Olive - Knowledge

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microsatellite loci analyzed, which furthermore may indicate attempt to keep the lineage of an older species intact. However, Bernabei writes, "All the tree trunks are hollow inside so that the central, older wood is missing... In the end, only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated. The dated ancient olive trees do not, however, allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the remaining five giant olive trees." Babcox concludes, "The roots of the eight oldest trees are possibly much older. Visiting guides to the garden often state that they are two thousand years old."

2623: 2243: 1996:, a bitter phenolic compound that can reach levels of 14% of dry matter in young olives. In addition to oleuropein, other phenolic compounds render freshly picked olives unpalatable and must also be removed or lowered in quantity through curing and fermentation. Generally speaking, phenolics reach their peak in young fruit and are converted as the fruit matures. Once ripening occurs, the levels of phenolics sharply decline through their conversion to other organic products, which render some cultivars edible immediately. One example of an edible olive native to the island of 3638: 3686: 4766: 4804: 4785: 4747: 4728: 3626: 4823: 3650: 2153: 186: 2217: 3702: 2550: 1978: 2178: 161: 1713: 3608: 2008:

Traditional cures, using the natural microflora on the fruit to induce fermentation, lead to two important outcomes: the leaching out and breakdown of oleuropein and other unpalatable phenolic compounds, and the generation of favourable metabolites from bacteria and yeast, such as organic acids, probiotics, glycerol, and esters, which affect the sensory properties of the final table olives. Mixed bacterial/yeast olive fermentations may have probiotic qualities.

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lasting endurance. For that is a material which neither decay, nor the weather, nor time can harm, but even though buried in the earth or set in the water it keeps sound and useful forever. And so not only city walls but substructures in general and all walls that require a thickness like that of a city wall, will be long in falling to decay if tied in this manner.

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phenolic compounds. As the caustic treatment is avoided, lactic acid bacteria are only present in similar numbers to yeast and appear to be outdone by the abundant yeasts found on untreated olives. As very little acid is produced by the yeast fermentation, lactic, acetic, or citric acid is often added to the fermentation stage to stabilize the process.

1492:. The tree is a means of survival and security, represents their bond to their land, community and animals. Olive trees also serve as a symbol of their identities, which include their physical and emotional aspects and their socio-cultural values. Palestinian people view the olive trees as the first witnesses that Palestine is their homeland. 2109:

microbial stability. Fermentation still occurs carried out by acidogenic yeast and bacteria but is more subdued than other methods. The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds, and a series of progressively stronger concentrations of salt are added until the product is fully stabilized and ready to be eaten.

2607:, are all located in the Mediterranean region and produce 95% of the world's olives. In Italy, cultivation of olive trees is widespread in the south, counting for three quarters of its production. Due to the climate, it is less abundant in the north of Italy, although growth has increased, particularly in the more temperate 2064:. These bacteria produce lactic acid to help lower the pH of the brine and therefore stabilize the product against unwanted pathogenic species. A diversity of yeasts then accumulate in sufficient numbers to help complete the fermentation alongside the lactic acid bacteria. Yeasts commonly mentioned include the teleomorphs 2118:

treatment stage and involves a mixed yeast/bacteria ecosystem. Sometimes, the olives are lightly cracked with a blunt instrument to trigger fermentation and speed up the fermentation process. Once debittered, the olives are brined to concentrations of 8–12% NaCl and acid corrected and are then ready to eat.

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Table olive varieties are more difficult to harvest, as workers must take care not to damage the fruit; baskets that hang around the worker's neck are used. In some places in Italy, Croatia, and Greece, olives are harvested by hand because the terrain is too mountainous for machines. As a result, the

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Most olives today are harvested by shaking the boughs or the whole tree. Using olives found lying on the ground can result in poor quality oil, due to damage. Another method involves standing on a ladder and "milking" the olives into a sack tied around the harvester's waist. This method produces high

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In situations where extreme cold has damaged or killed the olive tree, the rootstock can survive and produce new shoots which in turn become new trees. In this way, olive trees can regenerate themselves. In Tuscany in 1985, a very severe frost destroyed many productive and aged olive trees and ruined

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Only a handful of olive varieties can be used to cross-pollinate. 'Pendolino' olive trees are partially self-fertile, but pollenizers are needed for a large fruit crop. Other compatible olive tree pollinators include 'Leccino' and 'Maurino'. 'Pendolino' olive trees are used extensively as pollinizers

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Applied to green, semi-ripe, or ripe olives, these are soaked in water or weak brine and this solution is changed on a daily basis for 10–14 days. The oleuropein is naturally dissolved and leached into the water and removed during a continual soak-wash cycle. Fermentation takes place during the water

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Applied to green, semi-ripe, or ripe olives, they are soaked in lye typically for longer periods than Spanish style (e.g. 10–72 hours) until the solution has penetrated three-quarters of the way into the fruit. They are then washed and immediately brined and acid corrected with citric acid to achieve

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The curing process may take from a few days with lye, to a few months with brine or salt packing. With the exception of California style and salt-cured olives, all methods of curing involve a major fermentation involving bacteria and yeast that is of equal importance to the final table olive product.

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Olive wood is very hard and tough and is prized for its durability, colour, high combustion temperature, and interesting grain patterns. Because of the commercial importance of the fruit, slow growth, and relatively small size of the tree, olive wood and its products are relatively expensive. Common

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Applied to green and semi-ripe olives, they are placed in lye and soaked. Upon their removal, they are washed in water injected with compressed air, without fermentation. This process is repeated several times until both oxygen and lye have soaked through to the pit. The repeated, saturated exposure

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Applied only to ripe olives, since it is only a light fermentation. They are usually produced in Morocco, Turkey, and other eastern Mediterranean countries. Once picked, the olives are vigorously washed and packed in alternating layers with salt. The high concentration of salt draws the moisture out

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Most commonly applied to green olive preparation, around 60% of all the world's table olives are produced with this method. Olives are soaked in lye (dilute NaOH, 2–4%) for 8–10 hours to hydrolyse the oleuropein. They are usually considered "treated" when the lye has penetrated two-thirds of the way

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is the most important metabolite, as it lowers the pH, acting as a natural preservative against the growth of unwanted pathogenic species. The result is table olives which can be stored without refrigeration. Fermentations dominated by lactic acid bacteria are, therefore, the most suitable method of

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Olives are harvested in the autumn and winter. More specifically in the Northern Hemisphere, green olives are picked from the end of September to about the middle of November. In the Southern Hemisphere, green olives are picked from the middle of October to the end of November, and black olives are

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surrounding family, labour, community and aid for other members of the community that do not possess land. This is practised through the tradition of leaving fruit on a tree during the harvest so that those who do not have land and are unable to take part in the harvest can still reap the benefits.

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were found on the leaves. The same insect is commonly found today on olive leaves, showing that the plant-animal co-evolutionary relations have not changed since that time. Other leaves found on the same island are dated back to 60,000 BP, making them the oldest known olives from the Mediterranean.

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or nearly so, they are generally planted in pairs with a single primary cultivar and a secondary cultivar selected for its ability to fertilize the primary one. In recent times, efforts have been directed at producing hybrid cultivars with qualities useful to farmers, such as resistance to disease,

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eat the bark of olive trees and can do considerable damage, especially to young trees. If the bark is removed around the entire circumference of a tree, it is likely to die. Voles and mice also do damage by eating the roots of olives. At the northern edge of their cultivation zone, for instance in

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Applied to green, semiripe and ripe olives, they are almost identical to the Spanish type fermentation process, but the lye treatment process is skipped and the olives are placed directly in fermentation vessels full of brine (8–12% NaCl). The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the

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smeared olive oil on their bodies and hair as a matter of grooming and good health. Olive oil was used to anoint kings and athletes in ancient Greece. It was burnt in the sacred lamps of temples and was the "eternal flame" of the original Olympic games. Victors in these games were crowned with its

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ground soon vegetate. Shorter pieces are sometimes laid horizontally in shallow trenches and, when covered with a few centimetres of soil, rapidly throw up sucker-like shoots. In Greece, grafting the cultivated tree on the wild tree is a common practice. In Italy, embryonic buds, which form small

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Applied to green, semiripe, or ripe olives. Olives are soaked in salt water for 24–48 hours. Then they are slightly crushed with a rock to hasten the fermentation process. The olives are stored for a period of up to a year in a container with salt water, lemon juice, lemon peels, laurel and olive

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The thickness of the wall should, in my opinion, be such that armed men meeting on top of it may pass one another without interference. In the thickness there should be set a very close succession of ties made of charred olive wood, binding the two faces of the wall together like pins, to give it

1265:, but he makes clear (in 1.16.10) that the cultivated olive must be vegetatively propagated; indeed, the pits give rise to thorny, wild-type olives, spread far and wide by birds. Theophrastus reports how the bearing olive can be grafted on the wild olive, for which the Greeks had a separate name, 7787:

In the coastal areas, the olive groves are tightly interwoven with low maquis, garrigue and steppe, which have been widely grazed and, consequently, burned. On the other hand, low mountains and inland hills have chestnut and mixed deciduous coppiced woods. The actual boundaries between these two

2390:) which lays its eggs in the olive most commonly just before it becomes ripe in the autumn. The region surrounding the puncture rots, becomes brown, and takes a bitter taste, making the olive unfit for eating or for oil. For controlling the pest, the practice has been to spray with insecticides ( 2282:

slopes and crags, and coastal climate conditions. They grow in any light soil, even on clay if well drained, but in rich soils, they are predisposed to disease and produce poor quality oil. (This was noted by Pliny the Elder.) Olives like hot weather and sunny positions without any shade, while

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command more space. Cultivation area tripled from 2.6 to 7.95 million hectares (6.4 to 19.6 million acres) between 1960 and 1998 and reached a peak of 10 million hectares (25 million acres) in 2008. Olive production in the Mediterranean region has declined since 2019 due to

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recorded one exceeding 10 m (33 ft) in girth. The trees rarely exceed 15 m (50 ft) in height and are generally confined to much more limited dimensions by frequent pruning. Olives are very hardy and are resistant to disease and fire. Its root system is robust and capable of

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The harvest season is referred to as "Palestine’s wedding" and is considered a national holiday when schools close for two days so that pupils and teachers can join in the harvest. This holiday allows community and family members to gather and serves as a ritual that encompasses their values

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Hundreds of cultivars of the olive tree are known. An olive's cultivar has a significant impact on its colour, size, shape, and growth characteristics, as well as the qualities of olive oil. Olive cultivars may be used primarily for oil, eating, or both. Olives cultivated for consumption are

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on older parts of the trunks of three trees from Gethsemane and came up with the dates of 1092, 1166 and 1198 AD, while DNA tests show that the trees were originally planted from the same parent plant. According to molecular analysis, the tested trees showed the same allelic profile at all

1246:." Indeed, olive suckers sprout readily from the stump, and the great age of some existing olive trees shows that it was possible that the olive tree of the Acropolis dated to the Bronze Age. The olive was sacred to Athena and appeared on the Athenian coinage. According to another myth, 1683:'s Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws. In 2011, after recognising their historical and landscape value, and in recognition of the fact that "only 20 trees remain from 40 at the beginning of the 20th century", Maltese authorities declared the ancient Bidni olive grove at 973:, in what now corresponds to Italy and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Around 100,000 years ago, olives were used by humans in Africa, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, for fuel and most probably for consumption. Wild olive trees, or oleasters, have been collected in the 2034:

into the fruit. They are then washed once or several times in water to remove the caustic solution and transferred to fermenting vessels full of brine at typical concentrations of 8–12% NaCl. The brine is changed on a regular basis to help remove the phenolic compounds.

1194:, (XVII.53ff) there is a metaphoric description of a lone olive tree in the mountains, by a spring; the Greeks observed that the olive rarely thrives at a distance from the sea, which in Greece invariably means up mountain slopes. Greek myth attributed to the primordial 478:

of the olive tree are known. Olive cultivars may be used primarily for oil, eating, or both. Olives cultivated for consumption are generally referred to as "table olives". About 80% of all harvested olives are turned into oil, while about 20% are used as table olives.

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Nel 1494, 1600 e 1709, gli oliveti vennero quasi completamente distrutti dal gelo. Anni dopo, furono accantonati in favore dei gelsi, così da promuovere l'allevamento dei bachi da seta. Verso la fine degli anni '80 del secolo scorso, la coltivazione dell'olivo è stata

2201:(55.6 km or 34.5 mi) as the limit. Modern experience does not always confirm this, and, though showing a preference for the coast, they have long been grown further inland in some areas with suitable climates, particularly in the southwestern Mediterranean ( 2161:

uses of olive wood include: kitchen utensils, carved wooden bowls, cutting boards, fine furniture, and decorative items. The yellow or light greenish-brown wood is often finely veined with a darker tint; being very hard and close-grained, it is valued by woodworkers.

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was situated, making it an estimated 2,400 years old. The tree consisted of a cavernous trunk from which a few branches were still sprouting in 1975 when a traffic accident caused a bus to uproot it. Following that the trunk was preserved and displayed in the nearby

2533:, into woodlands, where they germinate and eventually form a dense canopy that prevents regeneration of native trees. As the climate of South Australia is very dry and bushfire prone, the oil-rich feral olive tree substantially increases the fire hazard of native 8088:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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There were an estimated 865 million olive trees in the world as of 2005, and the vast majority of these were found in Mediterranean countries, with traditionally marginal areas accounting for no more than 25% of olive-planted area and 10% of oil production.

6616: 1840:, and has additional uses in some religions. Spain accounts for almost half of global olive oil production; other major producers are Portugal, Italy, Tunisia, Greece and Turkey. Per capita consumption is highest in Greece, followed by Italy and Spain. 3449: 7249:

University of Catania PhD in Food Science and Technology, Food Microbiology: "Isolation and characterization of yeasts isolated from naturally fermented olives with brine bioprotective function" Laboratory of Food Microbiology, DISPA, Agrarian

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are picked at the beginning of the ripening cycle, when the colour has begun to change from green to multicolour shades of red to brown. Only the skin is coloured, as the flesh of the fruit lacks pigmentation at this stage, unlike that of ripe

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in 1769 or later around 1795. Orchards were started at other missions, but in 1838, an inspection found only two olive orchards in California. Cultivation for oil gradually became a highly successful commercial venture from the 1860s onward.

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by Antonio de Rivera in 1560. Olive tree cultivation quickly spread along the valleys of South America's dry Pacific coast where the climate was similar to the Mediterranean. Spanish missionaries established the tree in the 18th century in

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curing olives. Yeast-dominated fermentations produce a different suite of metabolites which provide poorer preservation, so they are corrected with an acid such as citric acid in the final processing stage to provide microbial stability.

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is primarily wind-pollinated and its light, buoyant pollen is a strong trigger for asthma. One popular variety, "Swan Hill", is widely sold as an "allergy-free" olive tree; however, this variety does bloom and produce allergenic pollen.

2364:, the trees are regularly pruned. The pruning preserves the flower-bearing shoots of the preceding year, while keeping the tree low enough to allow the easy gathering of the fruit. The spaces between the trees are regularly fertilized. 7788:

different vegetation landscapes can be found at different altitudes according to local climatic conditions; higher (about 1000m asl) in the eastern and southern areas, and lower and close to the sea in the central and northern basin.

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collected worldwide from the middle of November to the end of January or early February. In southern Europe, harvesting is done for several weeks in winter, but the time varies in each country, and with the season and the cultivar.

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tree or shrub native to Mediterranean Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is short and squat and rarely exceeds 8–15 m (25–50 ft) in height. 'Pisciottana', a unique variety comprising 40,000 trees found only in the area around

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Olives are one of the most extensively cultivated fruit crops in the world. In 2011, about 9.6 million hectares (24 million acres) were planted with olive trees, which is more than twice the amount of land devoted to

3520:, are 117 mg/100 g in black olives and 161 mg/100 g in green olives, compared to 55 and 21 mg/100 g for extra virgin and virgin olive oil, respectively. Olive fruit contains several types of polyphenols, mainly 2558:

quality oil. A third method uses a device called an oli-net that wraps around the tree trunk and opens to form an umbrella-like catcher from which workers collect the fruit. Another method uses an electric tool, the beater (

2478:, olive trees suffer occasionally from frost. Gales and long-continued rains during the gathering season also cause damage. In the colder Mediterranean hinterland, olive cultivation is replaced by other fruits, typically the 7742:[In 1494, 1600 and 1709, frost destroyed almost all the olive trees. Later, they were replaced by mulberry trees to promote the breeding of silkworms. Olive cultivation in Ticino was revived at the end of the 1980s] 2144:

to air oxidises the skin and flesh of the fruit, turning it black in an artificial process that mimics natural ripening. Once fully oxidised or "blackened", they are brined and acid corrected and are then ready for eating.

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composition of olive fruits varies during fruit ripening and during processing by fermentation when olives are immersed whole in brine or crushed to produce oil. In raw fruit, total polyphenol contents, as measured by the

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The crop from old trees is sometimes enormous, but they seldom bear well two years in succession, and in many cases, a large harvest occurs every sixth or seventh season. Where the olive is carefully cultivated, as in

7335: 8087: 6623: 5302: 1773:, ornamental reasons, and the olive fruit. About 80% of all harvested olives are turned into oil, while about 20% are used as table olives. The olive is one of the "trinity" or "triad" of basic ingredients in 7171:

Silva, T.; Reto, M.; Sol, M.; Peito, A.; Peres, C.M.; Peres, C.; Malcata, F. Xavier (2011). "Characterization of yeasts from Portuguese brined olives, with a focus on their potentially probiotic behavior".

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the olive tree and plant carry the symbolic connotations of resilience, health, ancestral ties and community. Researchers have found that the olive tree is tied into the Palestinians' Sutra, A’wana and

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of olives, dehydrating and shriveling them until they look somewhat analogous to a raisin. Once packed in salt, fermentation is minimal and only initiated by the most halophilic yeast species such as

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Torres, Mariela; Pierantozzi, Pierluigi; Searles, Peter; Rousseaux, M. Cecilia; García-Inza, Georgina; Miserere, Andrea; Bodoira, Romina; Contreras, Cibeles; Maestri, Damián (27 October 2017).

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Barazani, Oz; Keren-Keiserman, Alexandra; Westberg, Erik; Hanin, Arnon; Dag, Nir; Ben-Ari, Giora; Fragman-Sapir, Ori; Tugendhaft, Yizhar; Kerem, Zohar; Kadereit, Joachim W. (13 January 2016).

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Fermentation is carried out by the natural microbiota present on the olives that survive the lye treatment process. Many organisms are involved, usually reflecting the local conditions or

1956:, which neutralizes the bitterness of oleuropein, producing a mild flavour and soft texture characteristic of California black olives sold in cans. Such olives are typically preserved in 6544: 4337: 755:

and are valued for their tiny leaves and rough bark. This tree won 1st prize in the broadleaf evergreen category in the 2024 edition of the Unión del Bonsái Español (UBE) exhibition in

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Jimenez-Lopez, Cecilia; Carpena, Maria; Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina; Gallardo-Gomez, Maria; Lorenzo, Jose M.; Barba, Francisco J.; Prieto, Miguel A.; Simal-Gandara, Jesus (28 July 2020).

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was shown it c. 170 AD, he reported "Legend also says that when the Persians fired Athens the olive was burnt down, but on the very day it was burnt it grew again to the height of two

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of cultivated olives reflects their origin from oleaster populations in the Eastern Mediterranean. The olive plant was first cultivated some 7,000 years ago in Mediterranean regions.

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Favoured by climate warming, several small-scale olive production farms have also been established at fairly high latitudes in Europe and North America since the early 21st century.

7510: 4480: 3825: 5206: 560:'olive oil'). The word for 'oil' in multiple other languages also ultimately derives from the name of this tree and its fruit. The oldest attested forms of the Greek words are 8066: 7332: 7310: 4660:

Marquer, L.; Otto, T.; Arous, E. Ben; Stoetzel, E.; Campmas, E.; Zazzo, A.; Tombret, O.; Seim, A.; Kofler, W.; Falguères, C.; El Hajraoui, M. Abdeljalil (22 March 2022).

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trees in ancient sources is difficult. There are other trees about 1,000 years old in the same garden. The 15th-century trees of Olivo della Linza, at Alliste in the

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of staple crops that fueled the emergence of more complex societies. Olives, and especially (perfumed) olive oil, became a major export product during the Minoan and

5368: 3579:. Polyphenol content also varies with olive cultivar and the manner of presentation, with plain olives having higher contents than those that are pitted or stuffed. 3462: 6156: 5271: 1644:, Lebanon, claims to have the oldest olive trees in the world (4000 BC for the oldest), but no scientific study supports these claims. Other trees in the towns of 7264: 8264:

Romero C, Brenes M, Yousfi K, García P, García A, Garrido A (2004). "Effect of cultivar and processing method on the contents of polyphenols in table olives".

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In modern landscape design olive trees are frequently used as ornamental features for their distinctively gnarled trunks and evergreen silvery-gray foliage.

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Martelli, G. P; Boscia, D; Porcelli, F; Saponari, M (2015). "The olive quick decline syndrome in south-east Italy: A threatening phytosanitary emergency".

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many farmers' livelihoods. However, new shoots appeared in the spring and, once the dead wood was removed, became the basis for new fruit-producing trees.

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to a tame olive tree and the Gentiles to a wild olive branch. The olive tree itself, as well as olive oil and olives, play an important role in the Bible.

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that resembles a small black spot. They attach themselves firmly to olive trees and reduce the quality of the fruit; their main predators are wasps. The

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fruit is not bruised, which leads to a superior finished product. The method also involves sawing off branches, which is healthy for future production.

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Olives are thought to have been domesticated in the third millennium BC at the latest, at which point they, along with grain and grapes, became part of

6729: 1547:) is one of the oldest known olive trees still alive to this day, with an estimated age of 3,350 years, planted approximately at the beginning of the 1162:

as a diplomatic gift. In Egypt, these imported olive branches may have acquired ritual meanings, as they are depicted as offerings on the wall of the

732:–1 in) long when ripe, thinner-fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars. Olives are harvested in the green to purple stage. 3649: 1201:

the understanding of olive husbandry, along with cheese-making and bee-keeping. Olive was one of the woods used to fashion the most primitive Greek

6126: 5403: 5003: 4264:"Phylogenetics of Olea (Oleaceae) based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences: Tertiary climatic shifts and lineage differentiation times" 1127: 7963: 1588:

The age of an olive tree in Crete, the Finix Olive, is claimed to be more than 2,000 years, based on archaeological evidence around the tree.

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F.R. Riley (2002). "Olive Oil Production on Bronze Age Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil".

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Cicerale, Sara; Conlan, Xavier A.; Sinclair, Andrew J.; Keast, Russell S. J. (17 December 2008). "Chemistry and Health of Olive Oil Phenolics".

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The many types of preparations for table olives depend on local tastes and traditions. The most important commercial examples are listed below.

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in modern Jordan. Farmers in ancient times believed that olive trees would not grow well if planted more than a certain distance from the sea;

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and other places around the Mediterranean, indicating that this genus is an original element of the Mediterranean flora. Fossilized leaves of

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Olives are propagated by various methods. The preferred ways are cuttings and layers; the tree roots easily in favourable soil and throws up

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in Italian), that has large tongs that spin around quickly, removing fruit from the tree. Olives harvested by this method are used for oil.

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based on written tablets, olive pits, and wood fragments found in ancient tombs. As far back as 3000 BC, olives were grown commercially in

1634: 1170:. It is likely that, as well as being used for culinary purposes, olive oil was also used to various other ends, including as a perfume. 10393: 1816:

obtained from olives, produced by pressing whole olives and extracting the oil. It is commonly used in cooking, for frying foods or as a

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For thousands of years olives were grown primarily for lamp oil, with little regard for culinary flavor. Its origin can be traced to the

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has been spreading back to the wild from planted groves. Its original wild populations in southern Europe have been largely swamped by

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proposed that the Mycenaeans sent shipments of olive oil, probably alongside live olive branches, to the court of the Egyptian pharaoh

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is usually 60–70% oil. Typical yields are 1.5–2.2 kg (3 lb 5 oz – 4 lb 14 oz) of oil per tree per year.

10423: 8179: 8095:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 1447:, and the olive is praised as a precious fruit. Olive tree and olive oil health benefits have been propounded in prophetic medicine. 5803: 4953: 3829: 1069:, where its cultivation prospered in present-day Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina. The first seedlings from Spain were planted in 10158: 10013: 8058: 6898: 3795: 7302: 10518: 10418: 10398: 10101: 10039: 6275: 6096: 5109: 4067: 3761: 7390:"Olive Cultivation in the Southern Hemisphere: Flowering, Water Requirements and Oil Quality Responses to New Crop Environments" 4713: 1843:

The composition of olive oil varies with the cultivar, elevation, time of harvest and extraction process. It consists mainly of

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Petruccelli, R; Giordano, C; Salvatici, M. C.; Capozzoli, L; Ciaccheri, L; Pazzini, M; Lain, O; Testolin, R; Cimato, A (2014).

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are picked when they have obtained full size, while unripe; they are usually shades of green to yellow and contain the bitter

1727: 10413: 10403: 10119: 8633: 8321: 8100: 7726: 6395: 6328: 6253: 6192: 6036: 5968: 5719: 5697: 5688: 5042: 4936: 4835: 4816: 4797: 4778: 4759: 4740: 4644: 4548: 4203: 4172: 4141: 3871: 3670: 1606:, Spain, has been estimated (with laser-perimetry methods) to date back to 314 AD, which would mean that it was planted when 1214:

It was purely a matter of local pride that the Athenians claimed that the olive grew first in Athens. In an archaic Athenian

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which total in content, respectively, 72 and 82 mg/100 g in black olives, and 56 and 59 mg/100 g in green olives.

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age of about 1,600 years. It still gives fruit (about 30 kg or 66 lb per year), which is made into olive oil.

1234:, olive trees ordinarily attained an age around 200 years, he mentions that the very olive tree of Athena still grew on the 463:

The olive's fruit, also called an "olive", is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of

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how to curdle milk, to make bee-hives, and to cultivate olive-trees, and was the first to instruct men in these matters." (

1697: 5364: 1354: 8730: 6152: 4007: 2329:

swellings on the stems, are carefully excised and planted under the soil surface, where they soon form a vigorous shoot.

1464: 359: 8338: 8145: 7933: 7907: 5261: 3999: 3927: 1585:. In 2013 it was reported that the remaining part of the trunk was uprooted and stolen, allegedly to serve as firewood. 1283: 9951: 9912: 7592: 7260: 7079: 6723: 6696: 6591: 5779: 4524: 10468: 10408: 7768: 7705: 7462: 7454: 7122:

Bautista-Gallego, J.; Arroyo-López, F.N.; Rantsiou, K.; Jiménez-Díaz, R.; Garrido-Fernández, A.; Cocolin, L. (2013).

6352: 5660: 5549: 4860: 3960: 3886: 3625: 3588: 2604: 1582: 6923: 2419:, can infect the trees for several successive seasons, causing great damage to plantations. A species of bacterium, 10448: 10438: 10302: 10026: 8407: 7722: 5507: 1508:

first used in 1782 depicts an eagle clutching an olive branch in one of its talons, indicating the power of peace.

7343: 6659: 4312:"Genetic characterisation of olive trees from Madeira Archipelago using flow cytometry and microsatellite markers" 3685: 1327:

comments on the olive in 1779 as one of the foods preferred by the ancients and as one of the most perfect foods.

10368: 10145: 10075: 8676: 7019: 5614: 5113: 2475: 1989: 1961: 1505: 7201:"Microbial dynamics and biodiversity in table olive fermentation: Culture-dependent and -independent approaches" 4485: 10478: 10458: 10443: 10433: 10297: 9766: 9120: 8723: 6293: 5585: 5485: 2205:

and northwest Africa) where winters are mild. An article on olive tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in

829: 617: 10266: 4085: 2236: 1408:

after they are consumed. Olive oil is also the most recommended and best possible oil for the lighting of the

1275:(2.1.2–4) he states that the olive can be propagated from a piece of the trunk, the root, a twig, or a stake. 1079: 355: 10388: 9061: 8671: 8373:

Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture; Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN):

7887: 7045: 4108: 2291:

systems. Olive trees can remain productive for centuries as long as they are pruned correctly and regularly.

3458: 2336:, the oily pericarp is first softened by slight rotting, or soaked in hot water or in an alkaline solution. 2302:

from the stump when cut down. However, yields from trees grown from suckers or seeds are poor; they must be

1373:), and one of the most significant. An olive branch (or leaf, depending on translation) was brought back to 10473: 9995: 9982: 9750: 8169:"Virgin Olive Phenolic Profile as a Result of the Anabolic and Catabolic Enzymes Status in the Olive Fruit" 8054: 4191:

A Complete Course in Canning and Related Processes: Volume 3 Processing Procedures for Canned Food Products

2447: 2344: 1324: 27: 9868: 6713: 5598: 3637: 1712: 1043: 10363: 10358: 9840: 8603: 7375: 7364:(in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 207–225 (ch. 7 - Article 1). 4516: 4024: 3944: 3517: 1914: 1311:; the olive was planted to provide shade. (The garden was recreated in the 20th century). The Roman poet 35: 31: 9858: 7359: 6118: 5011: 4366:"Genetic variation of naturally growing olive trees in Israel: from abandoned groves to feral and wild?" 10508: 10488: 10261: 10044: 9554: 7959: 4019: 3939: 3791: 1517: 1250:

was an accomplished athlete killed by her fellow athletes who had grown envious of her; but Athena and

5328: 10523: 10463: 10453: 10168: 10114: 8666: 8032: 5923:"Olive growing in Palestine: A decolonial ethnographic study of collective daily-forms-of-resistance" 5922: 2004:

black olive, which becomes edible when allowed to ripen in the sun, shrivel, and fall from the tree.

1131: 1094: 8372: 6757: 5059: 2259: 2231:, such as South Africa, Chile, Peru, Pakistan, Australia, Oregon, and California, and in areas with 2048:

flourish in small numbers at first but are rapidly outgrown by lactic acid bacteria species such as

1679:, which have been confirmed through carbon dating, have been protected since 1933 and are listed in 10528: 10513: 10503: 10483: 10383: 9215: 9210: 8993: 8010: 7475: 1147: 1030: 10132: 5833: 4041: 1633:

on the Italian mainland, were noted by Bishop Ludovico de Pennis during his pastoral visit to the

9990: 9904: 9821: 8704: 8424: 7124:"Screening of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented table olives with probiotic potential" 4993:, published in the "Thera and the Aegean World II", London, pp. 109–128. Retrieved on 2011-12-07. 3715: 3661: 2310:

onto other specimens to do well. Branches of various thickness cut into lengths around 1 m (

2091:

Once fermented, the olives are placed in fresh brine and acid corrected, to be ready for market.

2084: 1315:

mentions it in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives,

942: 185: 10253: 9878: 7637: 1988:

Raw or fresh olives are naturally very bitter; to make them palatable, olives must be cured and

10093: 9977: 9783: 9247: 5447: 4636:

Olives: Volume 18 of Crop Production Science in Horticulture (History of Olive Growing, page 1)

2421: 2400: 2072: 2042: 1239: 468: 20: 5396: 4189: 4158: 4131: 3333: 1948:

are picked at full maturity when fully ripe, displaying colours of purple, brown or black. To

1357:. Olive oil was used for not only food and cooking, but also lighting, sacrificial offerings, 969:

Fossil evidence indicates the olive tree had its origins 20–40 million years ago in the

9291: 8746: 6122: 5769: 5171: 3551:

During the crushing, kneading and extraction of olive fruit to obtain olive oil, oleuropein,

3346: 2521:

that displaces native vegetation. In South Australia, its seeds are spread by the introduced

2228: 2078: 1774: 1607: 1428: 974: 471: 302: 10289: 9594: 4634: 2343:

Olives grow very slowly, and over many years, the trunk can attain a considerable diameter.

430:, as well as in Australia, New Zealand, North and South America and South Africa. It is the 10217: 10194: 10067: 9925: 9589: 8638: 8628: 8532: 8400: 7813: 7760: 6446: 4673: 4228: 4164: 3385: 3359: 2603:

climate, economic and political factors. The 10 most-producing countries, according to the

1949: 1592: 1529: 1261:, does not give as systematic and detailed an account of olive husbandry as he does of the 952: 8168: 1451:

is reported to have said: "Take oil of olive and massage with it – it is a blessed tree" (

1333:

describes of the use of charred olive wood in tying together walls and foundations in his

740:

commonly referred to in American English as a "pit", and in British English as a "stone".

8: 10498: 10312: 10212: 9130: 8988: 8926: 8650: 8218: 5795: 4961: 4195: 3817: 3461:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

3072: 3062: 2452: 2283:

temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) may injure even a mature tree. They tolerate

2190: 1548: 1385: 1365:

for priestly or royal office. The olive tree is one of the first plants mentioned in the

993: 394: 150: 8998: 7817: 6890: 6450: 4677: 4232: 3783: 1917:(IOC) into three groups according to the degree of ripeness achieved before harvesting: 1479:

Israeli and Palestinian people harvesting olives in the Samarian Hills, in December 2008

10320: 10240: 9969: 9510: 9446: 9296: 9252: 9200: 8289: 8246: 7839: 7679: 7424: 7389: 7227: 7200: 7153: 6980: 6955: 6857: 6822: 6745: 5950: 5894: 5502: 5384: 4705: 4592: 4565: 4452: 4423: 4392: 4288: 4263: 4244: 3965: 3891: 3372: 3313: 3092: 2490: 2438: 1982: 1566: 1484: 1358: 1053: 1006: 349: 180: 9301: 8380: 6689:

The Emergence of Civilization; The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C

6272: 6088: 5459:"Indeed it is said that at that time there were no olives anywhere save at Athens." ( 4422:

Besnard G, Garcia-Verdugo C, Rubio de Casas R, Treier UA, Galland N, Vargas P (2008).

4129: 4059: 2398:). Classic organic methods have been applied such as trapping, applying the bacterium 2242: 10189: 9886: 9566: 9475: 9325: 9284: 9135: 9115: 8902: 8882: 8317: 8281: 8238: 8230: 8106: 8096: 7985: 7831: 7764: 7701: 7458: 7450: 7429: 7411: 7365: 7232: 7123: 6985: 6862: 6844: 6719: 6692: 6419: 6348: 6324: 6188: 5954: 5942: 5886: 5855: 5775: 5715: 5693: 5656: 5581: 5545: 5481: 5351:

The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in The Third Millennium BC

5117: 5038: 4932: 4856: 4709: 4697: 4689: 4661: 4640: 4597: 4544: 4520: 4457: 4397: 4332: 4311: 4293: 4199: 4168: 4137: 3867: 3745: 3398: 3215: 2232: 2202: 1860: 1746: 1626: 1247: 1135: 839: 825:

is characterized by a smaller, shrubby tree that produces smaller fruits and leaves.

503: 427: 9490: 8293: 8250: 7683: 7157: 5999: 3861: 2442:

bacteria, which can also infect citrus fruit and vines, has attacked olive trees in

2131:. Once cured, they are sold in their natural state without any additives. So-called 1362: 1211:, referring to their wooden material; they were reverently preserved for centuries. 646:, often exceeds this, with correspondingly large trunk diameters. The silvery green 10325: 10031: 9891: 9527: 9411: 9387: 9372: 9125: 9110: 8914: 8849: 8822: 8805: 8776: 8768: 8645: 8273: 8222: 7870: 7843: 7821: 7671: 7618: 7564: 7419: 7401: 7355: 7222: 7212: 7181: 7143: 7135: 6975: 6967: 6852: 6834: 6488: 6473: 6454: 6411: 6210: 5934: 5845: 5742: 5434: 4907: 4681: 4587: 4577: 4447: 4439: 4387: 4377: 4346: 4283: 4275: 4236: 3564: 2206: 2045: 1577: 1448: 796: 445: 9845: 9832: 7718: 7139: 6437:

Bernabei, Mauro (2015). "The age of the olive trees in the Garden of Gethsemane".

5938: 5672: 4564:

Valverde P, Barranco D, López-Escudero FJ, Díez CM, Trapero C (22 February 2023).

10373: 10353: 10176: 9744: 9728: 9631: 9614: 9544: 9502: 9458: 9340: 9306: 9279: 9242: 9177: 8980: 8890: 8694: 8472: 8393: 7911: 7894: 7754: 7339: 7286: 6279: 6260: 6182: 5541: 5535: 5234: 5143: 5103: 4990: 4896:"Olive Oil: History, Production, and Characteristics of the World's Classic Oils" 4850: 4029: 3970: 3949: 3896: 2526: 2514: 2391: 2379: 2375: 2272: 1555: 1452: 1416: 1409: 1378: 1320: 1300: 1230:

with the gift of the olive. According to the fourth-century BC father of botany,

924: 843: 561: 223: 26:"Olive grove", "Olive tree", and "Olive wood" redirect here. For other uses, see 7121: 6820: 6228: 5295:"Canadian Farmer Succeeds with Olives and Gives Kelp Seaweed Some of the Credit" 3676: 10235: 9438: 9399: 9350: 9102: 9078: 8938: 8793: 8788: 8547: 8502: 8487: 8090: 6415: 4912: 4895: 4685: 4160:

Olives and Olive Oil as Functional Foods: Bioactivity, Chemistry and Processing

3692: 2691: 2495: 2198: 2152: 2066: 1817: 1718: 1393: 1262: 1174: 1022: 920: 210: 165: 9355: 8226: 7675: 7569: 7536: 7185: 6492: 6458: 6089:"Crna Gora i priroda: Stara maslina u Baru - majka, hraniteljica i sveto drvo" 5850: 5121: 4582: 4382: 2459:

A pest that spreads through olive trees is the black scale bug, a small black

10342: 9956: 9480: 9313: 9018: 9008: 8954: 8798: 8613: 8527: 8345: 8234: 8141: 7937: 7415: 7369: 7217: 6971: 6848: 6684: 5946: 5890: 5859: 5727: 5650: 4693: 4015: 3935: 3755: 3525: 3150: 3052: 3018: 2570: 2464: 1925: 1856: 1852: 1813: 1664: 1611: 1424: 1389: 1370: 1188:

crawls beneath two shoots of olive that grow from a single stock, and in the

1155: 1143: 1117: 915: 817: 519: 318: 170: 92: 7406: 7078:. University of California, Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources. 7072: 6214: 4880:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 57. 2622: 2513:

In some other parts of the world where it has been introduced, most notably

1087: 10279: 10204: 9806: 9330: 9056: 9026: 8781: 8608: 8598: 8562: 8537: 8482: 8285: 8242: 8110: 7835: 7433: 7236: 6989: 6866: 6566: 6423: 4701: 4601: 4461: 4401: 4297: 3720: 3496: 2994: 2608: 2595: 2549: 2460: 2194: 2186: 2025:

leaves, and rosemary. Some recipes may contain white vinegar or olive oil.

1663:. A study conducted by the National Research Council of Italy in 2012 used 1618: 1366: 1231: 1195: 1086:

In Japan, the first successful planting of olive trees happened in 1908 on

431: 8053: 2629:= 100,000 metric tons (98,000 long tons; 110,000 short tons) produced/year 2569:

The amount of oil contained in the fruit differs greatly by cultivar; the

2220: 1977: 1859:(up to 20%). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% 1576:, named Plato's Olive Tree, is thought to be a remnant of the grove where 10181: 10127: 10052: 9815: 9485: 9335: 9205: 9150: 9031: 8862: 8467: 7545:(ex Smith) subsp. nov., nom. rev., the bacterium causing excrescences on 6839: 5498: 5266: 4443: 4421: 4279: 3556: 3537: 3480: 2978: 2534: 2433: 2430: 2333: 2299: 2009: 1308: 1292: 1215: 1202: 1167: 1134:

showing two bearded men and a youth gathering olives from a tree, by the

1098: 1048: 511: 67: 50: 10005: 8715: 8542: 6622:(Report). Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs. 2009. Archived from 5898: 5874: 5834:"Olive Symbolism in Palestinian and Spanish Poetry: A Comparative Study" 5755: 2348:

regenerating the tree even if the above-ground structure is destroyed.

10018: 9549: 9230: 9088: 9071: 8872: 8827: 8618: 8567: 8497: 8462: 8457: 7148: 4350: 4248: 3725: 3701: 3656: 3572: 3560: 3541: 3512: 3232: 3198: 3158: 2616: 2395: 2216: 1993: 1928: 1848: 1844: 1825: 1770: 1652: 1622: 1432: 1404:, the olive is one of the seven species that require the recitation of 1075: 913:. Wild-growing forms of the olive are sometimes treated as the species 902: 112: 77: 8810: 8277: 7023: 1703: 1455:, 69:103). Olives are substitutes for dates (if not available) during 743: 327: 10057: 9964: 9938: 9688: 9532: 9463: 9416: 9404: 9318: 9051: 9046: 8623: 8552: 8507: 8437: 7826: 7801: 6393: 5460: 5035:

The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequencies of 1492

4156: 4130:

Eddo Rugini; Luciana Baldoni; Rosario Muleo; Luca Sebastiani (2016).

3607: 3476: 3291: 3278: 3146: 2619:. Approximately 170 million plants distributed over 1 million farms. 2405: 2357: 2279: 2185:

The earliest evidence for the domestication of olives comes from the

1821: 1809: 1659:

or olive press) in Jerusalem are claimed to date back to the time of

1603: 1599: 1536: 1420: 1330: 1235: 1198: 1159: 1066: 1018: 970: 910: 708: 635: 630: 464: 453: 117: 61: 9777: 7874: 4428:): Evidence from Flow Cytometry and Nuclear Microsatellite Analyses" 4363: 4240: 2239:, which has a temperate climate with rainy summers and dry winters. 1887: 1558:

in Montenegro has an estimated age of between 2,014 and 2,480 years.

815:, which corresponds to the old wildly growing Mediterranean species 10274: 10153: 9800: 9723: 9718: 9676: 9661: 9624: 9515: 9468: 9382: 9360: 9345: 9262: 9235: 9225: 9220: 9165: 9066: 8931: 8837: 8572: 8522: 8492: 8477: 8442: 8432: 7698:

Australian Olives. A guide for growers and producers of virgin oils

5476:

4.13.5. noted by Isager, Signe & Skydsgaard, Jens Erik (1992).

4984:

Fossil plants from Weichselian interstadials, Santorini (Greece) II

4566:"Efficiency of breeding olives for resistance to Verticillium wilt" 4261: 3576: 3568: 3533: 3529: 3487:(104% DV); other nutrients are insignificant. Green olives are 75% 3181: 2931: 2599: 2479: 2361: 2307: 1837: 1790: 1752: 1733: 1540: 1238:; it was still to be seen there in the second century AD; and when 1227: 1185: 1062: 1026: 1014: 929: 808: 756: 752: 639: 606: 475: 457: 441: 390: 269: 259: 249: 236: 141: 107: 102: 87: 82: 72: 10080: 9943: 8166: 6180: 4563: 1898: 1431:

refers to the scattering and gathering of Israel. It compares the

927:" olives in Southeast Asia are not actually olives but species of 751:. These trees grow wild in the mountains of the Spanish island of 19:

This article is about the tree and the fruit. For other uses, see

9899: 9451: 9426: 9421: 9392: 9377: 9272: 9257: 9160: 9036: 8867: 8517: 8512: 7387: 5738: 3862:

Garrido Fernandez, A.; Fernandez-Diez, M.J.; Adams, M.R. (1997).

3616: 3521: 3500: 3472: 3265: 3126: 2883: 2859: 2811: 2656: 2612: 2522: 2353: 2303: 2284: 1965: 1684: 1641: 1562: 1460: 1456: 1397: 1288: 1180: 1151: 857: 449: 378: 122: 97: 9003: 8167:

Romero-Segura, C.; García-Rodríguez, R.; Sanz, C.; Pérez, A. G.

7585:"Minimizing the Spread of Disease in Italy's Famous Olive Trees" 5838:

International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation

2962: 1876: 1475: 9930: 9853: 9619: 9571: 9559: 9537: 9520: 9155: 8959: 8919: 8907: 8815: 8593: 8577: 8557: 8452: 4852:

Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for Conservation

3484: 3248: 3155: 2787: 2739: 2587: 2470: 2443: 2412: 2325: 2264: 2247: 1997: 1737: 1680: 1645: 1630: 1595:

in Crete has an age estimated at between 2,000 and 4,000 years.

1573: 1316: 1312: 1223: 1219: 1207: 985: 978: 748: 737: 712: 704: 692: 398: 54: 7661: 3540:. The main bitter flavor of olives before curing results from 2177: 1443:

The olive tree and olive oil are mentioned seven times in the

9695: 9671: 9666: 9656: 9651: 9365: 9267: 9193: 9188: 9083: 8895: 8857: 8447: 7756:

Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape

5430: 4008: 4000: 3928: 3488: 3008: 2907: 2835: 2763: 2715: 2647: 2591: 2583: 2553:

Olive harvest in Baruffi (Impruneta, Tuscany, Italy) min 2016

2507: 1957: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1676: 1672: 1660: 1489: 1444: 1304: 1243: 1190: 989: 760: 719: 700: 696: 643: 554: 547: 528: 522: 492: 386: 197: 5105:

Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1896

4662:"The first use of olives in Africa around 100,000 years ago" 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 688: in) wide. The trunk is typically gnarled and twisted. 9700: 9145: 9041: 8206: 8081: 7104: 7102: 7100: 6823:"Bioactive Compounds and Quality of Extra Virgin Olive Oil" 6592:"List of Historical Trees Having an Antiquarian Importance" 6567:"List of Historical Trees Having an Antiquarian Importance" 5230:"Britain's first olive grove is a sign of our hotter times" 4262:

Besnard G, Rubio de Casas R, Christin PA, Vargas P (2009).

3909: 2518: 2332:

The olive is also sometimes grown from seed. To facilitate

2288: 2275: 1833: 1829: 1798: 1401: 1374: 1251: 1163: 1070: 1001: 647: 436: 402: 382: 279: 8059:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 8028: 7361:

Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah)

3743: 8385: 3844: 3492: 3038: 2530: 1953: 1621:(8th century BC to 5th century AD), although identifying 1090:, which became the cradle of olive cultivation in Japan. 8263: 7097: 5677:. Harvard University Press, Book 1, Ch. V, Sec. 3, p. 22 4659: 4365: 2227:

Olives are cultivated in many regions of the world with

1520:

adopted in 1946 is a world map with two olive branches.

999:

The ancestry of the cultivated olive is unknown. Fossil

426:. The species is cultivated in all the countries of the 8202: 8200: 7960:"Faostat.fao.org (2012-02-23). Retrieved on 2012-07-08" 7857:

Spennemann, D.H.R.; Allen, L.R. (2000). "Feral olives (

7638:"The Farmer Trying to Save Italy's Ancient Olive Trees" 7333:

Modelización del ciclo fenológico reproductor del olivo

7897:

Animal and Plant Control Commission of South Australia

5446:

Toward the end of the second century AD, the traveler

5164: 4157:

Apostolos Kiritsakis; Fereidoon Shahidi, eds. (2017).

1617:

Some Italian olive trees are believed to date back to

711:, are borne generally on the previous year's wood, in 7303:"Genius Garden Ideas: 10 Landscapes with Olive Trees" 7108:

Kailis, Stanley G. & Harris, David John (2007).

6956:"Oleuropein in olive and its pharmacological effects" 6111: 5712:

Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food

4219:

Green PS (2002). "A revision of Olea L. (Oleaceae)".

3744:

Magos Brehm, J.; Draper Munt, D.; Kell, S.P. (2011).

2636:

Main countries of production (Year 2016 per FAOSTAT)

1952:

the oleuropein from olives, commercial producers use

599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 8197: 8136: 8134: 8132: 6150: 5875:"Roots of Conflict: Felling Palestine's Olive Tress" 5060:"San Diego Olives: Origins of a California Industry" 3471:

One hundred grams of cured green olives provide 146

7502: 5201:[The northernmost olive oil in the world]. 5057: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4064:

Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages

3587:Olive tree pollen is extremely allergenic, with an 2467:eats the edges of leaves, leaving sawtooth damage. 956:quick growth, and larger or more consistent crops. 8257: 8092:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 6891:"Olives, Flavored by Time, Seasoned With Memories" 6649:"Trees and Woodlands Protection Regulations, 2011" 6263:. ARA-diari (2015-06-18). Retrieved on 2015-06-20. 5767: 5655:, 29 April 1779; reprinted by William Knight 1900 5576:Isager, Signe & Skydsgaard, Jens Erik (1992). 4777:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBesnard_et_al.2013b ( 4187: 2408:. Such methods are obligatory for organic olives. 1377:by a dove to demonstrate that the flood was over ( 1295:, sometime before the city's destruction in 79 AD. 1166:temple and were used in wreaths for the burial of 992:and may have been the source of the wealth of the 444:plant family, which also includes species such as 8129: 7861:) as future woody weeds in Australia: a review". 7752: 7354: 7170: 7001: 6999: 5032: 4815:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBaldoni_et_al.2006 ( 4796:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLumaret_et_al.2004 ( 4758:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBesnard_et_al.2002 ( 3784:"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, 3323: 3136: 10340: 7800:Lumaret, Roselyne; Ouazzani, Noureddine (2001). 6926:. International Olive Council. 4 December 2019. 6347:, pp. 110–113, London: Collins & Brown Ltd. 5726:. See also both the Hebrew and English text in: 4878:Handbook of Olive Oil: Analysis & Properties 4739:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKislev_et_al.1992 ( 4500: 4331:Marone, Elettra; Fiorino, Piero (January 2012). 2378:can affect olives. The most serious pest is the 2235:such as New Zealand. They are also grown in the 1769:, has been cultivated for olive oil, fine wood, 440:. The tree and its fruit give their name to the 8047: 7856: 7799: 6617:Rural Development Programme for Malta 2007–2013 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5714:. New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc. pp. 4–9. 5633:Me pascunt olivae, me cichorea levesque malvae. 4772: 4538: 2429:, induces tumour growth in the shoots. Certain 2369: 397:, with wild subspecies found further afield in 8316:. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 159. 8210:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 7863:Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 7802:"Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests" 7449:. Volume 15. Madrid (1981). Espasa-Calpe S.A. 7325: 6996: 6474:"Every Olive Tree in the Garden of Gethsemane" 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5102:(1897). "Olive culture in the United States". 4954:"10+1 Things you may not know about olive oil" 4875: 4834:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDiez_et_al.2015 ( 4810: 4791: 4753: 2973:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1427:. The Allegory of the Olive Tree in St Paul's 8731: 8401: 7511:"The Italian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Disaster" 6949: 6947: 6945: 6537:"Race to save endemic olive tree intensifies" 6507:"2,000-year-old Trees still producing olives" 6365:"Jerusalem olive trees among oldest in world" 6357: 6181:Oliver Rackham; Jennifer Alice Moody (1996). 5533: 5327:. International Olive Council. Archived from 5262:"First Welsh olive grove planted on Anglesey" 5227: 4734: 4357: 4330: 2041:of the olives. During a typical fermentation 1097:, with olive saplings planted in Rajasthan's 1065:. Spanish colonists brought the olive to the 821:, with the seedlings called "oleasters". The 8381:Most Common Spanish Olea Trees, Ginart Oleas 7198: 6888: 5818: 5363:correspondent, Norman Hammond, Archaeology. 3660:cultivar, with a harvest net on the ground, 1307:and an olive tree grew in the middle of the 1038: 502:'olive fruit; olive tree', possibly through 7534: 6481:Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 6396:"Observation of eight ancient olive trees ( 5905: 5866: 5365:"The olive oiled Greece's trade with Egypt" 5092: 4829: 3984: 3913: 2287:well because of their sturdy and extensive 2135:are cured in salt, and then soaked in oil. 1847:(up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other 1459:fasting, and olive tree leaves are used as 1348: 919:, or "oleaster." The trees referred to as " 838:(from South Africa throughout East Africa, 540: 496: 8738: 8724: 8408: 8394: 8055:United States Food and Drug Administration 7577: 7261:"Oil-Cured Olives: A Kalamata Substitute?" 6942: 6318: 6200: 6086: 5578:Ancient Greek Agriculture, An introduction 5478:Ancient Greek Agriculture, An introduction 5165:Chowdhury, Jayanta Roy (31 October 2016). 5037:. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. p. 73. 4613: 4611: 1972: 326: 159: 140: 8745: 8307: 8305: 8303: 7825: 7568: 7423: 7405: 7226: 7216: 7147: 6979: 6856: 6838: 6146: 6144: 5849: 5402:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5362: 5167:"An agri marvel takes root in Thar sands" 4911: 4889: 4887: 4591: 4581: 4451: 4391: 4381: 4287: 2485: 2271:Olive trees show a marked preference for 2254: 2104:Picholine or directly brined fermentation 1254:turned her into an olive tree as reward. 948:generally referred to as "table olives". 7508: 7447:Enciclopedia Universal Europeo Americana 7291:. AnVi OpenSource Knowledge Trust. 1969. 7073:"Olives: Safe Methods for Home Pickling" 6715:Chapter 2. History of Mediterranean Food 6436: 6400:L.) growing in the Garden of Gethsemane" 6151:Vasilopoulos, Costas (17 January 2013). 5832:Ababneh, Mohammad Daher (8 April 2023). 4848: 4218: 4105:Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B 2621: 2548: 2525:and by many bird species, including the 2489: 2258: 2241: 2215: 2176: 2151: 1976: 1474: 1353:Olives were one of the main elements in 1282: 1126: 1111: 1042: 747:Specimen of Olea europaea sylvestris as 742: 715:springing from the axils of the leaves. 616: 7635: 6918: 6916: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6683: 6343:Lewington, A. & Parker, E. (1999). 5831: 5110:United States Department of Agriculture 4632: 4608: 3963:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 3889:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 3864:Table Olives: Production and Processing 3582: 467:; it is one of the core ingredients in 360:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 10341: 8300: 8148:from the original on 25 September 2011 7070: 6718:. Presses de Sciences Po. p. 29. 6471: 6291: 6141: 5920: 5872: 5709: 5325:"Olive Growing and Nursery Production" 5098: 4931:. London: Reaktion Books. p. 15. 4893: 4884: 4617: 3591:allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. 1648:appear to be at least 1,500 years old. 964: 16:Flowering plant in the family Oleaceae 9782: 9781: 8719: 8389: 8311: 7690: 7619:"Olive tree disease spreads in Italy" 7064: 7022:. Olives South Africa. Archived from 6711: 6691:. Taylor & Francis. p. 280. 6176: 6174: 6099:from the original on 24 November 2022 5305:from the original on 24 February 2017 5292: 5209:from the original on 28 February 2023 4951: 4945: 4926: 4876:Di Giovacchino, Luciano (2013). "3". 3483:, DV), and contain a large amount of 1598:An olive tree called Farga d'Arió in 1523: 1095:olive oil production started in India 405:. When in shrub form, it is known as 10349:IUCN Red List data deficient species 10303:b90cbe44-868c-48c6-adad-e024b74d0f25 10169:0a0aa6a5-a980-4d4f-b6cc-1cf3130598fd 8700: 8035:from the original on 18 January 2013 7908:"Methods for harvesting olive fruit" 7777:from the original on 22 January 2023 6953: 6930:from the original on 28 January 2020 6913: 6901:from the original on 28 January 2020 6873: 6375:from the original on 31 October 2016 6221: 6159:from the original on 14 October 2017 6153:"Plato's Sacred Olive Tree Vanished" 5806:from the original on 23 October 2016 5689:What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat? 5680: 5596: 5558:from the original on 27 January 2023 4543:. Reaktion Books. pp. 106–110. 4317:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 4098: 3798:from the original on 20 January 2012 2576: 2474:northern Italy, southern France and 1423:, is mentioned several times in the 1392:that are noteworthy products of the 650:are oblong, measuring 4–10 cm ( 534:'olive fruit; olive tree'. The word 7850: 7793: 7664:European Journal of Plant Pathology 7636:Petroni, Agostino (29 April 2021). 7528: 7313:from the original on 15 August 2015 7085:from the original on 9 October 2015 6300:from the original on 29 August 2011 6247: 5997: 5961: 5450:saw many such archaic cult figures. 5199:"Das nördlichste Olivenöl der Welt" 5080:from the original on 31 August 2016 4620:Olive Oil. Chemistry and Technology 3750:(errata version published in 2016)" 2209:'s 12th-century agricultural work, 2020:Lebanese or Phoenician fermentation 1913:Table olives are classified by the 1863:and fruity flavor characteristics. 1400:, the Jewish law mandatory for all 776:are distributed over a wide range: 538:originally meant 'olive oil', from 13: 10394:Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa 8336: 8069:from the original on 27 March 2024 7599:from the original on 25 March 2015 7593:University of California, Berkeley 7473: 6547:from the original on 27 March 2019 6517:from the original on 19 March 2022 6184:The making of the Cretan landscape 6171: 6087:Anđelković, Nataša (9 July 2022). 6068:from the original on 9 August 2018 6010:from the original on 10 March 2022 5991: 5692:. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 23–24. 5534:Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). 5242:from the original on 10 April 2023 5179:from the original on 10 April 2023 4716:from the original on 31 March 2022 4633:Therios, Ioannis Nikolaos (2009). 4557: 4424:"Polyploidy in the Olive Complex ( 4415: 4255: 4212: 4070:from the original on 15 March 2014 2164: 1935:Semi-ripe or turning-colour olives 664:–4 in) long and 1–3 cm ( 14: 10540: 10429:Flora of the Western Indian Ocean 8366: 7966:from the original on 19 June 2012 7910:. olivemuseum.com. Archived from 7729:from the original on 26 June 2016 7509:Lydecker, Toni (18 August 1985). 7267:from the original on 7 April 2016 7174:LWT – Food Science and Technology 6439:Journal of Archaeological Science 6235:from the original on 3 March 2016 5979:from the original on 3 March 2021 5969:"Great Seal of the United States" 5603:. William Heinemann. p. 107. 5371:from the original on 8 March 2021 5274:from the original on 6 April 2023 4476:"Buah Ca-na, Chinese White Olive" 4338:Advances in Horticultural Science 4048:from the original on 1 April 2012 3764:from the original on 30 June 2021 3506: 2605:Food and Agriculture Organization 2139:California or artificial ripening 2029:Spanish or Sevillian fermentation 1583:Agricultural University of Athens 1511: 1122: 377:, meaning 'European olive', is a 10424:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin 10267:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610675-1 8699: 8690: 8689: 8330: 8185:from the original on 18 May 2023 8160: 8021: 8003: 7978: 7952: 7926: 7900: 7881: 7746: 7723:Culinary Heritage of Switzerland 7711: 7655: 7629: 7611: 7493: 7476:"Pendolino Olive Trees for Sale" 7467: 7440: 7381: 7348: 7295: 7279: 7253: 7243: 7192: 7164: 7115: 7038: 7012: 6889:Julia Moskin (17 October 2007). 6814: 6789: 6764: 6732:from the original on 11 May 2021 6705: 6677: 6129:from the original on 25 May 2016 6000:"United Nations Emblem and Flag" 5921:Simaan, Juman (2 October 2017). 5600:Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants 5497:"...which is still shown in the 5293:Adams, Barbara (26 March 2015). 5067:The Journal of San Diego History 5004:"Mediterranean Museums of Olive" 4107:. Deaditerranean. Archived from 3700: 3684: 3669: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3450:Full Link to USDA Database entry 2961: 2924: 2900: 2876: 2852: 2828: 2804: 2780: 2756: 2732: 2708: 2684: 2436:feed on the leaves and flowers. 1897: 1886: 1875: 1745: 1726: 1711: 1696: 1499: 1017:of the volcanic Greek island of 184: 65: 8117:from the original on 9 May 2024 7936:. Apps3.fao.org. Archived from 7263:. Cooks Illustrated. May 2016. 6712:Essid, Mohamed Yassine (2012). 6656:The Government of Malta Gazette 6641: 6609: 6584: 6559: 6529: 6499: 6465: 6430: 6387: 6337: 6312: 6285: 6266: 6187:. Manchester University Press. 6080: 6054: 6022: 5927:Journal of Occupational Science 5788: 5774:. Books on Demand. p. 23. 5761: 5748: 5732: 5703: 5665: 5642: 5625: 5607: 5590: 5570: 5527: 5514: 5491: 5466: 5453: 5440: 5423: 5410: 5379:– via www.thetimes.co.uk. 5356: 5343: 5317: 5286: 5254: 5221: 5205:(in German). 26 November 2020. 5191: 5158: 5128: 5114:U.S. Government Printing Office 5051: 5026: 4996: 4976: 4920: 4869: 4842: 4653: 4626: 4532: 4468: 4324: 4304: 4181: 4150: 4123: 4034: 3993: 3832:from the original on 9 May 2015 3631:Olivo della Linza, 15th century 2517:, the olive has become a major 2502:Since its first domestication, 1866: 1651:Several trees in the Garden of 1561:An olive tree on the island of 1506:Great Seal of the United States 1278: 951:Since many olive cultivars are 10519:Trees of Mediterranean climate 10419:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula 10399:Flora of South Tropical Africa 6924:"Olives darkened by oxidation" 5754:Balfour, John Hutton (1885). 4481:Singapore National Parks Board 3976: 3954: 3921: 3902: 3880: 3826:Biota of North America Program 3810: 3776: 3737: 2189:period archaeological site of 2172: 2095:Sicilian or Greek fermentation 1287:Woman with red hair wearing a 1025:. Imprints of larvae of olive 772:The six natural subspecies of 612: 1: 10379:Flora of East Tropical Africa 8015:www.madeinsouthitalytoday.com 7344:University of Córdoba (Spain) 7199:Botta, C; Cocolin, L (2012). 7140:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.004 7071:Yada, Sylvia; Harris, Linda. 6801:www.internationaloliveoil.org 6776:www.internationaloliveoil.org 6323:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6203:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 5939:10.1080/14427591.2017.1378119 5674:The Ten Books on Architecture 4960:(Fall/Spring). Archived from 3731: 2540: 2181:Areas of cultivation in green 2147: 1554:An olive tree in the city of 1154:periods. Dutch archaeologist 1078:. It was first cultivated at 1061:Olives are not native to the 393:, found traditionally in the 10414:Flora of Southwestern Europe 10404:Flora of Southeastern Europe 9751:A Book of Mediterranean Food 8011:"Italy olive oil production" 7457:(Complete Encyclopedia) and 6371:. Reuters. 20 October 2012. 5879:Harvard International Review 5537:Metamorphosis in Greek Myths 5058:Carter, Nancy Carol (2008). 3866:. Springer. pp. 23–45. 3457:Percentages estimated using 2950: 2448:olive quick decline syndrome 2370:Pests, diseases, and weather 2324: ft) planted deeply in 2295:in large olive tree groves. 1981:Vat room used for curing at 1804: 1470: 936: 600: 586: 572: 555: 529: 482: 28:Olive grove (disambiguation) 7: 10494:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8634:regulation and adulteration 8604:International Olive Council 8339:"Pollination and Fruit Set" 8314:The Allergy-Fighting Garden 7589:Our Environment at Berkeley 7128:Food Research International 5768:Hassouna, Viktoria (2010). 4855:. Oxford University Press. 4517:International Olive Council 4188:Susan Featherstone (2015). 4060:"The Linear B word e-ra-wo" 4042:"The Linear B word e-ra-wa" 3709: 2983:609 kJ (146 kcal) 2450:(OQDS). The main vector is 2237:Córdoba Province, Argentina 1915:International Olive Council 1080:Mission San Diego de Alcalá 803:, which was formerly named 767: 691:The small, white, feathery 350:Linear B Unicode characters 36:Olive wood (disambiguation) 32:Olive tree (disambiguation) 10: 10545: 8415: 7753:Stefano Mazzoleni (2004). 7499:Lewington and Parker, 114. 7394:Frontiers in Plant Science 6416:10.1016/j.crvi.2014.03.002 6319:Drinkwater, Carol (2006). 6273:Diocese of Nardò–Gallipoli 5686:Macdonald, Nathan (2008). 5671:Pollio, Vitruvius (1914). 5033:Crosby, Alfred W. (2003). 4913:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1093 4849:Thompson, John D. (2020). 4686:10.1038/s41477-022-01109-x 4570:Frontiers in Plant Science 4009: 4001: 3982:Ernout & Meillet s.v. 3929: 3792:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3758:of Threatened Species 2011 3599: 2446:, southern Italy, causing 1962:sterilized under high heat 1635:Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli 1527: 1518:Flag of the United Nations 1115: 1021:and dated to about 37,000 959: 940: 593: 579: 565: 548: 523: 472:and Mediterranean cuisines 25: 18: 9790: 9762: 9737: 9711: 9644: 9607: 9582: 9501: 9437: 9176: 9099: 9017: 8979: 8972: 8947: 8881: 8848: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8685: 8659: 8586: 8423: 8227:10.1080/10408390701856223 7893:February 5, 2013, at the 7676:10.1007/s10658-015-0784-7 7570:10.1099/00207713-32-2-166 7205:Frontiers in Microbiology 7186:10.1016/j.lwt.2011.01.029 6493:10.1525/dcqr.2014.3.2.111 6459:10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.011 5851:10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.4.8 5597:Hort, Sir Arthur (1916). 4583:10.3389/fpls.2023.1149570 4383:10.1186/s12870-016-0947-5 4333:"Oleiculture in progress" 3456: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3397: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3345: 3332: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3290: 3277: 3264: 3247: 3231: 3214: 3197: 3180: 3145: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3061: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2972: 2960: 2050:Leuconostoc mesenteroides 1687:as a Tree Protected Area. 1355:ancient Israelite cuisine 1039:Outside the Mediterranean 1005:pollen has been found in 811:called "olivasters", and 362: instead of Linear B. 334: 325: 308: 301: 181:Scientific classification 179: 157: 148: 139: 45: 10469:Plants described in 1753 10409:Flora of Southern Africa 9216:Maccheroni alla chitarra 9211:Mortadella di Campotosto 7218:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00245 6972:10.3797/scipharm.0912-18 6404:Comptes Rendus Biologies 5474:On the Causes of Plants, 4927:Lanza, Fabrizia (2011). 4618:Boskou, D., ed. (1996). 4539:Lanza, Fabrizia (2012). 4513:World Olive Encyclopedia 4136:. Springer. p. 14. 3536:, and for black olives, 2113:Water-cured fermentation 1438: 1349:Judaism and Christianity 10449:Garden plants of Europe 10439:Garden plants of Africa 7719:"Olio d'oliva ticinese" 7557:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 7407:10.3389/fpls.2017.01830 6215:10.1111/1468-0092.00149 4982:Friedrich W.L. (1978). 4929:Olive: a global history 4541:Olive: A Global History 4025:A Greek–English Lexicon 3945:A Greek–English Lexicon 3716:List of olive cultivars 3475:, are a rich source of 3459:US recommendations 2122:Salt-cured fermentation 2085:Kluyveromyces marxianus 2054:Lactobacillus plantarum 1973:Fermentation and curing 1760: 1692:Examples of olive trees 1655:(from the Hebrew words 1384:The olive is listed in 1259:On the Causes of Plants 943:List of olive cultivars 883:(Algeria, Sudan, Niger) 10369:Drought-tolerant trees 9121:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8312:Ogren, Thomas (2015). 8142:"Olives and olive oil" 7110:Producing table olives 6960:Scientia Pharmaceutica 6658:. 2011. Archived from 6472:Babcox, Wendy (2014). 6292:Al-BAB (August 2011). 6259:June 20, 2015, at the 5008:www.oliveoilmuseums.gr 3985: 3914: 3760:. e.T63005A102150835. 3463:the National Academies 2967:Marinated green olives 2630: 2554: 2499: 2486:As an invasive species 2422:Pseudomonas savastanoi 2401:Bacillus thuringiensis 2278:, flourishing best on 2268: 2255:Growth and propagation 2251: 2229:Mediterranean climates 2224: 2182: 2157: 2073:Pichia membranifaciens 1985: 1777:, the other two being 1572:An olive tree in west 1480: 1346: 1296: 1139: 1058: 977:since ~19,000 BP. The 764: 622: 541: 497: 348:This article contains 21:Olive (disambiguation) 10479:Plants used in bonsai 10459:Mediterranean cuisine 10444:Garden plants of Asia 10434:Flora of Western Asia 8747:Mediterranean cuisine 7761:John Wiley & Sons 7331:Oteros, Jose (2014). 6511:The Malta Independent 6123:Brijuni National Park 5873:Sarafa, Rami (2004). 5756:"Plants of the Bible" 5710:Cooper, John (1993). 5522:Description of Greece 5429:"He learned from the 5116:). pp. 371–390. 4952:Gooch, Ellen (2005). 4894:Vossen, Paul (2007). 4165:John Wiley & Sons 4133:The Olive Tree Genome 4016:Liddell, Henry George 3936:Liddell, Henry George 3111:Vitamins and minerals 2625: 2615:and the hills around 2552: 2494:As an invasive weed, 2493: 2456:(meadow spittlebug). 2417:Cycloconium oleaginum 2262: 2245: 2219: 2180: 2155: 2129:Debaryomyces hansenii 2079:Debaryomyces hansenii 1980: 1820:. It is also used in 1775:Mediterranean cuisine 1608:Constantine the Great 1478: 1429:Epistle to the Romans 1341: 1323:provide sustenance." 1286: 1222:won the patronage of 1130: 1112:Symbolic connotations 1046: 975:Eastern Mediterranean 787:(Mediterranean Basin) 746: 718:The fruit is a small 620: 49:Temporal range: Late 10389:Flora of Macaronesia 8533:Nocellara del Belice 8219:Taylor & Francis 7539:Pseudomonas syringae 7535:Janse, J.D. (1982). 7356:Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá 7009:, Spring/Summer 2006 6840:10.3390/foods9081014 6294:"Ancient Olive Tree" 6119:"Ancient Olive Tree" 5975:. 8 September 2014. 5796:"Olive Leaf Burning" 5758:. T. Nelson and sons 5580:. Routledge. p. 35. 5480:. Routledge. p. 38. 4773:Besnard et al. 2013b 3583:Allergenic potential 2404:, and spraying with 2062:Pediococcus damnosus 2058:Lactobacillus brevis 1593:olive tree of Vouves 1530:List of oldest trees 1465:Muslim Mediterranean 795:is divided into two 335:Distribution map of 10474:Plants in the Bible 8144:. Phenol-Explorer. 7914:on 28 December 2013 7818:2001Natur.413..700L 7595:. 9 February 2015. 7026:on 27 November 2013 6954:Omar, S.H. (2010). 6629:on 26 November 2021 6571:Government of Malta 6451:2015JArSc..53...43B 6155:. Olive Oil Times. 5973:statesymbolsusa.org 5228:McCarthy, Michael. 5146:on 7 September 2017 4811:Baldoni et al. 2006 4792:Lumaret et al. 2004 4754:Besnard et al. 2002 4678:2022NatPl...8..204M 4488:on 15 February 2019 4233:2002KewBu..57...91G 4196:Woodhead Publishing 3643:A seed-grown sprout 2957: 2637: 2453:Philaenus spumarius 2211:Book on Agriculture 2191:Teleilat el Ghassul 1992:, thereby removing 1671:The 2,000-year-old 1549:Atlantic Bronze Age 1545:Oliveira do Mouchão 1396:. According to the 1272:Enquiry into Plants 1178:leaves. In Homer's 1148:Mediterranean triad 994:Minoan civilization 965:Mediterranean Basin 642:region of southern 510:) from the archaic 395:Mediterranean Basin 151:Conservation status 10364:Domesticated crops 10359:Cocktail garnishes 8351:on 4 February 2016 7338:2016-08-27 at the 7307:www.gardenista.com 7112:. Landlinks Press. 7052:. 8 September 2010 7007:Epikouria Magazine 7005:"Unusual Olives", 6895:The New York Times 6541:The Times of Malta 6278:2014-02-04 at the 6254:ARA, June 18, 2015 6062:"FLORESTAS — ICNF" 6042:on 4 November 2016 5503:pseudo-Apollodorus 5395:has generic name ( 5014:on 8 February 2016 4989:2011-07-19 at the 4964:on 8 December 2014 4958:Epikouria Magazine 4735:Kislev et al. 1992 4444:10.1093/aob/mcm275 4351:10.13128/ahs-22672 4280:10.1093/aob/mcp105 3966:A Latin Dictionary 3892:A Latin Dictionary 3553:demethyloleuropein 3424:Other constituents 2955: 2635: 2631: 2555: 2500: 2439:Xylella fastidiosa 2269: 2252: 2233:temperate climates 2225: 2183: 2158: 2156:Olivewood cookware 1986: 1983:Graber Olive House 1567:radiocarbon dating 1524:Oldest known trees 1481: 1388:8:8 as one of the 1297: 1140: 1059: 1054:Tacuinum Sanitatis 1047:Storing olives on 1031:Aleurobus olivinus 1013:were found in the 899:O. e. cerasiformis 765: 623: 10509:Trees of Ethiopia 10489:Symbols of Athena 10336: 10335: 10190:Open Tree of Life 9784:Taxon identifiers 9775: 9774: 9640: 9639: 9603: 9602: 8968: 8967: 8713: 8712: 8323:978-1-60774-491-7 8278:10.1021/jf030525l 8266:J Agric Food Chem 8102:978-0-309-48834-1 7696:Burr, M. (1999). 6330:978-0-297-84789-2 6231:. CreteWest.com. 6194:978-0-7190-3647-7 6064:(in Portuguese). 5998:Nations, United. 5721:978-0-87668-316-3 5698:978-0-8028-6298-3 5615:"Ficus Ruminalis" 5331:on 18 August 2017 5270:. 30 April 2007. 5203:Obst & Garten 5136:"Shodoshima Town" 5100:Pierce, Newton B. 5044:978-0-27598-092-4 4938:978-1-86189-972-9 4646:978-1-84593-620-4 4550:978-1-86189-972-9 4205:978-0-85709-687-6 4174:978-1-119-13531-9 4143:978-3-319-48887-5 3873:978-0-412-71810-6 3565:beta-glucosidases 3469: 3468: 3414: 3413: 2946: 2945: 2577:Global production 2527:European starling 2498:, South Australia 2345:A. P. de Candolle 1627:Province of Lecce 1565:in Croatia has a 1535:An olive tree in 1257:Theophrastus, in 1138:(ca. 520–510 BC). 1136:Antimenes Painter 860:); also known as 695:, with ten-cleft 609:syllabic script. 605:, written in the 371:, botanical name 356:rendering support 343: 342: 174: 10536: 10524:Trees of Morocco 10464:Ornamental trees 10454:Medicinal plants 10329: 10328: 10316: 10315: 10306: 10305: 10293: 10292: 10283: 10282: 10270: 10269: 10257: 10256: 10244: 10243: 10231: 10230: 10221: 10220: 10208: 10207: 10198: 10197: 10185: 10184: 10172: 10171: 10162: 10161: 10149: 10148: 10136: 10135: 10123: 10122: 10110: 10109: 10097: 10096: 10084: 10083: 10071: 10070: 10061: 10060: 10048: 10047: 10035: 10034: 10022: 10021: 10009: 10008: 9999: 9998: 9986: 9985: 9973: 9972: 9960: 9959: 9947: 9946: 9934: 9933: 9921: 9920: 9908: 9907: 9895: 9894: 9882: 9881: 9872: 9871: 9862: 9861: 9849: 9848: 9836: 9835: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9779: 9778: 9388:Pasta alla Norma 8977: 8976: 8765: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8717: 8716: 8703: 8702: 8693: 8692: 8646:Olive pomace oil 8410: 8403: 8396: 8387: 8386: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8350: 8344:. Archived from 8343: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8309: 8298: 8297: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8204: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8184: 8173: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8138: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7940:on 13 March 2007 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7904: 7898: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7829: 7827:10.1038/35099680 7797: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7736: 7734: 7715: 7709: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7625:. 24 March 2015. 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7480:Olives Unlimited 7471: 7465: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7409: 7385: 7379: 7378:–225 (Article I) 7373: 7352: 7346: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7309:. 29 July 2018. 7299: 7293: 7292: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7230: 7220: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7151: 7119: 7113: 7106: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7077: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7046:"Eat Like a Man" 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6983: 6951: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6920: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6886: 6871: 6870: 6860: 6842: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6653: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6361: 6355: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6289: 6283: 6270: 6264: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6198: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6093:BBC News Serbian 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6035:. Archived from 6034: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5918: 5903: 5902: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5771:Virgin Olive Oil 5765: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5743:Tractate Shabbat 5736: 5730: 5725: 5707: 5701: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5663: 5646: 5640: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5588: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5495: 5489: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5435:Diodorus Siculus 5427: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5360: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5142:. Archived from 5140:shodoshima.lg.jp 5132: 5126: 5125: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5010:. Archived from 5000: 4994: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4906:(5): 1093–1100. 4891: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4830:Diez et al. 2015 4827: 4821: 4820: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4595: 4585: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4509: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4484:. Archived from 4472: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4432:Annals of Botany 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4395: 4385: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4268:Annals of Botany 4259: 4253: 4252: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4111:on 20 March 2016 4097: 4095: 4093: 4088:on 21 March 2016 4084:. Archived from 4079: 4077: 4075: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4012: 4011: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3952: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3859: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3741: 3704: 3688: 3673: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3575:, and aldehydic 3327: 3252: 3236: 3219: 3202: 3185: 3147:Vitamin A equiv. 3140: 3107: 3106: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2653:Cultivated area 2638: 2634: 2392:organophosphates 2388:Bactrocera oleae 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2263:Pruned trees in 2133:oil-cured olives 1901: 1890: 1879: 1855:(up to 21%) and 1836:for traditional 1765:The olive tree, 1749: 1730: 1715: 1700: 1291:of olives, from 873:(Canary Islands) 731: 730: 726: 687: 686: 682: 679: 673: 672: 668: 663: 662: 658: 655: 625:The olive tree, 603: 596: 595: 589: 582: 581: 575: 568: 567: 558: 551: 550: 544: 532: 526: 525: 500: 416: 412: 330: 314: 294:O. europaea 189: 188: 168: 163: 162: 144: 134: 64: 43: 42: 10544: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10529:Trees of Turkey 10514:Trees of Europe 10504:Trees of Africa 10484:Spanish cuisine 10384:Flora of France 10339: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10324: 10319: 10311: 10309: 10301: 10296: 10288: 10286: 10278: 10273: 10265: 10260: 10252: 10247: 10239: 10234: 10226: 10224: 10216: 10211: 10203: 10201: 10193: 10188: 10180: 10177:Observation.org 10175: 10167: 10165: 10157: 10152: 10144: 10139: 10131: 10126: 10118: 10113: 10105: 10100: 10092: 10087: 10079: 10074: 10066: 10064: 10056: 10051: 10043: 10038: 10030: 10025: 10017: 10012: 10004: 10002: 9994: 9989: 9981: 9976: 9968: 9963: 9955: 9950: 9942: 9937: 9929: 9924: 9916: 9911: 9903: 9898: 9890: 9885: 9877: 9875: 9867: 9865: 9857: 9852: 9844: 9839: 9831: 9829: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9786: 9776: 9771: 9758: 9745:Elizabeth David 9733: 9707: 9636: 9599: 9578: 9497: 9433: 9341:Mirto (liqueur) 9307:Pasta e fagioli 9302:Neapolitan ragù 9172: 9101: 9095: 9013: 8964: 8943: 8877: 8844: 8749: 8744: 8714: 8709: 8681: 8655: 8582: 8419: 8414: 8369: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8310: 8301: 8262: 8258: 8205: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8103: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8052: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7895:Wayback Machine 7888:Olives as Weeds 7886: 7882: 7875:10.1071/EA98141 7855: 7851: 7798: 7794: 7780: 7778: 7771: 7763:. p. 145. 7751: 7747: 7732: 7730: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7700:, 4th edition. 7695: 7691: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7634: 7630: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7551:Nerium oleander 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7515:Washington Post 7507: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7472: 7468: 7445: 7441: 7386: 7382: 7353: 7349: 7340:Wayback Machine 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7270: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7197: 7193: 7169: 7165: 7120: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7004: 6997: 6952: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6922: 6921: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6887: 6874: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6803: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6753: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6435: 6431: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6321:The Olive Route 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6290: 6286: 6282:. GCatholic.org 6280:Wayback Machine 6271: 6267: 6261:Wayback Machine 6252: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6195: 6179: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6149: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5919: 5906: 5871: 5867: 5830: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5753: 5749: 5737: 5733: 5722: 5708: 5704: 5685: 5681: 5670: 5666: 5647: 5643: 5630: 5626: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5595: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5552: 5544:. p. 278. 5542:Clarendon Press 5532: 5528: 5519: 5515: 5496: 5492: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5361: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5299:Olive Oil Times 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5235:The Independent 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4991:Wayback Machine 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4925: 4921: 4892: 4885: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4616: 4609: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4511: 4510: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4362: 4358: 4329: 4325: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4260: 4256: 4241:10.2307/4110824 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198:. p. 113. 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167:. p. 129. 4155: 4151: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4099:Raymoure, K.A. 4091: 4089: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4030:Perseus Project 3998: 3994: 3981: 3977: 3971:Perseus Project 3959: 3955: 3950:Perseus Project 3926: 3922: 3907: 3903: 3897:Perseus Project 3885: 3881: 3874: 3860: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3712: 3705: 3696: 3693:Alexandroupolis 3689: 3680: 3674: 3665: 3653: 3644: 3641: 3632: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3585: 3509: 3452: 3447: 3405: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3353: 3340: 3328: 3298: 3285: 3272: 3259: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3226: 3217: 3209: 3200: 3192: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3141: 3112: 3101: 3096: 3073:Polyunsaturated 3063:Monounsaturated 3047: 3042: 3003: 2998: 2968: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2925: 2923: 2901: 2899: 2877: 2875: 2853: 2851: 2829: 2827: 2805: 2803: 2781: 2779: 2757: 2755: 2733: 2731: 2709: 2707: 2685: 2683: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2641:Country/Region 2579: 2543: 2529:and the native 2515:South Australia 2488: 2465:curculio beetle 2380:olive fruit fly 2372: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2267:, Apulia, Italy 2257: 2175: 2167: 2165:Ornamental uses 2150: 1975: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1869: 1826:pharmaceuticals 1807: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1731: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1701: 1675:olive trees on 1640:The village of 1578:Plato's Academy 1532: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1473: 1453:Sunan al-Darimi 1441: 1417:Mount of Olives 1410:Shabbat candles 1379:Book of Genesis 1369:(the Christian 1351: 1336:De Architectura 1301:Pliny the Elder 1281: 1216:foundation myth 1125: 1120: 1114: 1041: 967: 962: 945: 939: 907:O. e. maroccana 897:The subspecies 862:Olea maderensis 844:Southwest China 791:The subspecies 770: 728: 724: 723: 722:1–2.5 cm ( 684: 680: 677: 675: 670: 666: 665: 660: 656: 653: 651: 615: 514:form *ἐλαίϝα (* 485: 474:. Thousands of 456:, and the true 434:for its genus, 414: 410: 365: 364: 363: 354:Without proper 321: 316: 310: 297: 183: 175: 164: 160: 153: 135: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 59: 58: 47: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10542: 10532: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10326:wfo-0000817273 10317: 10307: 10294: 10284: 10271: 10258: 10245: 10232: 10222: 10209: 10199: 10186: 10173: 10163: 10150: 10137: 10124: 10111: 10098: 10085: 10072: 10062: 10049: 10036: 10023: 10010: 10000: 9987: 9974: 9961: 9948: 9935: 9922: 9909: 9896: 9883: 9873: 9863: 9850: 9837: 9827: 9812: 9796: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9507: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9491:Salade niçoise 9488: 9483: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Pecorino sardo 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9182: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9062:Ionian Islands 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8887: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8854: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8773: 8771: 8762: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8743: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8720: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8697: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8483:Gemlik-Tirilye 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8368: 8367:External links 8365: 8363: 8362: 8329: 8322: 8299: 8272:(3): 479–484. 8256: 8196: 8159: 8128: 8101: 8080: 8046: 8020: 8002: 7977: 7951: 7925: 7899: 7880: 7869:(6): 889–901. 7849: 7792: 7769: 7745: 7710: 7689: 7670:(2): 235–243. 7654: 7628: 7610: 7576: 7563:(2): 166–169. 7527: 7501: 7492: 7466: 7439: 7380: 7347: 7342:. PhD Thesis. 7324: 7294: 7278: 7252: 7242: 7191: 7163: 7114: 7096: 7063: 7037: 7011: 6995: 6966:(2): 133–154. 6941: 6912: 6872: 6813: 6788: 6763: 6725:978-2724612486 6724: 6704: 6698:978-0977409464 6697: 6685:Renfrew, Colin 6676: 6665:on 30 May 2016 6640: 6608: 6583: 6558: 6528: 6498: 6487:(2): 111–115. 6464: 6429: 6410:(5): 311–317. 6386: 6356: 6345:Ancient Trees. 6336: 6329: 6311: 6284: 6265: 6246: 6220: 6193: 6170: 6140: 6110: 6095:(in Serbian). 6079: 6053: 6021: 6004:United Nations 5990: 5960: 5933:(4): 510–523. 5904: 5865: 5817: 5787: 5781:978-3839175057 5780: 5760: 5747: 5731: 5720: 5702: 5679: 5664: 5641: 5624: 5606: 5589: 5569: 5550: 5526: 5513: 5490: 5472:Theophrastus, 5465: 5452: 5439: 5422: 5409: 5355: 5353:, 1972, p.280. 5342: 5316: 5285: 5253: 5220: 5190: 5157: 5127: 5091: 5073:(3): 138–140. 5050: 5043: 5025: 4995: 4975: 4944: 4937: 4919: 4883: 4868: 4861: 4841: 4822: 4803: 4784: 4765: 4746: 4727: 4672:(3): 204–208. 4652: 4645: 4625: 4607: 4556: 4549: 4531: 4526:978-8401618819 4525: 4499: 4467: 4414: 4370:BMC Plant Biol 4356: 4323: 4303: 4274:(1): 143–160. 4254: 4211: 4204: 4180: 4173: 4149: 4142: 4122: 4033: 3992: 3975: 3953: 3920: 3901: 3879: 3872: 3843: 3809: 3775: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3654: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3584: 3581: 3563:by endogenous 3526:phenolic acids 3508: 3507:Phytochemicals 3505: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692:European Union 2680: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2578: 2575: 2542: 2539: 2496:Adelaide Hills 2487: 2484: 2371: 2368: 2256: 2253: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2124: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2067:Pichia anomala 2046:enterobacteria 2031: 2030: 2022: 2021: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1939: 1932: 1906: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1818:salad dressing 1806: 1803: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1719:Canneto Sabino 1717: 1710: 1708: 1702: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1669: 1649: 1638: 1615: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1570: 1559: 1552: 1525: 1522: 1513: 1512:United Nations 1510: 1501: 1498: 1472: 1469: 1440: 1437: 1406:me'eyn shalosh 1394:Land of Israel 1350: 1347: 1280: 1277: 1175:ancient Greeks 1124: 1123:Ancient Greece 1121: 1113: 1110: 1057:, 14th century 1040: 1037: 966: 963: 961: 958: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 895: 894: 884: 874: 864: 847: 789: 788: 769: 766: 614: 611: 506:𐌀𐌅𐌉𐌄𐌋𐌄 ( 484: 481: 469:Middle Eastern 389:in the family 358:, you may see 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 332: 331: 323: 322: 317: 306: 305: 299: 298: 291: 289: 285: 284: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 240: 239: 234: 227: 226: 221: 214: 213: 208: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 177: 176: 166:Data Deficient 158: 155: 154: 149: 146: 145: 137: 136: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10541: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10327: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10218:Olea europaea 10214: 10210: 10206: 10205:Olea_europaea 10200: 10196: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10159:Olea~europaea 10155: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9918:Olea_europaea 9914: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9879:olea-europaea 9874: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9859:olea-europaea 9855: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9823: 9822:Olea europaea 9817: 9813: 9808: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9792:Olea europaea 9789: 9785: 9780: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9719:Anise spirits 9717: 9716: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481:Bouillabaisse 9479: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9098: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8955:Baba ghanoush 8953: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8734: 8729: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8706: 8698: 8696: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8375:Olea europaea 8371: 8370: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8203: 8201: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8006: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7859:Olea europaea 7853: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7812:(6857): 700. 7811: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7776: 7772: 7770:9780470093702 7766: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7706:0-9577583-0-8 7703: 7699: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7643: 7642:Atlas Obscura 7639: 7632: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7531: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7496: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7463:84-239-4515-4 7460: 7456: 7455:84-239-4500-6 7452: 7448: 7443: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6917: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6759: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6708: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6644: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6398:Olea europaea 6390: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6353:1-85585-704-9 6350: 6346: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6177: 6175: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6145: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5661:1-85506-207-0 5658: 5654: 5652: 5651:Lord Monboddo 5645: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5551:0-19-814730-9 5547: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5405: 5398: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5172:The Telegraph 5168: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4862:9780198835141 4858: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4807: 4799: 4793: 4788: 4780: 4774: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666:Nature Plants 4663: 4656: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4622:. AOCS Press. 4621: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4426:Olea europaea 4418: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4227:(1): 91–140. 4226: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4087: 4083: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4020:Scott, Robert 4017: 4013: 4005: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940:Scott, Robert 3937: 3933: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3820:Olea europaea 3813: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3786:Olea europaea 3779: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3756:IUCN Red List 3751: 3749: 3748:Olea europaea 3740: 3736: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3593:Olea europaea 3590: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3497:carbohydrates 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3199:Riboflavin (B 3196: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3151:beta-Carotene 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2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2431:lepidopterous 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2207:Ibn al-'Awwam 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2162: 2154: 2145: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2043:gram-negative 2040: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1926:phytochemical 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1900: 1889: 1878: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1857:palmitic acid 1854: 1853:linoleic acid 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767:Olea europaea 1754: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:carbon dating 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1612:Roman emperor 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543:, Portugal, ( 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1500:United States 1497: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:New Testament 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:seven species 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Old Testament 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1325:Lord Monboddo 1322: 1319:, and smooth 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299:According to 1294: 1290: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:Jorrit Kelder 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:Colin Renfrew 1137: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1118:Peace symbols 1109: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 997: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 957: 954: 949: 944: 934: 932: 931: 926: 922: 918: 917: 916:Olea oleaster 912: 908: 904: 900: 892: 888: 885: 882: 878: 875: 872: 868: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 848: 845: 841: 837: 836: 832: 828: 827: 826: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 786: 782: 779: 778: 777: 775: 774:Olea europaea 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 739: 735: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 628: 627:Olea europaea 619: 610: 608: 604: 602: 590: 588: 576: 574: 563: 559: 557: 545: 543: 537: 533: 531: 521: 520:Classic Greek 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 499: 494: 491:derives from 490: 480: 477: 473: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 433: 429: 428:Mediterranean 425: 421: 417: 409: 408:Olea europaea 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375: 374:Olea europaea 370: 361: 357: 353: 351: 338: 337:Olea europaea 333: 329: 324: 320: 315: 313: 312:Olea europaea 307: 304: 303:Binomial name 300: 296: 295: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211:Tracheophytes 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 187: 182: 178: 172: 167: 156: 152: 147: 143: 138: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 63: 56: 52: 44: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 9791: 9749: 9683: 9590:Gibraltarian 9331:Pane carasau 9057:Melomakarono 8782:Chakhchoukha 8609:Olive branch 8599:Castile soap 8416: 8374: 8353:. Retrieved 8346:the original 8332: 8313: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8214: 8208: 8187:. Retrieved 8176:DIGITAL.CSIC 8175: 8162: 8150:. Retrieved 8119:. Retrieved 8091: 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8062: 8049: 8037:. Retrieved 8023: 8014: 8005: 7993:. Retrieved 7989: 7980: 7968:. Retrieved 7954: 7942:. Retrieved 7938:the original 7928: 7916:. Retrieved 7912:the original 7902: 7883: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7852: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7786: 7779:. Retrieved 7755: 7748: 7738: 7731:. Retrieved 7713: 7697: 7692: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7645:. Retrieved 7641: 7631: 7622: 7613: 7601:. Retrieved 7588: 7579: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7518:. Retrieved 7514: 7504: 7495: 7483:. Retrieved 7479: 7469: 7446: 7442: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7360: 7350: 7327: 7315:. Retrieved 7306: 7297: 7288:Edible Trees 7287: 7281: 7269:. Retrieved 7255: 7245: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7109: 7087:. Retrieved 7066: 7056:22 September 7054:. Retrieved 7049: 7040: 7028:. 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Retrieved 3753: 3747: 3739: 3721:Moria (tree) 3677:Shōdo Island 3655: 3592: 3586: 3550: 3546:its aglycone 3538:anthocyanins 3518:Folin method 3510: 3479:(25% of the 3470: 3428: 3423: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3091: 3037: 2993: 2664:(tonnes/ha) 2626: 2580: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2544: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2469: 2461:scale insect 2458: 2451: 2437: 2434:caterpillars 2426: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2399: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2366: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2297: 2293: 2270: 2226: 2210: 2195:Theophrastus 2187:Chalcolithic 2184: 2168: 2159: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2090: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2015: 2006: 2001: 1987: 1945: 1942:Black olives 1941: 1934: 1922:Green olives 1921: 1912: 1907:Table olives 1867:Table olives 1861:free acidity 1842: 1808: 1766: 1764: 1657:gat shemanim 1656: 1619:Ancient Rome 1544: 1515: 1503: 1494: 1482: 1442: 1414: 1405: 1383: 1367:Hebrew Bible 1352: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1298: 1279:Ancient Rome 1270: 1266: 1258: 1256: 1232:Theophrastus 1213: 1206: 1203:cult figures 1196:culture-hero 1189: 1179: 1172: 1141: 1106: 1103: 1092: 1088:Shodo Island 1085: 1060: 1052: 1029: 1010: 1000: 998: 983: 968: 953:self-sterile 950: 946: 928: 914: 906: 898: 896: 890: 886: 880: 876: 870: 866: 861: 854:cerasiformis 853: 849: 834: 830: 822: 816: 812: 804: 800: 792: 790: 784: 780: 773: 771: 733: 717: 707:, and bifid 690: 626: 624: 621:19th-century 598: 584: 570: 553: 539: 535: 527: 515: 507: 495: 488: 486: 462: 435: 432:type species 424:little olive 423: 419: 407: 406: 401:and western 373: 372: 368: 366: 347: 336: 311: 309: 293: 292: 280: 243: 230: 217: 204: 60:0.06–0 40: 10128:NatureServe 10053:iNaturalist 9816:Wikispecies 9486:Ratatouille 9356:Culurgiònes 9336:Malloreddus 9206:Arrosticini 9151:Shish kebab 9131:Montenegrin 9032:Greek salad 9009:Turkish tea 8927:Palestinian 8863:Ful medames 8677:Switzerland 8614:Olive color 8337:Polito, V. 8221:: 218–236. 7990:www.fao.org 7934:"FAO, 2004" 7271:27 November 7180:(6): 1349. 7149:2318/121637 7134:: 135–142. 6833:(8): 1014. 6754:|work= 6304:1 September 5983:22 February 5520:Pausanias, 5508:Bibliotheke 5499:Pandroseion 5393:|last= 5267:WalesOnline 5213:28 February 4900:HortScience 4832:, p. . 4813:, p. . 4794:, p. . 4775:, p. . 4756:, p. . 4737:, p. . 4492:14 February 3573:dialdehydes 3557:ligstroside 3481:Daily Value 3182:Thiamine (B 2696:11,686,528 2675:10,650,000 2672:19,267,000 2644:Production 2537:woodlands. 2535:sclerophyll 2504:O. europaea 2476:Switzerland 2384:Dacus oleae 2376:pathologies 2334:germination 2173:Cultivation 2010:Lactic acid 1964:during the 1946:ripe olives 1849:fatty acids 1832:, and as a 1467:countries. 1386:Deuteronomy 1309:Roman Forum 1293:Herculaneum 1168:Tutankhamun 1099:Thar Desert 1049:Dere Street 818:O. oleaster 807:, with the 805:Olea sativa 736:contains a 734:O. europaea 613:Description 512:Proto-Greek 420:dwarf olive 224:Angiosperms 51:Pleistocene 10499:Tree crops 10343:Categories 10241:kew-355112 10236:Plant List 9866:Calflora: 9595:Monégasque 9550:Escalivada 9511:Andalusian 9297:Neapolitan 9231:Bocconotto 9072:Pastitsada 8873:Mulukhiyah 8828:Shakshouka 8660:By country 8639:unfiltered 8629:extraction 8619:Olive leaf 8568:Salonenque 8498:Hojiblanca 8463:Cailletier 8458:Bouteillan 8152:5 December 7781:30 January 7543:savastanoi 7520:14 January 7089:6 December 7020:"Throubes" 6934:28 January 6905:28 January 6806:2 November 6781:2 November 6379:28 January 6239:14 October 6163:14 October 6103:6 December 6072:3 November 6046:3 November 5810:8 February 5639:, c. 30 BC 5635:" Horace, 5586:0415001641 5562:30 January 5511:, 3.14.1). 5486:0415001641 5463:, 5.82.1). 5437:, 4.81.1). 5420:, book 5". 5375:10 January 5335:5 December 5122:1027034631 4968:5 December 4407:10 January 4082:"e-ra3-wo" 3836:5 December 3802:5 December 3732:References 3726:Olive skin 3657:Cailletier 3561:hydrolyzed 3542:oleuropein 3513:polyphenol 3373:Phosphorus 3159:zeaxanthin 2867:1,646,000 2819:1,008,000 2816:1,416,000 2792:1,730,000 2771:1,165,000 2768:2,092,000 2744:2,343,000 2723:2,573,000 2720:6,560,000 2699:5,028,637 2617:Lake Garda 2541:Harvesting 2396:dimethoate 2273:calcareous 2246:Market in 2197:gives 300 2148:Olive wood 1994:oleuropein 1929:oleuropein 1851:including 1845:oleic acid 1814:liquid fat 1793:; and the 1771:olive leaf 1755:, Ukraine 1653:Gethsemane 1623:progenitor 1528:See also: 1433:Israelites 1419:, east of 1363:anointment 1303:a vine, a 1132:Greek vase 1116:See also: 1076:California 1015:palaeosols 903:tetraploid 881:laperrinei 823:sylvestris 813:silvestris 9996:200017804 9983:200017804 9965:FloraBase 9876:Cal-IPC: 9738:Exemplars 9689:Olive oil 9567:Valencian 9555:Escudella 9533:Caldereta 9476:Provencal 9464:Cassoulet 9417:Carpaccio 9405:Ribollita 9326:Sardinian 9319:Carbonara 9248:Arbëreshë 9201:Abruzzese 9185:Regional 9142:Regional 9136:Slovenian 9116:Aromanian 9052:Loukaniko 9047:Skordalia 8903:Jordanian 8834:Regional 8672:Palestine 8624:Olive oil 8553:Picholine 8508:Koroneiki 8473:Cerignola 8438:Arbequina 8425:Cultivars 8235:1040-8398 8039:11 August 8029:"FAOSTAT" 7986:"FAOSTAT" 7970:11 August 7485:6 October 7416:1664-462X 7370:780050566 6849:2304-8158 6756:ignored ( 6746:cite book 6551:10 August 6445:: 43–48. 6199:cited in 5955:148876900 5947:1442-7591 5891:0739-1854 5885:(1): 13. 5860:2617-0299 5461:Herodotus 5448:Pausanias 5385:cite news 4710:247615211 4694:2055-0278 4101:"e-ra-wo" 3577:aglycones 3569:aldehydes 3530:flavonols 3503:(table). 3477:vitamin E 3386:Potassium 3360:Magnesium 3292:Vitamin K 3279:Vitamin E 3249:Folate (B 3233:Vitamin B 3216:Niacin (B 3053:Saturated 2951:Nutrition 2600:oil palms 2358:Languedoc 2280:limestone 2221:Andalucía 1990:fermented 1838:oil lamps 1822:cosmetics 1810:Olive oil 1805:Olive oil 1706:, Croatia 1604:Catalonia 1600:Ulldecona 1537:Mouriscas 1485:Palestine 1471:Palestine 1421:Jerusalem 1331:Vitruvius 1269:. In his 1240:Pausanias 1236:Acropolis 1205:, called 1199:Aristaeus 1160:Akhenaten 1152:Mycenaean 1093:In 2016, 1067:New World 1019:Santorini 1007:Macedonia 971:Oligocene 937:Cultivars 911:hexaploid 893:(Morocco) 891:maroccana 871:guanchica 835:cuspidata 809:seedlings 797:varieties 636:Pisciotta 631:evergreen 562:Mycenaean 487:The word 483:Etymology 476:cultivars 465:olive oil 454:forsythia 381:of small 288:Species: 194:Kingdom: 10298:VicFlora 10280:23000814 10275:Tropicos 10202:PalDat: 10154:NSWFlora 10133:2.147057 10094:10198497 10081:610675-1 9913:eFloraSA 9801:Wikidata 9767:Category 9724:Bottarga 9677:Semolina 9662:Couscous 9625:Halloumi 9528:Balearic 9516:Gazpacho 9469:Brandade 9447:Corsican 9412:Venetian 9383:Caponata 9373:Sicilian 9361:Bottarga 9346:Abbamele 9292:Lucanian 9263:Focaccia 9253:Ligurian 9236:Parrozzo 9226:Timballo 9221:Pizzelle 9166:Moussaka 9126:Croatian 9111:Albanian 9089:Paximadi 9067:Bourdeto 8994:Desserts 8973:Northern 8948:Regional 8932:Musakhan 8915:Lebanese 8850:Egyptian 8838:Couscous 8823:Tunisian 8806:Moroccan 8777:Algerian 8769:Maghrebi 8761:Southern 8695:Category 8573:Sikitita 8548:Patrinia 8543:Olivière 8523:Meslalla 8503:Kalamata 8493:Grossane 8488:Germaine 8478:Empeltre 8443:Arbosana 8433:Aglandau 8294:36821085 8286:14759136 8251:38244644 8243:19093267 8180:Archived 8146:Archived 8115:Archived 8111:30844154 8073:28 March 8067:Archived 8057:(2024). 8033:Archived 7964:Archived 7891:Archived 7836:11607022 7775:Archived 7727:Archived 7684:16126474 7623:BBC News 7597:Archived 7547:Oleaceae 7474:Marcia. 7434:29163569 7400:: 1830. 7358:(1864). 7336:Archived 7311:Archived 7265:Archived 7250:Faculty. 7237:22783248 7158:59404600 7080:Archived 7030:22 March 6990:21179340 6928:Archived 6899:Archived 6867:32731481 6730:Archived 6687:(1972). 6545:Archived 6515:Archived 6424:24841957 6373:Archived 6298:Archived 6276:Archived 6257:Archived 6233:Archived 6157:Archived 6127:Archived 6097:Archived 6066:Archived 6008:Archived 5977:Archived 5899:43649049 5804:Archived 5728:Deut 8:8 5556:Archived 5369:Archived 5303:Archived 5272:Archived 5240:Archived 5207:Archived 5177:Archived 5075:Archived 4987:Archived 4720:30 March 4714:Archived 4702:35318448 4639:. CABI. 4602:36909426 4519:, 1996, 4462:18024415 4402:27964727 4298:19465750 4115:15 March 4092:16 March 4074:15 March 4068:Archived 4046:Archived 3830:Archived 3796:Archived 3762:Archived 3710:See also 3695:, Greece 3664:, France 3567:to form 3534:flavones 3522:tyrosols 3473:calories 3429:Quantity 3320:Quantity 3314:Minerals 3243:0.031 mg 3227:0.237 mg 3210:0.007 mg 3193:0.021 mg 3133:Quantity 3127:Vitamins 3067:11.314 g 2939:355,000 2936:617,000 2932:Portugal 2912:694,000 2891:424,000 2888:697,000 2864:700,000 2843:765,000 2840:899,000 2795:846,000 2747:887,000 2657:hectares 2571:pericarp 2510:plants. 2480:chestnut 2374:Various 2362:Provence 2250:, France 2002:throubes 1968:process. 1791:couscous 1753:Partenit 1740:, Greece 1734:Karystos 1637:in 1452. 1541:Abrantes 1463:in some 1449:Muhammad 1359:ointment 1305:fig tree 1228:Poseidon 1186:Odysseus 1063:Americas 1027:whitefly 930:Canarium 801:europaea 793:europaea 785:europaea 768:Taxonomy 757:Aranjuez 753:Mallorca 640:Campania 629:, is an 607:Linear B 601:e-rai-wo 504:Etruscan 458:ash tree 442:Oleaceae 391:Oleaceae 270:Oleaceae 266:Family: 260:Lamiales 250:Asterids 237:Eudicots 171:IUCN 3.1 10115:MoBotPF 10019:5415040 9900:Ecocrop 9645:Staples 9632:Maltese 9615:Cypriot 9608:Islands 9545:Catalan 9503:Spanish 9459:Occitan 9452:Brocciu 9427:Risotto 9422:Polenta 9393:Scaccia 9378:Cannoli 9285:Mantuan 9280:Lombard 9273:Ravioli 9258:Ciuppin 9243:Apulian 9178:Italian 9161:Baklava 9037:Stifado 8989:Cheeses 8981:Turkish 8891:Israeli 8868:Kushari 8811:Méchoui 8754:Regions 8705:Commons 8528:Mission 8518:Lucques 8513:Leccino 8121:21 June 7918:2 April 7844:4387691 7814:Bibcode 7740:ripresa 7733:9 March 7541:subsp. 7425:5663689 7317:29 July 7228:3390769 7211:: 245. 7050:Esquire 6981:3002804 6858:7466243 6447:Bibcode 6369:Haaretz 5739:Mishnah 5524:1.27.1. 5431:Nymphai 5418:Odyssey 5416:Homer, 5309:5 March 5278:3 March 5246:3 March 5183:3 March 5150:24 July 4674:Bibcode 4593:9994353 4453:2701839 4393:5154132 4345:(3–4). 4320:. 2008. 4289:2706730 4249:4110824 4229:Bibcode 4052:12 June 4028:at the 3948:at the 3768:26 June 3679:, Japan 3600:Gallery 3501:protein 3499:and 1% 3406:1556 mg 3354:0.49 mg 3334:Calcium 3286:3.81 mg 3273:14.2 mg 3266:Choline 3093:Protein 3077:1.307 g 3057:2.029 g 3046:15.32 g 2942:1.7394 2918:6.7293 2915:67,000 2894:1.6437 2884:Algeria 2870:0.4253 2860:Tunisia 2846:1.1748 2822:1.4044 2812:Morocco 2798:2.0460 2774:1.7950 2750:2.6414 2726:2.5490 2702:2.3240 2678:1.8091 2613:Liguria 2594:. Only 2592:mangoes 2588:bananas 2523:red fox 2471:Rabbits 2394:, e.g. 2354:Liguria 2326:manured 2319:⁄ 2308:grafted 2300:suckers 2285:drought 2223:, Spain 2039:terroir 2000:is the 1966:canning 1938:olives. 1721:, Italy 1704:Kaštela 1685:Bidnija 1642:Bcheale 1563:Brijuni 1461:incense 1457:Ramadan 1398:Halakha 1381:8:11). 1321:mallows 1317:endives 1289:garland 1267:kotinos 1181:Odyssey 960:History 923:" and " 889:subsp. 879:subsp. 869:subsp. 858:Madeira 852:subsp. 833:subsp. 783:subsp. 727:⁄ 713:racemes 705:stamens 701:corolla 693:flowers 683:⁄ 669:⁄ 659:⁄ 638:in the 587:e-ra-wo 573:e-ra-wa 450:jasmine 379:species 276:Genus: 256:Order: 198:Plantae 169: ( 129:↓ 10374:Drupes 10354:Olives 10290:459761 10287:uBio: 10249:PLANTS 10166:NZOR: 10120:283004 10006:OLEEUR 10003:FoIO: 9957:176365 9931:579181 9854:ARKive 9846:103117 9833:149209 9830:APDB: 9807:Q37083 9712:Shared 9620:Afelia 9572:Paella 9560:Ollada 9538:Tombet 9521:Sherry 9439:French 9400:Tuscan 9156:Yogurt 9103:Balkan 8999:Kebabs 8960:Hummus 8939:Syrian 8920:Kibbeh 8908:Mansaf 8883:Levant 8816:Tajine 8794:Libyan 8789:Berber 8594:Amurca 8587:Topics 8578:Tanche 8563:Sabine 8558:Picual 8538:Oliana 8453:Bosana 8417:Olives 8355:12 May 8320: 8292: 8284: 8249: 8241: 8233: 8189:18 May 8109: 8099: 7995:2 June 7944:18 May 7842: 7834: 7806:Nature 7767: 7704: 7682: 7647:12 May 7461: 7453: 7432: 7422: 7414: 7368: 7235: 7225: 7156: 6988: 6978: 6865: 6855: 6847: 6736:22 May 6722: 6695: 6669:10 May 6633:10 May 6601:14 May 6596:UNESCO 6576:14 May 6521:14 May 6422: 6351: 6327: 6209:: 63. 6191: 6133:27 May 6014:31 May 5953: 5945: 5897: 5889: 5858: 5778: 5718: 5696: 5659: 5584: 5548: 5484: 5120: 5041: 5018:22 May 4935: 4859: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4643: 4600: 4590: 4547: 4523: 4460: 4450: 4400: 4390: 4296: 4286: 4247: 4202: 4171: 4140: 4010:ἔλαιον 3870: 3822:(map)" 3662:Contes 3491:, 15% 3485:sodium 3438:75.3 g 3399:Sodium 3299:1.4 μg 3175:510 μg 3172:231 μg 3156:lutein 3100:1.03 g 3013:0.54 g 3009:Sugars 3002:3.84 g 2979:Energy 2929: 2905: 2881: 2857: 2833: 2809: 2788:Turkey 2785: 2761: 2740:Greece 2737: 2713: 2689: 2669:World 2662:Yield 2648:tonnes 2584:apples 2444:Apulia 2413:fungus 2406:kaolin 2360:, and 2304:budded 2265:Ostuni 2248:Toulon 2203:Iberia 2199:stadia 1998:Thasos 1828:, and 1789:, and 1738:Euboia 1681:UNESCO 1646:Amioun 1631:Apulia 1574:Athens 1361:, and 1313:Horace 1244:cubits 1224:Attica 1220:Athena 986:Levant 979:genome 905:, and 840:Arabia 799:, the 749:bonsai 738:pyrena 709:stigma 703:, two 648:leaves 594:𐀁𐁉𐀺 580:𐀁𐀨𐀺 577:, and 566:𐀁𐀨𐀷 556:élaion 549:ἔλαιον 516:elaíwa 508:eleiva 413:Montra 399:Africa 55:recent 34:, and 10310:WoI: 10225:PFI: 10195:23729 10182:80305 10107:32990 10089:IRMNG 10065:IPA: 10058:57140 10045:25555 9952:EUNIS 9944:OLVEU 9892:493JT 9696:Grape 9684:Olive 9672:Pizza 9667:Pasta 9657:Bread 9652:Wheat 9583:Other 9366:Seada 9314:Roman 9268:Pesto 9194:Pizza 9189:Pasta 9100:Other 9084:Dakos 9079:Crete 9027:Gyros 9019:Greek 8896:Hamin 8858:Duqqa 8799:Bazin 8667:India 8651:Orujo 8468:Cayon 8448:Bidni 8349:(PDF) 8342:(PDF) 8290:S2CID 8247:S2CID 8217:(3). 8183:(PDF) 8172:(PDF) 7840:S2CID 7680:S2CID 7603:5 May 7374:(pp. 7154:S2CID 7083:(PDF) 7076:(PDF) 6827:Foods 6797:"IOC" 6772:"IOC" 6663:(PDF) 6652:(PDF) 6627:(PDF) 6620:(PDF) 6477:(PDF) 6040:(PDF) 6033:(PDF) 5951:S2CID 5895:JSTOR 5084:3 May 5078:(PDF) 5063:(PDF) 4706:S2CID 4245:JSTOR 4002:ἐλαία 3986:oleum 3961:oleum 3930:ἐλαία 3915:oliva 3887:oliva 3691:Near 3589:OPALS 3495:, 4% 3489:water 3435:Water 3393:42 mg 3367:11 mg 3341:52 mg 3167:20 μg 3023:3.3 g 2908:Egypt 2836:Syria 2764:Italy 2716:Spain 2590:, or 2508:feral 2427:oleae 2276:soils 1958:brine 1950:leach 1830:soaps 1812:is a 1795:grape 1787:pasta 1783:bread 1779:wheat 1677:Malta 1673:Bidni 1661:Jesus 1490:Sumud 1445:Quran 1439:Islam 1248:Elaea 1226:from 1208:xoana 1191:Iliad 990:Crete 925:black 921:white 887:O. e. 877:O. e. 867:O. e. 850:O. e. 831:O. e. 781:O. e. 761:Spain 720:drupe 697:calyx 644:Italy 542:ŏlĕum 530:elaía 524:ἐλαία 498:ŏlīva 493:Latin 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6074:2016 6048:2016 6016:2022 5985:2021 5943:ISSN 5887:ISSN 5856:ISSN 5812:2017 5776:ISBN 5716:ISBN 5694:ISBN 5657:ISBN 5582:ISBN 5564:2023 5546:ISBN 5482:ISBN 5404:link 5397:help 5377:2020 5337:2014 5311:2023 5280:2023 5248:2023 5215:2023 5185:2023 5152:2012 5118:OCLC 5086:2017 5039:ISBN 5020:2016 4970:2014 4933:ISBN 4857:ISBN 4836:help 4817:help 4798:help 4779:help 4760:help 4741:help 4722:2022 4698:PMID 4690:ISSN 4641:ISBN 4598:PMID 4545:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4494:2019 4458:PMID 4409:2024 4398:PMID 4294:PMID 4200:ISBN 4169:ISBN 4138:ISBN 4117:2014 4094:2014 4076:2014 4054:2010 3910:s.v. 3908:OLD 3868:ISBN 3838:2014 3804:2014 3770:2021 3754:The 3559:are 3555:and 3544:and 3532:and 3511:The 3380:4 mg 3347:Iron 3260:3 μg 2598:and 2519:weed 2425:pv. 2289:root 2082:and 2060:and 1960:and 1834:fuel 1799:wine 1797:for 1781:for 1761:Uses 1610:was 1591:The 1516:The 1504:The 1415:The 1402:Jews 1375:Noah 1263:vine 1252:Gaia 1173:The 1164:Aten 1071:Lima 1011:olea 1002:olea 699:and 437:Olea 403:Asia 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