48:
658:'. The barbed points are made of the antler of red deer stags. They are between 8 centimetres (3.1 in) and 38 centimetres (15 in) in length and the 195 examples found at Star Carr account for more than 95% of the total number from the British Mesolithic. Many of the barbed points and antler frontlets appear to be deliberately broken. The antler frontlets are made from red deer stag (male) skulls with the antlers still attached. The 21 antler frontlets are sufficiently complete to see how they have been manufactured: two holes were perforated through the skull with a
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29:
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647:, thought to be the oldest known Mesolithic art in Britain and tightly-rolled pieces of birch-bark and pieces of birch-resin pitch or tar and worked wood. The flint found at Star Carr came from nearby beaches, which at time of occupation would have been about 10 to 20 km (6 to 12 mi) distant, and also from the
601:-like) frame. There is no reason to suppose that the same materials and form would have been used for the structure's entire life-span. There was evidence that the floor was covered with a layer of moss, reeds and other soft plant materials 20 centimetres (7.9 in)–30 centimetres (12 in) deep.
721:
Clark began his investigation with the explicit aim of building a more detailed picture of the
Mesolithic environment and the ways in which people used it. The organic preservation enabled the recovery of the plant and animal remains necessary for this. Clark excavated from 1949 to 1951. Clark's 1954
619:
A large wooden platform has been discovered nearby on the shore of the former lake – the earliest known example of carpentry in Europe, though its purpose is as yet unknown. Timbers of Aspen and Willow were split along the grain using wedges (probably made of wood and antler); these were then laid in
845:
Anthony Legge and Peter Rowley-Conway re-examined the animal bones located at the site. They found strong evidence to suggest that the site was used only in late spring and summer; evidence that the cull of red and roe deer was biased towards three- and one-year-old animals respectively; revision of
809:
investigations have demonstrated that the preservation conditions have deteriorated. The result of this is that any remaining organic artefacts will be far less informative than those discovered by previous excavation projects. Though the reasons for this remain somewhat unclear, it appears that the
420:
were first noticed by John Moore, an amateur archaeologist. The site is most famous for some of the extremely rare artefacts discovered during the original excavations but its importance has been reinforced by new understandings of the nature and extent of the
Mesolithic archaeology in the area and
576:
A human-made structure approximately 3.5 metres (11 ft) wide was present: a hut or substantial shelter. This is known from excavated post holes, a sunken area and concentrations of flints, burning and other artefacts. The posts were almost certainly made of wood and roughly 20 centimetres
833:
There is much debate about the time of year the site was occupied. Mesolithic people hunted a number of animals including red and roe deer, elk, aurochs and wild boar but there are various seasonal assessments and as the site was occupied over several hundred years it is likely that seasonal
662:
tool and the inside of the skull cap was smoothed. The antlers on each frontlet have been carefully trimmed, perhaps to reduce weight. It seems very likely that these modifications are designed to allow the frontlets to be used as headgear. Finds from the site are now divided between four
577:(7.9 in) in diameter. There may have been as many as 18 of them and the holes indicated that several may have been replaced over the course of the structure's use. It is impossible to know the form or materials from which the walls and/or roof would have been made. They may have used
829:
Clark, the original excavator, believed the
Mesolithic people would have lived on a brushwood platform on the edge of the former Lake Flixton. Recent excavations have revealed that people lived on the dry land upslope of the lake and various activities were carried out at the lake edge.
452:
The site is preserved due to Lake
Flixton having been in-filled with peat during the course of the Mesolithic. Waterlogged peat prevents organic finds from oxidising and has led to some of the best preservation conditions possible (such conditions have preserved the famous
572:
dates from the site indicate occupation first commenced between 9335 and 9275 BC, lasting for a period of around 800 years until 8525–8440 BC. However, such occupations may have been episodic in nature, varying in intensity between different periods.
765:
This project investigated the archaeology and ecology of the wider landscape around Lake
Flixton and found several more Mesolithic sites but none with as many of the unusual artefacts (such as barbed points and antler frontlets) discovered at Star Carr.
841:
practice. Recent work suggests that these, along with other objects made from red deer antler, appear to have been respectfully deposited at the lake edge due to the spiritual significance of red deer to the people who occupied the site.
457:
found in other parts of northern Europe). As a result of such good conditions archaeologists were able to recover bone, antler and wood in addition to the flints that are normally all that is left on sites from this period.
753:
Carr, just to the north of Star Carr. These excavations were conducted in advance of the Seamer Carr landfill site. The discovery of
Mesolithic material led to a new series of investigations around Lake Flixton directed by
692:
Star Carr was discovered in 1947 when John Moore, an amateur archaeologist, noticed flints in the exposed soil of several recently dredged ditches in the eastern Vale of
Pickering. One of these sites, bordering on the
1426:
Milner, Nicky; Bamforth, M.; Beale, G.; Carty, J.; Chatzipanagis, K.; Croft, S.; Conneller, Chantal; Elliot, B.; Fitton, L.; Knight, B.; Kröger, R.; Little, A.; Needham, A.; Robson, H.; Rowley, C.; Taylor, B. (2016).
620:
the boggy areas at the lake shore, presumably to provide firm footing. The extent of the wooden platform is not known but it may be a significantly larger and more complex undertaking than the house-like structure.
697:
was to the south of Star Carr Farm. Moore decided to excavate a small trench at Star Carr in 1948 as part of a series of investigations. On the discovery of intact organic remains Moore contacted
Professor
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in
Denmark. It is now recognised that many of Clark's inferences were incorrect but the excavation remains one of the most important in the study of British prehistory ever undertaken.
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473:. The lake edge and shallows would have been full of reeds, water lily and other aquatic plants and lake levels would have changed dynamically in response to rainfall or snow-melt.
1260:
Boreham, S.; Conneller, Chantal; Milner, Nicky; Needham, A.; Boreham, J.; Rolfe, C. J. (2011). "Geochemical indicators of preservation status and site deterioration at Star Carr".
672:
846:
available meat; reduction in scale of occupation; no bias towards hunting of male red deer, and tentatively suggested that the site was used as a hunting camp.
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sites, there were a large number of objects made of red deer and elk antler, elk bone, aurochs bone and one piece of bird bone. Rarer objects included worked
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817:), thought to be the oldest known Mesolithic art in Britain, was found at the site in 2015. The 11,000 year old object has been on display at the
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had ended and temperatures were close to modern averages, sea levels had not yet risen sufficiently to separate
Britain from continental
47:
1390:
Star Carr in Context: New Archaeological and Palaeoecological Investigations at the Early Mesolithic Site of Star Carr, North Yorkshire
778:
Animated image showing the sequence of engravings on a pendant excavated from the Mesolithic archaeological site of Starr Carr in 2015
1005:
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dates indicated a use-life of between 200 and 500 years. The structure has been compared to the Mesolithic structure found at
1338:
Conneller, Chantal; Milner, Nicky (2012). "Substantial settlement in the European Early Mesolithic: new research at Star Carr".
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802:). This ongoing project has reinvestigated Clark's excavations and also excavated the dry-land, discovering the structure.
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publication of these excavations is a seminal text in the study of the British Mesolithic and prehistory generally.
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stag skull-caps that may have been headdresses and nearly 200 projectile, or harpoon, points made of red deer
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During the period of Mesolithic occupation the area surrounding the lake would have been a mixed forest of
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It has been suggested that the antler frontlets were used as a hunting disguise, or in some form of
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Clark believed he had uncovered the entirety of the site and believed Star Carr could be used as a
433:. During the Mesolithic the site was near the outflow at the western end of a palaeolake, known as
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1429:"A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr: the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain"
1157:"A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr: the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain"
956:"A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr: the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain"
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The site was occupied during the early Mesolithic archaeological period, which coincided with the
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for the British Mesolithic. He drew parallels between the finds at Star Carr and the site of
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In the 2000s new excavations began at Star Carr. This reinvestigation is being directed by
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Excavations at Star Carr: An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer Near Scarborough, Yorkshire
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1128:"Animated GIFs as Expressive Visual Narratives and Expository Devices in Archaeology"
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Conneller, Chantal (2004). "Becoming deer. Corporeal transformations at Star Carr".
358:. It is generally regarded as the most important and informative Mesolithic site in
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449:). The basin filled by Lake Flixton was probably created by glacial 'scarring'.
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1545:, video about the excavations in 2006, Vale of Pickering Archaeological Trust
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caused the area to drain to the west (away from the shortest-distance to the
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acidity of the groundwater has massively increased in the last few years.
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The two most outstanding categories of finds are the 'barbed points' and '
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1483:
The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies
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These and many other plants would have formed the base of a complex
397:. Highlights among the finds include Britain's oldest structure, 21
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1407:
Milner, Nicky (2006). "Subsistence". In Conneller, Chantal (ed.).
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Star Carr now lies under farmland at the eastern end of the
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Star Carr: Volume 1: A Persistent Place in a Changing World
1075:"Oldest house in Britain discovered to be 11,500 years old"
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Mesolithic archaeological site in North Yorkshire, England
1460:
Milner, Nicky; Conneller, Chantal; Taylor, Barry (2018).
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354:, England. It is around five miles (8 km) south of
1368:
Star Carr Revisited; a Re-analysis of the Large Mammals
935:
1459:
1229:
1217:
929:
762:). This team returned to Star Carr in 1985 and 1989.
1521:, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge
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409:. Normally all that remains on Mesolithic sites are
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416:Excavation of the site began in 1948, a year after
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1392:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
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737:Further investigations: The Lake Flixton Landscape
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623:Along with the flints that are characteristic of
362:. It is as important to the Mesolithic period as
1550:
1337:
1534:Stone Age remains are Britain's earliest house
1409:Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New Approaches
1195:"Yorkshire Stone Age pendant goes on display"
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421:reinterpretations of the original material.
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821:with other finds from the site since 2016.
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1526:Red deer antler head-dress from Star Carr
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1579:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire
1542:Star Carr – The Otherside of the Antler
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1126:Morgan, C.; Scholma-Mason, N. (2017).
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673:Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
651:immediately to the south of the site.
1464:. York: White Rose University Press.
1280:
1223:
1205:from the original on 29 February 2016
1060:
992:
941:
871:Research records (formerly PastScape)
1292:. CUP Archive. pp. xvii–xviii.
1087:from the original on 19 August 2014
1073:Alleyne, Richard (10 August 2010).
930:Milner, Conneller & Taylor 2018
33:View of the Star Carr site looking
13:
1411:. Warren, Graeme. Stroud: Tempus.
1042:from the original on 23 April 2018
1012:from the original on 12 April 2023
484:that we have evidence for include
14:
1590:
1502:
1262:Journal of Archaeological Science
741:In 1977 archaeologists excavated
688:Discovery and initial excavations
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1487:. London: Thames & Hudson.
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1241:
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556:Red Deer Stag skull with holes
258:Mesolithic Southeastern Europe
1:
1036:Star Carr Archaeology Project
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749:and Mesolithic material from
609:, Northumberland and British
389:climatic periods. Though the
1510:New Excavations at Star Carr
1370:. London: Birkbeck College.
834:practices varied over time.
62:Shown within North Yorkshire
7:
1479:Scarre, Chris, ed. (2005).
1006:"British Museum Collection"
805:Most significantly, recent
236:Epipaleolithic Transylvania
10:
1595:
1574:History of North Yorkshire
1569:Stone Age sites in England
1537:, University of Manchester
424:
150:Approximately 8480 BC
142:Approximately 9300 BC
1352:10.1017/S0003598X00048213
1331:10.1017/S1380203804001357
1274:10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.016
813:A decorated pendant (the
760:University College London
683:History of investigations
264:Epipalaeolithic Near East
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1319:Archaeological Dialogues
796:University of Manchester
770:Post-2000 investigations
671:in York, the University
548:Settlement and artefacts
1115:Mellars & Dark 1998
903:Mellars & Dark 1998
891:Mellars & Dark 1998
710:and the curator of the
704:University of Cambridge
350:archaeological site in
251:Schela Cladovei culture
241:Mesolithic Transylvania
196:Fosna–Hensbacka culture
1388:; Dark, Petra (1998).
1155:Milner, Nicky (2016).
1063:, pp. xvii–xviii.
954:Milner, Nicky (2016).
779:
565:
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800:University of Chester
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675:at Cambridge and the
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285:Trialetian Mesolithic
211:Iron Gates Mesolithic
1513:, University of York
1433:Internet Archaeology
1201:. 26 February 2016.
1161:Internet Archaeology
1132:Internet Archaeology
960:Internet Archaeology
867:"Star Carr (80206)"
825:Interpretive debates
798:) and Barry Taylor (
374:is to understanding
110:54.21417°N 0.42333°W
1364:Rowley-Conwy, Peter
1247:Star Carr Revisited
1080:The Daily Telegraph
944:, pp. 115–164.
932:, pp. 225–244.
905:, pp. 147–161.
597:-like) or rounded (
206:Maglemosian culture
187:Mesolithic cultures
106: /
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1559:10th millennium BC
1346:(334): 1004–1020.
788:University of York
780:
716:Arthur Roy Clapham
712:Scarborough Museum
695:New Hertford River
677:Scarborough Museum
663:institutions: The
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558:
270:Levantine corridor
115:54.21417; -0.42333
21:
1564:Mesolithic Europe
1494:978-05-00285-31-2
1471:978-19-12482-04-7
1418:978-07-52437-34-7
1399:978-09-51942-04-8
1377:978-0-7187-0876-4
1360:Legge, Anthony J.
1299:978-05-21083-94-2
1268:(10): 2833–2857.
1141:10.11141/ia.44.11
893:, pp. 4, 13.
815:Star Carr Pendant
792:Chantal Conneller
431:Vale of Pickering
372:Scandinavian York
341:
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231:Swiderian culture
226:Komornica culture
191:Mesolithic Europe
179:Upper Paleolithic
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614:roundhouses
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411:stone tools
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113: /
89:Coordinates
75:Scarborough
1553:Categories
1224:Clark 1954
1061:Clark 1954
993:Clark 1954
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876:15 January
850:References
747:Bronze Age
625:Mesolithic
514:carnivores
486:herbivores
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370:period or
366:is to the
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348:Mesolithic
171:Mesolithic
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129:Settlement
101:00°25′24″W
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1340:Antiquity
1305:15 August
1091:15 August
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307:Neolithic
280:Caucasus
147:Abandoned
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399:red deer
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