German 16232: 16223: 16201:Standard German 16195: 16181:New High German 16167:Old High German 16141: 16120: 16102: 16013: 15985: 15946: 15930:East Pomeranian 15920:Brandenburgisch 15907:East Low German 15901: 15828:Dutch Low Saxon 15820:West Low German 15814: 15772: 15738:Schiermonnikoog 15719: 15614: 15600:Wursten Frisian 15563: 15529: 15412: 15399: 15389: 15384: 15354: 15349: 15336: 15303: 15274:Judaeo-Georgian 15234: 15183: 15128: 15095:Judeo-Provençal 15010: 14982: 14873: 14826: 14817:Judaeo-Tunisian 14797:Judaeo-Moroccan 14790:Judaeo-Baghdadi 14780:Judaeo-Egyptian 14775:Judaeo-Algerian 14761: 14752:Lishanid Noshan 14683: 14642: 14593: 14588: 14558: 14553: 14542: 14540: 14512: 14338: 14203: 14075: 13949: 13843: 13658:Judeo-Borujerdi 13633:Judeo-Malayalam 13579:Judeo-Aragonese 13550:Lishanid Noshan 13382: 13370: 13102:Oberlander Jews 13063: 12993: 12935: 12917: 12908: 12842: 12749: 12747:Further reading 12744: 12733: 12727: 12710: 12704: 12670: 12661: 12648: 12642: 12629: 12623: 12610: 12604: 12591: 12585: 12572: 12566: 12546: 12540: 12517: 12504: 12498: 12485: 12479: 12466: 12454: 12450: 12445: 12444: 12434: 12432: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12375:"OHCHR Yiddish" 12371: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12349:"OHCHR English" 12345: 12341: 12331: 12329: 12321: 12320: 12313: 12303: 12301: 12293: 12292: 12288: 12281: 12267: 12263: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12165: 12155: 12151: 12141: 12139: 12129: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12103: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12081:"Jewish French" 12079: 12078: 12071: 12061: 12059: 12050: 12049: 12045: 12035: 12033: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12011: 12006: 12005: 12001: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11963: 11962: 11958: 11948: 11946: 11935: 11931: 11921: 11919: 11911: 11910: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11867: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11850: 11843: 11839: 11829: 11827: 11816: 11812: 11802: 11800: 11791: 11790: 11786: 11776: 11774: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11736:Wayback Machine 11727: 11723: 11712:, May 14, 2012. 11707: 11703: 11692: 11688: 11677: 11673: 11663: 11661: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11599:"Camille Ryan: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11582: 11580: 11572: 11571: 11567: 11557:Wayback Machine 11548: 11544: 11534: 11532: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11474: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11444:Joys of Yiddish 11437: 11433: 11423:Wayback Machine 11412: 11411: 11407: 11391: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11347: 11339: 11338: 11334: 11328:Wayback Machine 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11279:Wayback Machine 11268: 11267: 11263: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11225: 11218: 11208: 11206: 11198: 11197: 11193: 11183: 11181: 11171: 11167: 11160: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11085: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11055: 11051: 11050: 11046: 11036: 11034: 11033:on July 8, 2012 11019: 11015: 11005: 11003: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10978: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10957: 10956: 10949: 10939: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10883: 10867: 10860: 10845: 10829: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10805: 10804: 10797: 10782: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10706: 10702: 10692: 10690: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10667: 10665: 10655: 10651: 10616: 10612: 10602: 10600: 10595: 10594: 10590: 10571: 10567: 10554: 10552: 10533: 10529: 10519: 10517: 10512: 10511: 10507: 10494: 10490: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10433: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10393: 10391: 10379: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10350: 10346: 10335: 10334: 10330: 10324:Wayback Machine 10317:Yiddish culture 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10290: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10270:Western Yiddish 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10237:Eastern Yiddish 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10214: 10213: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10187: 10183: 10176: 10158: 10149: 10133: 10132: 10094: 10061: 10054: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9972: 9968: 9945: 9941: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9871: 9869: 9860: 9856: 9848:Mauscheldeutsch 9844:Mauscheldeutsch 9835: 9833: 9831: 9812: 9808: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9775: 9771: 9752: 9748: 9737: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9680: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9640: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9564: 9555: 9544: 9540: 9526: 9522: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9420: 9409: 9402: 9382: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9324:leshon Ashkenaz 9321: 9317: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9285: 9278: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9201:Congress Poland 9191:In particular, 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9154: 9142: 9135: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9092: 9086: 9077: 9068: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9027: 9020: 9013: 8999: 8986: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8950: 8949: 8945: 8940:. June 7, 2024. 8932: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8916: 8902: 8900: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8817: 8813: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8775: 8774: 8767: 8761: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8705:Yiddish symbols 8699: 8672: 8600: 8557:standard German 8537: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8513: 8500:greeting card, 8495: 8486: 8479: 8456:European Jewish 8390:In addition to 8388: 8310: 8223: 8068: 8033:Hirsch Wolofsky 8012: 7978: 7962:Yidishe Tribune 7934: 7831: 7817:Legal scholars 7778:; see also the 7695:Yiddish Tribune 7691:אידישער טריביון 7576: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7515: 7504: 7448: 7435: 7418: 7367: 7355:Main articles: 7353: 7331: 7281:1912–2009) and 7149: 7129: 7116: 7108:Yiddish theatre 7093:Lithuanian Jews 7082:Yiddish culture 7029:עברי, דבר עברית 7014:גדוד מגיני השפה 6971: 6964: 6950: 6943: 6902: 6780: 6768: 6752: 6725:Hebrew alphabet 6721: 6715: 6706:Yiddish grammar 6703: 6701:Yiddish grammar 6697: 6676:קַדַּחַת, נַחַת 6672: 6668: 6624: 6583: 6544: 6501: 6467: 6426: 6387: 6353: 6303: 6264: 6221: 6183:M. Weinreich's 6133: 6071: 5998: 5938: 5919:/aʊ̯x,ˈkaʊ̯fən/ 5870: 5810: 5742: 5670: 5596: 5519: 5445: 5322: 5200: 5072: 4999: 4873: 4854:/ˈfaːtɐ,zaːɡən/ 4827: 4754: 4680: 4632:M. Weinreich's 4442:Germanic umlaut 4396:and long vowel 4356: 4350: 4337: 4332: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4289: 4274: 4265: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4177: 4170: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4105: 4100: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4028: 4019: 4015: 3957: 3935: 3897:syllable nuclei 3704: 3605:In the case of 3578:In the case of 3457: 3429: 3358: 3303: 3253: 3208: 3165: 3120: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3000: 2984: 2978: 2934:Yiddish theatre 2886: 2854:Sholem Aleichem 2842:secular culture 2831: 2811: 2787:Heinrich Graetz 2773:Mauscheldeutsch 2769: 2717: 2672: 2670:Names of Things 2669: 2666: 2663: 2600:Kinig Artus Hof 2552: 2463:Transliterated 2399: 2356: 2345: 2193:Roman-era Judea 2182:southern France 2155:medieval Hebrew 2117: 2112: 2103: 2074: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2034: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2018: 1993: 1992: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1966:Maccabiah Games 1938: 1937: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1890: 1889: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1838:Yiddish theatre 1827: 1826: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1769: 1768: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1726: 1725: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1694:Medieval Hebrew 1604: 1603: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1435:Jewish folklore 1223:Forbidden Fruit 1182: 1181: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1150:Judeo-Malayalam 958:Lishanid Noshan 851: 850: 803:Yiddish cooking 785:two major forms 684:Hebrew alphabet 639: 634: 631: 628: 608: 605: 602: 599: 587: 546: 545: 544: 535:Without proper 526: 511:(by Nürnberg), 489: 488: 481: 454: 453: 447: 430: 429: 423: 422: 420: 414: 407: 397: 396: 389: 379: 378: 371: 355: 344: 343: 296: 279: 277: 270: 254: 247:Official status 238: 231:Hebrew alphabet 227: 222: 214:Western Yiddish 211:Eastern Yiddish 201: 192:Old High German 187: 180: 138: 135:Language family 133: 124: 123:Native speakers 17: 12: 11: 5: 17844: 17834: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17721: 17720: 17718: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17696: 17694: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17686: 17680: 17678: 17677:Sign languages 17674: 17673: 17671: 17670: 17665: 17664: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17606: 17601: 17595: 17593: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17583: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17570: 17563: 17562: 17555: 17548: 17540: 17531: 17530: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17518: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17466: 17464: 17463:Sign languages 17460: 17459: 17457: 17456: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17398: 17396: 17392: 17391: 17389: 17388: 17387: 17386: 17381: 17370: 17368: 17367:Special status 17364: 17363: 17361: 17360: 17354: 17352: 17348: 17347: 17340: 17339: 17332: 17325: 17317: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17304: 17297: 17287: 17284: 17283: 17280: 17279: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17241: 17239: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17165: 17163: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17138:Proto-Germanic 17134: 17132: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17124: 17117: 17110: 17102: 17101: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17079: 17074: 17068: 17066: 17056: 17055: 17043: 17042: 17039: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17032: 17031: 17024: 17017: 17013:Crimean Gothic 17002: 17000: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16984: 16983: 16982: 16977: 16968: 16965: 16964: 16962: 16961: 16960: 16959: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16940: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16911: 16901: 16900: 16899: 16889: 16887:Insular Danish 16884: 16874: 16873: 16872: 16870:Rinkebysvenska 16867: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16839: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16823: 16811: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16784: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16737: 16735: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16718: 16716:Old East Norse 16713: 16711:Old West Norse 16701: 16693: 16691: 16684: 16674: 16673: 16657: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16642: 16641: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16622: 16617: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16591:South Tyrolean 16583: 16582: 16581: 16571: 16561: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16533:High Alemannic 16530: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16506: 16504: 16498: 16497: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16449: 16447: 16441: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16420: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16411: 16401: 16391: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16375: 16370: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16337: 16335: 16326: 16324:Central German 16320: 16319: 16317: 16316: 16315: 16314: 16309: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16282: 16277: 16276: 16275: 16265: 16263:Barossa German 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16239: 16237: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16205: 16203: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16191: 16177: 16170: 16162: 16160: 16153: 16147: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16126: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16112: 16110: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16100: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16042:French Flemish 16034: 16033: 16032: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16014: 16012: 16011: 16001: 15995: 15993: 15987: 15986: 15984: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15967: 15965: 15958: 15956:Low Franconian 15952: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15942: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15911: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15888: 15887: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15864: 15863: 15858: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15824: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15805: 15797: 15795: 15788: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15763: 15762: 15761: 15760: 15759: 15757:Westereendersk 15751: 15740: 15735: 15729: 15727: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15715: 15710: 15703: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15688: 15680: 15675: 15674: 15673: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15643: 15635: 15624: 15622: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15603: 15596: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15573: 15571: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15561: 15558:Middle Frisian 15554: 15546: 15544: 15537: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15518: 15506: 15505: 15504: 15497: 15490: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15474: 15464:Modern English 15460: 15457:Middle English 15453: 15446: 15435: 15433: 15424: 15414: 15413: 15401: 15400: 15394: 15391: 15390: 15383: 15382: 15375: 15368: 15360: 15351: 15350: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15334: 15324: 15313: 15311: 15309:Sign languages 15305: 15304: 15302: 15301: 15291: 15281: 15271: 15261: 15246: 15244: 15240: 15239: 15236: 15235: 15233: 15232: 15225:Judaeo-Marathi 15218: 15206: 15191: 15189: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15134:Judaeo-Iranian 15130: 15129: 15127: 15126: 15119: 15112: 15105: 15098: 15091: 15084: 15083: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15068:Judaeo-Spanish 15065: 15064: 15063: 15058: 15051: 15048:Judaeo-Mantuan 15044: 15035:Judaeo-Italian 15032: 15029:Judaeo-Catalan 15024: 15022: 15020:Judaeo-Romance 15016: 15015: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14992: 14990: 14988:Jewish English 14984: 14983: 14981: 14980: 14975: 14974: 14973: 14966: 14964:Judeo-Alsatian 14956: 14955: 14954: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14916: 14914: 14894: 14885: 14879: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14871: 14861: 14845: 14834: 14832: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14782: 14777: 14771: 14769: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14697: 14695: 14693:Judaeo-Aramaic 14689: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14619: 14617: 14610: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14587: 14586: 14579: 14572: 14564: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14537: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14490:non-Christian 14488: 14487: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14446: 14439: 14432: 14427: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14386: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14348: 14346: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14330: 14329: 14324: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14293: 14292: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14265: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14248: 14247: 14246: 14236: 14231: 14230: 14229: 14224: 14213: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14189:Shulchan Aruch 14186: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14177:Sefer Yetzirah 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14157:Pardes Rimonim 14154: 14147:Kabbalah texts 14144: 14143: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14117: 14116: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14091: 14085: 14083: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13959: 13957: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13940:Land of Israel 13937: 13936: 13935: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13865: 13864: 13853: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13818: 13816:Judeo-Alsatian 13808: 13807: 13806: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13668:Judeo-Hamedani 13665: 13660: 13655: 13645: 13643:Judaeo-Occitan 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13624: 13623: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13602: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13584:Jewish English 13581: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13515:Judaeo-Aramaic 13512: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13503:Judeo-Tunisian 13500: 13495: 13493:Judeo-Moroccan 13490: 13489: 13488: 13486:Judeo-Baghdadi 13473: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13390: 13388: 13376: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13364: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13342: 13337: 13335:Livornese Jews 13332: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13182: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13148: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13082:Afrikaner-Jode 13073: 13071: 13062: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13003: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12945: 12943: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12907: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12841: 12840:External links 12838: 12837: 12836: 12827: 12813: 12803: 12790: 12777: 12764: 12757:initial series 12748: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12731: 12725: 12708: 12702: 12686: 12668: 12659: 12646: 12640: 12627: 12621: 12608: 12602: 12589: 12583: 12570: 12564: 12544: 12538: 12521: 12515: 12502: 12496: 12483: 12477: 12464: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12417: 12401:"OHCHR German" 12391: 12365: 12339: 12311: 12286: 12279: 12261: 12246: 12239: 12221: 12175: 12149: 12123: 12097: 12069: 12043: 12021: 11999: 11977: 11956: 11929: 11904: 11882: 11860: 11837: 11810: 11784: 11762: 11740: 11721: 11701: 11686: 11671: 11645: 11626: 11590: 11565: 11542: 11531:. Law.ucla.edu 11519: 11506:10.2307/797101 11484: 11459: 11452: 11431: 11405: 11384: 11377: 11357: 11332: 11309: 11283: 11261: 11246: 11231: 11216: 11191: 11165: 11158: 11135: 11128: 11105: 11079: 11068:on May 2, 2014 11044: 11013: 10987: 10972: 10947: 10921: 10896: 10881: 10858: 10843: 10823: 10795: 10780: 10760: 10735: 10716:(3): 248–253. 10700: 10675: 10649: 10610: 10588: 10565: 10527: 10505: 10488: 10471: 10448: 10427: 10401: 10388:New York Times 10370: 10344: 10328: 10308: 10283: 10262: 10250: 10229: 10207: 10181: 10174: 10147: 10104:(2): 261–265. 10059: 10052: 10025: 9995: 9988: 9966: 9939: 9907: 9879: 9854: 9829: 9806: 9789: 9769: 9755:Weinreich, Max 9746: 9731: 9711: 9685: 9678: 9660: 9638: 9619: 9605: 9585: 9578: 9553: 9538: 9529:Weinreich, Max 9520: 9518:, pp. 382–402. 9444: 9437: 9407: 9400: 9376: 9354: 9347: 9315: 9304: 9297: 9276: 9242: 9217: 9184: 9152: 9133: 9119: 9075: 9062: 9048: 9041: 9018: 9011: 8984: 8968: 8943: 8925: 8914: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8855:Illa Meisels: 8853: 8824: 8811: 8794: 8777:"Yiddish FAQs" 8765: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8714: 8711:Judaeo-Spanish 8708: 8702: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8602: 8601: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8516: 8514: 8496: 8489: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8460:Jewish Russian 8452:Hungarian Jews 8440:Jewish Swedish 8429:relexification 8423:proposed that 8387: 8384: 8371:In late 2016, 8358:Raphael Finkel 8309: 8306: 8222: 8219: 8215:God of Abraham 8187:Musar movement 8156:Satmar Hasidim 8067: 8064: 8011: 8008: 7986:; in English, 7957:אידישע טריבונע 7951:Jewish Tribune 7933: 7932:United Kingdom 7930: 7830: 7827: 7636:= general), a 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7510:Poster by the 7503: 7500: 7447: 7444: 7434: 7431: 7426:Ukrainian jews 7417: 7414: 7352: 7349: 7330: 7327: 7319:The New Friend 7263:Russian Empire 7148: 7145: 7137:Isaac Berliner 7128: 7125: 7115: 7112: 6958:Der Judenstaat 6948: 6942: 6939: 6901: 6898: 6782:On the eve of 6761: 6751: 6748: 6733:that of Hebrew 6717:Main article: 6714: 6713:Writing system 6711: 6699:Main article: 6696: 6693: 6670: 6666: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6531:חָכְמָה, עוֹף‎ 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196:Pronunciation 6194: 6189: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5981: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5680: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5529: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5418: 5411: 5398: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5332: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5295: 5288: 5275: 5268: 5267: 5257: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5166: 5153: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5082: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5010: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4972: 4965: 4952: 4945: 4944: 4942:/ˈbɛkɜr,mɛntʃ/ 4934: 4928:Bäcker, Mensch 4924: 4921:becker, mensch 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4860:פֿאָטער, זאָגן 4856: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4800: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4760: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4737: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4640:Pronunciation 4638: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3955: 3934: 3931: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3835: 3834: 3824: 3815:are typically 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3703: 3700: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3603: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 2999: 2996: 2980:Main article: 2977: 2974: 2938:Yiddish cinema 2885: 2882: 2804: 2768: 2767:Secularization 2765: 2757:Judaeo-Spanish 2723:Shemot Devarim 2657:Shemot Devarim 2585:Pariz un Viene 2556:printing press 2551: 2548: 2501:High Holy Days 2480: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2398: 2395: 2384:" (a proposed 2293: 2244:Rhenish German 2209:Southern Italy 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2065:Portal:Judaism 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1911:Mathematicians 1908: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1253:Tower of Babel 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213:Garden of Eden 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1043: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011:Judeo-Moroccan 1008: 1007: 1006: 1004:Judeo-Baghdadi 988: 987: 986: 985: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 853: 852: 849: 848: 842: 841: 840: 837: 836: 828: 827: 825:Jewish culture 821: 820: 652:Central Europe 648:Ashkenazi Jews 539:, you may see 527: 520: 519: 518: 491: 490: 480: 479: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 445: 437: 436: 412: 404: 403: 394: 386: 385: 376: 368: 367: 366:Language codes 363: 362: 352: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 294: 289: 283: 282: 280: 275: 272: 271: 269: 268: 257: 255: 252: 249: 248: 244: 243: 241:Latin alphabet 228: 224:Writing system 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 212: 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 190: 188: 185: 182: 181: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 141: 139: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 116:Ashkenazi Jews 113: 109: 108: 102: 98: 97: 94: 93:Native to 90: 89: 82: 78: 77: 31: 30: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17843: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17731: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17697: 17695: 17691: 17685: 17682: 17681: 17679: 17675: 17669: 17666: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17656:Vlax dialects 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17643: 17642: 17639: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17596: 17594: 17592: 17588: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17572: 17568: 17561: 17556: 17554: 17549: 17547: 17542: 17541: 17538: 17528: 17522: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17465: 17461: 17455: 17454: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17393: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17376: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17359: 17356: 17355: 17353: 17349: 17345: 17338: 17333: 17331: 17326: 17324: 17319: 17318: 17315: 17302: 17298: 17296: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17285: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17245:Germanic verb 17243: 17242: 17240: 17236: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17184:Sievers's law 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17160: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17135: 17133: 17131:Reconstructed 17129: 17123: 17122: 17118: 17116: 17115: 17111: 17109: 17108: 17104: 17103: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17069: 17067: 17065: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17048: 17044: 17030: 17029: 17025: 17023: 17022: 17018: 17015: 17014: 17009: 17008: 17004: 17003: 17001: 16999: 16998: 16993: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16966: 16958: 16955: 16954: 16953: 16950: 16946: 16945: 16944:Middle Danish 16941: 16939: 16938: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16894: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16844: 16840: 16838: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16828: 16824: 16822: 16821: 16820:Old Icelandic 16817: 16816: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16802: 16798: 16796: 16795: 16794:Old Norwegian 16791: 16788: 16785: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16732: 16724: 16723: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16662: 16658: 16640: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16612: 16611:Gottscheerish 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16558: 16555: 16551: 16550:Walser German 16548: 16547: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16516:Low Alemannic 16514: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16503: 16499: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16478:High Prussian 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16463:Erzgebirgisch 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16442: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16425: 16424: 16421: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16392: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16368:Luxembourgish 16366: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16334: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16321: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16307: 16306:Klezmer-loshn 16303: 16301: 16300:Scots Yiddish 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16287: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16270: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16204: 16202: 16198: 16190: 16189: 16185: 16184: 16183: 16182: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16171: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16148: 16138: 16137:Meuse-Rhenish 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16123: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16105: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16065: 16064:Kleverlandish 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16031: 16028: 16027: 16026: 16025:Central Dutch 16023: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16009: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15992: 15988: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15966: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15953: 15941: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15908: 15904: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15886: 15883: 15882: 15881: 15878: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15833:Stellingwarfs 15831: 15830: 15829: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15817: 15811: 15810: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15767: 15764: 15758: 15755: 15754: 15753:Wood Frisian 15752: 15749: 15748: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15726: 15722: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15708: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15671: 15670: 15669: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15634: 15633: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15621: 15620:North Frisian 15617: 15609: 15608: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15597: 15595: 15594: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15570: 15566: 15560: 15559: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15532: 15524: 15523: 15519: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15511: 15510: 15507: 15503: 15502: 15498: 15496: 15495: 15491: 15489: 15488: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15479: 15473: 15472: 15468: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15461: 15459: 15458: 15454: 15452: 15451: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15441: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15432: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15422:Anglo-Frisian 15419: 15415: 15411: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15392: 15388: 15381: 15376: 15374: 15369: 15367: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15348: 15344: 15339: 15332: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15299: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15241: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15219: 15216: 15212: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15186: 15180: 15179: 15175: 15173: 15172:Judeo-Kashani 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15162:Judeo-Shirazi 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15152:Judeo-Persian 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15125: 15124: 15120: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15109:Judaeo-French 15106: 15104: 15103: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15085: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15069: 15066: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15056: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15045: 15043: 15042: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15030: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15021: 15017: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14978:Scots-Yiddish 14976: 14972: 14971: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14952: 14951:Klezmer-loshn 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14902: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14883:Indo-European 14880: 14869: 14865: 14864:Judaeo-Berber 14862: 14859: 14855: 14854: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14822:Judaeo-Yemeni 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14812:Judaeo-Syrian 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14768: 14767:Judaeo-Arabic 14764: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14694: 14690: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14585: 14580: 14578: 14573: 14571: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14550: 14549: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14520: 14515: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14474:Protestantism 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14444: 14440: 14438: 14437: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14408: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14391: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14345: 14341: 14335: 14332: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14283: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14245: 14242: 14241: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14162:Sefer HaBahir 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14145: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14089:Sifrei Kodesh 14087: 14086: 14084: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14023: 14020: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13969: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13945:Who is a Jew? 13943: 13941: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13890: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13874:Chosen people 13872: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13837: 13831: 13830:Scots-Yiddish 13828: 13824: 13823: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13809: 13805: 13804: 13803:Klezmer-loshn 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13673:Judeo-Shirazi 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13648:Judeo-Persian 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13638:Judeo-Marathi 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13616:Judeo-Italian 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13571: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13471:Judeo-Amazigh 13469: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13381: 13377: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13355: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13306: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13294:Hadhrami Jews 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13259:Mountain Jews 13257: 13255: 13254:Egyptian Jews 13252: 13250: 13249:Bukharan Jews 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13044: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13037:Lists of Jews 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12938: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12905: 12900: 12898: 12893: 12891: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12876: 12873: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12816:Yidishe Heftn 12814: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12788:current issue 12785: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12739: 12738: 12732: 12728: 12726:0-345-44730-1 12722: 12717: 12716: 12709: 12705: 12703:0-914512-26-9 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12647: 12643: 12641:0-520-24416-8 12637: 12633: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12615:. Routledge. 12614: 12609: 12605: 12603:1-56512-429-4 12599: 12595: 12590: 12586: 12580: 12576: 12571: 12567: 12565:1-897744-01-3 12561: 12557: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12539:3-484-73013-7 12535: 12531: 12527: 12522: 12518: 12516:90-279-7978-2 12512: 12508: 12503: 12499: 12497:0-8229-4272-0 12493: 12489: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12470: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12452: 12431: 12427: 12421: 12406: 12405:www.ohchr.org 12402: 12395: 12380: 12379:www.ohchr.org 12376: 12369: 12354: 12353:www.ohchr.org 12350: 12343: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12282: 12276: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12257: 12250: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12191:(in French). 12190: 12186: 12179: 12164: 12160: 12153: 12138: 12134: 12127: 12112: 12108: 12101: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12074: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12031: 12025: 12009: 12003: 11987: 11981: 11966: 11960: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11892: 11886: 11870: 11864: 11848: 11841: 11825: 11821: 11814: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11772: 11766: 11750: 11744: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11725: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11690: 11682: 11675: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11641: 11637: 11630: 11611: 11604: 11602: 11594: 11579: 11575: 11569: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11546: 11530: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11488: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11455: 11453:0-7434-0651-6 11449: 11445: 11441: 11435: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11417: 11409: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11361: 11346: 11342: 11336: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11313: 11297: 11293: 11287: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11265: 11258: 11250: 11243: 11235: 11228: 11223: 11221: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11180: 11176: 11169: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11145: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11094: 11090: 11083: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11048: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11017: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10983: 10976: 10960: 10954: 10952: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10865: 10863: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10827: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10800: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10764: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10704: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10614: 10598: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10541:Columbia News 10538: 10531: 10515: 10509: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10459: 10452: 10444: 10440: 10439: 10431: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10375: 10359: 10355: 10348: 10340: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10312: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10217: 10211: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10177: 10175:0-7156-2162-9 10171: 10166: 10165: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10143: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10055: 10053:0-312-30741-1 10049: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9991: 9989:0-8246-0124-6 9985: 9980: 9979: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9867: 9866: 9858: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9810: 9803: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9773: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9727:0-87068-465-5 9724: 9720: 9715: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9681: 9679:0-19-926614-X 9675: 9671: 9664: 9648: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9608: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9589: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9549: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9448: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9403: 9401:0-08-044299-4 9397: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9380: 9365: 9358: 9350: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9333:Skolnik, Fred 9330: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9308: 9300: 9298:0-297-82941-6 9294: 9290: 9283: 9281: 9273: 9272:0-671-77104-3 9269: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9172: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9138: 9129: 9123: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9091: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9072: 9066: 9058: 9052: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9025: 9023: 9014: 9012:0-521-77215-X 9008: 9004: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8976:Matras, Yaron 8972: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8918: 8910: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8835:1919, p. 323. 8834: 8828: 8821: 8818:Sten Vikner: 8815: 8808: 8804: 8798: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8744: 8733: 8729: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8569: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8498:Rosh Hashanah 8493: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8465: 8464:Jewish French 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8442:a dialect of 8441: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8392:Modern Hebrew 8383: 8381: 8376: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8366:spell checker 8363: 8359: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8322: 8321:Google Search 8318: 8314: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260:American Jews 8256: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8211:Baal Shem Tov 8208: 8207:Jewish prayer 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196:Orthodox Jews 8192: 8188: 8184: 8183:rosh yeshivas 8180: 8175: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8152:modern Hebrew 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8104:Crown Heights 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8072: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8056:Leonard Cohen 8053: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8031:, founded by 8030: 8025: 8024: 8023:Keneder Adler 8016: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7975: 7963: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7938:Stamford Hill 7929: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7910:Crown Heights 7907: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7884: 7881:(1,710), and 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7867:Massachusetts 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7823:Alex Kozinski 7820: 7819:Eugene Volokh 7815: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7802:received the 7801: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7788:Hester Street 7783: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7711: 7707: 7696: 7680: 7679: 7674:'paper') and 7672: 7660: 7659: 7646: 7645: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7620: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7595: 7583: 7544: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502:United States 7499: 7495: 7491: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7477: 7469: 7464: 7452: 7443: 7440: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7396: 7384: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7347: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7304: 7299: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7044: 7043:Modern Hebrew 7040: 7035: 7025: 7020: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6998:Modern Hebrew 6992: 6987: 6975: 6970: 6960: 6959: 6953: 6952:Theodor Herzl 6947: 6938: 6936: 6931: 6920: 6919:Max Weinreich 6916: 6912: 6911:Judeo-Spanish 6908: 6907:Judeo-Persian 6897: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6788:The Holocaust 6785: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6710: 6707: 6702: 6692: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6337: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6255:/ˈalmɜn,ksav/ 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6067: 6066: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5503: 5500:/kɔpf,ˈzɔlən/ 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5317: 5306: 5303:/ˈbʁʏkə,fʏnf/ 5300: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5195: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5067: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4868: 4864:/ˈfɔtɜr,zɔɡn/ 4857: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4738: 4735:/ˈmaxən,ɡlat/ 4732: 4731:machen, glatt 4728: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4604: 4599: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4234: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3987:Netherlandic 3984: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943:Max Weinreich 3940: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3909: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3857: 3854:Back nucleus 3853: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3699: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3614: 3604: 3599: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3560:/b,d,ɡ,v,z,ʒ/ 3553: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3006: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2830: 2828:(dawn), 1861. 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2730:(also termed 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2695:loshn-koydesh 2687: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2631: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2576:Bovo d'Antona 2567: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2512:beis hakneses 2502: 2497: 2496: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:Judeo-Sorbian 2379: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Max Weinreich 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2178:Sephardi Jews 2175: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2030:Other aspects 2029: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1699:Modern Hebrew 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662:Jewish poetry 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1268:Cain and Abel 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243:Gog and Magog 1241: 1239: 1238:Promised Land 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1140:Judeo-Marathi 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 994: 993: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928: 927: 926:Judeo-Aramaic 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 858: 847: 844: 843: 839: 838: 834: 830: 829: 826: 823: 822: 818: 814: 813: 810: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 790: 786: 781: 779: 778:Yidish Taitsh 775: 774: 773:loshn koydesh 765: 757: 753: 749: 741: 740:loshn-ashknaz 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:West Germanic 637: 623: 622:Yidish-Taytsh 593: 585: 581: 550: 542: 538: 534: 532: 524: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 485: 477: 472: 468: 466: 462: 457: 450: 446: 444: 443: 438: 433: 426: 417: 413: 410: 405: 400: 395: 392: 387: 382: 377: 374: 369: 364: 361: 358: 353: 351: 347: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 299: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 281: 273: 266: 262: 259: 258: 256: 250: 245: 242: 239:occasionally 236: 232: 229: 225: 219: 213: 210: 209: 208: 204: 198: 195: 194: 193: 189: 183: 169: 166: 165: 164: 161: 160: 159: 158:Elbe Germanic 156: 155: 154: 153:West Germanic 151: 150: 149: 146: 145: 144: 143:Indo-European 140: 136: 130: 126: 120: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81:Pronunciation 79: 76: 72: 32: 29:Judaeo-German 27: 22: 19: 17667: 17651:Scandoromani 17646:Finnish Kalo 17451: 17446: 17395:Non-official 17290: 17174:Verner's law 17119: 17114:Gotho-Nordic 17112: 17105: 17026: 17019: 17011: 17005: 16995: 16980:Fårö Gutnish 16942: 16935: 16841: 16834: 16825: 16818: 16799: 16792: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16703: 16696: 16636: 16538:Swiss German 16502:Upper German 16435:Amana German 16409:Volga German 16378:Hunsrückisch 16304: 16284: 16258:Unserdeutsch 16253:Berlinerisch 16186: 16179: 16172: 16165: 16125:Cover groups 16081:Mohawk Dutch 16076:Jersey Dutch 16054:East Flemish 16037:West Flemish 15981:Middle Dutch 15935:Low Prussian 15807: 15800: 15766:Terschelling 15750:Clay Frisian 15725:West Frisian 15713:Wiedingharde 15705: 15693: 15653:Heligolandic 15630: 15605: 15598: 15591: 15586: 15569:East Frisian 15556: 15549: 15522:Middle Scots 15520: 15513: 15499: 15492: 15485: 15480: 15469: 15462: 15455: 15448: 15342: 15294:Judaeo-Malay 15208: 15176: 15121: 15114: 15107: 15102:Judeo-Gascon 15100: 15093: 15086: 15061:Judaeo-Roman 15053: 15046: 15039: 15027: 14968: 14949: 14908: 14900: 14851: 14842:Ethiosemitic 14785:Judaeo-Iraqi 14747:Lishán Didán 14742:Lishana Deni 14722: 14715: 14539: 14532: 14518: 14441: 14434: 14422: 14405: 14388: 14222:perspectives 14056:Samaritanism 14017:Neo-Hasidism 13997:Conservative 13911:Names of God 13820: 13801: 13771: 13611:Judaeo-Greek 13606:Judeo-Gascon 13545:Lishán Didán 13540:Lishana Deni 13508:Judeo-Yemeni 13476:Judeo-Arabic 13350:Meshuchrarim 13269:Persian Jews 13202:Kurdish Jews 13180:Kaifeng Jews 13129:Beta Abraham 13092:Galitzianers 13047:Antisemitism 13022:Israeli Jews 13007:Assimilation 12829: 12815: 12805: 12792: 12779: 12766: 12752: 12736: 12714: 12693: 12681: 12676: 12663: 12654: 12650: 12631: 12612: 12593: 12574: 12551: 12525: 12506: 12487: 12468: 12459: 12448:Bibliography 12435:December 18, 12433:. Retrieved 12429: 12420: 12408:. Retrieved 12404: 12394: 12382:. Retrieved 12378: 12368: 12356:. Retrieved 12352: 12342: 12332:December 18, 12330:. Retrieved 12326: 12304:December 18, 12302:. Retrieved 12298: 12289: 12270: 12264: 12255: 12249: 12230: 12224: 12212:. Retrieved 12192: 12188: 12178: 12166:. Retrieved 12152: 12140:. Retrieved 12136: 12133:"spellcheck" 12126: 12114:. Retrieved 12110: 12100: 12090:December 18, 12088:. Retrieved 12084: 12060:. Retrieved 12055: 12046: 12034:. Retrieved 12024: 12012:. Retrieved 12002: 11990:. Retrieved 11980: 11970:December 22, 11968:. Retrieved 11959: 11949:December 22, 11947:. Retrieved 11943:the original 11932: 11922:December 18, 11920:. Retrieved 11916: 11907: 11895:. Retrieved 11885: 11873:. Retrieved 11863: 11851:. Retrieved 11840: 11828:. Retrieved 11824:the original 11813: 11803:December 22, 11801:. Retrieved 11797:the original 11787: 11775:. Retrieved 11765: 11753:. Retrieved 11743: 11724: 11709: 11704: 11694: 11689: 11674: 11662:. Retrieved 11658:the original 11648: 11640:The Atlantic 11639: 11629: 11617:. Retrieved 11610:the original 11600: 11593: 11581:. Retrieved 11568: 11545: 11533:. Retrieved 11522: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11475:. Retrieved 11471: 11462: 11443: 11434: 11426: 11413:(in Yiddish) 11408: 11398: 11392:(in Yiddish) 11387: 11367: 11360: 11348:. Retrieved 11344: 11335: 11317: 11312: 11300:. Retrieved 11296:the original 11286: 11269:(in Yiddish) 11264: 11254:(in Yiddish) 11249: 11239:(in Swedish) 11234: 11209:September 7, 11207:. Retrieved 11203: 11194: 11184:September 7, 11182:. Retrieved 11178: 11168: 11148: 11138: 11118: 11108: 11096:. Retrieved 11093:The Guardian 11092: 11082: 11070:. Retrieved 11063:the original 11047: 11035:. Retrieved 11031:the original 11026: 11016: 11004:. Retrieved 11000:the original 10990: 10981: 10975: 10963:. Retrieved 10961:. Lechaim.ru 10938:. Retrieved 10934:the original 10924: 10914:December 12, 10912:. Retrieved 10908: 10899: 10871: 10833: 10826: 10814:. 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OUP USA. 11037:October 18, 10965:December 8, 10940:December 8, 10693:February 4, 10668:February 4, 10514:"חוק הרשות" 10464:December 8, 10301:February 4, 10200:February 1, 9923:mama-loshen 9900:February 7, 9872:December 3, 9836:October 28, 9796:October 28, 9633:The Forward 9612:February 1, 9386:Keith Brown 9254:Cole Porter 9205:mama-loshen 8866:2001, p. 42 8787:February 9, 8421:Paul Wexler 8339:The Forward 8237:, New York. 8112:Kiryas Joel 7922:Kiryas Joel 7879:Connecticut 7800:Saul Bellow 7678:Di Tzeitung 7600:The Forward 7588:פֿאָרווערטס 7361:Birobidzhan 7335:2010 census 7292:דער פֿרײַנד 7275:Yoysef Burg 7192:reactionary 7180:proletariat 7089:Haredi Jews 6888:, and 4 in 6843:demographic 6813:Netherlands 6729:orthography 6663:hataf patah 6535:/ˈχɔχmɜ,ɔf/ 6319:hataf segol 6171:/jɔɪˈχɛvɛd/ 5929:/ɔɪχ,kɔɪfn/ 5908:ouh, koufen 5587:/hɔɪχ,ʃɔɪn/ 5577:/hoːx,ʃoːn/ 5573:hoch, schon 5313:/brɪk,fɪnf/ 5309:בריק, פֿינף 5292:brück, vünf 4745:/maχn,ɡlat/ 4288:22/24/42/44 4237:Lithuanian 3947:diaphonemes 3634:The rhotic 3507:labiodental 3425:Approximant 2969:Michael Wex 2954:World War I 2914:karbovanets 2894:World War I 2713:, 'women's 2630:Tseno Ureno 2625:צאנה וראינה 2612:Book of Job 2560:Elia Levita 2475:Translated 2378:Paul Wexler 2371:The Forward 2323:contributed 2276:Lotharingia 2260:Old Italian 2197:Mesopotamia 2161:(d. 1105), 1502:Baal Berith 1303:Golden calf 1298:Mount Sinai 1283:Ten Plagues 1160:Koiné Greek 1078:Piedmontese 978:Palestinian 919:Palestinian 799:Yiddishkeit 660:High German 531:Hebrew text 314:Netherlands 163:High German 17730:Categories 17525:See also: 17505:Kafr Qasem 17021:Burgundian 16937:Old Danish 16926:Gøtudanskt 16909:Bornholmsk 16771:Vestlandsk 16751:Kebabnorsk 16488:Halcnovian 16453:Thuringian 16116:Limburgish 16086:Stadsfries 16059:Brabantian 15786:Low German 15632:Eiderstedt 15487:Fingallian 15278:Kartvelian 15229:Indo-Aryan 15221:Judeo-Urdu 14459:Anabaptism 14401:Jew (word) 14268:Leadership 14081:Literature 14066:Secularism 14012:Humanistic 13879:Conversion 13849:Philosophy 13690:Judeo-Urdu 13454:Babylonian 13299:Saada Jews 13284:Adeni Jews 13077:Ashkenazim 13032:Samaritans 12999:Population 12954:Israelites 12761:new series 12209:1114334924 12137:cs.uky.edu 12111:cs.uky.edu 11446:. Pocket. 11066:(RAR, PDF) 10420:October 2, 10275:Ethnologue 10242:Ethnologue 9465:benedicere 9252:described 8895:. Garant. 8807:12 Yiddish 8757:Ethnologue 8724:References 8510:Montevideo 8502:Montevideo 8362:dictionary 8347:ethnolects 8189:. Hasidic 8144:Manchester 8130:, such as 8120:New Jersey 8116:New Square 8078:, New York 7851:California 7847:New Jersey 7770:Leo Rosten 7706:Der Shtern 7685:די צייטונג 7633:algemeyner 7534:, and the 7303:The Friend 7298:der fraynd 7285:(b. 1949, 7279:Chernivtsi 7078:literature 6967:See also: 6835:Ethnologue 6825:Ethnologue 6727:, but its 6186:diaphoneme 6052:/ˈfʁɔʏ̯də/ 5925:אױך, קױפֿן 5510:/kɔp,zɔln/ 4886:and short 4818:/ˈzɔɪ̯mn̩/ 4635:diaphoneme 4553:/ˈbɔʏ̯çə/ 4509:/ˈbɔʏ̯mə/ 4392:diphthong 4364:diphthongs 4352:See also: 3839:Diphthongs 3833:syllables. 3831:unstressed 3817:near-close 3696:/hakˈdɔmɜ/ 3671:aspiration 3655:Belarusian 3653:(Russian, 3645:As in the 3533:, whereas 3501:, whereas 2998:Consonants 2912:1917. 100 2686:mame-loshn 2682:מאַמע־לשון 2589:Paris and 2390:relexified 2365:Dovid Katz 2256:Old French 2133:Palatinate 2131:) and the 1916:Scientists 1742:Maimonides 1721:Philosophy 1679:Al-Andalus 1599:Literature 1512:Bar Juchne 1313:Tabernacle 1293:The Exodus 1263:Noah's Ark 1228:Patriarchs 1120:Golpaygani 914:Babylonian 764:mame-loshn 760:מאַמע־לשון 656:vernacular 588:pronounced 186:Early form 17710:Elfdalian 17604:Meänkieli 17495:Ghardaian 17490:Ein Mahel 17480:Al-Sayyid 17475:Al-Atrash 17301:varieties 17293:indicate 17107:Northwest 17052:Philology 16957:Elfdalian 16892:Jutlandic 16814:Icelandic 16789:(written) 16783:(written) 16761:Trøndersk 16741:Norwegian 16705:Old Norse 16526:Coloniero 16510:Alemannic 16483:Wymysorys 16351:Colognian 16346:Ripuarian 16268:Rotwelsch 16098:Midslands 16049:Zeelandic 16030:Hollandic 16004:Afrikaans 15976:Old Dutch 15802:Old Saxon 15701:Karrharde 15683:Goesharde 15664:Mainland 15397:philology 15345:indicate 15268:Dravidian 15147:Judeo-Tat 14996:Yeshivish 14945:Udmurtish 14940:Ukrainish 14925:Galitzish 14654:Ashkenazi 14521:indicate 14469:Mormonism 14454:Christian 14334:Symbolism 14322:Synagogue 14302:Mythology 14263:Education 14234:Astronomy 14217:Astrology 14034:relations 13839:Zarphatic 13787:Galitzish 13589:Yeshivish 13466:Catalanic 13429:Samaritan 13404:Ashkenazi 13385:Diasporic 13380:Languages 13325:Sephardim 13320:Romaniote 13207:Krymchaks 13141:Desi Jews 13017:Buddhists 12867:Project, 12767:Afn Shvel 12458:(2016) . 12201:0035-1458 11200:"Yiddish" 11006:August 7, 10891:869736200 10853:149092612 10790:606432500 10744:"Yiddish" 10722:0014-164X 10644:2397-1290 10583:0076-0773 10128:232346563 10120:1475-3502 9927:Esperanto 9704:August 7, 9653:August 7, 9226:"Yiddish" 9197:Esperanto 9090:"Yiddish" 8961:April 23, 8571:Language 8425:Esperanto 8404:Yeshivish 8317:Knowledge 8298:Melbourne 8277:khadoorim 8200:Yeshivish 7996:Liverpool 7946:Gateshead 7877:(3,510), 7873:(2,125), 7869:(2,380), 7865:(1,945), 7861:(1,925), 7857:(5,445), 7700:דער שטערן 7665:דער בלאַט 7658:Der Blatt 7582:Sephardic 7377:in Russia 7217:Evsketsii 7188:bourgeois 7101:Jerusalem 7097:Bnei Brak 7059:Sephardic 6864:, 332 in 6860:, 356 in 6858:Jerusalem 6574:/ˈsɔɪχɜr/ 6492:/mɜˈdɪnɜ/ 6417:/ˈsɛɪdɜr/ 6199:Examples 6175:/ˈjɔχvɜd/ 6169:would be 6166:יוֹכֶבֶֿד 6113:/dɔʏ̯t͡ʃ/ 4990:/ˈtɛχtɜr/ 4808:/ˈzaːmən/ 4643:Examples 4603:unshifted 4561:/baɪχɜr/ 4517:/bɛɪmɜr/ 4450:Singular 4280:Close-mid 4161:Close-mid 4034:Close-mid 3914:'evening' 3886:sonorants 3667:voiceless 3663:Ukrainian 3529:and are 3305:voiceless 3299:Fricative 3210:voiceless 3204:Affricate 3122:voiceless 2976:Phonology 2918:Ukrainian 2892:American 2844:(see the 2699:typefaces 2620:Bovo-Bukh 2614:in 1557. 2565:Bovo-Bukh 2525:macaronic 2419:Dürmenach 2247:Romance. 2232:Zarphatic 2217:Kalonymos 2173:Ashkenazi 2135:(notably 2125:Rhineland 2040:Symbolism 2014:Ashkenazi 1901:Astronomy 1790:Sephardic 1780:Religious 1704:Holocaust 1630:Judeo-Tat 1457:Leviathan 1177:Mythology 1115:Zarphatic 1068:Catalanic 909:Samaritan 869:Ashkenazi 846:Languages 770:‎ ( 768:לשון־קודש 762:‎ ( 746:‎ ( 738:‎ ( 699:Holocaust 693:Prior to 666:(notably 658:based on 442:Glottolog 409:ISO 639-3 391:ISO 639-2 373:ISO 639-1 112:Ethnicity 17634:Northern 17614:Southern 17437:Romanian 17351:Official 17028:Vandalic 16971:Gutnish 16776:Vikværsk 16756:Sognamål 16746:Bergensk 16596:Cimbrian 16564:Bavarian 16521:Alsatian 16468:Lusatian 16404:Palatine 16094:Amelands 15971:Frankish 15861:Sallaans 15843:Gronings 15694:Southern 15687:Northern 15678:Halligen 15627:Insular 15444:dialects 15250:Krymchak 15203:Hellenic 15001:Yinglish 14905:dialects 14892:Germanic 14858:Cushitic 14757:Betanure 14724:Galilean 14711:Talmudic 14701:Biblical 14679:Tiberian 14674:Yemenite 14659:Sephardi 14633:Medieval 14628:Mishnaic 14623:Biblical 14534:Category 14504:Hinduism 14494:Buddhism 14396:Genetics 14312:Politics 14285:Marriage 14244:Holidays 14239:Calendar 14120:Rabbinic 14096:/Hebrew 14041:Haymanot 13968:Orthodox 13955:Branches 13928:Kabbalah 13923:Haskalah 13901:Holiness 13777:dialects 13757:Shassagh 13720:Krymchak 13700:Kayliñña 13594:Yinglish 13570:Galilean 13560:Talmudic 13555:Biblical 13530:Betanure 13449:Biblical 13444:Mishnaic 13439:Medieval 13424:Tiberian 13419:Yemenite 13409:Sephardi 13345:Paradesi 13289:Ḥabbanim 13279:Teimanim 13244:Baghdadi 13217:Maghrebi 13185:Karaites 13163:Gruzínim 13151:Kochinim 13069:Diaspora 13027:Karaites 13012:Atheists 12949:Timeline 12865:EVOLAEMP 12692:(1999). 12674:(1950). 12550:(1992). 12410:April 3, 12384:April 3, 12358:April 3, 12168:April 6, 11732:Archived 11710:Examiner 11664:April 3, 11553:Archived 11477:April 3, 11442:(2000). 11419:Archived 11350:March 6, 11324:Archived 11275:Archived 11146:(2010). 11116:(2007). 11098:April 3, 10816:July 29, 10753:July 29, 10730:42575482 10555:April 4, 10520:July 11, 10394:April 4, 10363:April 3, 10320:Archived 10036:(2005). 10018:April 3, 9917:, whose 9915:Zamenhof 9757:(1973). 9481:lei(e)re 9425:(2014). 9193:Zamenhof 8903:June 16, 8897:Archived 8696:Yinglish 8670:See also 8400:yeshivah 8380:Duolingo 8373:Motorola 8308:Internet 8148:Montreal 8128:yeshivas 8092:Brooklyn 8076:Brooklyn 8015:Montreal 7988:The Time 7974:Di Tsayt 7875:Illinois 7871:Maryland 7863:Michigan 7839:New York 7725:The View 7721:Der Blik 7715:דער בליק 7710:The Star 7594:Forverts 6949:— 6886:Tiberias 6884:, 33 in 6878:Nazareth 6803:only in 6488:מְדִינָה 6458:/ˈdɪbɜk/ 6454:דִּבּוּק 6378:/ˈgɛfɜn/ 6294:/ˈpɔnɜm/ 6290:פָּנִים‎ 6162:Jochebed 5791:/flaɪ̯ʃ/ 5583:הױך, שױן 5375:/ˈliːbə/ 5053:/ˈkɛːzə/ 4980:/ˈtœçtɐ/ 4537:/baʊ̯x/ 4522:abdomen 4493:/baʊ̯m/ 4458:English 4312:12/13/41 4297:Open-mid 4184:Open-mid 4061:Open-mid 3912:/ˈɔvn̩t/ 3907:'donkey' 3905:/ˈɛɪzl̩/ 3765:Open-mid 3714:Yiddish 3539:palatal. 3499:bilabial 3016:Alveolar 2952:) after 2824:journal 2800:Haskalah 2782:Haskalah 2779:and the 2691:לשון־קדש 2688:but not 2633:and the 2604:Wigalois 2550:Printing 2544:Haggadah 2542:and the 2495:makhazor 2488:מַחֲזוֹר 2451:Yiddish 2361:adstrata 2331:American 2163:Ashkenaz 2146:Ashkenaz 2045:Clothing 2004:Sephardi 1954:Baseball 1896:Medicine 1732:Haskalah 1684:Yemenite 1674:Piyyutim 1669:Biblical 1655:Rabbinic 1645:Yemenite 1620:American 1610:Biblical 1567:Rephaite 1527:Mazzikin 1452:Behemoth 1383:Mordecai 1155:Krymchak 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