Paleoethnobotany - Knowledge

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mostly involved a qualitative assessment of the plant remains at an archaeological site (presence and absence), but the application of simple statistical methods (non-multivariate) followed shortly thereafter. The use of more complex statistics (multivariate), however, is a more recent development. In general, simple statistics allow for observations concerning specimen values across space and over time, while more complex statistics facilitate the recognition of patterning within an assemblage, as well as the presentation of large datasets. The application of different statistical techniques depends on the quantity of material available. Complex statistics require the recovery of a large number of specimens (usually around 150 from each sample involved in this type of quantitative analysis), whereas simple statistics can be applied regardless of the amount of recovered specimens – though obviously, the more specimens, the more effective the results.

220:, the field of Paleoethnobotany began to grow significantly. The implementation in the 1970s of a new recovery method, called flotation, allowed archaeologists to begin systematically searching for plant macrofossils at every type of archaeological site. As a result, there was a sudden influx of material for archaeobotanical study, as carbonized and mineralized plant remains were becoming readily recovered from archaeological contexts. Increased emphasis on scientific analyses also renewed interest in the study of plant microbotanicals, such as phytoliths (1970s) and starches (1980s), while later advances in computational technology during the 1990s facilitated the application of software programs as tools for quantitative analysis. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the publication of several seminal volumes about Paleoethnobotany that demonstrated the sound theoretical framework in which the discipline operates. And finally, the popularization of 165: 691:). This floating material can either be scooped off or spilled over into a fine-mesh sieve (usually ~300 μm). Both the heavy and light fractions are then left to dry before being examined for archaeological remains. Plant macrofossils are mostly contained within the light fraction, though some denser specimens, such as pulses or mineralized grape endosperms, are also sometimes found in the heavy fraction. Thus, each fraction must be sorted to extract all plant material. A microscope is used in order to aid the sorting of the light fractions, while heavy fractions are sorted with the naked eye. Flotation can be undertaken manually with buckets or by machine-assistance, which circulates the water through a series of tanks by means of a pump. Small-scale, manual flotation can also be used in the laboratory on waterlogged samples. 122: 469:, the 5,500 year old mummy found frozen in the French Alps, whose stomach contents revealed the plant and meat components of his last meal. The latter occurs more regularly, though plant impressions do not actually preserve the macrobotanical remains themselves, but rather their negative imprints in pliable materials like clay, mudbrick or plaster. Impressions often result from the deliberate employment of plant material for decorative or technological purposes (such as the use of leaves to create patterning on ceramics or the use of chaff as temper in the construction of 737:, mostly family, genus and species. These taxonomic levels reflect varying degrees of identification specificity: families comprise big groups of similar type plants; genera make up smaller groups of more closely related plants within each family, and species consist of the different individual plants within each genus. Poor preservation, however, may require the creation of broader identification categories, such as ‘nutshell’ or ‘cereal grain’, while extremely good preservation and/or the application of analytical technology, such as 385: 725: 341: 282: 191:

European countries until the mid-20th century. In North America, the first analysis of plant remains occurred slightly later and did not generate the same interest in this type of archaeological evidence until the 1930s when Gilmore (1931) and Jones (1936) analysed desiccated material from rock shelters in the American Southwest. All these early studies, in both Europe and North America, largely focused on the simple identification of the plant remains in order to produce a list of the recovered taxa.

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approaches accordingly. For example, current studies have become much more interdisciplinary, utilizing various lines of investigation in order to gain a fuller picture of the past plant economies. Research avenues also continue to explore new topics pertaining to ancient human-plant interactions, such as the potential use of plant remains in relation to their mnemonic or sensory properties. Interest in plant remains surged in the 2000s alongside the improvement of

663: 7497: 5030: 617:) follows virtually the same practices as outline above, with only some minor differences. First, the required sample size is much smaller: ~50g (a couple of tablespoons) of sediment for each type of microfossil analysis. Secondly, artefacts, such as stone tools and ceramics, can also be sampled for microbotanicals. And third, control samples from unexcavated areas in and around the site should always be collected for analytical purposes. 646: 20: 7508: 204:

paleoenvironmental reconstruction that was integral to the archaeological interpretation of the site and the latter yielded the first evidence for plant domestication, which allowed for a fuller understanding of the archaeological record. Thereafter, the recovery and analysis of plant remains received greater attention as a part of archaeological investigations. In 1968, the

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constitute the most common type of plant macrofossil recovered from archaeological sites. This mode of preservation, however, tends to be biased towards plant remains that come into direct contact with fire for cooking or fuel purposes, as well as those that are more robust, such as cereal grains and nut shells.

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Desiccated and waterlogged macrofossils often have a very similar appearance with modern plant material, since their modes of preservation do not directly affect the remains. As a result, fragile seed features, such as anthers or wings, and occasionally even color, can be preserved, allowing for very

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Plant macrofossils are analyzed under a low-powered stereomicroscope. The morphological features of different specimens, such as size, shape and surface decoration, are compared with images of modern plant material in identification literature, such as seed atlases, as well as real examples of modern

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was developed in the UK as an effective way of processing waterlogged samples. The sediment is poured into a bucket with water and gently agitated by hand. When the sediment has effectively broken up and the organic matter is suspended, all the contents from the bucket, expect for the heavy inorganic

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In order to study ancient plant macrobotanical material, Paleoethnobotanists employ a variety of recovery strategies that involve different sampling and processing techniques depending on the kind of research questions they are addressing, the type of plant macrofossils they are expecting to recover

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throughout their growth, resulting in calcified or silicified specimens. The second, 'replacement mineralization,' occurs when plant remains absorb precipitating minerals present in the sediment or organic matter in which they are buried. This mode of preservation by mineralization only occurs under

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The study of seeds, wood/charcoal, pollen, phytoliths and starches all require separate training, as slightly different techniques are employed for their processing and analysis. Paleoethnobotanists generally specialize in the study of a single type of macrobotanical or microbotanical remain, though

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As organic matter, plant remains generally decay over time due to microbial activity. In order to be recovered in the archaeological record, therefore, plant material must be subject to specific environmental conditions or cultural contexts that prevent their natural degradation. Plant macrofossils

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Another mode by which plant material can be preserved is desiccation, which only occurs in very arid environments, such as deserts, where the absence of water limits decomposition of organic matter. Desiccated plant remains are a rarer recovery, but an incredibly important source of archaeological

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Preservation of plant material can also occur when it is deposited in permanently wet, anoxic conditions, because the absence of oxygen prohibits microbial activity. This mode of preservation can occur in deep archaeological features, such as wells, and in lakebed or riverbed sediments adjacent to

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This image is part of reference collection work for archaeological dental calculus - i.e. looking at plants, animals and fungi from the inside to better understand them when finding them in archaeological samples. This image shows a piece of cranberry. This image was altered with AI to improve the

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After identification, paleoethnobotanists provide absolute counts for all plant macrofossils recovered in each individual sample. These counts constitute the raw analytical data and serve as the basis for any further quantitative methods that may be applied. Initially, paleoethnobotanical studies

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is the most common processing technique employed for the recovery of carbonized plant remains. It uses water as a mechanism for separating charred and organic material from the sediment matrix, by capitalizing on their buoyancy properties. When a sediment sample is slowly added to agitated

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of plant remains, however, can sometimes cause the damage to or loss of plant macrofossil features. The analysis of charred plant material, therefore, often includes several family- or genus-level identifications, as well as some specimen categories. Mineralized plant macrofossils can range in

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were conducted by the botanist C. Kunth (1826) on desiccated remains from Egyptian tombs and O. Heer (1866) on waterlogged specimens from lakeside villages in Switzerland, after which point archaeological plant remains became of interest and continued to be periodically studied from different

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through exposure to fire under low-oxygen conditions. Charred organic material is more resistant to deterioration, since it is only susceptible to chemical breakdown, which takes a long time (Weiner 2010). Due to the essential use of fire for many anthropogenic activities, carbonized remains

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Paleoethnobotany is a discipline that is ever evolving, even up to the present day. Since the 1990s, the field has continued to gain a better understanding of the processes responsible for creating plant assemblages in the archaeological record and to refine its analytical and methodological

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Heiss, A.G.; Berihuete-Azorín, M.; Antolín, F.; Kubiak-Martens, L.; Marinova, E.; Arendt, E.K.; Biliaderis, C.G.; Kretschmer, H.; Lazaridou, A.; Stika, H.-P.; Zarnkow, M.; Baba, M.; Bleicher, N.; Ciałowicz, K.M.; Chłodnicki, M.; Matuschik, I.; Schlichtherle, H.; Valamoti, S.M. (2020-05-07).

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pits – contexts which often yield plant remains that have passed through the digestive track, such as spices, grape pips and fig seeds. The mineralization of plant material can also occur when remains are deposited alongside metal artefacts, especially those made of bronze or iron. In this

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The quantification of microbotanical remains differs slightly from that of macrobotanical remains, mostly due to the high numbers of microbotanical specimens that are usually present in samples. As a result, relative/percentage occurrence sums are usually employed in the quantification of

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The work done in Paleoethnobotany is constantly furthering over understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices. The results are disseminated in digital archives, archaeological excavation reports and at academic conferences, as well as in books and journals related to archaeology,

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Olive Oil and Wine Production in Eastern Mediterranean During Antiquity : International Symposium proceedings : 17-19 November 2011 Urla - Turkey = Antikçağ'da Doğu Akdeniz'de Zeytinyağı ve Şarap Üretimi : Uluslararası Sempozyum bildirileri : 17-19 Kasım 2011 Urla -

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Analysis is the key step in paleoethnobotanical studies that makes the interpretation of ancient plant remains possible. The quality of identifications and the use of different quantification methods are essential factors that influence the depth and breadth of interpretative results.

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excavations in the UK and the recovery of plant material from archaeological sites in the Near East. Both convinced the archaeological community of the importance of studying plant remains by demonstrating their potential contribution to the discipline; the former produced a detailed

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involves pouring sediment samples through a nest of sieves, usually ranging from 5–0.5 mm. This processing technique is often employed as a means of recovering desiccated plant remains, since the use of water can weaken or damage this type of macrofossil and even accelerate its

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Nitsch, E.K.; Jones, G.; Sarpaki, A.; Hald, M.M.; Bogaard, A. (2019). "Farming Practice and Land Management at Knossos, Crete: New Insights from δ13C and δ15N Analysis of Neolithic and Bronze Age Crop Remains". In Garcia, D.; Orgeolet, R.; Pomadère, M.; Zurbach, J. (eds.).

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The re-excavation of Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) has provided evidence for the human occupation of the Australian Western Desert to before 47,830 cal. BP (modelled median age). This new sequence is 20,000 years older than the previous known age for occupation at this

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is most often used for waterlogged contexts. It follows the same basic principle as dry screening, expect water is gently sprayed onto the sediment once it has been pour into the nest of sieves in order to help it break up and pass down through the various mesh

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The state of Paleoethnobotany as a discipline today stems from a long history of development that spans more than two hundred years. Its current form is the product of steady progression by all aspects of the field, including methodology, analysis and research.

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only occur in the Old World. Within this broad division, paleoethnobotanists tend to further focus their studies on specific regions, such as the Near East or the Mediterranean, since regional differences in the types of recovered plant remains also exist.

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matter at the bottom, is carefully poured out onto a 300μ mesh. The bucket is then emptied and the organic matter carefully rinsed from the mesh back into the bucket. More water is added before the contents are again poured out through a nest of sieves.

799:, and social sciences. In addition to the use of plants as food, such as paleodiet, subsistence strategies and agriculture, Paleoethnobotany has illuminated many other ancient uses for plants (some examples provided below, though there are many more): 2436:

Heiss, Andreas G.; Antolín, Ferran; Berihuete-Azorín, Marian; Biederer, Benedikt; Erlach, Rudolf; Gail, Niki; Griebl, Monika; Linke, Robert; Lochner, Michaela; Marinova, Elena; Oberndorfer, Daniel; Stika, Hans-Peter; Valamoti, Soultana Maria (2019).

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Papanthimou, A.; Valamoti, S.M.; Papadopoulou, E.; Tsagkaraki, E.; Voulgari, E. (2013). "Food Storage in the Context of an Early Bronze Age Household Economy: New Evidence from Archontiko Gianniston". In Voutsaki, S.; Valamoti, S.M. (eds.).

707:) require completely different processing procedures in order to extract specimens from the sediment matrix. These procedures can be quite expensive, as they involve various chemical solutions, and are always carried out in the laboratory. 2379:"State of the (t)art. Analytical approaches in the investigation of components and production traits of archaeological bread-like objects, applied to two finds from the Neolithic lakeshore settlement Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland)" 3353:

Physis : l'environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique : actes de la 14e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Paris, Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA), 11-14 décembre

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Diet, economy and society in the ancient Greek world : towards a better integration of archaeology and science : proceedings of the International Conference held at the Netherlands Institute at Athens on 22-24 March

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information, since all types of plant remains can survive, even very delicate vegetative attributes, such as onion skins and crocus stigmas (saffron), as well as woven textiles, bunches of flowers and entire fruits.

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There are several different techniques for the processing of sediment samples. The technique a paleoethnobotanist chooses depends entirely upon the type of plant macrobotanical remains they expect to recover.

73:. It involves the investigation of both ancient environments and human activities related to those environments, as well as an understanding of how the two co-evolved. Plant remains recovered from ancient 754:

preservation from detailed copies to rough casts depending on depositional conditions and the kind of replacing mineral. This type of macrofossil can easily be mistaken for stones by the untrained eye.

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identifications are also subject to limitations, in terms of taxonomical specificity, based on the state of current reference material for comparison and considerable overlap in specimen morphologies.

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Plant material can also preserve in the archaeological record when its soft organic tissues are completely replaced by inorganic minerals. There are two types of mineralization processes. The first, '

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The study of ancient plant remains began in the 19th century as a result of chance encounters with desiccated and waterlogged material at archaeological sites. In Europe, the first analyses of plant

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Aside from sampling methods, there are also different types of samples that can be collected, for which the standard, recommended sample size is ~20L for dry sites and 1-5L for waterlogged sites.

473:), however, they can also derive from accidental inclusions. Identification of plant impressions is achieved by creating a silicone cast of the imprints and studying them under the microscope. 2171:

Marston, J.M. (2014). "Ratios and Simple Statistics in Paleoethnobotanical Analysis: Data Exploration and Hypothesis Testing". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warinner, C. (2014). "Paleoethnobotanical Method and Theory in the Twenty-First Century". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warinner, C. (eds.).

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sampling is always recommended whenever possible. The practicalities of excavation, however, and/or the type of archaeological site under investigation sometimes limit their use and

38:, is the study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery and analysis of ancient plant remains. Both terms are synonymous, though paleoethnobotany (from the Greek words 733:

plant material from reference collections, in order to make identifications. Based on the type of macrofossils and their level of preservation, identifications are made to various

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Margaritis, E. (2014). "Acts of Destruction and Acts of Preservation: Plants in the Ritual Landscape of Prehistoric Greece". In Touchais, G.; Laffineur, R.; Rougemont, F. (eds.).

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Andreou, S.; Heron, C.; Jones, G.; Kiriatzi, V.; Psaraki, K.; Roumpou, M.; Valamoti, S.M. (2013). "Smelly Barbarians or Perfumed Natives". In Voutsaki, F.; Valamoti, S.M. (eds.).

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settlements. A wide range of plant remains are usually preserved as waterlogged material, including seeds, fruit stones, nutshells, leaves, straw and other vegetative matter.

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Plants and ancient man: studies in palaeoethnobotany: proceedings of the Sixth Symposium of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany, Groningen, 30 May-3 June 1983

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Heiss, Andreas G.; Antolín, Ferran; Bleicher, Niels; Harb, Christian; Jacomet, Stefanie; Kühn, Marlu; Marinova, Elena; Stika, Hans-Peter; Valamoti, Soultana Maria (2017).

3515: 2439:"The Hoard of the Rings. "Odd" annular bread-like objects as a case study for cereal-product diversity at the Late Bronze Age hillfort site of Stillfried (Lower Austria)" 1365: 1890: 757:

Microbotanical remains follow the same identification principles, but require a high-powered (greater magnification) microscope with transmitted or polarized lighting.

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Each sampling method has its own pros and cons and for this reason, paleoethnobotanists sometimes implement more than one sampling method at a single site. In general,

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McCobb, L.M.E; D.E.G., Briggs; Carruthers, W.J.; Evershed, R.P. (2003). "Phosphatisation of seeds and roots in a Late Bronze Age deposit at Potterne, Wiltshire, UK".

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During the 1950s and 1960s, Paleoethnobotany gained significant recognition as a field of archaeological research with two significant events: the publication of the

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White, C.E.; Shelton, C.P. (2014). "Recovering Macrobotanical Remains: Current Methods and Techniques". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

4865: 2045:"Recovery techniques for waterlogged archaeological sediments: a comparison of different treatment methods for samples from Neolithic lake shore settlements" 1364:

McDonald, Josephine; Reynen, Wendy; Petchey, Fiona; Ditchfield, Kane; Byrne, Chae; Vannieuwenhuyse, Dorcas; Leopold, Matthias; Veth, Peter (September 2018).

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Margaritis, E. (2015). "Agricultural Production and Domestic Activities In Rural Hellenistic Greece". In Harris, E.M; Lewis, D.M.; Woolmer, M. (eds.).

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Fritz, G.; Nesbitt, M. (2014). "Laboratory Analysis and Identification of Plant Remains". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Spengler, R. (2014). "Sampling Strategies in Paleoethnobotanical Analysis". In Marston, J.M.; Guedes, J.A.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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McKerracher, M; Hamerow, H; Bogaard, A; Bronk Ramsey, C; Charles, M; Forster, E; Hodgson, J; Holmes, M; Neil, S; Roushannafas, T; Thomas, R (2023).

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Plant remains recovered from ancient sediments or archaeological sites are generally referred to as either ‘macrobotanicals’ or ‘microbotanicals.’

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Progress in old world palaeoethnobotany: a retrospective view on the occasion of 20 years of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany

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Jacomet, S. (2013). "Archaeobotany: Analyses of Plant Remains from Waterlogged Archaeological Sites". In Menotti, F.; O'Sullivan, A. (eds.).

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Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin

164: 1091:. University of Kentucky Reports in Archaeology and Anthropology 3(4). Lexington: Dept. of Anthropology & Archaeology. pp. 147–167. 6780: 6289: 4916: 1335: 2206:

Smith, A. (2014). "The Use of Multivariate Statistics within Archaeobotany". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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have made towards our current understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices, while the term archaeobotany (from the Greek words

6612: 6063: 2989:"The impact of crop processing on the reconstruction of crop sowing time and cultivation intensity from archaeobotanical weed evidence" 2782:

Valamoti, S.M.; Darcque, P.; Chrysanthaki, C.K.; Malamidou, D.; Tsirtsoni, Z. (2015). Diler, A.; Kaan Şenol, A.; Aydınoğlu, U. (eds.).

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in the 1990s, helped broaden the range of research topics addressed by paleoethnobotanists, for example 'food-related gender roles'.

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Gallagher, D.E. (2014). "Formation Process of the Macrobotanical Record". In Marston, J.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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Van der Veen, M. (2007). "Formation processes of desiccated and carbonized plant remains – the identification of routine practice".

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consist of sediment collected from the different stratigraphic layers of a column of sediment that was deliberately left unexcavated

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circumstance, the soft organic tissues are replaced by the leaching of corrosion products that form over time on the metal objects.

3207:"Preliminary report on the archaeobotanical investigations at Tell Abraq with special attention to chaff impressions in mud brick" 7538: 7453: 2737:"Beyond cereals: crop processing and Vitis vinifera L. Ethnography, experiment and charred grape remains from Hellenistic Greece" 3550: 490:

In general, there are four different types of sampling methods that can be used for the recovery of plant macrofossils from an

139:, as well as wood and charcoal that can either be observed with the naked eye or the with the use of a low-powered microscope. 6933: 3362: 3181: 3146: 3109: 2830: 2794: 2217: 2182: 2104: 2019: 1977: 1933: 1898: 1755: 1482: 1449: 978: 934: 666:

Left to right: Heavy residues drying after water flotation processing; a dried heavy residue being sorted with the naked eye.

100:(the Americas). While this division has an inherent geographical distinction to it, it also reflects the differences in the 5059: 1343: 2547:"Brewing beer in wine country? First archaeobotanical indications for beer making in Early and Middle Bronze Age Greece" 3784: 3246:"Charred olive stones: experimental and archaeological evidence for recognizing olive processing residues used as fuel" 3101:

Country in the city : agricultural functions of protohistoric urban settlements (Aegean and Western Mediterranean)

2670:"Mashes to Mashes, Crust to Crust. Presenting a novel microstructural marker for malting in the archaeological record" 6190: 5096: 4922: 3428: 3409: 2142: 1257: 1213: 1180: 1147: 1014: 649:

Left to right: Flots drying after water flotation processing; a dried flot ready to be analysed under the microscope.

7074: 6397: 6284: 3817: 3685: 2243:"Feeding Anglo-Saxon England: a bioarchaeological dataset for the study of early medieval agriculture (Data paper)" 23:

Flotation machine in use at Hallan Çemi, southeast Turkey, c. 1990. Note the two sieves catching charred seeds and

6809: 6200: 5238: 5052: 4256: 2322:"A methodological approach to the study of archaeological cereal meals: a case study at Çatalhöyük East (Turkey)" 1282: 81:

serve as the primary evidence for various research avenues within paleoethnobotany, such as the origins of plant

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In addition to the above-mentioned modes of preservation, plant remains can also be occasionally preserved in a

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Mineralised plant and invertebrate remains: a guide to the identification of calcium phosphate replaced remains

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Jones, V.H. (1936). "The Vegetal Remains of Newt Kash Hollow Shelter". In Webb, W.S.; Funkhouser, W.D. (eds.).

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and its application to archaeology, including the potential to illuminate the intensity of agricultural labor,

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consist of small amounts of sediment that are collected from across the whole context and combined in one bag

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recovered as paleoenvironmental, or archaeological specimens result from four main modes of preservation:

5106: 3463:, exclusively publishing archaeobotanical/palaeoethnobotanical research, official publishing organ of the 2736: 1642: 7543: 7415: 7258: 7187: 7028: 5383: 4988: 4742: 3766: 3721: 2902: 2498:"Millet bread and pulse dough from early Iron Age South India: Charred food lumps as culinary indicators" 1007:

Current paleoethnobotany: analytical methods and cultural interpretations of archaeological plant remains

860: 221: 89:, paleoenvironmental reconstructions, subsistence strategies, paleodiets, economic structures, and more. 2903:"A survey of palaeobotanical evidence for dyeing and mordanting from British archaeological excavations" 6968: 6685: 6486: 4722: 3543: 349: 1240:; Stroud, Elizabeth (2019). "Paleoethnobotany and Stable Isotopes". In López Varela, Sandra L. (ed.). 513:

entails the sampling of only areas and features most likely to yield ancient plant remains, such as a

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The sampling methods and types of samples used for the recovery of microbotanical remains (namely,

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they are familiar with the study of other types and can sometimes even specialize in more than one.

5844: 5839: 1311:"Rock- art: Pigment dates provide new perspectives on the role of art in the Australian arid zone" 7430: 7355: 7253: 7131: 6797: 6707: 5879: 5646: 5465: 5398: 5130: 3665: 3650: 1366:"Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen): A new chronology for the oldest site in Australia's Western Desert" 675:

water, the stones, sand, shells and other heavy material within the sediment sink to the bottom (

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Archaeobotany had not been used extensively in Australia until recently. In 2018 a study of the

7475: 7465: 7385: 7380: 7350: 7329: 7202: 7197: 7161: 6950: 6885: 6759: 6365: 6256: 6244: 5940: 5681: 5520: 5157: 5091: 5075: 4840: 4764: 3751: 3303:"Bronze age fuel use and its implications for agrarian landscapes in the eastern Mediterranean" 1170: 362: 217: 4569: 1865: 1363: 7533: 7470: 7390: 7146: 7059: 7054: 7044: 6624: 6560: 6434: 6127: 6053: 5827: 5822: 5760: 5699: 5636: 5584: 5577: 5123: 5005: 3779: 3536: 742: 247: 6009: 1688:

Messager, E.; Badou, A.; Fröhlich, F.; Deniaux, B.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Voinchet, P. (2010).

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Plant remains can survive in the archaeological record when they have been converted into

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meaning plants) is generally used in North America and acknowledges the contribution that

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Hansson, Ann-Marie (1994). "Grain-paste, porridge and bread. Ancient cereal-based food".

1287: 491: 258: 78: 3318: 3261: 3004: 2918: 2752: 2685: 2617: 2562: 2513: 2454: 2394: 2337: 1835: 1792: 1705: 1658: 1544: 1383: 7375: 7238: 6831: 6734: 6636: 6449: 5631: 5361: 5327: 4835: 4700: 4478: 4170: 3956: 3852: 3670: 3397: 3283: 3079: 3071: 3024: 2969: 2883: 2712: 2669: 2644: 2601: 2582: 2527: 2473: 2438: 2413: 2378: 2354: 2321: 2072: 1725: 1623: 1402: 1263: 1843: 1666: 1643:"Biomineralization in seeds: developmental trends in isotopic signatures of hackberry" 1171:

Van Zeist, W.; Casparie, W.A.; International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (1984).

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Heiss, Andreas G.; Bittmann, Felix; Kroll, Helmut; Pokorná, Adéla; Stika, Hans-Peter.

1053:

Heer, O. (1866). "Treatise on the Plants of the Lake Dwellings". In Keller, F. (ed.).

7425: 7420: 7405: 6873: 6863: 6853: 6802: 6459: 6377: 5671: 5656: 5641: 5621: 5512: 5491: 5302: 5145: 4993: 3842: 3837: 3716: 3508: 3424: 3405: 3368: 3358: 3332: 3287: 3275: 3226: 3187: 3177: 3152: 3142: 3115: 3105: 3083: 3063: 3028: 3016: 2973: 2961: 2930: 2926: 2887: 2875: 2836: 2826: 2800: 2790: 2764: 2717: 2699: 2649: 2631: 2586: 2574: 2531: 2478: 2418: 2359: 2290: 2223: 2213: 2188: 2178: 2148: 2138: 2110: 2100: 2064: 2025: 2015: 1983: 1973: 1939: 1929: 1847: 1804: 1800: 1761: 1751: 1729: 1717: 1689: 1670: 1615: 1556: 1488: 1478: 1455: 1445: 1407: 1310: 1267: 1253: 1249: 1219: 1209: 1186: 1176: 1153: 1143: 1020: 1010: 984: 974: 940: 930: 777:

Charred plant remains being grouped by taxa type and quantified under the microscope.

683:, while the charred and organic material, which is less dense, float to the surface ( 598:

samples are representative of all activities associated with a specific context, and

431: 417: 265:

showed evidence of continuous human habitation for around 50,000 years, by analysing

262: 2076: 1779:

Green, F.J. (1979). "Phosphatic mineralization of seeds from archaeological sites".

7410: 7345: 7023: 7008: 6868: 6775: 6518: 6301: 6101: 6021: 5977: 5777: 5599: 5450: 5410: 4779: 4685: 4680: 4634: 4527: 4512: 4473: 4398: 4239: 4163: 4060: 4002: 3746: 3736: 3655: 3645: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3322: 3265: 3218: 3055: 3044:"Identifying the Intensity of Crop Husbandry Practices on the Basis of Weed Floras" 3008: 2950:"To Dye or Not to Dye: Bioarchaeological Studies of Hala Sultan Tekke Site, Cyprus" 2922: 2871: 2867: 2756: 2707: 2689: 2639: 2621: 2566: 2517: 2468: 2458: 2408: 2398: 2349: 2341: 2302: 2250: 2056: 1839: 1796: 1709: 1662: 1607: 1548: 1397: 1387: 1245: 845: 590:

These different types of samples again serve different research aims. For example,

243: 6360: 6316: 4574: 3706: 1336:"Ancient campfire in Western Desert at least 50,000 years old, archaeologists say" 92:

Paleoethnobotanical studies are divided into two categories: those concerning the

7248: 7101: 7003: 6749: 6719: 6481: 6409: 6387: 6345: 6240: 6210: 6075: 6070: 5721: 5604: 5175: 5033: 5015: 4877: 4706: 4656: 4644: 4606: 4542: 4369: 4337: 4298: 4271: 4100: 4095: 3986: 3922: 3803: 3604: 3327: 3302: 2855: 2694: 2463: 2403: 1392: 745:, may allow even more precise identification down to subspecies or variety level 435: 749:

precise identifications of this material. The high temperatures involved in the

7512: 7317: 7307: 7268: 7243: 7013: 6858: 6785: 6607: 6572: 6503: 6392: 6264: 5972: 5557: 5547: 5368: 5349: 4927: 4892: 4845: 4827: 4791: 4547: 4374: 4352: 4318: 4293: 4276: 4266: 4261: 4143: 3961: 3946: 3900: 3895: 3690: 2291:"Pain, fours et foyers des temps passés / Bread, Ovens and Hearths of the Past" 734: 392: 315: 3474: 3270: 3245: 3119: 3059: 3012: 2949: 2760: 2570: 2522: 2497: 2345: 2306: 2134:

Phytoliths : a comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists

2060: 1765: 1713: 1552: 7527: 7285: 6744: 6729: 6675: 6653: 6550: 6538: 6454: 6323: 6205: 6166: 6154: 6142: 5854: 5765: 5694: 5435: 5378: 5356: 5265: 5197: 5192: 5170: 4963: 4711: 4629: 4601: 4564: 4532: 4468: 4437: 4388: 4288: 4090: 4073: 3996: 3976: 3917: 3912: 3860: 3741: 3675: 3660: 3578: 3372: 3336: 3279: 3230: 3222: 3191: 3156: 3067: 3020: 2965: 2934: 2879: 2840: 2804: 2768: 2703: 2635: 2578: 2320:

González Carretero, Lara; Wollstonecroft, Michèle; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2017).

2227: 2192: 2114: 2068: 2029: 1987: 1943: 1851: 1808: 1721: 1674: 1619: 1560: 1492: 1459: 988: 944: 750: 384: 290: 82: 5285: 3489: 2988: 2626: 2546: 2152: 2044: 1223: 1190: 1024: 724: 340: 232: 7136: 6983: 6663: 6619: 6600: 6555: 6355: 6279: 6036: 6031: 5987: 5614: 5496: 5460: 5440: 5292: 5270: 5182: 4958: 4948: 4850: 4559: 4068: 4035: 3761: 3711: 3588: 3583: 3559: 3099: 2721: 2653: 2482: 2422: 2363: 1415: 1411: 1320: 1237: 835: 796: 594:

samples can reveal the spatial differentiation of food-related activities,

427: 6712: 3351: 3171: 3135: 2819: 2789:. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları. pp. 127–139. 2783: 2666: 2242: 2207: 2172: 2094: 2009: 1967: 1596:"Growth and Biomineralization of Celtis occidentalis (Ulmaceae) Pericarps" 1157: 1140:

Palaeoethnobotany: the prehistoric food plants of the Near East and Europe

157:, that require the use of a high-powered microscope in order to see them. 7212: 7091: 6963: 6942: 6702: 6692: 6648: 6643: 6595: 6533: 6496: 6469: 6370: 6340: 6215: 6137: 6058: 6046: 5807: 5792: 5782: 5753: 5711: 5626: 5594: 5542: 5475: 5312: 5187: 5044: 4774: 4759: 4754: 4690: 4552: 4332: 4303: 4202: 4197: 4045: 3885: 3880: 3865: 3573: 3469: 3132: 2132: 855: 850: 728:

Archaeobotanist and student analysing plant remains under the microscope.

525:

consists of taking random samples either arbitrarily or via a grid system

443:. Mineralized plant remains, therefore, are most commonly recovered from 187: 86: 63: 51: 3460: 3075: 3043: 281: 7275: 7207: 6846: 6739: 6697: 6513: 6476: 6439: 6335: 5922: 5834: 5661: 5562: 5535: 5455: 5253: 5207: 5118: 5086: 4803: 4796: 4786: 4769: 4452: 4447: 4383: 4175: 4022: 3981: 3875: 3495: 3415:

Miksicek, C.H.1987. "Formation Processes of the Archaeobotanical Record

1627: 1595: 1004: 840: 439:

specific depositional conditions, usually involving a high presence of

399: 254: 3522: 2319: 1104:"Website of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (IWGP)" 773: 7263: 7222: 6754: 6523: 6508: 6106: 6091: 6016: 5999: 5917: 5802: 5743: 5733: 5728: 5651: 5530: 5418: 5344: 5111: 5101: 4911: 4808: 4537: 4342: 4323: 4234: 4158: 4078: 4030: 3971: 3951: 3890: 3726: 3042:

Jones, G.; Bogaard, A.; Halstead, P.; Charles, M.; Smith, H. (1999).

2496:

Bates, Jennifer; Willcox Black, Kelly; Morrison, Kathleen D. (2022).

2255: 2240: 865: 762: 700: 610: 440: 200: 150: 97: 93: 62:) is preferred in Europe and emphasizes the discipline's role within 3173:

The Ancient Greek Economy : Markets, Households and City-States

2781: 2435: 1866:"Otzi the Iceman's Stomach Contents Analyzed - Archaeology Magazine" 1611: 1068:

Gilmore, M.R. "Vegetal Remains of the Ozark Bluff-Dweller Culture".

1040:

Catalogue Raisonne et Historique de Antiquites Decouvertes en Egypte

7018: 6528: 6464: 6311: 6269: 6004: 5912: 5787: 5609: 5572: 5552: 4953: 4943: 4887: 4882: 4649: 4522: 4498: 4415: 4085: 3870: 1370: 538: 470: 334: 74: 24: 19: 968: 504:

involves taking at least one sample from all contexts and features

465:. The former occurs quite rarely, but a famous example comes from 7084: 6590: 6382: 6328: 6274: 6096: 5902: 5812: 5666: 5567: 5525: 5388: 5307: 5260: 5248: 4138: 4133: 4050: 4040: 1690:"Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation" 448: 295: 135:

are vegetative parts of plants, such as seeds, leaves, stems and

1475:

Microarchaeology : beyond the visible archaeological record

1038:

Kunth, C. (1826). "Examen Botanique". In Passalacqua, J. (ed.).

662: 466: 27:, and the bags of archaeological sediment waiting for flotation. 6658: 6195: 6173: 6026: 5962: 5907: 5297: 5275: 5243: 5217: 4591: 4483: 4403: 4357: 4347: 4308: 4246: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 3826: 3528: 758: 704: 696: 614: 606: 514: 444: 422: 266: 154: 146: 6911: 2600:

Wang, J.; Liu, L.; Ball, T.; Yu, L.; Li, Y.; Xing, F. (2016).

1821: 1594:

Cowan, M.R.; Gabel, M.L.; Jahren, A.H.; Tieszen, L.L. (1997).

929:(Third ed.). Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. 145:

consist of microscopic parts or components of plants, such as

125:

Charred barley grains viewed through a low-powered microscope.

6724: 6444: 6178: 6132: 5994: 5849: 5797: 5373: 5339: 4815: 4749: 4671: 4639: 4596: 4488: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4408: 4393: 4362: 4283: 3941: 3932: 3464: 3450: 568:

consist of sediment collected only from a particular location

354: 310: 302: 136: 109: 105: 101: 3402:

People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany.

1687: 1103: 1070:

Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters

542:

Sediment samples waiting to be processed by water flotation.

420:,' occurs when certain plant remains, such as the fruits of 116: 6670: 6631: 6111: 5967: 5897: 5817: 5689: 5202: 4666: 4661: 4313: 4153: 4128: 4123: 4107: 3966: 3394:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108670159 3176:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–203. 3041: 2212:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 181–204. 2177:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 163–179. 2099:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 115–145. 1965: 1055:

The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and Other Parts of Europe

2495: 2014:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 95–114. 1057:. Translated by Lee, J.E. London: Longman, Green & Co. 645: 534:

involves taking samples at set intervals during excavation

5982: 5748: 5706: 4586: 4148: 3795: 3243: 2817: 2042: 1972:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 77–94. 3479: 2376: 2043:

Tolar, T.; Jacomet, S.; Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. (2009).

1583:. Boulder: University of Colorado Press. pp. 19–34. 1203: 1005:

Christine Ann Hastorf; Virginia S. Popper, eds. (1988).

973:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 1–15. 786:

microbotanical remains instead of absolute taxa counts.

3445: 1593: 1308: 812:

Agricultural regimes (irrigation, manuring, and sowing)

168:

Pollen grains viewed through a high-powered microscope.

69:

As a field of study, paleoethnobotany is a subfield of

3096: 2301:(1–2). Bruxelles: Université Libre de Bruxelles: 400. 3451:

International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (IWGP)

2854:

Chauhan, M. P.; Singh, S.; Singh, A.K. (2009-12-01).

1101: 482:

and the location from which they are taking samples.

7065:

Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

1515:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 497–514. 1204:

Van Zeist, W.; Wasylikowa, K.; Behre, K.-E. (1991).

2986: 1640: 815:

Economic practices (production, storage, and trade)

96:(Eurasia and Africa) and those that pertain to the 3504:, originally hosted at the University of Sheffield 3502:Integrated Archaeobotanical Research Project (IAR) 3300: 3244:Braadbaart, F.; Marinova, E.; Sarpaki, A. (2016). 2853: 1647:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1444:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7525: 3357:. Aegeum 37. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 279–285. 3421:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10 3301:Fall, P.L.; Falconer, S.E.; Klinge, J. (2015). 3204: 2734: 2606:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1745: 1641:Jahren, A.H; Gabel, M.L.; Amundson, R. (1998). 1439: 430:family, naturally produce increased amounts of 16:Study of plants used by people in ancient times 3446:Association of Environmental Archaeology (AEA) 2602:"Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China" 1928:. Groningen: Barkuis Publishing. p. 192. 803:Production of bread/pastry in the widest sense 602:samples can show change or variation or time. 206:International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany 6927: 5060: 3811: 3544: 2599: 2288: 1244:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–4. 1236: 558:sampling tends to occur more often than not. 250:, and long-term social and economic changes. 227: 194: 4917:International Association for Plant Taxonomy 2987:Bogaard, A.; Jones, G.; Charles, M. (2005). 2092: 2007: 1530: 1357: 1327: 1127:(First ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. 3470:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1923: 1694:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1274: 1242:The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences 1042:. Paris: Musees Nationaux. pp. 227–28. 6934: 6920: 5074: 5067: 5053: 3818: 3804: 3551: 3537: 3349: 3307:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3169: 3104:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 152–168. 3048:The Annual of the British School at Athens 1513:The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology 1125:Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures 927:Paleoethnobotany: a handbook of procedures 3326: 3269: 2711: 2693: 2643: 2625: 2521: 2472: 2462: 2412: 2402: 2353: 2254: 1578: 1401: 1391: 1089:Rock Shelters in Menifee County, Kentucky 308:) glumebases and spikelet; olive stones ( 117:Macrobotanical vs. microbotanical remains 4861:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) 3480:Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica (IANSA) 2544: 1477:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1440:Zohary, D.; Hopf, M.; Weiss, E. (2012). 1333: 1302: 1122: 1009:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 924: 772: 723: 661: 644: 537: 383: 339: 280: 272: 231: 163: 120: 104:of the two separate areas. For example, 18: 2289:Fechner, Kai; Mesnil, Marianne (2002). 2269: 2170: 2130: 1746:Carruthers, Wendy; Smith, D.N. (2020). 1510: 1280: 1142:. New York: Columbia University Press. 1137: 288:Clockwise from top left: bitter vetch ( 211: 7526: 3404:Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 2166: 2164: 2162: 2126: 2124: 2088: 2086: 1891:"This Was Ötzi the Iceman's Last Meal" 1741: 1739: 1472: 6915: 6238: 5877: 5143: 5048: 3799: 3532: 3423:. New York: Academic Press, 211–247. 3141:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 103–111. 2947: 2825:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 173–185. 2209:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 2205: 2174:Method and theory in paleoethnobotany 2096:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 2011:Method and theory in paleoethnobotany 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1969:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1778: 1581:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 1574: 1572: 1570: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1086: 1037: 971:Method and theory in paleoethnobotany 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 902: 34:(also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or 6239: 3461:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3250:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2993:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2900: 2551:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2326:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2049:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 1334:Goerling, Samantha (20 March 2022). 1283:"Custodians open up Carnarvon Range" 1052: 1000: 998: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 884: 882: 108:only occurs in the New World, while 2159: 2121: 2083: 1736: 1344:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1067: 789: 476: 347:From left to right: bog pond weed ( 13: 3205:Willcox, G.; Tengberg, M. (1995). 2735:Margaritis, E.; Jones, M. (2006). 2234: 1994: 1950: 1924:Cappers, R.T.J.; Neef, R. (2012). 1912: 1567: 1519: 1499: 1426: 1309:McDonald, Jo; Veth, Peter (2008). 14: 7560: 6191:Megalithic architectural elements 4866:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) 3436: 3211:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 2741:Journal of Archaeological Science 2502:Journal of Archaeological Science 1824:Journal of Archaeological Science 1781:Journal of Archaeological Science 1533:Journal of Archaeological Science 1281:Pownall, Angela (1 August 2014). 995: 951: 879: 824:Symbolic use in ritual activities 768: 719: 391:Left to right: grape endosperms ( 7506: 7496: 7495: 5878: 5029: 5028: 3686:Traditional ecological knowledge 3558: 1250:10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0436 695:Microbotanical remains (namely, 6941: 6810:Evolutionary origin of religion 3383: 3343: 3294: 3237: 3198: 3163: 3126: 3090: 3035: 2980: 2941: 2894: 2847: 2811: 2775: 2728: 2660: 2593: 2538: 2489: 2429: 2370: 2313: 2282: 2263: 2199: 2036: 1926:Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology 1883: 1858: 1815: 1772: 1750:. Swindon: Historical England. 1681: 1634: 1600:The American Midland Naturalist 1587: 1466: 1230: 1197: 1164: 1131: 181: 46:meaning race or ethnicity, and 7539:Archaeological sub-disciplines 2872:10.1080/09709274.2009.11906243 2856:"Post Harvest Uses of Linseed" 2137:. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. 1116: 1095: 1080: 1061: 1046: 1031: 426:(hackberry) or nutlets of the 1: 6423:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 5953:British megalith architecture 1844:10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00016-5 1667:10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00122-3 1316:Australian Aboriginal Studies 872: 795:anthropology, plant history, 620: 7080:electrical resistance survey 6418:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 5958:Nordic megalith architecture 4907:History of plant systematics 4494:Thorns, spines, and prickles 3485:Various knowledge resources 3328:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.09.004 2927:10.1016/0277-3791(96)83683-3 2695:10.1371/journal.pone.0231696 2464:10.1371/journal.pone.0216907 2404:10.1371/journal.pone.0182401 1897:. 2018-07-12. Archived from 1801:10.1016/0305-4403(79)90005-0 1393:10.1371/journal.pone.0202511 739:Scanning Electron Microscopy 7: 3767:List of paleoethnobotanists 3509:Phytolith Literature Review 3441:International Associations 1319:(2008/1): 4–21 – via 1208:. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 1175:. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 861:List of paleoethnobotanists 828: 809:Extraction of oils and dyes 710: 485: 360:); and common scurvygrass ( 222:Post-Processual archaeology 77:within the landscape or at 10: 7565: 6969:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 6566:British Isles and Brittany 6487:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 4723:Alternation of generations 3825: 2907:Quaternary Science Reviews 389:Mineralized Plant Remains. 350:Potamogeton poligonifolius 345:Waterlogged Plant Remains. 228:Current state of the field 195:Establishment of the field 172: 7491: 7443: 7338: 7231: 7175: 7124: 7115: 7050:Philosophy of archaeology 7037: 6949: 6768: 6581: 6408: 6255: 6251: 6234: 6120: 6084: 5933: 5890: 5886: 5873: 5680: 5511: 5484: 5409: 5335: 5326: 5231: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5139: 5082: 5024: 4972: 4936: 4873:Cultivated plant taxonomy 4836:Biological classification 4826: 4699: 4615: 4511: 4461: 4186: 4116: 4059: 4021: 3995: 3931: 3851: 3833: 3775: 3757:Constantino Manuel Torres 3699: 3638: 3597: 3566: 3475:Environmental Archaeology 3271:10.1007/s00334-016-0562-2 3060:10.1017/S0068245400000563 3013:10.1007/s00334-005-0061-3 2761:10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.021 2571:10.1007/s00334-017-0661-8 2523:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105531 2346:10.1007/s00334-017-0602-6 2307:10.4000/civilisations.964 2061:10.1007/s00334-009-0221-y 1714:10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 1553:10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.007 71:environmental archaeology 4733:Evolutionary development 3223:10.1111/aae.1995.6.2.129 2860:Journal of Human Ecology 1473:Weiner, Stephen (2010). 6798:Evolutionary musicology 6201:Oldest extant buildings 6128:Archaeological features 5647:Prepared-core technique 4384:Hypanthium (Floral cup) 3700:Notable ethnobiologists 3666:Ethnopsychopharmacology 3651:Ecological anthropology 3419:In M.B.Schiffer (ed.). 3392:The Archaeology of Food 2627:10.1073/pnas.1601465113 2545:Valamoti, S.M. (2018). 1123:Pearsall, D.M. (1989). 925:Pearsall, D.M. (2015). 806:Production of beverages 655:The Wash-Over technique 269:and other plant items. 244:stable isotope analysis 237:quality and the colours 6760:Unchambered long cairn 6608:Mound Builders culture 5941:Neolithic architecture 5076:Prehistoric technology 4999:by author abbreviation 4923:Plant taxonomy systems 4841:Botanical nomenclature 3752:Richard Evans Schultes 3567:Primary subdisciplines 3521:Alwynne B. Beaudoin, " 3498:, Groningen University 2131:Piperno, D.R. (2006). 1138:Renfrew, J.M. (1973). 778: 729: 667: 650: 543: 409: 367: 363:Cochlearia officinalis 326: 286:Charred Plant Remains. 238: 218:Processual archaeology 169: 143:Microbotanical remains 133:Macrobotanical remains 126: 28: 7060:Archaeological ethics 7055:Archaeological diving 7045:Archaeological theory 6435:List of Stone Age art 5637:Microblade technology 5585:Langdale axe industry 5183:Ard / plough 5006:Botanical expeditions 776: 743:Morphometric Analysis 727: 665: 648: 541: 387: 343: 331:Carbonized (Charred): 284: 273:Modes of preservation 235: 167: 124: 85:, the development of 22: 6999:Augustus Pitt Rivers 6994:William Henry Holmes 6959:Archaeological sites 6842:Prehistoric medicine 6837:Prehistoric counting 6820:Prehistoric religion 6815:Paleolithic religion 6793:Behavioral modernity 6150:Causewayed enclosure 6042:Abri de la Madeleine 5166:Neolithic Revolution 4738:Evolutionary history 4728:Double fertilization 4580:Cellular respiration 3598:Other subdisciplines 2247:Internet Archaeology 212:Expansion and growth 208:(IWGP) was founded. 79:archaeological sites 58:meaning ancient and 52:ethnographic studies 6989:John Lloyd Stephens 6979:Heinrich Schliemann 6881:Prehistoric warfare 5627:Magdalenian culture 5590:Levallois technique 5521:Earliest toolmaking 3957:Non-vascular plants 3732:Robin Wall Kimmerer 3496:Digital Plant Atlas 3319:2015JArSR...4..182F 3262:2016VegHA..25..415B 3005:2005VegHA..14..505B 2919:1996QSRv...15..635H 2901:Hall, A.R. (1996). 2753:2006JArSc..33..784M 2686:2020PLoSO..1531696H 2618:2016PNAS..113.6444W 2563:2018VegHA..27..611V 2514:2022JArSc.137j5531B 2455:2019PLoSO..1416907H 2395:2017PLoSO..1282401H 2338:2017VegHA..26..415G 2272:Laborativ Arkeologi 1870:www.archaeology.org 1836:2003JArSc..30.1269M 1793:1979JArSc...6..279G 1706:2010ArAnS...2...25M 1659:1998PPP...138..259J 1545:2007JArSc..34..968V 1384:2018PLoSO..1302511M 1288:The West Australian 566:Point/Spot samples: 492:archaeological site 321:); and grape pips ( 314:); grape pedicels ( 259:Little Sandy Desert 7544:Branches of botany 7513:History portal 7075:geophysical survey 6832:Origin of language 6825:Spiritual drug use 6735:Rectangular dolmen 6637:Dartmoor kistvaens 6450:Carved stone balls 6162:Circular enclosure 6121:Other architecture 6064:Alp pile dwellings 5652:Solutrean industry 5563:Gravettian culture 5213:Secondary products 4462:Surface structures 4257:Flower development 3671:Historical ecology 3390:Twiss, K.C. 2019. 2948:Kofel, D. (2019). 818:Building materials 779: 730: 668: 651: 544: 410: 398:); and fig seeds ( 368: 327: 239: 170: 127: 29: 7521: 7520: 7439: 7438: 7421:Pseudoarchaeology 7038:Method and theory 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6854:Prehistoric music 6803:music archaeology 6460:Cup and ring mark 6285:Clothing/textiles 6230: 6229: 6226: 6225: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5672:Yubetsu technique 5657:Striking platform 5622:Lithic technology 5507: 5506: 5492:Game drive system 5411:Projectile points 5303:Mortar and pestle 5042: 5041: 4681:Herbaceous plants 4507: 4506: 3793: 3792: 3717:Harold C. Conklin 3639:Correlated fields 3492:, Kiel University 3364:978-90-429-3195-4 3183:978-1-139-56553-0 3148:978-90-429-2724-7 3111:978-1-78969-133-7 2832:978-90-429-2724-7 2796:978-605-338-120-4 2612:(23): 6444–6448. 2219:978-1-60732-316-7 2184:978-1-60732-316-7 2106:978-1-60732-316-7 2021:978-1-60732-316-7 1979:978-1-60732-316-7 1935:978-94-91431-07-4 1901:on April 23, 2021 1830:(10): 1269–1281. 1757:978-1-80034-120-3 1484:978-0-511-67760-1 1451:978-0-19-954906-1 980:978-1-60732-316-7 936:978-1-61132-298-9 432:calcium carbonate 418:biomineralization 263:Western Australia 216:With the rise of 42:meaning ancient, 7556: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7498: 7346:Archaeoastronomy 7313:Paleoethnobotany 7122: 7121: 7024:Alfred V. Kidder 7009:Mortimer Wheeler 6936: 6929: 6922: 6913: 6912: 6869:Divje Babe flute 6776:Archaeoastronomy 6519:Petrosomatoglyph 6253: 6252: 6236: 6235: 6085:Water management 5888: 5887: 5875: 5874: 5778:Denticulate tool 5600:Lithic reduction 5333: 5332: 5154: 5153: 5141: 5140: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5032: 5031: 5011:Individual trees 4686:Secondary growth 4657:Succulent plants 4645:Prostrate shrubs 4528:Apical dominance 4513:Plant physiology 4474:Epicuticular wax 4019: 4018: 4012: 4003:Plant morphology 3820: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3747:Darrell A. Posey 3737:Gary Paul Nabhan 3681:Paleoethnobotany 3656:Ethnoarchaeology 3646:Cultural ecology 3630:Ethnoprimatology 3625:Ethnoornithology 3620:Ethnolichenology 3615:Ethnoichthyology 3610:Ethnoherpetology 3553: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3516:About Phytoliths 3507:Terry B. Ball, " 3377: 3376: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3273: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3039: 3033: 3032: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2913:(5–6): 635–640. 2898: 2892: 2891: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2697: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2629: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2466: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2416: 2406: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256:10.11141/ia.61.5 2238: 2232: 2231: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2168: 2157: 2156: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2005: 1992: 1991: 1963: 1948: 1947: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1653:(1–4): 259–269. 1638: 1632: 1631: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1565: 1564: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1497: 1496: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1437: 1424: 1423: 1405: 1395: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1002: 993: 992: 966: 949: 948: 922: 846:Dendrochronology 790:Research results 735:taxonomic levels 477:Recovery methods 301:); glume wheat ( 32:Paleoethnobotany 7564: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7487: 7435: 7334: 7249:Archaeogenetics 7227: 7171: 7117:Sub-disciplines 7111: 7107:Post-excavation 7102:Lithic analysis 7033: 7004:Flinders Petrie 6945: 6940: 6910: 6897: 6764: 6750:Stone box grave 6720:Megalithic tomb 6625:Cotswold-Severn 6577: 6482:Guardian stones 6410:Prehistoric art 6404: 6247: 6222: 6211:Timber trackway 6116: 6080: 6076:Wattle and daub 5929: 5908:Standing stones 5882: 5861: 5676: 5503: 5480: 5405: 5322: 5232:Food processing 5227: 5176:New World crops 5148: 5135: 5078: 5073: 5043: 5038: 5020: 4989:Botanical terms 4982: 4968: 4932: 4878:Citrus taxonomy 4856:Author citation 4822: 4716: 4695: 4617: 4611: 4607:Turgor pressure 4515: 4503: 4457: 4272:Floral symmetry 4190: 4182: 4112: 4101:Vascular bundle 4096:Vascular tissue 4055: 4015: 4006: 4005: 3991: 3962:Vascular plants 3927: 3923:Plant pathology 3847: 3829: 3824: 3794: 3789: 3771: 3695: 3634: 3605:Ethnoentomology 3593: 3562: 3557: 3514:Steve Archer, " 3439: 3434: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3365: 3348: 3344: 3299: 3295: 3242: 3238: 3203: 3199: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3149: 3131: 3127: 3112: 3095: 3091: 3040: 3036: 2985: 2981: 2946: 2942: 2899: 2895: 2852: 2848: 2833: 2816: 2812: 2797: 2780: 2776: 2733: 2729: 2680:(5): e0231696. 2665: 2661: 2598: 2594: 2543: 2539: 2494: 2490: 2449:(6): e0216907. 2434: 2430: 2389:(8): e0182401. 2375: 2371: 2318: 2314: 2287: 2283: 2268: 2264: 2239: 2235: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2185: 2169: 2160: 2145: 2129: 2122: 2107: 2091: 2084: 2041: 2037: 2022: 2006: 1995: 1980: 1964: 1951: 1936: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1820: 1816: 1777: 1773: 1758: 1744: 1737: 1686: 1682: 1639: 1635: 1612:10.2307/2426845 1592: 1588: 1577: 1568: 1529: 1520: 1509: 1500: 1485: 1471: 1467: 1452: 1438: 1427: 1378:(9): e0202511. 1362: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1332: 1328: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1260: 1235: 1231: 1216: 1202: 1198: 1183: 1169: 1165: 1150: 1136: 1132: 1121: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1085: 1081: 1066: 1062: 1051: 1047: 1036: 1032: 1017: 1003: 996: 981: 967: 952: 937: 923: 880: 875: 870: 831: 792: 771: 722: 713: 623: 488: 479: 456: 275: 230: 214: 197: 184: 175: 155:starch granules 119: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7562: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7503: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7476:Assyriologists 7473: 7466:Archaeologists 7463: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7318:Zooarchaeology 7315: 7310: 7308:Geoarchaeology 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7269:Paleopathology 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7244:Bioarchaeology 7241: 7235: 7233: 7232:Methodological 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7014:Dorothy Garrod 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6964:Antiquarianism 6961: 6955: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6939: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6916: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6859:Alligator drum 6851: 6850: 6849: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6786:lunar calendar 6783: 6772: 6770: 6769:Other cultural 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6573:Venus figurine 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Megalithic art 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6457: 6455:Cave paintings 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6257:Material goods 6249: 6248: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5975: 5973:Cliff dwelling 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5884: 5883: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5558:Fire hardening 5555: 5550: 5548:Clovis culture 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5471:Manis Mastodon 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5350:throwing stick 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5162: 5160: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4979:Related topics 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4928:Taxonomic rank 4925: 4920: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4846:Botanical name 4838: 4832: 4830: 4828:Plant taxonomy 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4804:Megasporangium 4801: 4800: 4799: 4792:Microsporangia 4784: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4632: 4630:Cushion plants 4621: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4567: 4565:Plant hormones 4562: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4548:Photosynthesis 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4267:Floral formula 4264: 4262:Floral diagram 4259: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4215: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4191:(incl. Flower) 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4151: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4091:Storage organs 4088: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3977:Spermatophytes 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3947:Archaeplastida 3944: 3938: 3936: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3901:Phytogeography 3898: 3896:Phytochemistry 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3853:Subdisciplines 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3691:Zooarchaeology 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3438: 3437:External links 3435: 3433: 3432: 3413: 3395: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3363: 3342: 3293: 3256:(5): 415–430. 3236: 3217:(2): 129–138. 3197: 3182: 3162: 3147: 3125: 3110: 3089: 3034: 2999:(4): 505–509. 2979: 2940: 2893: 2866:(3): 217–219. 2846: 2831: 2810: 2795: 2774: 2747:(6): 784–805. 2727: 2659: 2592: 2557:(4): 611–625. 2537: 2488: 2428: 2369: 2332:(4): 415–432. 2312: 2281: 2262: 2233: 2218: 2198: 2183: 2158: 2143: 2120: 2105: 2082: 2035: 2020: 1993: 1978: 1949: 1934: 1911: 1882: 1872:. 12 July 2018 1857: 1814: 1787:(3): 279–284. 1771: 1756: 1735: 1680: 1633: 1606:(2): 266–273. 1586: 1566: 1539:(6): 968–990. 1518: 1498: 1483: 1465: 1450: 1425: 1356: 1326: 1301: 1273: 1258: 1229: 1214: 1196: 1181: 1163: 1148: 1130: 1115: 1094: 1079: 1060: 1045: 1030: 1015: 994: 979: 950: 935: 877: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 791: 788: 770: 769:Quantification 767: 721: 720:Identification 718: 712: 709: 693: 692: 685:light fraction 681:heavy residue) 677:heavy fraction 660: 659: 643: 642: 635: 634:decomposition. 622: 619: 588: 587: 578: 569: 536: 535: 526: 517: 505: 487: 484: 478: 475: 454: 453: 411: 394:Vitis vinifera 376: 369: 323:Vitis vinifera 317:Vitis vinifera 274: 271: 229: 226: 213: 210: 196: 193: 183: 180: 174: 171: 118: 115: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7561: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Egyptologists 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416:Phenomenology 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7303:Environmental 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:Computational 7289: 7287: 7286:Archaeogaming 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157:Post-Medieval 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Protohistoric 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125:Chronological 7123: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6974:Richard Hoare 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Simple dolmen 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730:Passage grave 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6676:Gallery grave 6674: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6591:Burial mounds 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Statue menhir 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6539:Stone carving 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6378:Sewing needle 6376: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206:Timber circle 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6155:Tor enclosure 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6143:fulacht fiadh 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5379:spear-thrower 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357:Bow and arrow 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Grinding slab 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Domestication 5196: 5194: 5193:Digging stick 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Founder crops 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5112:New Stone Age 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5035: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4964:Phytochemical 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4602:Transpiration 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4389:Inflorescence 4387: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4074:Ground tissue 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4010: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997:Plant anatomy 3994: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:Plant ecology 3916: 3914: 3913:Plant anatomy 3911: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3861:Archaeobotany 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3742:Andrew Pawley 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3707:William Balée 3705: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676:Human ecology 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:Ethnomedicine 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579:Ethnomycology 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3524: 3523:The Dung File 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3430: 3429:0-12-003110-8 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410:0-8173-0827-X 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:Civilisations 2292: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144:0-7591-0384-4 2140: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1259:9780470674611 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Lodwick, Lisa 1233: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1215:90-6191-881-2 1211: 1207: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182:90-6191-528-7 1178: 1174: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1149:0-231-03745-7 1145: 1141: 1134: 1126: 1119: 1105: 1098: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1056: 1049: 1041: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1016:0-226-31892-3 1012: 1008: 1001: 999: 990: 986: 982: 976: 972: 965: 963: 961: 959: 957: 955: 946: 942: 938: 932: 928: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 883: 878: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 800: 798: 787: 783: 775: 766: 764: 760: 755: 752: 751:carbonization 746: 744: 740: 736: 726: 717: 708: 706: 702: 698: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 670: 669: 664: 656: 653: 652: 647: 639: 638:Wet Screening 636: 632: 631:Dry Screening 629: 628: 627: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 563: 562: 559: 557: 553: 552:Full Coverage 549: 540: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 516: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499:Full Coverage 497: 496: 495: 493: 483: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 450: 446: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424: 419: 415: 412: 407: 406: 402: 397: 395: 390: 386: 380: 377: 373: 370: 365: 364: 359: 357: 352: 351: 346: 342: 336: 332: 329: 328: 324: 320: 318: 313: 312: 311:Olea europaea 307: 305: 300: 298: 293: 292: 291:Vicia ervilia 287: 283: 279: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 234: 225: 223: 219: 209: 207: 202: 192: 189: 179: 166: 162: 158: 156: 152: 148: 147:pollen grains 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 123: 114: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 83:domestication 80: 76: 72: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36:archaeobotany 33: 26: 21: 7534:Anthropology 7351:Archaeometry 7325:Experimental 7312: 7259:Near Eastern 7218:Near Eastern 7213:Mesopotamian 7167:Contemporary 6984:Arthur Evans 6686:wedge-shaped 6671:Funeral pyre 6664:Great dolmen 6620:Chamber tomb 6601:Round barrow 6556:Stone circle 6428:Blombos Cave 6356:Grooved ware 6280:Chalcolithic 6184:Thornborough 6102:Flush toilet 6037:Blombos Cave 6032:Rock shelter 5988:Quiggly hole 5880:Architecture 5855:illustration 5497:Buffalo jump 5318:Storage pits 5281:Aşıklı Höyük 5271:Ground stone 5107:Subdivisions 4959:Horticulture 4949:Floriculture 4851:Correct name 4701:Reproduction 4691:Woody plants 4616:Plant growth 4575:Gas Exchange 4560:Phytomelanin 4438:Plant embryo 4188:Reproductive 4036:Phragmoplast 3762:Nancy Turner 3712:Brent Berlin 3680: 3589:Ethnoecology 3584:Ethnozoology 3560:Ethnobiology 3484: 3455: 3440: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3398:Kristen J.G. 3391: 3384:Bibliography 3352: 3345: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3172: 3165: 3136: 3128: 3100: 3092: 3051: 3047: 3037: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2960:(1): 89–98. 2957: 2953: 2943: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2820: 2813: 2784: 2777: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2677: 2673: 2662: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2246: 2236: 2208: 2201: 2173: 2133: 2095: 2055:(1): 53–67. 2052: 2048: 2038: 2010: 1968: 1925: 1903:. Retrieved 1899:the original 1894: 1885: 1874:. Retrieved 1869: 1860: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1747: 1700:(1): 25–34. 1697: 1693: 1683: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1580: 1536: 1532: 1512: 1474: 1468: 1441: 1419: 1416:ResearchGate 1414:– via 1375: 1369: 1359: 1347:. Retrieved 1339: 1329: 1321:ResearchGate 1314: 1304: 1292:. Retrieved 1286: 1276: 1241: 1232: 1205: 1199: 1172: 1166: 1139: 1133: 1124: 1118: 1107:. Retrieved 1097: 1088: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1054: 1048: 1039: 1033: 1006: 970: 926: 836:Anthracology 797:paleoecology 793: 784: 780: 756: 747: 731: 714: 694: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 654: 637: 630: 624: 604: 599: 595: 591: 589: 583: 580: 574: 571: 565: 560: 555: 551: 547: 545: 531: 528: 522: 519: 510: 507: 501: 498: 489: 480: 462: 461:state or as 458: 455: 428:Boraginaceae 421: 414:Mineralized: 413: 404: 400: 393: 388: 378: 372:Waterlogged: 371: 361: 355: 348: 344: 330: 322: 316: 309: 303: 296: 289: 285: 276: 257:site in the 252: 240: 215: 198: 188:macrofossils 185: 182:Initial work 176: 159: 142: 141: 132: 131: 128: 91: 68: 59: 55: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 30: 7549:Ethnobotany 7431:Transgender 7356:Battlefield 7132:Prehistoric 7092:Burnt layer 7029:George Bass 6943:Archaeology 6708:unchambered 6703:Long barrow 6693:Grave goods 6649:Court cairn 6644:Clava cairn 6596:Bowl barrow 6534:Rock cupule 6477:Golden hats 6470:Hill figure 6371:Unstan ware 6351:Cord-marked 6216:Sweet Track 6138:Burnt 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