295:
492:
315:
728:, has not been surprising. But within the Sorbian homelands, there has also been a decrease in Sorbian identity and language use. In 2008, Sorbs protested three kinds of pressures against Sorbs: "(1.) the destruction of Sorbian and German-Sorbian villages as a result of lignite mining; (2.) the cuts in the network of Sorbian schools in Saxony; (3.) the reduction of financial resources for the Sorbian institutions by central government."
32:
2585:
739:
in which speakers have the option to use either language, and there is a disruption of the patterns by which the
Sorbian language has traditionally been transmitted to the next generation. Also, there is no strong written tradition and there is not a broadly accepted formal standardized form of the
536:
in the 5th and 6th centuries CE, the
Sorbian language (or its predecessors) had been in use in much of what was the southern half of Eastern Germany for several centuries. The language still had its stronghold in (Upper and Lower) Lusatia, where it enjoys national protection and fostering to the
630:. According to some researchers the archaeological data cannot confirm the thesis about a single linguistic group yet supports the claim about two separated ethno-cultural groups with different ancestry whose respective territories correspond to Tornow-type ceramics (Lower Sorbian language) and
2213:. The oldest written record of Sorbian dates from the 15th century, although the languages, differing mostly in their sound systems, are known to have begun to diverge around the 13th century. Upper Sorbian enjoyed a considerable amount of prestige in
294:
605:
languages. Furthermore, while some consider it a single language which later diverged to two major dialects, others consider these dialects two separate languages. There exist significant differences in
693:, however no speakers remain there. Until 1949, newspapers were published in Sorbian. The local dialect was heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and
3632:
2488:
De
Meulder, Maartje, Eduard Werner, and Danny De Weerdt. "Comparing Minority Languages-a Case Study of Flemish Sign Language and Upper Sorbian."
2530:
2573:
740:
language(s). There is a perception of the loss of language rights, and there are negative attitudes towards the languages and their speakers.
724:
The use of
Sorbian languages has been contracting for a number of years. The loss of Sorbian language use in emigrant communities, such as in
2551:
2355:
326:
2786:
2505:
Werner, Eduard. Evaluating linguistic variation in light of sparse data in the case of
Sorbian. Matt Coler and Andrew Nevins, eds.,
3002:
2371:
731:
A study of Upper
Sorbian found a number of trends that go against language vitality. There are policies that have led to "unstable
96:
3627:
672:
is the centre of Upper
Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/
556:) were heterogeneous groups and tribes of Slavic peoples living near Germanic settlement areas, in the area west of the River
68:
2398:
2261:
657:
In
Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages. In the officially defined
75:
3487:
2566:
2452:
2304:"Les Sorabes de l'ex-R.D.A. après la fin du communisme: La recomposition territoriale du plus petit des Peuples Slaves"
49:
3505:
115:
768:; very few living Indo-European languages retain this as a productive feature of the grammar. For example, the word
491:
2114:
82:
2165:
2860:
2803:
646:
3727:
2779:
2477:
LĚTOPIS. Zeitschrift für sorbische
Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur. Časopis za rěč, stawizny a kulturu Łužiskich
2193:
languages or dialects; their small number of speakers in eastern
Germany are the survivors of a more extensive
53:
2475:
p. 154. Mieczkowska, Małgorzata. "Protestdemonstrationen der Sorben–eine Form der politischen Kommunikation."
64:
3732:
2559:
2581:
3622:
1244:
The following is selected vocabulary from the two Sorbian languages compared with other Slavic languages.
3617:
3245:
2812:
2703:
3742:
3717:
3652:
3090:
2648:
399:
2156:
3409:
2772:
749:
3737:
3449:
611:
3510:
3427:
3355:
3146:
3103:
2819:
2525:
658:
501:
391:
207:
42:
2372:
https://www.zeit.de/zett/2016-01/leipziger-institut-wehrt-sich-gegen-das-aussterben-von-sprachen
3347:
3280:
3275:
3240:
3199:
2970:
2675:
2670:
2643:
2604:
2303:
2225:, both Upper and Lower Sorbian have been taught in the schools of the Sorbian areas since 1948.
2210:
2198:
627:
619:
602:
444:
430:
363:
359:
351:
343:
252:
247:
212:
158:
144:
89:
594:
3540:
3494:
3419:
3397:
3312:
3301:
3109:
3081:
3060:
2871:
2826:
2359:
2265:
2190:
598:
590:
387:
367:
222:
3556:
3050:
3020:
2979:
2899:
2749:
2589:
2542:
682:
is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian; there, too, bilingual signs are found.
8:
3657:
3566:
3365:
3332:
3233:
3223:
3192:
2992:
2879:
2842:
2831:
2119:
1319:
1264:
3228:
3165:
3140:
2987:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2908:
2708:
2698:
2335:
2218:
1314:
1294:
1269:
586:
395:
3642:
285:
3677:
3667:
3528:
3444:
3382:
3285:
3250:
3207:
3181:
3127:
3122:
3045:
3010:
2929:
2852:
2730:
2638:
2394:
2327:
2279:
2151:
1299:
1289:
835:
791:
690:
541:
426:
3029:
3662:
3598:
3402:
3116:
3067:
3055:
3040:
2919:
2914:
2795:
2720:
2427:
2319:
2269:
2109:
1309:
1274:
787:
694:
562:
521:
509:
217:
20:
3682:
3480:
3439:
3432:
3186:
3176:
3151:
3134:
2924:
2892:
2847:
2837:
2660:
2633:
2608:
2519:
2384:
2222:
1304:
1284:
815:
810:
736:
642:
480:
202:
708:) once denoted "Slav(ic)" generally; they are today mostly replaced by "Sorbs" (
3722:
3697:
3672:
3465:
3387:
3377:
3320:
3098:
3035:
2938:
2737:
2725:
2693:
2202:
1279:
1259:
635:
623:
567:
2533:, introductory texts of the lessons included in the Sorbian language textbook
3711:
3647:
3637:
3337:
3213:
2958:
2884:
2331:
2283:
2256:(Les minorités nationales et ethniques: Entre renouvellement et permanence).
840:
830:
820:
725:
686:
669:
661:, both languages are recognized as second official languages next to German.
631:
575:
496:
2323:
3255:
2715:
2124:
645:. From the 13th century on, the language suffered official discrimination.
525:
505:
394:
and are therefore closely related to the other two West Slavic subgroups:
271:
3584:
3571:
2417:. Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65, 77–78, 104–105. ISBN 9780801439773
2274:
2245:
2221:
attempted to suppress Lower Sorbian. Although all Sorbs today also speak
2194:
825:
582:
529:
454:
3325:
2339:
3521:
3500:
3392:
2742:
2655:
803:
685:
Sorbian was also spoken in the small Sorbian ("Wendish") settlement of
375:
3546:
3372:
3360:
2507:
Contemporary research in minoritized and diaspora languages of Europe
2415:
The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe
2257:
2161:
761:
732:
607:
279:
265:
261:
314:
31:
3591:
3515:
3473:
2764:
581:
The exact origin of the Sorbian language is uncertain. While some
3578:
3534:
2584:
2370:"Seltenes Studienfach: Entschuldigung, sprechen Sie Sorbisch?" -
757:
679:
665:
615:
571:
458:
415:
383:
379:
304:
182:
514:
Germanische und slavische Volksstämme zwischen Elbe und Weichsel
2214:
2206:
545:
440:
323:
410:, the earliest Slavic people in modern Poland and Germany) or
2315:
641:
Outside Lusatia, the Sorbian language has been superseded by
549:
533:
407:
371:
170:
765:
753:
557:
2391:
Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)
457:. The area where the two languages are spoken is known as
322:
Sorbian is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
570:
in the north and by others, such as the Sorbs and the
402:. Historically, the languages have also been known as
2393:]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 191–205.
716:) with reference to Sorbian communities in Germany.
16:
West Slavic language group spoken in Lusatia, Europe
781:
775:
769:
673:
468:
462:
448:
434:
150:
136:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2201:speech area is Bautzen, near the border with the
649:provided the foundations for its writing system.
3709:
585:consider it to be a transitory language between
2266:Fondation Universitaire/Universitaire Stichting
425:The two Sorbian languages, each having its own
2297:
2295:
2293:
634:(Upper Sorbian language), both derivations of
524:(the part largely corresponding to the former
2780:
2567:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
597:consider it a separate dialectical group of
474:
2490:Europäisches Journal für Minderheitenfragen
2453:"Sorbs: The ethnic minority inside Germany"
2290:
540:For people living in the medieval Northern
439:), spoken by about 20,000–25,000 people in
2787:
2773:
2574:
2560:
2230:
652:
2520:Online course for Upper and Lower Sorbian
2273:
2137:
618:between them. Several characteristics in
601:which is a mixture of Proto-Lechitic and
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1239:
490:
327:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2351:
2349:
2301:
544:and its precursors, especially for the
3710:
3628:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
2246:"Les Sorabes: Une minorité invisible?"
786:for more than two hands. As with most
748:Both Upper and Lower Sorbian have the
743:
2768:
2555:
2383:Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) .
2382:
2262:National Fund for Scientific Research
2243:
520:After the settlement of the formerly
2794:
2509:(2022): 281–302. Online open access.
2376:
2346:
719:
589:and other non-Lechitic languages of
366:, two closely related and partially
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2547:, journal devoted to Sorbian topics
2450:
2318:: Institut d'Études Slaves: 55–68.
453:), spoken by about 7,000 people in
303: The Sorbian-speaking area in
13:
2197:language group. The centre of the
14:
3754:
2513:
2250:Belgeo: Revue Belge de Géographie
2583:
2115:List of Sorbian-language writers
386:. They are classified under the
313:
293:
30:
2482:
2469:
647:Bible translations into Sorbian
419:
378:ethno-cultural minority in the
41:needs additional citations for
3488:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
2444:
2420:
2407:
2386:Славяне в раннем Средневековье
2364:
622:indicate a close proximity to
1:
2499:
2302:Sanguin, André-Louis (1996).
2166:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2130:
678:". To the north, the city of
194:
3623:Slavic second palatalization
2535:Curs practic de limba sorabă
2492:10, no. 3-4 (2017): 285-321.
735:". There has been a loss of
7:
3618:Slavic first palatalization
2526:Euromosaic information page
2103:
10:
3759:
2522:(English, Sorbian, German)
802:The Sorbian languages are
797:
700:The German terms "Wends" (
626:which again are absent in
486:
18:
3691:
3608:
3555:
3464:
3418:
3410:Slavic dialects of Greece
3346:
3311:
3300:
3266:
3164:
3089:
3080:
3019:
3001:
2978:
2969:
2870:
2802:
2686:
2626:
2617:
2596:
2531:Kurs serskeje rěce / Bluń
1232:
1206:
1186:
1162:
1142:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1083:
926:
923:
915:
912:
909:
906:
867:
852:
560:, an area later entitled
312:
292:
278:
260:
241:
203:Linguistic classification
201:
188:
176:
166:
135:
130:
2413:Paul M. Barford (2001).
370:languages spoken by the
19:Not to be confused with
2324:10.3406/slave.1996.6307
2308:Revue des Études Slaves
2157:Encyclopædia Britannica
806:in six or seven cases:
782:
776:
770:
674:
659:Sorbian settlement area
653:Geographic distribution
502:Sorbian settlement area
469:
463:
449:
435:
392:Indo-European languages
355:
347:
151:
137:
2676:Lower Sorbian language
2671:Upper Sorbian language
2356:About Sorbian Language
2244:Yèche, Hélène (2013).
2205:, while Cottbus, near
774:is used for one hand,
628:Lower Sorbian language
620:Upper Sorbian language
517:
475:
364:Lower Sorbian language
360:Upper Sorbian language
3728:West Slavic languages
3541:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
2360:University of Leipzig
1240:Vocabulary comparison
632:Leipzig-type ceramics
591:West Slavic languages
574:, further south (see
494:
473:in Lower Sorbian, or
368:mutually intelligible
3733:Languages of Germany
2750:German Sign Language
2609:Standard High German
2590:Languages of Germany
2275:10.4000/belgeo.11570
2209:, is the centre for
843:(Upper Sorbian only)
568:Polabian Slav tribes
522:Germanic territories
50:improve this article
3567:Pan-Slavic language
3366:Burgenland Croatian
3246:Marcho-Magdeburgian
2843:Old Church Slavonic
2358:, by Helmut Faska,
2152:"Sorbian languages"
2120:Low Lusatian German
780:for two hands, and
744:Linguistic features
595:Heinz Schuster-Šewc
414:. Their collective
65:"Sorbian languages"
3653:Illič-Svityč's law
3633:Monophthongization
3141:Camaldolese Slovak
2954:Canadian Ukrainian
2820:Up to Proto-Slavic
2813:Proto-Balto-Slavic
2704:Moselle Franconian
2219:Kingdom of Prussia
2189:, closely related
790:, Sorbian uses no
518:
467:in Upper Sorbian,
382:region of Eastern
152:serbšćina, serbski
138:serbšćina, serbsce
3743:Culture of Saxony
3718:Sorbian languages
3705:
3704:
3698:extinct languages
3529:Solombala English
3460:
3459:
3383:Prekmurje Slovene
3296:
3295:
3076:
3075:
2930:Doukhobor Russian
2853:Glagolitic script
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2618:Regional/minority
2597:Official language
2451:Sparrow, Thomas.
2400:978-86-6263-026-1
2179:Sorbian languages
2168:21 November 2013
2101:
2100:
2001:(vjatər / veter)
1993:(vetar / vjetar)
1377:людына (ljudyna)
1374:людина (l'udyna)
1337:(čovek / čovjek)
1237:
1236:
1071:shoulder, armpit
1056:
1055:
720:Endangered status
714:sorbisch/Sorbisch
712:) and "Sorbian" (
706:wendisch/Wendisch
704:) and "Wendish" (
691:Lee County, Texas
566:, settled by the
542:Holy Roman Empire
427:literary standard
406:(named after the
340:Sorbian languages
336:
335:
126:
125:
118:
100:
3750:
3599:Slavonic-Serbian
3450:Cieszyn Silesian
3321:Carpathian Rusyn
3309:
3308:
3087:
3086:
2976:
2975:
2861:Modern languages
2796:Slavic languages
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2624:
2623:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2479:2 (2009): 16-28.
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2175:
2173:
2148:
2110:Sorbian alphabet
1756:сестра (sestra)
1701:(ljato / ljeto)
1633:(sneg / snijeg)
1247:
1246:
1058:
1057:
847:
846:
788:Slavic languages
785:
779:
773:
737:language domains
680:Cottbus/Chóśebuz
677:
563:Germania Slavica
530:Slavic ancestors
510:medieval Germany
478:
472:
466:
452:
438:
421:
330:
317:
302:
297:
288:
274:
196:
162:
154:
148:
140:
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
21:Serbian language
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3738:Sorbian culture
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3687:
3610:
3604:
3558:
3551:
3481:Bohemian Romani
3466:Mixed languages
3456:
3433:Pannonian Rusyn
3414:
3356:Banat Bulgarian
3342:
3304:
3292:
3262:
3160:
3152:Pannonian Rusyn
3072:
3015:
2997:
2965:
2925:Alaskan Russian
2900:Old Novgorodian
2893:Old East Slavic
2866:
2848:Cyrillic script
2838:Church Slavonic
2798:
2793:
2763:
2754:
2682:
2619:
2613:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2537:
2516:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2347:
2300:
2291:
2242:
2231:
2171:
2169:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2133:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2060:
2052:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2000:
1992:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1940:
1932:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1880:
1872:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1820:
1812:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1760:
1752:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1700:
1693:(leto / ljeto)
1692:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1640:
1632:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1580:
1572:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1520:
1512:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1460:
1452:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1400:
1393:(veče / večer)
1392:
1370:
1344:
1336:
1242:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
869:
864:
859:
854:
800:
746:
722:
655:
497:Limes sorabicus
489:
332:
331:
321:
318:
308:
307:
300:
284:
270:
191:
190:Native speakers
178:
156:
149:
142:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3678:Van Wijk's law
3675:
3673:Ruki sound law
3670:
3668:Pedersen's law
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3513:
3511:Romano-Serbian
3508:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3428:Eastern Slovak
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3302:Microlanguages
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3173:East Lechitic
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3147:Eastern Slovak
3144:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:White Croatian
3125:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3104:Biblical Czech
3095:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3036:Serbo-Croatian
3033:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2738:Low Franconian
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2694:Central German
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2514:External links
2512:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2443:
2419:
2406:
2399:
2375:
2363:
2345:
2289:
2229:
2203:Czech Republic
2181:, also called
2135:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1996:ветер (veter)
1994:
1991:ветар / вјетар
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:вечер (večer)
1394:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:човек (čovek)
1338:
1335:човек / човјек
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Serbo-Croatian
1257:
1256:Upper Sorbian
1254:
1253:Lower Sorbian
1251:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
977:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
844:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
799:
796:
745:
742:
721:
718:
654:
651:
636:Prague culture
624:Czech language
593:, others like
488:
485:
390:branch of the
334:
333:
320:
319:
310:
309:
299:
298:
290:
289:
282:
276:
275:
268:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
243:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
205:
199:
198:
192:
189:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
133:
132:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3755:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Meillet's law
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3479:20th century
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Slavomolisano
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3338:West Polesian
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:Lower Sorbian
3279:
3277:
3276:Upper Sorbian
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:West Lechitic
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:Middle Polish
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:Slavomolisano
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:Alpine Slavic
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2959:Simple speech
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:Simple speech
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2538:(in Romanian)
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2433:
2432:Treaty Office
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:(in French).
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:(in French).
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:Lower Sorbian
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Upper Sorbian
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:вятър / ветер
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:снег / снијег
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
975:
973:
969:
967:
963:
961:
957:
955:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
920:
919:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
862:
857:
849:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
805:
795:
793:
789:
784:
778:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
741:
738:
734:
729:
727:
726:Serbin, Texas
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
671:
670:Upper Lusatia
667:
662:
660:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
576:Sorbian March
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
537:present day.
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
484:
482:
477:
471:
465:
460:
456:
451:
446:
445:Lower Sorbian
442:
437:
436:hornjoserbsce
432:
431:Upper Sorbian
428:
423:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Lower Sorbian
349:
345:
344:Upper Sorbian
341:
328:
325:
316:
311:
306:
296:
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
253:Lower Sorbian
251:
249:
248:Upper Sorbian
246:
245:
244:
240:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:Indo-European
206:
204:
200:
193:
187:
184:
181:
175:
172:
169:
165:
160:
159:Lower Sorbian
153:
146:
145:Upper Sorbian
139:
134:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3693:
3683:Winter's law
3643:Havlík's law
3597:
3590:
3583:
3539:
3527:
3520:
3495:Mednyj Aleut
3493:
3486:
3478:
3348:South Slavic
3305:and dialects
3267:
3212:
3198:
3191:
3139:
3115:
3110:Czechoslovak
3108:
3091:Czech-Slovak
3028:
3003:Transitional
2971:South Slavic
2907:
2898:
2891:
2859:
2827:Proto-Slavic
2825:
2818:
2811:
2716:Upper German
2687:Unrecognized
2665:
2544:
2543:website for
2534:
2506:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2311:
2307:
2253:
2249:
2217:, while the
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2170:. Retrieved
2155:
2125:White Serbia
2056:зима (zima)
1936:вода (voda)
1876:оган (ogan)
1816:риба (riba)
1696:лето (leto)
1636:снег (sneg)
1576:рака (raka)
1456:брат (brat)
1391:вече / вечер
1243:
1230:ze žeńskeju
1222:
1216:
1198:wó ramjenju
1195:wo ramjenju
1175:
1109:Lower Sorb.
1106:Upper Sorb.
1103:Lower Sorb.
1100:Upper Sorb.
1097:Lower Sorb.
1094:Upper Sorb.
1081:woman, wife
980:
971:
965:
959:
953:
893:Lower Sorb.
890:Upper Sorb.
887:Lower Sorb.
884:Upper Sorb.
881:Lower Sorb.
878:Upper Sorb.
836:Instrumental
801:
747:
730:
723:
713:
709:
705:
701:
699:
684:
664:The city of
663:
656:
640:
603:South Slavic
599:Proto-Slavic
580:
561:
553:
539:
526:East Germany
519:
513:
508:on a map of
506:East Francia
495:
450:dolnoserbski
424:
411:
403:
400:Czech–Slovak
339:
337:
242:Subdivisions
227:
213:Balto-Slavic
179:distribution
112:
106:January 2011
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3658:Ivšić's law
3585:Army Slavic
3572:Interslavic
3557:Constructed
3420:West Slavic
3313:East Slavic
3082:West Slavic
3051:Montenegrin
2872:East Slavic
2709:Upper Saxon
2457:www.bbc.com
2428:"Full list"
2191:West Slavic
2037:(vjetsjer)
1699:лято / лето
1691:лето / љето
1329:clowek/luź
1204:wó žeńskej
1178:, ramjenju
455:Brandenburg
418:-2 code is
388:West Slavic
376:West Slavic
356:serbska rěc
348:serbska rěč
223:West Slavic
3712:Categories
3648:Hirt's law
3638:Dybo's law
3609:Historical
3522:Russenorsk
3501:Ponaschemu
3393:Shtokavian
3333:Podlachian
3234:Slovincian
3224:Pomeranian
3193:Old Polish
2993:Macedonian
2880:Belarusian
2743:Limburgish
2656:Low German
2627:Recognized
2500:Literature
2462:2022-01-14
2437:2019-02-06
2172:5 December
2131:References
1797:(sjastra)
1516:ден (den)
1371:(čelovek)
1320:Belarusian
1265:Macedonian
1020:ze štomom
1006:na woknje
1003:na woknje
997:na štomje
816:Accusative
811:Nominative
762:adjectives
612:morphology
504:bordering
358:) are the
177:Geographic
76:newspapers
3696:indicate
3611:phonology
3559:languages
3547:Trasianka
3373:Kajkavian
3361:Chakavian
3286:Schleifer
3229:Kashubian
3011:Torlakian
2988:Bulgarian
2944:Ukrainian
2909:Ruthenian
2721:Alemannic
2699:Ripuarian
2649:Saterland
2620:languages
2332:2117-718X
2284:2294-9135
2258:Bruxelles
2162:Edinburgh
1912:(vohon')
1792:(sestra)
1787:(sestra)
1779:szwestra
1761:(sestra)
1753:(sestra)
1557:(dzjen')
1437:(vječar)
1360:człowiek
1354:człowiek
1315:Ukrainian
1295:Kashubian
1270:Bulgarian
1201:wo žonje
1171:ramjenju
1160:žeńskeje
1154:ramjenja
1151:ramjenja
1066:shoulder
1029:z woknom
1026:z woknom
1000:na bomje
994:wó nanje
991:wo nanje
733:diglossia
608:phonology
583:linguists
528:) by the
280:Glottolog
262:ISO 639-2
167:Ethnicity
3592:Iazychie
3516:Runglish
3474:Balachka
3445:Silesian
3403:Bunjevac
3251:Polabian
3208:Silesian
3187:dialects
3182:Masurian
3166:Lechitic
3123:Moravian
3046:Croatian
2949:dialects
2920:dialects
2731:Bavarian
2340:43270317
2264:and the
2195:medieval
2183:Lusatian
2104:See also
2032:(viter)
2027:(veter)
1917:(ahon')
1907:(ogon')
1873:(oganj)
1770:siostra
1737:(ljeta)
1704:poletje
1677:(snjeh)
1641:(snjag)
1442:brother
1432:(večir)
1427:(večer)
1419:wieczōr
1416:wieczór
1410:wieczór
1401:(večer)
1382:evening
1363:czowiek
1345:(čovek)
1332:čłowjek
1300:Silesian
1290:Polabian
1250:English
1227:ze žonu
1221:z ramjen
1215:z ramjen
1184:žeńskej
1023:z bomom
1017:z nanom
1014:z nanom
983:, woknu
841:Vocative
831:Locative
821:Genitive
804:declined
792:articles
758:pronouns
587:Lechitic
412:Lusatian
396:Lechitic
286:sorb1249
3694:Italics
3579:Lydnevi
3535:Surzhyk
3268:Sorbian
3117:Knaanic
3068:Slovene
3056:Serbian
3041:Bosnian
3021:Western
2980:Eastern
2915:Russian
2804:History
2726:Swabian
2666:Sorbian
2639:Frisian
2545:Lětopis
2187:Wendish
2097:(zima)
2092:(zyma)
2087:(zima)
2061:(zima)
2053:(zima)
2042:winter
2022:vietor
2019:wiater
2016:wiater
2013:wjôter
1977:(vada)
1972:(voda)
1967:(voda)
1941:(voda)
1933:(voda)
1881:(ogən)
1857:(ryba)
1852:(ryba)
1847:(ryba)
1821:(riba)
1813:(riba)
1782:sestra
1776:sostra
1773:sestra
1767:sestra
1764:sestra
1742:sister
1732:(lito)
1727:(leto)
1682:summer
1672:(snih)
1667:(sneg)
1617:(ruka)
1612:(ruka)
1607:(ruka)
1581:(rəka)
1573:(ruka)
1552:(den')
1547:(den')
1497:(brat)
1492:(brat)
1487:(brat)
1461:(brat)
1453:(brat)
1388:wječor
1385:wjacor
1369:человек
1366:človek
1357:clawak
1351:člověk
1348:človek
1326:person
1310:Russian
1275:Slovene
1233:z ruku
1212:Instr.
1207:w ruce
1174:ramjenj
1140:žeńsku
1126:žeńska
1091:
1011:Instr.
875:
870:window
855:father
798:Grammar
695:English
675:Budyšin
666:Bautzen
616:lexicon
572:Milceni
532:of the
516:, 1869)
487:History
476:Lausitz
459:Lusatia
416:ISO 639
404:Wendish
384:Germany
380:Lusatia
305:Germany
228:Sorbian
183:Lusatia
131:Sorbian
90:scholar
3506:Quelia
3388:Resian
3177:Polish
3135:Slovak
2832:Accent
2661:Romani
2634:Danish
2605:German
2397:
2338:
2330:
2282:
2223:German
2215:Saxony
2207:Poland
2073:zaima
2010:wiatr
2004:veter
1922:water
1910:вогонь
1896:òdżin
1893:widin
1890:ogień
1884:ogenj
1868:woheń
1865:wogeń
1833:raibo
1795:сястра
1790:сестра
1785:сестра
1759:сестра
1751:сестра
1748:sotra
1745:sotša
1713:ljutü
1659:śniyg
1656:sniég
1650:śnieg
1599:rynka
1539:dziyń
1530:dzień
1521:(den)
1513:(dan)
1467:bratr
1448:bratr
1445:bratš
1422:večer
1413:vicer
1407:večer
1404:večer
1305:Slovak
1285:Polish
1181:žonje
1120:ramje
1117:ramjo
1079:žeńska
1076:woman
1043:štomo
976:woknu
944:wokna
941:wokna
935:štoma
916:wokno
913:wokno
826:Dative
764:, and
710:Sorben
702:Wenden
687:Serbin
643:German
614:, and
548:, the
546:Saxons
500:: the
481:German
470:Łužyca
464:Łužica
443:, and
441:Saxony
429:, are
329:(2010)
324:UNESCO
301:
218:Slavic
197:20,000
155:
141:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3723:Sorbs
3440:Goral
3378:Pomak
3326:Lemko
3099:Czech
2939:Rusyn
2644:North
2389:[
2336:JSTOR
2316:Paris
2314:(1).
2185:, or
2082:zima
2079:zima
2076:zëma
2070:zima
2067:zima
2064:zima
2048:zyma
2045:zyma
2035:вецер
2030:вітер
2025:ветер
2007:vítr
1988:wětr
1985:wětš
1982:wind
1962:voda
1959:woda
1956:wòda
1953:wôda
1950:woda
1947:voda
1944:voda
1928:woda
1925:wóda
1915:агонь
1905:огонь
1902:oheň
1899:ôgyń
1887:oheň
1862:fire
1842:ryba
1839:ryba
1836:rëba
1830:ryba
1827:ryba
1824:riba
1808:ryba
1805:ryba
1802:fish
1722:leto
1719:lato
1716:lato
1710:lato
1707:léto
1688:lěćo
1685:lěśe
1662:sneh
1653:sneg
1647:sníh
1644:sneg
1628:sněh
1625:sněg
1622:snow
1602:ruka
1596:rãka
1593:ręka
1590:ręka
1587:ruka
1584:roka
1568:ruka
1565:ruka
1562:hand
1555:дзень
1536:dzéń
1508:dźeń
1482:brat
1479:brat
1476:brat
1473:brot
1470:brat
1464:brat
1435:вечар
1430:вечір
1425:вечер
1399:вечер
1343:човек
1280:Czech
1192:Loc.
1187:ruce
1168:Dat.
1163:ruki
1157:žony
1148:Gen.
1143:ruku
1137:žonu
1134:Acc.
1129:ruka
1123:žona
1114:Nom.
1086:hand
1069:ramje
1064:ramjo
1061:Case
1037:nano
1034:Voc.
988:Loc.
949:Dat.
938:boma
932:Gen.
927:nana
924:nana
921:Acc.
907:štom
898:Nom.
868:wokno
865:tree
860:tree
850:Case
766:verbs
754:nouns
554:Wende
550:Wends
534:Sorbs
408:Wends
372:Sorbs
171:Sorbs
97:JSTOR
83:books
3256:Rani
3214:Lach
2395:ISBN
2328:ISSN
2280:ISSN
2174:2022
2095:зіма
2090:зима
2085:зима
2059:зима
2051:зима
1975:вада
1970:вода
1965:вода
1939:вода
1931:вода
1879:огън
1871:огањ
1855:рыба
1850:риба
1845:рыба
1819:риба
1811:риба
1735:лета
1730:літо
1725:лето
1675:снег
1670:сніг
1665:снег
1639:сняг
1615:рука
1610:рука
1605:рука
1579:ръка
1571:рука
1550:день
1545:день
1542:deň
1533:dôn
1527:den
1524:dan
1505:źeń
1502:day
1495:брат
1490:брат
1485:брат
1459:брат
1451:брат
1084:ruka
1074:žona
979:wokn
964:štom
910:bom
904:nan
901:nan
858:štom
783:ruki
777:ruce
771:ruka
752:for
750:dual
558:Oder
398:and
374:, a
362:and
338:The
69:news
2320:doi
2270:doi
1519:ден
1511:дан
1217:jom
1176:eju
981:oju
972:oju
970:bom
960:oju
958:nan
952:nan
863:bom
853:nan
689:in
668:in
578:).
483:).
479:in
420:wen
272:wen
52:by
3714::
2607:)
2455:.
2430:.
2348:^
2334:.
2326:.
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2306:.
2292:^
2278:.
2268:.
2260::
2248:.
2232:^
2176:.
2164::
2160:.
2154:.
2139:^
1223:im
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1049:—
1046:—
1040:—
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756:,
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2788:e
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2465:.
2440:.
2403:.
2342:.
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