Archaeology - Knowledge

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and warmer seas, ocean acidification and changes in oceanic currents. These climate drivers will result in changes to flora and fauna, and changes in ground conditions (both on and below the surface) and so will also affect archaeological deposits and structures, while human responses to the climate crisis will also impact archaeological sites. The archaeologist's knowledge and skills are relevant to supporting society in adapting to a changing climate and a low carbon future. Another effect of higher temperatures has been melting of glaciers and ice patches. This has led to the discovery of artifacts and bodies long buried in the ice, fostering the new field of glacial archaeology.

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of the public view archaeology as something only available to a narrow demographic. The job of archaeologist is depicted as a "romantic adventurist occupation", and as a hobby more than a job in the scientific community. Cinema audiences form a notion of "who archaeologists are, why they do what they do, and how relationships to the past are constituted", and is often under the impression that all archaeology takes place in a distant and foreign land, only to collect monetarily or spiritually priceless artifacts. The modern depiction of archaeology has incorrectly formed the public's perception of what archaeology is.

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people who illegally take artifacts from protected sites, and by alerting people who live near archaeological sites of the threat of looting. Common methods of public outreach include press releases, the encouragement of school field trips to sites under excavation by professional archaeologists, and making reports and publications accessible outside of academia. Public appreciation of the significance of archaeology and archaeological sites often leads to improved protection from encroaching development or other threats.

848: 227: 1633: 1497: 1388:(light detection and ranging) uses a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) to transmit a light pulse and a receiver with sensitive detectors to measure the backscattered or reflected light. Distance to the object is determined by recording the time between the transmitted and backscattered pulses and using the speed of light to calculate the distance travelled. Lidars can determine atmospheric profiles of aerosols, clouds, and other constituents of the atmosphere. 630: 11915: 1158:). These civilizations are, not coincidentally, the best-known; they are open to the inquiry of historians for centuries, while the study of pre-historic cultures has arisen only recently. Within a literate civilization many events and important human practices may not be officially recorded. Any knowledge of the early years of human civilization – the development of agriculture, cult practices of folk religion, the rise of the first cities – must come from archaeology. 2306:, temporary, and non-tenure track appointments) to the annual number of archaeology MA/MSc and PhD students is disproportionate. Cultural Resource Management, once considered an intellectual backwater for individuals with "strong backs and weak minds", has attracted these graduates, and CRM offices are thus increasingly staffed by advance degreed individuals with a track record of producing scholarly articles but who also have extensive CRM field experience. 11879: 9480: 350: 2650:

remains to storage facilities for further study. In some cases human remains were not even thoroughly studied but instead archived rather than reburied. Furthermore, Western archaeologists' views of the past often differ from those of tribal peoples. The West views time as linear; for many natives, it is cyclic. From a Western perspective, the past is long-gone; from a native perspective, disturbing the past can have dire consequences in the present.

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contributing to human ecology, independent evidence base, historic context development and tourism. The delivery of public benefits through archaeology can be summarised as follows: through making a contribution to a shared history, artistic and cultural treasures, local values, place-making and social cohesion, educational benefits, contribution to science and innovation, health and wellbeing, and added economic value to developers.

1800: 2579: 1648: 1777:. The cut describes the edge of the feature, where the feature meets the natural soil. It is the feature's boundary. The fill is what the feature is filled with, and will often appear quite distinct from the natural soil. The cut and fill are given consecutive numbers for recording purposes. Scaled plans and sections of individual features are all drawn on site, black and white and colour photographs of them are taken, and 2145: 29: 740: 11891: 11943: 9491: 2362: 2217:(NHPA) of 1966, and most taxpayers, scholars, and politicians believe that CRM has helped preserve much of that nation's history and prehistory that would have otherwise been lost in the expansion of cities, dams, and highways. Along with other statutes, the NHPA mandates that projects on federal land or involving federal funds or permits consider the effects of the project on each 2353:, said during a cultural property protection mission in Lebanon in April 2019 with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon: "Cultural assets are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often have no prospects anymore and subsequently flee from their homeland." 1338: 2295:

for the least funding. CRM archaeologists face considerable time pressure, often being forced to complete their work in a fraction of the time that might be allotted for a purely scholarly endeavour. Compounding the time pressure is the vetting process of site reports that are required (in the US) to be submitted by CRM firms to the appropriate

2299:(SHPO). From the SHPO's perspective there is to be no difference between a report submitted by a CRM firm operating under a deadline, and a multi-year academic project. The result is that for a Cultural Resource Management archaeologist to be successful, they must be able to produce academic quality documents at a corporate world pace. 329:, but he also had them restored to their former glory. He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time. 2426:(USFS) operates a volunteer archaeology and historic preservation program called the Passport in Time (PIT). Volunteers work with professional USFS archaeologists and historians on national forests throughout the U.S. Volunteers are involved in all aspects of professional archaeology under expert supervision. 2346:. Blue Shield International has undertaken various fact-finding missions in recent years to protect archaeological sites during the wars in Libya, Syria, Egypt and Lebanon. The importance of archaeological finds for identity, tourism and sustainable economic growth is repeatedly emphasized internationally. 1055:, thereby no written records exist for study purposes. Without such written sources, the only way to understand prehistoric societies is through archaeology. Because archaeology is the study of past human activity, it stretches back to about 2.5 million years ago when the first stone tools are found – 5100:

Adibe, Luiz Abdalla Filho; Gabriela, Bielefeld Nardoto; Leonardo, de Aro Galera; Janaina, Leite de Souza; Luiza, Santos Reis; Yeleine, Almoza Hernandez; Rebeca, Sales; Daniel, Guimarães Gerardi; Luiz, Antonio Martinelli (2019). "Is the 'canine surrogacy approach' (CSA) still valid for dogs and humans

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affects our environment, projections show that there will be changes in rainfall with increased drought and desertification, increases in intensity and frequency of rainfall, increases in temperature (winter and summer), increases in both the temperature and frequency of heatwaves, rising sea levels,

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As a consequence of this, American Indians attempted to prevent archaeological excavation of sites inhabited by their ancestors, while American archaeologists believed that the advancement of scientific knowledge was a valid reason to continue their studies. This contradictory situation was addressed

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trade. Smuggling of antiquities abroad to private collectors has caused great cultural and economic damage in many countries whose governments lack the resources and or the will to deter it. Looters damage and destroy archaeological sites, denying future generations information about their ethnic and

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of the soil are also widely used. Archaeological features whose electrical resistivity contrasts with that of surrounding soils can be detected and mapped. Some archaeological features (such as those composed of stone or brick) have higher resistivity than typical soils, while others (such as organic

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can be used to look where sites are located within a large area or provide more information about sites or regions. There are two types of remote sensing instruments—passive and active. Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the observed scene. Passive instruments

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Cultural resources management has, however, been criticized. CRM is conducted by private companies that bid for projects by submitting proposals outlining the work to be done and an expected budget. It is not unheard of for the agency responsible for the construction to choose the proposal that asks

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sites on public and private lands, and the removal of culturally valuable materials from areas where they would otherwise be destroyed by human activity, such as proposed construction. This study involves at least a cursory examination to determine whether or not any significant archaeological sites

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aims to systematize archaeological measurement. It emphasizes the application of analytical techniques from physics, chemistry, and engineering. It is a field of research that frequently focuses on the definition of the chemical composition of archaeological remains for source analysis. Archaeometry

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Drones costing as little as £650 have proven useful. In 2013, drones have flown over at least six Peruvian archaeological sites, including the colonial Andean town Machu Llacta 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level. The drones continue to have altitude problems in the Andes, leading to plans

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Often, archaeology provides the only means to learn of the existence and behaviors of people of the past. Across the millennia many thousands of cultures and societies and billions of people have come and gone of which there is little or no written record or existing records are misrepresentative or

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who now inhabit the region. The remains may be of Iroquoian ancestry, since Iroquoian people inhabited the area before the Algonquin. Moreover, the oldest of these remains might have no relation at all to the Algonquin or Iroquois, and belong to an earlier culture who previously inhabited the area.

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Pseudoarchaeology is an umbrella term for all activities that falsely claim to be archaeological but in fact violate commonly accepted and scientific archaeological practices. It includes much fictional archaeological work (discussed above), as well as some actual activity. Many non-fiction authors

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One audience for archaeologists' work is the public. Archaeologists increasingly realize that their work can benefit non-academic and non-archaeological audiences, and that they have a responsibility to educate and inform the public about archaeology. Local heritage awareness is aimed at increasing

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Early archaeology was largely an attempt to uncover spectacular artifacts and features, or to explore vast and mysterious abandoned cities and was mostly done by upper class, scholarly men. This general tendency laid the foundation for the modern popular view of archaeology and archaeologists. Many

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to find out as much as possible about it and the surrounding area. Second, an excavation may take place to uncover any archaeological features buried under the ground. And, third, the information collected during the excavation is studied and evaluated in an attempt to achieve the original research

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Motivated by a desire to halt looting, curb pseudoarchaeology, and to help preserve archaeological sites through education and fostering public appreciation for the importance of archaeological heritage, archaeologists are mounting public-outreach campaigns. They seek to stop looting by combatting

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and be preserved there for posterity. Thus, written records tend to reflect the biases, assumptions, cultural values and possibly deceptions of a limited range of individuals, usually a small fraction of the larger population. Hence, written records cannot be trusted as a sole source. The material

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is the ethnographic study of living people, designed to aid in our interpretation of the archaeological record. The approach first gained prominence during the processual movement of the 1960s, and continues to be a vibrant component of post-processual and other current archaeological approaches.

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Archaeologists around the world use drones to speed up survey work and protect sites from squatters, builders and miners. In Peru, small drones helped researchers produce three-dimensional models of Peruvian sites instead of the usual flat maps – and in days and weeks instead of months and years.

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There is a considerable international body of research focused on archaeology and public value and tangible benefits of archaeology include helping to counteract racism, documenting accomplishments of ignored communities, providing time-depth as a response to short-termism of the modern age, and

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battlefields, metal distribution analysis prior to excavation of a 19th-century ship wreck, and service cable location during evaluation. Metal detectorists have also contributed to archaeology where they have made detailed records of their results and refrained from raising artifacts from their

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criticized contemporary Chinese scholars for attributing ancient bronze vessels as creations of famous sages rather than artisan commoners, and for attempting to revive them for ritual use without discerning their original functionality and purpose of manufacture. Such antiquarian pursuits waned

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An inconspicuous rock mound marks the reburial site where close to 80 boxes of various sizes are buried. Because of this reburial, no further scientific study is possible. Although negotiations were at times tense between the Kitigan Zibi community and museum, they were able to reach agreement.

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The simplest survey technique is surface survey. It involves combing an area, usually on foot but sometimes with the use of mechanized transport, to search for features or artifacts visible on the surface. Surface survey cannot detect sites or features that are completely buried under earth, or

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and archaeologists, which can be summarized as a conflict between a need to remain respectful toward sacred burial sites and the academic benefit from studying them. For years, American archaeologists dug on Indian burial grounds and other places considered sacred, removing artifacts and human

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Survey work has many benefits if performed as a preliminary exercise to, or even in place of, excavation. It requires relatively little time and expense, because it does not require processing large volumes of soil to search out artifacts. (Nevertheless, surveying a large region or site can be

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In addition to their scientific importance, archaeological remains sometimes have political or cultural significance to descendants of the people who produced them, monetary value to collectors, or strong aesthetic appeal. Many people identify archaeology with the recovery of such aesthetic,

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Archaeology became a professional activity in the first half of the 20th century, and it became possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools. By the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were

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While this cooperation presents a new set of challenges and hurdles to fieldwork, it has benefits for all parties involved. Tribal elders cooperating with archaeologists can prevent the excavation of areas of sites that they consider sacred, while the archaeologists gain the elders' aid in

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The protection of archaeological finds for the public from catastrophes, wars and armed conflicts is increasingly being implemented internationally. This happens on the one hand through international agreements and on the other hand through organizations that monitor or enforce protection.

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Archaeologists have also been obliged to re-examine what constitutes an archaeological site in view of what native peoples believe to constitute sacred space. To many native peoples, natural features such as lakes, mountains or even individual trees have cultural significance. Australian

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represents the application of the experimental method to develop more highly controlled observations of processes that create and impact the archaeological record. In the context of the logical positivism of processualism with its goals of improving the scientific rigor of archaeological

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first cites "archaeologist" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of antiquarian activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onward, initially meant what we would call "ancient history" generally, with the narrower modern sense first seen in 1837. However, it was

417:. Antiquarians studied history with particular attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts, as well as historical sites. Antiquarianism focused on the empirical evidence that existed for the understanding of the past, encapsulated in the motto of the 18th century antiquary, Sir 1132:

has sometimes been restricted to deeds and contracts. The interests and world-view of elites are often quite different from the lives and interests of the populace. Writings that were produced by people more representative of the general population were unlikely to find their way into

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in Europe during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced around the world. Archaeology has been used by nation-states to create particular visions of the past. Since its early development, various specific sub-disciplines of archaeology have developed, including

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An archaeological investigation usually involves several distinct phases, each of which employs its own variety of methods. Before any practical work can begin, however, a clear objective as to what the archaeologists are looking to achieve must be agreed upon. This done, a site is

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are present in the area affected by the proposed construction. If these do exist, time and money must be allotted for their excavation. If initial survey and/or test excavations indicate the presence of an extraordinarily valuable site, the construction may be prohibited entirely.

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The archaeological project then continues (or alternatively, begins) with a field survey. Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region. Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and

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patterns may also be used. A relatively nascent subfield is that of archaeological materials, designed to enhance understanding of prehistoric and non-industrial culture through scientific analysis of the structure and properties of materials associated with human activity.

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archaeologists especially have explored this issue and attempted to survey these sites to give them some protection from being developed. Such work requires close links and trust between archaeologists and the people they are trying to help and at the same time study.

1346: 1344: 1339: 536:"Cyriac of Ancona was the most enterprising and prolific recorder of Greek and Roman antiquities, particularly inscriptions, in the fifteenth century, and the general accuracy of his records entitles him to be called the founding father of modern classical archeology." 871:", and within types chronologically. This style of arrangement, designed to highlight the evolutionary trends in human artifacts, was of enormous significance for the accurate dating of the objects. His most important methodological innovation was his insistence that 1394:: A laser altimeter uses a lidar (see above) to measure the height of the instrument platform above the surface. By independently knowing the height of the platform with respect to the mean Earth's surface, the topography of the underlying surface can be determined. 2866:

is to lead the project that is to commemorate an estimated 570 West Africans buried in unmarked graves at the site of the former Newton sugar plantation. Barbados can be seen as a good example of respectful preservation of an African burial ground. Throughout the

2570:, is not exclusively Däniken's, nor did the idea originate with him. Works of this nature are usually marked by the renunciation of well-established theories on the basis of limited evidence, and the interpretation of evidence with a preconceived theory in mind. 1345: 2628:

hobbyists who search for artifacts using increasingly advanced technology. Efforts are underway among all major Archaeological organizations to increase education and legitimate cooperation between amateurs and professionals in the metal detecting community.

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Shipwreck Project integrated a one-hour HD documentary, short videos for public viewing and video updates during the expedition as part of the educational outreach. Webcasting is also another tool for educational outreach. For one week in 2000 and 2001, live

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Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects. It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as

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methods.) As with other forms of non-destructive archaeology, survey avoids ethical issues (of particular concern to descendant peoples) associated with destroying a site through excavation. It is the only way to gather some forms of information, such as

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This view is often espoused in works of popular fiction, such as Raiders of the Lost Ark, The Mummy, and King Solomon's Mines. When unrealistic subjects are treated more seriously, accusations of pseudoscience are invariably levelled at their proponents

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intend to build a restorative justice-based structure in archaeology. They suggest to define descendants not only in genealogical terms, but also to welcome input of African Americans whose ancestors had a shared historical experience in enslavement.

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have resulted in a huge upsurge in public interest. Where possible, archaeologists now make more provisions for public involvement and outreach in larger projects than they once did, and many local archaeological organizations operate within the

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Survey was not widely practised in the early days of archaeology. Cultural historians and prior researchers were usually content with discovering the locations of monumental sites from the local populace, and excavating only the plainly visible

1539:, which changes colour rapidly at maturation, have revealed buried structures with great precision. Aerial photographs taken at different times of day will help show the outlines of structures by changes in shadows. Aerial survey also employs 2494:

framework to expand public involvement in smaller-scale, more local projects. Archaeological excavation, however, is best undertaken by well-trained staff that can work quickly and accurately. Often this requires observing the necessary

1343: 2209:(CHM) in the United Kingdom. CRM archaeologists frequently examine archaeological sites that are threatened by development. Today, CRM accounts for most of the archaeological research done in the United States and much of that in 2404:, and data processing. Some archaeologists refer to such off-the-mark portrayals as "pseudoarchaeology". Archaeologists are also very much reliant on public support; the question of for whom they are working is often discussed. 1527:. A bird's-eye view is useful for quick mapping of large or complex sites. Aerial photographs are used to document the status of the archaeological dig. Aerial imaging can also detect many things not visible from the surface. 1188:

There is no one approach to archaeological theory that has been adhered to by all archaeologists. When archaeology developed in the late 19th century, the first approach to archaeological theory to be practised was that of

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of activity. For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artifacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.

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Roche, Hélène; Kent, Dennis V.; Kirwa, Christopher; Lokorodi, Sammy; Wright, James D.; Mortlock, Richard A.; et al. (May 2015). "3.3 million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

2601:. Archaeology stimulates interest in ancient objects, and people in search of artifacts or treasure cause damage to archaeological sites. The commercial and academic demand for artifacts contributes directly to the 2562:, together with many subsequent lesser-known works, expounds a theory of ancient contacts between human civilization on Earth and more technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. This theory, known as 2518:

projects are starting to become more common. Often archaeologists are assisted by the public in the locating of archaeological sites, which professional archaeologists have neither the funding, nor the time to do.

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in determining applications for new development. As a result, numerous archaeological organizations undertake mitigation work in advance of (or during) construction work in archaeologically sensitive areas, at the

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Jeffrey Quilter, an archaeologist with Harvard University said, "You can go up three metres and photograph a room, 300 metres and photograph a site, or you can go up 3,000 metres and photograph the entire valley."

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unanimously passed a bill in December 2020 that centers African American cemeteries at risk in South Carolina. The bill is made to better protect historic African burial grounds and can lead to the creation of an

1264:. However, this approach has been criticized by processualists as lacking scientific rigor, and the validity of both processualism and post-processualism is still under debate. Meanwhile, another theory, known as 851:

This photo is made of a single goat hair from a textile found on the 14th century ship in Tallinn, Estonia. Photo was done in archaeology department (University of Tartu) by microscope Olympus BX51, magnification

610:'s writings involved recording of local traditions, examining manuscripts, inscriptions, coins and architectures, which is described as one of the earliest traces of archaeology. One of his notable work is called 669:

in southern England. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings. He attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield-shapes.

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objectives of the archaeologists. It is then considered good practice for the information to be published so that it is available to other archaeologists and historians, although this is sometimes neglected.

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While most looting is deliberate, accidental looting can occur when amateurs, who are unaware of the importance of Archaeological rigor, collect artifacts from sites and place them into private collections.

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released a statement that the museum would no longer purchase or accept collections from looted contexts. The first conviction of the transport of artifacts illegally removed from private property under the

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He traveled throughout Greece and all around the Eastern Mediterranean, to record his findings on ancient buildings, statues and inscriptions, including archaeological remains still unknown to his time: the

901:, laid down many of the ideas behind modern archaeological recording; he remarked that "I believe the true line of research lies in the noting and comparison of the smallest details." Petrie developed the 1597:

to be tantamount to treasure hunting, others deem them an effective tool in archaeological surveying. Examples of formal archaeological use of metal detectors include musketball distribution analysis on

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Friedrich Schipper: "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" (German - The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply), In: Der Standard, 6 March

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remains. Archaeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, for which, by definition, there are no written records. Prehistory includes over 99% of the human past, from the

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in archaeology and anthropology, a lack of inclusion of the African descendant community, and possession of human remains in the collections of universities and museums. In the 1990s, anthropologist

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incomplete. Writing as it is known today did not exist in human civilization until the 4th millennium BC, in a relatively small number of technologically advanced civilizations. In contrast,

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lived in Rome and devoted himself to the study of Roman antiquities, gradually acquiring an unrivalled knowledge of ancient art. Then, he visited the archaeological excavations being conducted at

2400:, but the bulk of activities and finds of modern archaeology are not so sensational. Archaeological adventure stories tend to ignore the painstaking work involved in carrying out modern surveys, 6914: 6756: 689:. These excavations began in 1748 in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in 1738. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, as well the unearthing of 8729: 6819: 1342: 7678:

Gifford-Gonzalez, D.P.; Damrosch, D.B.; Damrosch, D.R.; Pryor, J. & Thunen, R.L. (1985). "The Third Dimension in Site Structure: An Experiment in Trampling and Vertical Dispersal".

5268: 2752:'s research collection for decades, some since the late 19th century. Elders from various Algonquin communities conferred on an appropriate reburial, eventually deciding on traditional 2422:

civic and individual pride through projects such as community excavation projects, and better public presentations of archaeological sites and knowledge. The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,

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were being destroyed, emergency archaeological digs took place whenever any part of the line was removed, to further scientific knowledge and reveal details of the line's construction.

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sense only radiation emitted by the object being viewed or reflected by the object from a source other than the instrument. Active instruments emit energy and record what is reflected.

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bodies sometimes offer places on research projects either as part of academic work or as a defined community project. There is also a flourishing industry selling places on commercial

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Archaeologists trying to protect artifacts may be placed in danger by looters or locals trying to protect the artifacts from archaeologists who are viewed as looters by the locals.

2094:, the experimental method gained importance. Experimental techniques remain a crucial component to improving the inferential frameworks for interpreting the archaeological record. 182:, and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with 4243:

Sime, James; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "Winckelmann, Johann Joachim". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 707

3676: 1825:, and is usually the most time-consuming part of an archaeological investigation. It is not uncommon for final excavation reports for major sites to take years to be published. 10614: 10160: 6593: 2526:

to support the organization's mission "to nurturing and bringing attention to the human cultural heritage, by using media in the most efficient and effective ways possible."

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concerns. As a result, very few sites are excavated in their entirety. Again the percentage of a site excavated depends greatly on the country and "method statement" issued.

3510: 1213:, compared the continuity between the past and contemporary ethnic and cultural groups. In the 1960s, an archaeological movement largely led by American archaeologists like 863:, who began excavations on his land in England in the 1880s. Highly methodical by the standards of the time, he is widely regarded as the first scientific archaeologist. He 7574: 3447: 6126: 1221:

arose that rebelled against the established cultural-history archaeology. They proposed a "New Archaeology", which would be more "scientific" and "anthropological", with

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cultural heritage. Indigenous peoples especially lose access to and control over their 'cultural resources', ultimately denying them the opportunity to know their past.

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however the burial grounds are in danger of being destroyed or human remains are being excavated without the descendant community being involved. In 2022, residents on

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However, it is not only prehistoric, pre-literate cultures that can be studied using archaeology but historic, literate cultures as well, through the sub-discipline of

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At a basic level of analysis, artifacts found are cleaned, catalogued and compared to published collections. This comparison process often involves classifying them

5657: 9993: 5225: 5650: 3252:"The Intellectual Base of Archaeological Research 2004–2013: A visualisation and analysis of its disciplinary links, networks of authors, and conceptual language" 2786:

African Diaspora Archaeology is an area of study within the subfield of historical archaeology that studies those that have been forcibly transported through the

10220: 5861:"UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.", UNESCO - 13 September 2017. 1836:, meaning that artifacts can be dated and their compositions examined. Bones, plants, and pollen collected from a site can all be analyzed using the methods of 10230: 10119: 5889: 5821:

UNESCO convenes Libyan and international experts meeting for the safeguard of Libya's cultural heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Center - News, 21. Oktober 2011.

3190: 2655: 6623: 6176: 2716:, to inter ancestral human remains and burial goods—some dating back 6,000 years. It was not determined, however, if the remains were directly related to the 10155: 8061: 2522:

Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI), is a registered 501 non-profit, media and education corporation registered in Oregon in 1999. ALI founded a website,

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and Marine Grafics, this project enabled students to talk to scientists and learn about methods and technologies used by the underwater archaeology team.

10335: 10315: 10265: 6872: 2658:(NAGPRA, 1990), which sought to reach a compromise by limiting the right of research institutions to possess human remains. Due in part to the spirit of 2376: 1859:

These techniques frequently provide information that would not otherwise be known, and therefore they contribute greatly to the understanding of a site.

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of native artifacts to the original descendants. An example of this occurred on 21 June 2005, when community members and elders from a number of the 10

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He was one of the first to separate Greek art into periods and time classifications. Winckelmann has been called both "The prophet and founding hero of

313:, who is thus known as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of 6254: 3781: 1832:

and identifying other sites with similar artifact assemblages. However, a much more comprehensive range of analytical techniques are available through

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Once artifacts and structures have been excavated, or collected from surface surveys, it is necessary to properly study them. This process is known as

990:, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly. Wheeler developed the 801:; however, his careful methods led him to admit he saw no reason why ancestors of the Native Americans of his time could not have raised those mounds. 897:

is another man who may legitimately be called the Father of Archaeology. His painstaking recording and study of artifacts, both in Egypt and later in

10646: 10631: 10195: 9782: 9597: 1260:. It questioned processualism's appeals to scientific positivism and impartiality, and emphasized the importance of a more self-critical theoretical 6906: 6748: 6662: 5027: 10669: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10365: 10225: 10114: 10109: 6849: 4552: 1417:(with the Persian Gulf in the lower right corner) indicating the areas that have been subjected to regional surveys (in blue) over the past decades 4521: 3281:"Archaeological Research 2014 to 2021: an examination of its intellectual base, collaborative networks and conceptual language using science maps" 2279:(The National Institute of Cultural Heritage) trains curators specialized in archaeology. Their mission is to enhance the objects discovered. The 1746:), though this method is increasingly used with great caution. Following this rather dramatic step, the exposed area is usually hand-cleaned with 10664: 10636: 10320: 10305: 10290: 10285: 10250: 10170: 9521: 6202: 1896:

calculations to verify whether or not certain structures (such as pillars) were aligned with astronomical events such as the sun's position at a

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of each. All this information serves as a permanent record of the now-destroyed archaeology and is used in describing and interpreting the site.

1197:. In the early 20th century, many archaeologists who studied past societies with direct continuing links to existing ones (such as those of 1193:, which held the goal of explaining why cultures changed and adapted rather than just highlighting the fact that they did, therefore emphasizing 1531:

growing above a buried human-made structure, such as a stone wall, will develop more slowly, while those above other types of features (such as

10600: 10340: 10124: 9757: 8415: 6809: 5258: 1409: 3716: 3197:

is the standard spelling across the English-speaking world, including the United States. Some US government bodies and university presses use

2801:

In the United States, Similar to the experience of Native Americans, the history of African diaspora archaeology is one of controversies over

11073: 10350: 10345: 10330: 10325: 10275: 10235: 10215: 10205: 7077: 7041: 6947: 4477: 7006: 6353: 1694:

or provenience, be recorded. This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well (also see

10270: 1322: 5635: 10651: 10380: 10375: 10310: 10255: 10245: 10200: 4170: 4128: 2674:

interpreting their finds. There have also been active efforts to recruit aboriginal peoples directly into the archaeological profession.

7641:

Glascock, M.D.; Neff, H.; Stryker, K.S. & Johnson, T.N. (1994). "Sourcing archaeological obsidian by an abbreviated NAA procedure".

5830:

Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, S. 73ff.

5687: 3409: 10641: 9514: 4933: 4879: 3653: 3609: 3126: 2685: 1936:

In September 2014 drones weighing about 5 kg (11 lb) were used for 3D mapping of the above-ground ruins of the Greek city of

3683: 1085:. Archaeology also sheds light on many of humanity's technological advances, for instance the ability to use fire, the development of 11258: 10355: 10300: 10280: 9712: 7341: 5852:

Eden Stiffman "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges" in The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.

719:. He was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the 6232: 2429:

Television programs, web videos and social media can also bring an understanding of underwater archaeology to a broad audience. The

10360: 10210: 10185: 10150: 9612: 7311: 6601: 3748: 3522: 2514:

Archaeologists prize local knowledge and often liaise with local historical and archaeological societies, which is one reason why

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Excavation is the most expensive phase of archaeological research, in relative terms. Also, as a destructive process, it carries

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Ogundele, S.O. (2005). "Ethnoarchaeology of domestic space and spatial behaviour among the Tiv and Ungwai of central Nigeria".

1268:, has emerged seeking to incorporate a focus on process and post-processual archaeology's emphasis of reflexivity and history. 696:

However, prior to the development of modern techniques, excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as

4020: 1101:. Without archaeology, little or nothing would be known about the use of material culture by humanity that pre-dates writing. 11160: 11145: 10605: 8916: 8763: 8587: 8554: 8481: 8335: 8308: 8289: 8199: 8080: 7975: 7856: 7529: 6718: 6454:"No More Polluter Pays Principle: opportunities and challenges of public benefit provision in UK development-led archaeology" 4624: 4598: 4489: 4431: 4210: 4164: 4122: 3647: 3603: 3441: 2830: 2646: 1695: 963:

in the 1870s. These scholars individuated nine different cities that had overlapped with one another, from prehistory to the

913:

in Egypt during the 1880s. He was also responsible for mentoring and training a whole generation of Egyptologists, including

790: 7773:

Gould, R.; Koster, D.A. & Sontz, A.H.L. (1971b). "The Lithic Assemblage of the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia".

7099: 1116:, their surviving records are often incomplete and biased to some extent. In many societies, literacy was restricted to the 11155: 11126: 11083: 10707: 10190: 8392: 4452: 2798:, as well as their descendants. Although of global relevance, most research has been conducted in the Americas and Africa. 2028:

Historical archaeology is the study of cultures with some form of writing and deals with objects and issues from the past.

6973: 6425:"Archaeology and the History of the Lithuanian Resistance in the 19th and 20th Centuries: in search of the public benefit" 2342:

deal with the protection of cultural heritage and thus also archaeological sites. This also applies to the integration of

580:, conducted surveys of the English countryside, drawing, describing and interpreting the monuments that they encountered. 135:

until the advent of literacy in societies around the world. Archaeology has various goals, which range from understanding

6148: 5661: 5609: 5235: 2826: 2269: 686: 8518:

Hodder, Ian; Shanks, Michael; Alexandri, Alexandar; Buchili, Victor; Carman, John; Last, Jonathan; Lucas, Gavin (2008).

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also investigates different spatial characteristics of features, employing methods such as space syntax techniques and

2035:, archaeologists have explored the illicit burial of unbaptized children in medieval texts and cemeteries. In downtown 1198: 5765: 240: 11098: 8658: 8620: 7966:

Miller, D.; Tilley, C. (1984). "Ideology, power, and prehistory: An introduction". In Miller, D.; Tilley, C. (eds.).

7029:

A Future That Does Not Forget: Collaborative Archaeology in the Colonial Context of Sint Eustatius (Dutch Caribbean).

6693: 4460: 4349: 3940: 3915: 3887: 3816: 2884: 2188: 6404:

Minnis, P.E.; Kelly, D.S.; Sebastian, L.; Ingram, S.E.; Spielmann, K.A. (2006). "Answering the skeptic's question".

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of data collected, to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research.

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Saraydar, S.; Shimada, I. (1971). "A Quantitative Comparison of Efficiency Between A Stone Axe and A Steel Axe".

5713: 2814: 2806: 2749: 2276: 1466: 11919: 5156: 11788: 11442: 11283: 11078: 9702: 9443: 8956: 8816: 8593: 8560: 8527: 7831: 5787: 3131: 2586:

in June 2007. Several small holes left by looters' prospecting probes can be seen, as well as their footprints.

2155: 1959: 1249: 1241: 779: 344: 8626: 4153:

Cunliffe, B.W.; Colin Renfrew, B.W.C.; Cunliffe, P.; Davies, W.; Renfrew, C.; Davies, P.; et al. (2002).

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or foraging societies; today ethnoarchaeological research encompasses a much wider range of human behaviour.

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Standards of Archaeological Excavations: A Fieldguide to the Methology, Recording Techniques and Conventions

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have ignored the scientific methods of processual archaeology, or the specific critiques of it contained in

1051:. Over 99% of the development of humanity has occurred within prehistoric cultures, who did not make use of 11736: 11646: 10405: 9978: 9752: 9667: 9652: 9465: 9175: 9062: 8673: 8506: 5322:"Doctrinal and physical marginality in Christian death: The burial of unbaptized infants in Medieval Italy" 2781: 2206: 1369: 1190: 697: 20: 6684:

Singleton, Theresa (2010). "African Diaspora in Archaeology". In Olaniyan, Tejumola; Sweet, James (eds.).

3309: 1500:

Inverted kite aerial photo of an excavation of a Roman building at Nesley near Tetbury in Gloucestershire.

1138:

record may be closer to a fair representation of society, though it is subject to its own biases, such as

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Shanks, M. (1991). "Some recent approaches to style and social reconstruction in classical archaeology".

7001: 6654: 5017: 3743: 3151: 3091: 2880: 2546: 2343: 1604: 1261: 1257: 924: 453: 6841: 4544: 1690:

Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

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is the link between scientific knowledge, administrative regulations, heritage objects and the public.

2224:

The application of CRM in the United Kingdom is not limited to government-funded projects. Since 1990,

1703: 1699: 1282: 1210: 1036: 837: 778:, and the terms he used to categorize and describe them are still used by archaeologists today. Future 708: 566: 8865: 6338: 6198: 1446:, and survey of all levels became prominent with the rise of processual archaeology some years later. 11550: 11278: 11213: 11165: 10562: 9677: 9672: 9285: 9273: 9139: 9079: 9032: 8909: 7752:

Gould, R. (1971a). "The Archaeologist as Ethnographer: A Case from the Western Desert of Australia".

7272: 3019: 3007: 2986: 2938: – Application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past 2791: 2339: 2322: 1868: 1627: 1570: 828:. The systematic application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of 817: 421:: "We speak from facts, not theory". Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a 5574:

Saiano, F.; Scalenghe, R. (2009). "An anthropic soil transformation fingerprinted by REY patterns".

2903:

Archaeological sites can be seen as habitats that support ecosystems and fulfil biodiversity goals.

2813:

where he initiated a protocol for collaborating with the African descendant community. In 2011, the

143:

to documenting and explaining changes in human societies through time. Derived from Greek, the term

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is even more important in excavation than in survey. Sometimes large mechanical equipment, such as

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religious, political, or economic treasures rather than with the reconstruction of past societies.

1022: 155: 8251:

Shott, M.J.; Sillitoe, P. (2005). "Use life and curation in New Guinea experimental used flakes".

7073: 6624:"Open minds, clearer signals – metal detectorist and archaeologist cooperation takes another step" 3058: – Study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments 11914: 11693: 11581: 11476: 10567: 10552: 9998: 9890: 9692: 9632: 9557: 9413: 9338: 9236: 9114: 7277: 6345: 5914:

McGeough, Kevin (2006). "Heroes, mummies, and treasure: Near Eastern archaeology in the movies".

3317: 3043: 2693: 2440: 2234: 2166: 1991: 1603:

archaeological context. In the UK, metal detectorists have been solicited for involvement in the

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spoke out strongly against what they found were unethical excavations of their ancestors on the

596:

to describe the study of antiquities in which he was engaged, in the preface of a collection of

122:

in East Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology is distinct from

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Yellen, J.; Harpending, H. (1972). "Hunter-Gatherer Populations and Archaeological Inference".

7590:

Flannery, K.V. (1967). "Culture History v. Culture Process: A Debate in American archaeology".

6907:"After Breaking Ties with Britain, Barbados Announces Heritage District Tracing Slavery's Toll" 6842:"All Info - H.R.1179 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): African-American Burial Grounds Network Act" 5979:

Denning, K. (28 January 2004). "'The Storm of Progress' and Archaeology for an Online Public".

5627: 5567: 3172: 3141: 2947: 2941: 2590: 2558: 2435: 2229: 2103: 2023: 1995: 1833: 1829: 1782: 1766: 1762: 1711: 1611: 1586: 1230: 1174:. However, these endeavours, real and fictional, are not representative of modern archaeology. 1105: 868: 701: 478: 232: 199: 187: 60: 11224: 9506: 7611:

Flannery, K.V. (1982). "The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archaeology of the 1980s".

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overgrown with vegetation. Surface survey may also include mini-excavation techniques such as

856:

A major figure in the development of archaeology into a rigorous science was army officer and

808:. The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new 11968: 11726: 11716: 11678: 11651: 11613: 11586: 11496: 11405: 11324: 11314: 11062: 10582: 10547: 10053: 9915: 9802: 9687: 9541: 9453: 9373: 9129: 9042: 9037: 9027: 8230:

Shanks, M. (1993). "Style and the design of a perfume jar from an Archaic Greek city state".

8055: 7812:"Man the hunted: Determinants of household spacing in desert and tropical foraging societies" 7285: 5683: 3401: 3210: 3067: 3025: 2980: 2515: 2491: 2381: 1987: 1901: 1727: 1707: 1451: 1431: 1404: 1356: 1294: 1183: 991: 936: 932: 910: 767:

from around 1798, funded by Sir Richard Colt Hoare. Cunnington made meticulous recordings of

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Watters, M.R. (2000). "Alluvial stratigraphy and geoarchaeology in the American Southwest".

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Much thorough and productive research has indeed been conducted in dramatic locales such as

1426:, within a site. Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods. 1047:

The purpose of archaeology is to learn more about past societies and the development of the

190:

of artifacts, a lack of public interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.

11963: 11673: 11513: 11486: 11481: 11378: 11218: 11193: 11150: 10023: 9968: 9880: 9707: 9483: 9383: 9378: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9134: 9124: 9052: 8981: 8976: 8902: 8741: 8380: 8260: 7677: 7650: 7198: 6006: 5660:. Planning, building and the environment – Communities and Local Government. Archived from 5583: 5171: 5110: 5058: 4871: 4356:

The father of official art history was a German named Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–68).

3351: 3085: 3034: – Non-invasive physical sensing techniques used for archaeological imaging or mapping 2974: 2859: 2838: 2787: 2753: 2563: 2508: 2471: 1983: 1715: 1310: 1290: 1003: 1002:

graduates. Further adaptation and innovation in archaeology continued in this period, when

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Archaeological excavation of a Stone Age settlement at Glamilders in Långbergsöda village,

860: 511: 501: 426: 175: 171: 7333: 7183: 2553: 2314: 8: 11853: 11847: 11773: 11688: 11633: 11508: 11373: 11319: 11137: 11103: 11068: 10882: 10693: 10674: 10537: 10437: 10018: 9935: 9910: 9900: 9807: 9732: 9622: 9592: 9562: 9278: 9263: 9165: 8971: 8961: 8941: 6224: 2998: 2602: 2598: 2397: 2384:, explaining the archaeological discoveries made during the construction of this building 2218: 2121: 1979: 1967: 1905: 1872: 1758: 1710:, needs to be recorded for later analysis. This allows the archaeologist to deduce which 1637: 1377:

is an example of passive remote sensing. Here are two active remote sensing instruments:

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in the early 15th century, for which he has been called an early founder of archaeology.

565:, an Italian Renaissance humanist historian, created a systematic guide to the ruins and 96: 88: 72: 8384: 8264: 7654: 7303: 5587: 5175: 5114: 5062: 3355: 2582:

A looter's pit on the morning following its excavation, taken at Rontoy, Huaura Valley,

2240:

In England, ultimate responsibility of care for the historic environment rests with the

2213:

as well. In the US, CRM archaeology has been a growing concern since the passage of the

960: 361: 11798: 11363: 11088: 11056: 10857: 10842: 10532: 9875: 9772: 9767: 9627: 9358: 9221: 8880:

The Archaeology Data Service – Open access online archive for UK and global archaeology

8785: 8718: 8409: 8160: 8152: 8123: 8115: 8070: 8019: 7936: 7928: 7798: 7790: 7740: 7732: 7703: 7695: 7666: 7603: 7519: 7493: 7485: 7420: 7412: 7266: 6574: 6566: 6522: 6514: 6497: 6121: 6086: 5953: 5931: 5556: 5512: 5504: 5485: 5134: 5082: 5074: 4998: 4990: 4679: 4671: 4385: 4286: 3857: 3849: 3738: 3383: 3037: 2913: 2701: 2663: 2485: 1774: 1666: 1516: 1306: 1245: 1072: 1059:. Many important developments in human history occurred during prehistory, such as the 1011: 964: 898: 864: 760: 752: 748: 724: 523: 519: 507: 485: 418: 365: 292: 256: 76: 4042: 917:

who went on to achieve fame with the discovery of the tomb of 14th-century BC pharaoh

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

3982: 3936: 3911: 3883: 3861: 3812: 3643: 3599: 3567: 3437: 3375: 3367: 3321: 3107: 3096: 3073: 2957: 2659: 2539: 2496: 2423: 2350: 2318: 2261: 2162: 1877: 1770: 1599: 1374: 1226: 1169: 1007: 548: 465: 183: 7670: 6749:"A racist scientist built a collection of human skulls. Should we still study them?" 5138: 4253: 3462: 943:

The first stratigraphic excavation to reach wide popularity with public was that of

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Denning, K. (2004). "The Storm of Progress' and Archaeology for an Online Public".

7477: 7445: 7408: 7404: 7245: 7210: 7163: 7134: 6558: 6506: 6461: 6432: 6384: 6325: 6296: 6078: 6050: 6045: 6033: 5988: 5923: 5591: 5548: 5494: 5333: 5179: 5118: 5066: 5022: 4982: 4845: 4663: 4377: 4012: 3841: 3557: 3387: 3359: 3288: 3259: 3202: 2924: 2829:

and Justin Dunnavant, archaeologist and assistant professor of anthropology at the

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for recording. A feature, for example a pit or a ditch, consists of two parts: the

1582: 1456: 987: 928: 782: 666: 179: 52: 10577: 8844: 8454: 7765: 7624: 7450: 7433: 6082: 5122: 1940:. The data are being analysed by the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Vienna. 11793: 11560: 11555: 11368: 11025: 11015: 10974: 10926: 10777: 10750: 10572: 10482: 10457: 10447: 10442: 10038: 9953: 9925: 9697: 9231: 9084: 8986: 8432:

Wylie, A. (1985). "The reaction against analogy". In Schiffer, Michael B. (ed.).

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Munson, C.A.; Jones, M.M.; Fry, R.E. (1995). "The GE Mound: An ARPA Case Study".

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One of the major achievements of 19th-century archaeology was the development of

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Olsen, Bjørnar; Shanks, Michael; Webmoor, Timothy; Witmore, Christopher (2012).

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Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald E.L.; McBride, Bunny; Walrath, Dana (2010).

7715:

Gladfelter, B.G. (1977). "Geoarchaeology: The Geomorphologist and Archaeology".

7640: 5226:"Peru's archaeologists turn to drones to help protect and explore ancient ruins" 3076: – Study of changes in the physical environment caused by human activities. 2286:

Among the goals of CRM are the identification, preservation, and maintenance of

836:

sites. In the third and fourth decades of the 19th century, archaeologists like

226: 11947: 11908: 11756: 11668: 11663: 11420: 11341: 11336: 11267: 10908: 10892: 10557: 10542: 10477: 10427: 10048: 9963: 9737: 9582: 9495: 9300: 9290: 9251: 9226: 8996: 8884: 8243: 8135:

Saraydar, S.C.; Shimada, I. (1973). "Experimental archaeology: A new outlook".

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and then use it to help decide the method of excavation. Features dug into the

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World Archaeology News – weekly update from BBC Radio archaeologist, Win Scutt

8714: 8701:

Hutchings Rich, La Salle Marina (2014). "Teaching Anti-Colonial Archaeology".

8272: 8047: 8015: 6938:"Adjaye Associates' proposed Newton Enslaved Burial Ground Memorial, Barbados" 6937: 6156: 5710:"English Heritage – Stonehenge & the History of England: English Heritage" 5613: 5595: 4381: 2765: 11957: 11859: 11815: 11778: 11708: 11683: 11593: 11491: 11437: 11432: 11131: 10487: 10417: 9983: 9837: 9747: 9268: 8802: 8768: 8646: 8345: 8090: 7985: 7539: 5552: 5290: 5263: 3571: 3371: 3055: 3049: 2818: 2737: 2642: 2465: 2036: 1971: 1735: 1632: 1504: 1496: 1482: 1438:

pioneered the technique of regional settlement pattern survey in 1949 in the

1435: 1286: 1271:

Archaeological theory now borrows from a wide range of influences, including

1218: 1214: 1139: 956: 914: 825: 813: 562: 552: 457: 377: 123: 8782:. More than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer". Wormianum. 8209: 7570: 5018:"Para los arqueólogos es un ladrón, para los buscadores de tesoros un ídolo" 4478:"Characterizing the World Archaeology Collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum" 4306: 3908:

Superfluous Things: Material culture and social status in early modern China

1350:

Video showing the different works in an archaeological recovery and analysis

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Hodder, I. (1985). "Post-processual archaeology". In Schiffer, M.B. (ed.).

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The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico

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artifacts, not just beautiful or unique ones, be collected and catalogued.

821: 805: 493: 474: 461: 437: 92: 64: 4368:

Everill, P. (2010). "The Parkers of Heytesbury: Archaeological pioneers".

11810: 11698: 11623: 11540: 11459: 11452: 11035: 11003: 10964: 10809: 10432: 10068: 10013: 9958: 9905: 9865: 9722: 9195: 9074: 8946: 8663: 5686:. Department for Culture Media and Sport. Culture.gov.uk. 28 April 2009. 5539:

Hacιgüzeller, Piraye (2012). "GIS, critique, representation and beyond".

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educational program that reached thousands of children around the world.

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of sites, such as the throne room of an Assyrian palace or ancient Rome.

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Hodder, I. (1990). "Style as historical quality". In Hastorf, M. (ed.).

6377:"Making the Case for the Public Benefits of Development-led Archaeology" 6318:"Social Impact Archaeology: Pontefract Castle and the Gatehouse Project" 5927: 5338: 5321: 4947: 3363: 1614:

uses geophysical or remote sensing devices such as marine magnetometer,

496:

civilization and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the late

16:

Study of human activity based on materials that people have left behind.

11864: 11703: 11545: 11503: 11447: 10996: 10921: 10887: 10814: 10799: 10787: 10755: 10716: 10492: 10472: 10003: 9870: 9860: 9812: 9617: 9258: 9190: 8879: 8694: 7662: 7416: 7042:"Olympics media village built on 'sacred' mass grave of African slaves" 5735: 3853: 3682:. History of Archaeology (ANP203). Anthropology.msu.edu. Archived from 2757: 2593:

is an ancient problem. For instance, many of the tombs of the Egyptian

2003: 1889: 1845: 1751: 1743: 1714:

and features were likely used together and which may be from different

1691: 1253: 1237: 1222: 1090: 1086: 906: 833: 829: 772: 650: 634: 589: 441: 349: 115: 111: 84: 8156: 8119: 7932: 7794: 7736: 7699: 7489: 7168: 7155: 6873:"New Legislation Seeks to Protect the U.S.' Historic Black Cemeteries" 6570: 6518: 6437: 6424: 6389: 6376: 6330: 6317: 6301: 6289:"Prehistory, Playhouses and the Public: London's Planning Archaeology" 6288: 5508: 5319: 4994: 4675: 4654:

Schiffer, M.B. (1972). "Archaeological context and systemic context".

4159:. British Academy centenary monographs. British Academy. p. 309. 3930: 3772:"The history of archaeology: How ancient relic hunting became science" 3293: 3280: 2977: – Methods for estimating a realistic date for an event or object 2662:, some archaeologists have begun to actively enlist the assistance of 2302:

The annual ratio of open academic archaeology positions (inclusive of

325:), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located in 11638: 11535: 11464: 11358: 11331: 10980: 10969: 10931: 10824: 10502: 9855: 9246: 9205: 8889: 8034:(2001). "Practice and History in Archaeology: An Emerging Paradigm". 7868:

Ethnobotanical and Archaeobotanical Relationships: A Yuman case study

7631: 7250: 7237: 7139: 7126: 6466: 6453: 5999: 5992: 5709: 5101:

in market-oriented and subsistence-oriented communities in Brazil?".

5078: 3776: 3264: 3251: 2578: 2479: 1893: 1656: 1276: 944: 857: 768: 764: 597: 540: 534:('father of antiquity') and today "father of classical archaeology": 449: 318: 303: 267: 252: 104: 8577: 8544: 8519: 7811: 7365:"Why are there two different spellings: archaeology and archeology?" 6067:"Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology" 5791: 5481:"Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants" 3845: 2173:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1912:

can be applied to large bodies of archaeological 'grey literature'.

1908:

can be used to better understand past social dynamics and outcomes.

11008: 10897: 10819: 10765: 10740: 10507: 10467: 10462: 10008: 9832: 9001: 8610: 8148: 8111: 7924: 7786: 7772: 7728: 7691: 7481: 7461:

Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas — Fifty Years Since Virú

7304:"Archeology: Why Is There an Alternative Way to Spell Archaeology?" 6733:

Archaeology under the Blinding Light of Race. Michael L. Blakey in

6594:"Archaeologist's execution highlights risks to history's guardians" 6562: 6510: 5499: 5480: 4986: 4667: 4152: 3082: – Magnetic detection of archaeological artefacts and features 2868: 2851: 2847: 2449: 2287: 2249: 2039:, archaeologists have exhumed the 18th century remains of the 2011: 2007: 1955: 1897: 1799: 1544: 1512: 1094: 1052: 794: 673:

Excavations were also carried out by the Spanish military engineer

662: 654: 527: 473:

after the Song period, were revived in the 17th century during the

469: 48: 11903: 11236: 8860: 8393:

10.1002/1520-6548(200008)15:6<537::AID-GEA5>3.0.CO;2-E

7555:. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 25–35. 6810:"When Black history is unearthed, who gets to speak for the dead?" 5049:

Hall, E.T. (1970). "Survey techniques in underwater archaeology".

3498:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 25 ff. 2854:

on November 30, 2021, announced plans for the construction of the

2393: 1647: 1459:

and settlement structure. Survey data are commonly assembled into

1150:

has existed for at least 200,000 years, and other species of

887: 844:

began to put the artifacts they had found in chronological order.

629: 11385: 10991: 10941: 10915: 10792: 10745: 9895: 9577: 9067: 8549:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. 7385: 7356: 6942: 4576:

Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth

2921: – Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies 2761: 2733: 2725: 2594: 2523: 2445: 2280: 2113: 1739: 1731: 1660: 1302: 1202: 1134: 1068: 1056: 1041: 972: 883: 809: 775: 712: 678: 607: 422: 314: 140: 119: 100: 7992: 6688:. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press. pp. 119–134. 1463:, which may show surface features and/or artifact distribution. 1014:

was developed as a result of increasing commercial development.

986:

The next major figure in the development of archaeology was Sir

739: 649:

One of the first sites to undergo archaeological excavation was

28: 11030: 10902: 10760: 9787: 9777: 9536: 8700: 7395:

Ascher, R. (1961). "Analogy in archaeological interpretation".

7184:"'Dark' archaeologists scour melting ice for ancient artifacts" 7156:"Heritage Responds – Taking Positive Actions on Climate Change" 6630:(blog). The Society for Historical Archaeology. 10 April 2013. 6034:"Over-research and ethics dumping in international archaeology" 5942: 5320:

Crow, Madison; Zori, Colleen; Zori, Davide (17 December 2020).

4482:

World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A characterization

3935:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 227. 3832:

Rudolph, R.C. (1963). "Preliminary notes on Sung archaeology".

3070: – Sub-discipline of archaeology and archaeological theory 2705: 2499:

and indemnity insurance issues involved in working on a modern

2370: 2335: 2225: 1747: 1723: 1687:, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context. 1651:

Archaeological excavation that discovered prehistoric caves in

1536: 1532: 1508: 1423: 1121: 1076: 786: 690: 544: 326: 322: 255:

account of the excavation of a foundation deposit belonging to

127: 8894: 8873: 8576:

Rathje, William; Shanks, Michael; Witmore, Christoper (2013).

8171: 6032:

Marwick, Ben; Pham, Thanh Son; Ko, May Su (15 December 2020).

3088: – Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea 2624:

Some historical archaeology sites are subjected to looting by

2361: 1962:

characterized by a specific method or type of material (e.g.,

661:(1626–1697) was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous 10782: 10685: 9822: 9727: 8813:

Thinking From Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology

6709:

Fennell, Christopher (2020). "African Diaspora Archaeology".

6163: 2960: – Type of research using evidence from archival records 2464:. The American Academy of Underwater Sciences. Archived from 2253: 1926: 1552: 1528: 1489:

pits. If no materials are found, the area surveyed is deemed

1385: 1117: 1048: 976: 903:

system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings

621:

and is described as one of the first history books of India.

600:

which he had gleaned over the years of his travels, entitled

555:. He noted down his archaeological discoveries in his diary, 410: 400: 390: 380: 8517: 7911:

Hodder, I. (1991). "Interpretive Archaeology and Its Role".

5099: 4426:(3. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 17–18. 3470:"Archaeology as a Central Issue in the Creation of Identity" 3016: – Excavating garbage dumps to find objects of interest 935:

in the early 20th century. Pictured, are his excavations at

9603:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

9587: 8805:– "A History of Archaeological Thought" 2nd. edition (2007) 8697:& Scott Hutson – "Reading the Past" 3rd. edition (2003) 7846: 6646: 5841:

The Destruction of Cultural Heritage Should be a War Crime.

4973:

Reeves, D.M. (1936). "Aerial photography and archaeology".

4875: 2944: – Application of scientific techniques to archaeology 2729: 2583: 2265: 2044: 1652: 1641: 1578: 1574: 1524: 1520: 1443: 948: 413:") grew out of the older multi-disciplinary study known as 354: 8364:

Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective

6406:

The Society for American Archaeology Archaeological Record

6403: 5610:"MIT Archaeological Materials and CMRAE Mission Statement" 5463: 4578:. New York, NY: Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux). 3214: 2927: – Interdisciplinary study of astronomies in cultures 1590:

deposits or unfired clay) tend to have lower resistivity.

11427: 11209:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

10772: 9608:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

8542: 8134: 5909: 5907: 5157:"Virtual archaeologists recreate parts of ancient worlds" 4449:

General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology

3062:

Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage project

1585:, and even ditches and middens. Devices that measure the 1565:

can be the most effective way to see beneath the ground.

1460: 909:. Petrie was the first to scientifically investigate the 592:

who, in 1685, offered one of the earliest definitions of

584: 9994:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

8440: 8402:

Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Virú Valley, Perú

7961:. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory. 7458: 7238:"Archaeological Heritage as a Sustainer of Biodiversity" 5882:"Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict" 4593:(3. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 24. 1862: 1765:

are normally excavated in portions to produce a visible

47:

is the study of human activity through the recovery and

10835: 10642:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

8778:

Smekalova, T.N.; Voss O.; & Smekalov S.L. (2008). "

8520:"Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past" 8279: 8250: 8097: 7517: 7388:

Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems

7031:

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6997:"The fight to save America's historic Black cemeteries" 6935: 6066: 5658:"Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and planning" 5573: 3802: 734: 8612:

Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology

6900: 6898: 5904: 5874: 5634:. The University of Exeter – SoGAER. 28 October 2008. 5259:"Air-chaeological drones search for ancient treasures" 4291:. Potts, Alex. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. 3882:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 3340: 2736:, were originally excavated from various sites in the 2656:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

2457: 1986:), other thematic concern (e.g. maritime archaeology, 979:

revealed the ancient existence of an equally advanced

11931: 8068: 7264: 7153: 7100:"Criticism remains despite suspension of excavations" 6484:(TV documentary). Time Life Lost Civilizations. 1993. 2458:

Southerly, C.; Gillman-Bryan, J. (19 February 2009).

645:

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Raphael Mengs after 1755)

9048:

Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

8189: 8180: 7965: 6199:"Live from Morehead City, it's Queen Anne's Revenge" 5523: 5454: 5445: 4912: 3003:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2993:

Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

2858:

as well as a museum dedicated to the history of the

1535:) may develop more rapidly. Photographs of ripening 452:

by investigating, preserving, and analyzing ancient

8731:

International Journal of South American Archaeology

8575: 8325: 7993:Miller, D.; Rowlands, M.; Tilley, C., eds. (1989). 7809: 7468:Binford, L. (1962). "Archaeology as Anthropology". 6895: 6225:"Apple, QuickTime help with underwater diving trip" 5409: 4591:

Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice

4424:

Archaeology essentials: theories, methods, practice

3191:

American English usually does not use -ae spellings

2641:In the United States, examples such as the case of 2228:has required planners to consider archaeology as a 1738:), is used in excavation, especially to remove the 685:, both of which had been covered by ash during the 7386:Aldenderfer, M.S.; Maschner, H.D.G., eds. (1996). 7367:. Society for American Archaeology. Archived from 7265: 6495:Sheets, P.D. (1973). "The Pillage of Prehistory". 5780: 4607: 3236: 3234: 905:, which revolutionized the chronological basis of 481:rather than a separate discipline of archaeology. 10647:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 9783:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 9598:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 8303:. Menasha: American Anthropological Association. 8060:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 7636:. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. 7297: 7295: 7127:"Climate Change and Archaeology. An Introduction" 6542: 6109: 5234:. Reuters in Lima. 25 August 2013. Archived from 4767: 4731: 4722: 4697: 4695: 4693: 3931:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Haber, Francis C. (1986). 3877: 2890: 2407: 1593:Although some archaeologists consider the use of 1240:movement arose led by the British archaeologists 518:who came from a prominent family of merchants in 204: 11955: 10670:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 10660:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 10624:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 8172:Sellet, F.; Greaves, R. & Yu, P.-L. (2006). 7723:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 519–538. 7714: 7643:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 7634:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 7632:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Francis C. Haber (1986). 7553:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures 5400: 5382: 3933:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West 3433:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures 2477:In the UK, popular archaeology programs such as 2201:Archaeology can be a subsidiary activity within 2128: 1888:is also used as an analytical tool, and digital 10665:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 10637:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 8436:. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. pp. 63–111. 8194:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 7476:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 217–25. 7463:. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 6713:(2nd ed.). Springer Cham. pp. 58–59. 6488: 4776: 3873: 3871: 3546:"The archaeological impacts of metal detecting" 3402:"What is archaeology? – Archaeology definition" 3231: 2775: 2666:likely to be descended from those under study. 2356: 1368:Before actually starting to dig in a location, 785:also did his own excavations in 1784 using the 114:and history, from the development of the first 10601:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 9758:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 8030: 8001: 7610: 7589: 7292: 6548: 6474: 4856: 4854: 4690: 4653: 4647: 4078:(PB ed.). Pearson Education. p. 13. 4071: 3959:, with Clive Foss, introduction (pp. ix-xxiii) 3901: 3899: 3636:Kelly, Robert L.; Thomas, David Hurst (2013). 3598:. University of Nebraska Press. p. viii. 2692:A new trend in the heated controversy between 2068:Early ethnoarchaeological research focused on 1958:disciplines, there are a very large number of 11252: 11074:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10701: 9522: 8910: 8370: 8361: 8352: 7919:(1). Society for American Archaeology: 7–18. 7870:. Salinas: Coyote Press. pp. 3–7, 38–45. 7546: 6031: 5806: 3905: 3831: 3474:Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe 3064: – Cultural heritage research initiative 3052: – Method of depicting site stratigraphy 1974:), geographical or chronological focus (e.g. 1280: 1229:very important parts of what became known as 8876:– an online database of archaeological sites 8434:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8399: 8357:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 8298: 8174:Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology of Mobility 8072:Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice 7886:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7879:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6286: 6282: 6280: 5972: 5538: 5418: 5103:Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 4839: 4713: 4573: 4446: 3868: 3278: 3249: 2503:with tight deadlines. Certain charities and 2349:The President of Blue Shield International, 994:, which was further improved by his student 759:The father of archaeological excavation was 572:Antiquarians of the 16th century, including 8773:Archaeology: theories, methods and practice 8176:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 7897:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 7865: 7504: 7467: 6175:(video documentary). Nautilus Productions. 4851: 4704: 4588: 4545:"Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor" 4421: 4402: 4367: 4284: 3896: 3635: 3307: 2075: 1943: 488:, philosophical interest in the remains of 11259: 11245: 10708: 10694: 10166:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 9529: 9515: 8917: 8903: 8469: 8422: 8414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8366:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 8229: 8216: 7947: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7874: 7849:Cultural Anthropology: The human challenge 7751: 7521:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 7431: 7394: 7124: 6970:"Flatbush African Burial Ground Coalition" 6533: 5843:In: The Wall Street Journal, 2 March 2015. 5472: 5436: 5427: 5391: 5373: 5364: 5355: 5346: 4934:State University of New York at Binghamton 4921: 4903: 4894: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4480:. In Hicks, Dan; Stevenson, Alice (eds.). 4403:Everill, P. (2009). "Invisible pioneers". 4148: 4146: 4114:Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective 3805:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3591: 3127:List of archaeological excavations by date 2686:Repatriation and reburial of human remains 2552:An example of this type is the writing of 1754:to ensure that all features are apparent. 1450:expensive, so archaeologists often employ 429:in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. 87:. It is usually considered an independent 9713:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 8431: 7970:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7956: 7524:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7449: 7249: 7167: 7138: 6683: 6465: 6451: 6436: 6388: 6352:. Archaeological Legacy Institute (ALI). 6329: 6300: 6277: 6117:"Volunteers restore antique Miller Cabin" 6049: 5498: 5337: 4340:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 3561: 3292: 3263: 3046: – Glossary for archaeological terms 2609:In 1937, W. F. Hodge the Director of the 2189:Learn how and when to remove this message 2017: 763:(1754–1810). He undertook excavations in 477:, but were always considered a branch of 9613:Conservation science (cultural property) 8473:Archaeological Approaches to the Present 7959:Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America 7906:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7390:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 7154:Woodside, R.; Huggett-Jones, S. (2022). 6870: 6686:The African Diaspora and The Disciplines 6482:Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile 5913: 4331: 4225: 3910:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3713:"The History of Archaeology Part 1" 3706: 3704: 3010: – Change to an archaeological site 2809:was the director of research during the 2577: 2375: 2360: 2313: 2116:as well as computer-based tools such as 1803:Five of the seven known fossil teeth of 1798: 1665: 1646: 1631: 1495: 1465: 1408: 1336: 1021: 923: 877: 846: 738: 640: 628: 360: 348: 91:, but may also be classified as part of 27: 8795:Robert J. Sharer & Wendy Ashmore – 8185:. New York: Cambridge university Press. 7403:(4). University of New Mexico: 317–25. 7235: 6994: 6936:Architects' Journal (6 December 2021). 6904: 6708: 6591: 6422: 6315: 6064: 5978: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5150: 5148: 5015: 4574:MacGillivray, Joseph Alexander (2000). 4518:"Sir William Flinders Petrie 1853–1942" 4143: 3543: 3165: 3137:List of archaeological sites by country 2844:African American Burial Grounds Network 2616:Archaeological Resources Protection Act 2242:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 1470:Archaeologists surveying a site in the 797:. His excavations were prompted by the 79:. Archaeology can be considered both a 11956: 8608: 7816:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7362: 6807: 6494: 6374: 5478: 5271:from the original on 28 September 2014 5256: 5154: 4972: 4927: 4589:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul G. (2015). 4422:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul G. (2015). 4191: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3508: 2856:Newton Enslaved Burial Ground Memorial 2811:New York African Burial Ground Project 2645:have illustrated the tensions between 1108:. For many literate cultures, such as 727:" and the father of the discipline of 693:, had a big impact throughout Europe. 530:. He was called by his contemporaries 302:) was discovered and analysed by king 147:means "the study of ancient history". 11240: 11161:National Endowment for the Humanities 11146:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 10689: 9510: 8898: 8546:Archaeology: The Discipline of Things 7895:The Archaeology of Contextual Meaning 7340:. Correct spelling. 9 February 2012. 7314:from the original on 27 February 2021 7301: 7196: 7106:from the original on 15 December 2021 7080:from the original on 15 December 2021 7054:from the original on 15 December 2021 6976:from the original on 14 November 2021 6950:from the original on 15 December 2021 6883:from the original on 15 December 2021 6852:from the original on 15 December 2021 6759:from the original on 15 December 2021 6665:from the original on 18 February 2006 6634:from the original on 22 December 2019 6287:Single, Adam; Davies, Louise (2021). 5754: 5030:from the original on 22 December 2017 5016:Sánchez, Rosalía (25 February 2015). 4869: 4498:from the original on 19 November 2018 4475: 4252:"WINCKELMANN, Johann Joachim (1779)" 4198:John Aubrey and the Realm of Learning 4117:. Taylor & Francis. p. 192. 3807:(paperback ed.). Cambridge, UK: 3769: 3751:from the original on 27 December 2013 3719:from the original on 19 November 2016 3701: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3493: 3412:from the original on 21 December 2019 3116: – Archaeological sub-discipline 3110: – Archaeological sub-discipline 3022: – Sub-discipline of archaeology 3001: – archaeological sub-discipline 2989: – Archaeological sub-discipline 2983: – Sub-discipline of archaeology 2971: – Sub-discipline of archaeology 2831:University of California, Los Angeles 2724:The remains and artifacts, including 2636: 2618:was in 1992 in the State of Indiana. 2412: 2260:, the same responsibilities lie with 1863:Computational and virtual archaeology 448:established the tradition of Chinese 11890: 11156:Moscow University for the Humanities 11127:Arts and Humanities Research Council 11084:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8219:Archaeological Review from Cambridge 7397:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7344:from the original on 15 January 2021 7286:participating institution membership 6917:from the original on 8 December 2021 6789:from the original on 2 February 2021 6746: 6205:from the original on 15 January 2020 6125:. Rapid City, SD. 14 November 2008. 6011:Anthropological Studies Center (ASC) 5602: 5297:. Society for American Archaeology. 5213: 5145: 5048: 4520:. Palestine Exploration Fund. 2000. 4453:Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum 4313: 4285:Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (2006). 4110: 4053:from the original on 27 October 2021 3993:from the original on 27 October 2021 3515:on non-professional metal-detecting" 2533: 2138: 1781:sheets are filled in describing the 1128:of court or temple. The literacy of 735:Development of archaeological method 707:In the mid-18th century, the German 624: 598:transcriptions of Roman inscriptions 11266: 8629:from the original on 17 August 2021 8596:from the original on 19 August 2021 8563:from the original on 17 August 2021 8530:from the original on 16 August 2021 8355:A History of Archaeological Thought 7851:(13th ed.). Cengage Learning. 7459:Billman, B.R.; Feinman, G. 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Archived from 3450:from the original on 9 August 2020 3314:The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology 2953:Archaeology of religion and ritual 2760:boxes lined with red cedar chips, 2511:and archaeological holiday tours. 2461:Diving on the Queen Anne's Revenge 2297:State Historic Preservation Office 2215:National Historic Preservation Act 1929:, employing open source software. 602:Miscellanea eruditae antiquitatis. 36:, an archaeological site in Spain. 14: 11985: 8824: 8797:Archaeology: Discovering our Past 8780:Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology 8683:Thomas Hester, Harry Shafer, and 8326:Tilley, Christopher, ed. (1993). 8253:Journal of Archaeological Science 8075:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. 6822:from the original on 31 July 2022 6235:from the original on 3 April 2015 6179:from the original on 13 June 2015 5892:from the original on 26 July 2020 5638:from the original on 21 June 2008 5576:Journal of Archaeological Science 5257:Hudson, Hal (24 September 2014). 4631:. Staff.ncl.ac.uk. Archived from 4092:from the original on 31 July 2022 3784:from the original on 11 June 2011 3710: 3656:from the original on 10 June 2020 3612:from the original on 11 June 2020 3436:. Oxford University Press. 2001. 3028: – Specialisation of history 2885:Golden Rock African Burial Ground 2862:. The Ghanaian-British architect 2380:Permanent exhibition in a German 1636:Excavations at the 3800-year-old 1363: 1034:. The Child was an infant of the 743:Artifacts discovered at the 1808 376:The science of archaeology (from 317:the sun god, the warrior goddess 246:Extract describing the excavation 11941: 11913: 11902: 11889: 11878: 11877: 10652:Conservation-restoration of the 10528:Indigenous intellectual property 9489: 9479: 9478: 8859: 8427:. Palo Alto, CA: National Press. 8069:Renfrew, C.; Bahn, P.G. (1991). 7904:The Uses of Style in Archaeology 7834:from the original on 4 June 2020 7518:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 7326: 7302:Hirst, K. Kris (24 March 2018). 7258: 7229: 7190: 7176: 7147: 7118: 7092: 7066: 7034: 7021: 6988: 6962: 6929: 6864: 6834: 6801: 6771: 6740: 6727: 6702: 6677: 6616: 6592:Strauss, Mark (20 August 2015). 6585: 6445: 6416: 6397: 6368: 6309: 6255:"Blackbeard's glowing shipwreck" 6247: 6217: 6191: 6141: 6065:Marwick, Ben (29 October 2020). 6058: 6025: 5950:"Romancing the Past-Archaeology" 5864: 5855: 5846: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5738:(main page). Historic Scotland. 5728: 5690:from the original on 21 May 2009 4542: 4524:from the original on 14 May 2011 4173:from the original on 10 May 2022 4156:Archaeology: The widening debate 4131:from the original on 10 May 2022 3989:(Online ed.). 31 May 2021. 3803:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). 3032:Geophysical survey (archaeology) 2964:Area of archaeological potential 2143: 1569:detect minute deviations in the 239: 225: 11832:List of social science journals 11204:Humanities in the United States 11052:American Journal of Archaeology 9763:Inventory (library and archive) 9663:Cultural property documentation 8924: 8651:New Perspectives in Archaeology 8232:Journal of European Archaeology 8190:Shanks, M.; Tilley, C. (1988). 8181:Shanks, M.; Tilley, C. (1987). 7968:Ideology, Power, and Prehistory 7378: 6783:Society of Black Archaeologists 6097:from the original on 3 May 2021 6071:Norwegian Archaeological Review 5313: 5283: 5250: 5093: 5042: 5009: 4966: 4940: 4863: 4582: 4567: 4536: 4510: 4469: 4440: 4415: 4396: 4361: 4325: 4288:History of the art of antiquity 4278: 4265: 4246: 4237: 4219: 4185: 4104: 4065: 4035: 4005: 3975: 3962: 3949: 3924: 3825: 3796: 3763: 3731: 3668: 3642:. Cengage Learning. p. 2. 3595:Great Adventures in Archaeology 3537: 3509:Markin, Pablo (10 April 2017). 3502: 3487: 3310:"The Discipline of Archaeology" 3099: – Study of ancient humans 2815:Society of Black Archaeologists 2750:Canadian Museum of Civilization 2677: 2591:Looting of archaeological sites 2277:Institut national du patrimoine 2097: 1892:models have been combined with 1852:while any texts can usually be 1398: 1191:cultural-historical archaeology 1142:and differential preservation. 606:Twelfth-century Indian scholar 332: 11789:Science and technology studies 11079:Journal of Controversial Ideas 10715: 10161:Bone, horn, and antler objects 9703:Digital photograph restoration 8817:University of California Press 8668:A Short History of Archaeology 7810:Gould, R.; Yellen, J. (1987). 7551:. In David L. Carrasco (ed.). 7409:10.1086/soutjanth.17.4.3628943 7074:"The Mass Grave in the Garden" 6051:10.26721/spafajournal.v4i0.625 5790:. ehsni.gov.uk. Archived from 4613:Renfrew and Bahn (2004 ):33–35 4201:. London: Duckworth. pp. 3424: 3394: 3334: 3308:Kristiansen, Kristian (2009). 3301: 3272: 3243: 3205:. Another uncommon variant is 3132:List of archaeological periods 2995: – Process in archaeology 2891:Climate change and archaeology 2850:, eight days after becoming a 2408:Current issues and controversy 1960:archaeological sub-disciplines 1880:are now used to build virtual 345:History of Chinese archaeology 287:, a foundation deposit of the 233:Nabonidus cylinder from Sippar 205:First instances of archaeology 1: 10346:South Asian household shrines 10044:Reconstruction (architecture) 9974:Cultural property radiography 9931:Registrar (cultural property) 9683:Cultural resources management 9643:Collections management system 8511:Table of years in archaeology 8455:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979535 8192:Social Theory and Archaeology 8050:(inactive 17 September 2024). 8004:African Archaeological Review 7766:10.1080/00438243.1969.9979499 7625:10.1525/aa.1982.84.2.02a00010 7451:10.1525/aa.1961.63.4.02a00070 7125:Fluck, H.; Guest, K. (2022). 6083:10.1080/00293652.2020.1837233 5541:Journal of Social Archaeology 5123:10.1080/10256016.2019.1598986 4627:Archaeology – an introduction 4319: 3970:Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens 3225: 3103:Remote sensing in archaeology 3080:Magnetic survey (archaeology) 2696:groups and scientists is the 2325:fact-finding mission in Libya 2309: 2203:Cultural resources management 2135:Cultural resources management 2129:Cultural resources management 2118:geographic information system 1670:An archaeologist sifting for 1621: 967:. Meanwhile, the work of Sir 615: 353:Archaeologists excavating in 307: 296: 271: 260: 213: 165:Archaeology developed out of 11099:Revue des Études Arméniennes 10615:Conservation-restoration of 10606:Conservation-restoration of 9979:Detachment of wall paintings 9753:Intangible cultural heritage 9668:Cultural property exhibition 9653:Cultural heritage management 9063:electrical resistance survey 8850:Resources in other libraries 8689:Field Methods in Archaeology 8507:Bibliography of anthropology 8476:. New York: Academic Press. 7828:10.1016/0278-4165(87)90017-1 7334:"Archaeology vs. archeology" 7215:10.1126/science.346.6206.157 6747:Wade, Lizzie (8 July 2021). 6172:Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck 5184:10.1126/science.327.5962.140 4273:Winckelmann: Writings on Art 3834:The Journal of Asian Studies 3182: 'ancient' and 2782:African diaspora archaeology 2776:African diaspora archaeology 2748:. They had been part of the 2357:Popular views of archaeology 2207:Cultural heritage management 1256:, which has become known as 440:(960–1279), figures such as 21:Archaeology (disambiguation) 7: 10059:Transfer of panel paintings 8678:Introduction to Archaeology 7888:. New York: Academic Press. 7363:Little, Barbara J. (2006). 7002:National Geographic Society 6452:Aitchison, Kenneth (2021). 6013:. Sonoma.edu. 17 April 2018 6007:"Public Education/Outreach" 5628:"Department of Archaeology" 5460:Saraydar and Shimada (1973) 5451:Saraydar and Shimada (1971) 3744:Online Etymology Dictionary 3592:Silverberg, Robert (1997). 3240:Renfrew and Bahn (2004 :13) 3189: 'study of'. Although 3152:List of paleoethnobotanists 3092:Nationalism and archaeology 3040: – Aspect of GIS usage 2906: 2881:Godet African Burial Ground 2470:Created and co-produced by 2344:United Nations peacekeeping 2169:the claims made and adding 1788: 1757:The next task is to form a 1696:Primary Laws of Archaeology 1605:Portable Antiquities Scheme 1258:post-processual archaeology 1154:for millions of years (see 1079:and eventually into modern 842:Christian Jürgensen Thomsen 675:Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre 454:Chinese bronze inscriptions 110:Archaeologists study human 10: 11990: 10523:Heritage language learning 9793:Optical media preservation 8952:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 8504: 8244:10.1179/096576693800731190 8183:Reconstructing Archaeology 7997:. New York, NY: Routledge. 6659:Canadian Geographic Online 6423:Dediala, Ričardas (2021). 5415:Schott and Sillitoe (2005) 4918:Billman and Feinman (1999) 3972:, Bruxelles-Berchem, 1960. 3878:Trigger, Bruce G. (2006). 3809:Cambridge University Press 3639:Archaeology: Down to Earth 3147:List of archaeology awards 2779: 2573: 2537: 2132: 2101: 2079: 2057: 2021: 1947: 1866: 1792: 1625: 1402: 1332: 1211:direct historical approach 1181: 1040:species, an early form of 1037:Australopithecus africanus 1017: 1010:became more prevalent and 838:Jacques Boucher de Perthes 709:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 567:topography of ancient Rome 401: 391: 381: 342: 336: 212:Excavations of Nabonidus ( 197: 193: 18: 11873: 11840: 11824: 11571: 11297: 11274: 11214:Outline of the humanities 11194:Criticism of mass culture 11174: 11166:National Humanities Medal 11119: 11044: 10875: 10723: 10591: 10563:Oral history preservation 10404: 10133: 10077: 9944: 9846: 9678:Cultural property storage 9673:Cultural property imaging 9548: 9474: 9426: 9321: 9214: 9158: 9107: 9098: 9033:Philosophy of archaeology 9020: 8932: 8845:Resources in your library 8758:, AltaMira Press (2000). 8715:10.1007/s11759-014-9250-y 8579:Archaeology in the Making 8273:10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.012 8048:10.1177/14634990122228638 8016:10.1007/s10437-005-3158-2 7434:"Experimental Archeology" 7273:Oxford English Dictionary 6316:Wilkins, Brendon (2021). 5596:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.025 4948:"Kite aerial photography" 4382:10.1017/S000358151000003X 4332:Robinson, Walter (1995). 3494:Bueno, Christina (2016). 3020:Environmental archaeology 3008:Disturbance (archaeology) 2987:Computational archaeology 2792:Trans-Saharan Slave Trade 2365:Extensive excavations at 2340:Blue Shield International 2323:Blue Shield International 1915: 1869:Computational archaeology 1628:Archaeological excavation 1177: 1026:Cast of the skull of the 992:grid system of excavation 947:, on the site of ancient 11199:Educational essentialism 10836:Interdisciplinary fields 10610:by Elías García Martínez 9828:Sustainable preservation 8609:Shanks, Michael (1992). 8328:Interpretive Archaeology 7952:. London, UK: Routeldge. 7893:Hodder, I., ed. (1987). 6598:National Geographic News 5916:Near Eastern Archaeology 5553:10.1177/1469605312439139 4737:Shanks and Tilley (1988) 4728:Shanks and Tilley (1987) 4484:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 4259:8 September 2021 at the 4047:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4017:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3987:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3840:(2): 169–177, esp. 171. 3158: 2796:Indian Ocean Slave Trade 2710:Kitigan Zibi reservation 2568:Ancient astronaut theory 2087:Experimental archaeology 2082:Experimental archaeology 2076:Experimental archaeology 1976:Near Eastern archaeology 1950:Subfields of archaeology 1944:Academic sub-disciplines 1823:post-excavation analysis 1795:Post-excavation analysis 1706:with nearby objects and 1549:ground-penetrating radar 1299:structural functionalism 1277:neo-evolutionary thought 1266:historical processualism 1195:historical particularism 799:"Moundbuilders" question 677:in the ancient towns of 150:The discipline involves 126:, which is the study of 95:(in North America – the 11477:international relations 10568:Preservation of meaning 10553:Language revitalization 10221:Illuminated manuscripts 9999:Historic paint analysis 9891:Conservation technician 9693:Deaccessioning (museum) 9633:Collections maintenance 9558:Agents of deterioration 8890:The Archaeology Channel 7995:Dominion and Resistance 7957:Kuznar, L, ed. (2001). 7613:American Anthropologist 7438:American Anthropologist 7278:Oxford University Press 6375:Sloane, Barney (2021). 5469:Gifford-Gonzalez (1985) 4275:(London: Phaidon) 1972. 4072:Singh, Upinder (2009). 3318:Oxford University Press 3201:in accordance with the 3044:Glossary of archaeology 2825:, archaeologist at the 2823:Ayana Omilade Flewellen 2524:The Archaeology Channel 2043:. When remnants of the 1992:battlefield archaeology 1618:, or sub-bottom sonar. 895:William Flinders Petrie 633:An early photograph of 614:which was completed in 139:to reconstructing past 11804:Quantum social science 10987:Liberal arts education 10578:Tradition preservation 10231:Iron and steel objects 10120:Outdoor bronze objects 10064:UVC-based preservation 9921:Photograph conservator 9886:Conservation scientist 9638:Collections management 9568:Archaeological science 8642:Archaeology (magazine) 8425:Settlement Archaeology 8362:Watters, M.R. (1992). 8353:Trigger, B.G. (1989). 8301:A Study of Archaeology 8036:Anthropological Theory 7547:Fash, William (2001). 7197:Curry, Andrew (2014). 6737:2020 61:S22, S183-S197 6350:archaeologychannel.org 6201:. State Publications. 6149:"Mardi Gras Shipwreck" 5684:"Historic environment" 5291:"What is archaeology?" 5071:10.1098/rsta.1970.0090 3906:Clunas, Craig (2004). 3563:10.1515/opar-2019-0013 3142:List of archaeologists 2948:Archaeology and racism 2942:Archaeological science 2587: 2444:Shipwreck Project was 2385: 2373: 2326: 2230:material consideration 2104:Archaeological science 2024:Historical archaeology 2018:Historical archaeology 1996:archaeological culture 1834:archaeological science 1818: 1767:archaeological section 1679: 1663: 1644: 1612:underwater archaeology 1587:electrical resistivity 1571:Earth's magnetic field 1501: 1477: 1418: 1351: 1231:processual archaeology 1106:historical archaeology 1044: 940: 891: 869:Typology (archaeology) 865:arranged his artifacts 853: 816:work of scholars like 756: 646: 638: 479:Chinese historiography 425:took place during the 373: 358: 200:History of archaeology 37: 11841:Other categorizations 11694:International studies 11679:History of technology 11614:Communication studies 11497:public administration 11063:History of Humanities 10583:Traditional knowledge 10548:Language preservation 10156:Ancient Greek pottery 10054:Textile stabilization 9916:Paintings conservator 9803:Preservation metadata 9688:Database preservation 9542:historic preservation 9043:Archaeological ethics 9038:Archaeological diving 9028:Archaeological theory 8754:Adrian Praetzellis – 8582:. London: Routledge. 8400:Willey, G.R. (1953). 8299:Taylor, W.W. (1948). 7027:marjolijn kok, 2022. 6655:"Bones of contention" 5764:. Cadw.wales.gov.uk. 5479:Frison, G.C. (1989). 5388:Gould and Yellen 1987 4928:Redman, C.L. (1974). 4773:Miller and Tilley1984 4447:Bowden, Mark (1984). 3279:Sinclair, A. (2022). 3250:Sinclair, A. (2016). 3068:Landscape archaeology 3026:Environmental history 2981:Classical archaeology 2708:area convened on the 2581: 2559:Chariots of the Gods? 2516:Community archaeology 2492:Community archaeology 2382:multi-storey car park 2379: 2364: 2317: 2041:African Burial Ground 1988:landscape archaeology 1902:Agent-based modelling 1802: 1669: 1650: 1635: 1499: 1469: 1412: 1405:Archaeological survey 1349: 1319:postcolonial thoughts 1184:Archaeological theory 1120:classes, such as the 1061:evolution of humanity 1025: 937:Maiden Castle, Dorset 933:systematic excavation 927: 881: 850: 742: 644: 632: 364: 352: 343:Further information: 57:archaeological record 31: 11674:Historical sociology 11219:Renaissance humanism 11151:Master of Humanities 10371:Time-based media art 10181:Copper-based objects 10095:Archaeological sites 10024:Mass deacidification 9969:Cradling (paintings) 9881:Conservator-restorer 9708:Digital preservation 8982:Augustus Pitt Rivers 8977:William Henry Holmes 8942:Archaeological sites 8775:, 2nd edition (1996) 8742:Internet Archaeology 8330:. Oxford, UK: Berg. 7866:Hinshaw, J. (2000). 7507:Internet Archaeology 7242:Internet Archaeology 7236:Kadakas, U. (2022). 7160:Internet Archaeology 7131:Internet Archaeology 6911:Smithsonian Magazine 6877:Smithsonian Magazine 6735:Current Anthropology 6458:Internet Archaeology 6429:Internet Archaeology 6381:Internet Archaeology 6322:Internet Archaeology 6293:Internet Archaeology 5981:Internet Archaeology 5712:. English Heritage. 5529:Glascock et al. 1994 5406:Sillet et al. (2006) 4874:. Feature Articles. 4846:Pauketat, Timothy R. 4782:Miller et al. (1989) 3511:"A special issue of 3285:Internet Archaeology 3256:Internet Archaeology 3209:, using the archaic 3086:Maritime archaeology 2975:Chronological dating 2860:Atlantic slave trade 2839:United States Senate 2788:Atlantic Slave Trade 2564:palaeocontact theory 2509:training excavations 2472:Nautilus Productions 2468:on 19 February 2009. 2441:Queen Anne's Revenge 2244:in association with 1984:Medieval archaeology 1311:feminist archaeology 1236:In the 1980s, a new 1097:and the creation of 1093:, the beginnings of 1057:The Oldowan Industry 1004:maritime archaeology 861:Augustus Pitt Rivers 655:megalithic monuments 427:Enlightenment period 176:feminist archaeology 172:maritime archaeology 83:and a branch of the 19:For other uses, see 11854:Geisteswissenschaft 11848:Behavioral sciences 11774:Political sociology 11689:Information science 11634:Development studies 11138:Geisteswissenschaft 11104:Teaching Philosophy 10883:Abductive reasoning 10675:World Heritage Site 10538:Indigenous language 10438:Endangered language 10336:Shipwreck artifacts 10316:Photographic plates 10266:Musical instruments 10019:Lining of paintings 9936:Textile conservator 9911:Objects conservator 9901:Exhibition designer 9808:Preservation survey 9733:Found in collection 9623:Collection (museum) 9593:Calendar (archives) 9563:Archival processing 8972:John Lloyd Stephens 8962:Heinrich Schliemann 8819:, Berkeley CA, 2002 8749:Sites and Monuments 8470:Yellen, J. (1977). 8423:Willey, G. (1968). 8385:2000Gearc..15..537W 8265:2005JArSc..32..653S 7948:Hodder, I. (1992). 7875:Hodder, I. (1982). 7655:1994JRNC..180...29G 7592:Scientific American 7432:Ascher, R. (1961). 7371:on 5 December 2009. 7276:(Online ed.). 7009:on 15 December 2021 5928:10.1086/NEA25067670 5794:on 25 December 2007 5788:"Built Environment" 5736:"Historic Scotland" 5664:on 12 February 2008 5588:2009JArSc..36.2502S 5339:10.3390/rel11120678 5176:2010Sci...327..140B 5115:2019IEHS...55..227A 5063:1970RSPTA.269..121H 4549:thegreatcourses.com 4476:Hicks, Dan (2013). 4405:British Archaeology 4370:Antiquaries Journal 4338:Instant Art History 4203:156–57, 162–66, 181 4111:Ucko, P.J. (2005). 3364:10.1038/nature14464 3356:2015Natur.521..310H 2999:Digital archaeology 2817:was created in the 2603:illicit antiquities 2597:were looted during 2398:Valley of the Kings 2235:developer's expense 2219:archaeological site 2205:(CRM), also called 2122:Rare earth elements 1980:Islamic archaeology 1873:Virtual archaeology 1698:). Likewise, their 1638:Edgewater Park Site 1610:Regional survey in 1507:is conducted using 1457:settlement patterns 1413:Satellite image of 1209:etc.) followed the 1089:, the discovery of 1071:developed from the 981:Minoan civilization 953:Heinrich Schliemann 468:published in 1088, 300: 2200 BC 285:Ancient Mesopotamia 264: 2200 BC 97:four-field approach 89:academic discipline 77:cultural landscapes 11909:Society portal 11396:auxiliary sciences 11225:Studia Humanitatis 10533:Indigenous culture 9876:Collection manager 9773:Media preservation 9768:Inventory (museum) 9628:Collection catalog 9496:History portal 9058:geophysical survey 8799:2nd edition (1993) 8786:David Hurst Thomas 8771:& Paul Bahn – 8691:7th edition (1997) 8137:American Antiquity 8100:American Antiquity 7913:American Antiquity 7775:American Antiquity 7717:American Antiquity 7680:American Antiquity 7663:10.1007/BF02039899 7470:American Antiquity 6551:American Antiquity 6498:American Antiquity 6346:"Our organization" 6122:Rapid City Journal 5954:Denison University 5486:American Antiquity 4975:American Antiquity 4656:American Antiquity 4635:on 23 January 2013 3955:Edward W. Bodnar, 3525:on 28 October 2019 3097:Palaeoanthropology 3038:GIS in archaeology 2914:Aerial archaeology 2664:indigenous peoples 2637:Descendant peoples 2588: 2547:post-processualism 2486:Meet the Ancestors 2413:Public archaeology 2386: 2374: 2327: 2154:possibly contains 1819: 1680: 1664: 1645: 1563:Geophysical survey 1502: 1478: 1419: 1352: 1246:Christopher Tilley 1073:australopithecines 1045: 1012:rescue archaeology 965:Hellenistic period 941: 939:, in October 1937. 892: 854: 761:William Cunnington 757: 753:William Cunnington 749:Richard Colt Hoare 747:excavation by Sir 725:modern archaeology 647: 639: 559:(in six volumes). 532:pater antiquitatis 508:Cyriacus of Ancona 486:Renaissance Europe 419:Richard Colt Hoare 374: 366:Cyriacus of Ancona 359: 311: 550 BC 275: 550 BC 257:Naram-Sin of Akkad 38: 11974:Fields of history 11929: 11928: 11769:Political economy 11764:Political ecology 11619:Community studies 11609:Cognitive science 11572:Interdisciplinary 11472:Political science 11234: 11233: 10954:General knowledge 10937:Cultural literacy 10871: 10870: 10805:Religious studies 10741:Classical studies 10683: 10682: 10632:Pompeian frescoes 10518:Heritage language 10408:cultural heritage 10196:Flags and banners 10141:cultural property 10105:Heritage railways 10085:cultural property 10034:Paleo-inspiration 9718:Film preservation 9658:Cultural property 9648:Cultural heritage 9538:Cultural heritage 9504: 9503: 9422: 9421: 9404:Pseudoarchaeology 9021:Method and theory 8864:Works related to 8831:Library resources 8792:, 3rd. ed. (1998) 8764:978-0-7425-0359-5 8589:978-0-415-63480-9 8556:978-0-520-95400-7 8483:978-0-12-770350-3 8443:World Archaeology 8404:. Washington, DC. 8337:978-0-85496-842-8 8310:978-0-906367-12-4 8291:978-1-906137-17-5 8201:978-0-7456-0184-7 8082:978-0-500-27867-3 7977:978-0-521-25526-4 7877:Symbols in Action 7858:978-0-495-81082-7 7754:World Archaeology 7531:978-0-521-43519-2 7284:(Subscription or 7209:(6206): 157–159. 7199:"Racing the thaw" 7169:10.11141/ia.60.10 6720:978-3-030-30018-0 6604:on 22 August 2015 6438:10.11141/ia.57.11 6390:10.11141/ia.57.17 6331:10.11141/ia.57.18 6302:10.11141/ia.57.10 5952:(Press release). 5888:. 12 April 2019. 5267:. No. 2988. 5238:on 25 August 2013 5170:(5962): 140–141. 5057:(1193): 121–124. 4600:978-0-500-29159-7 4543:Harl, Kenneth W. 4491:978-1-905739-58-5 4433:978-0-500-29159-7 4231:The Elgin Marbles 4212:978-0-7156-0818-0 4166:978-0-19-726255-9 4124:978-1-134-84346-6 3715:. ThoughtCo.com. 3649:978-1-133-60864-6 3605:978-0-8032-9247-5 3443:978-0-19-510815-6 3408:. 28 March 2014. 3350:(7552): 310–315. 3294:10.11141/ia.59.10 3108:Urban archaeology 3074:Landscape history 2958:Archival research 2895:As anthropogenic 2746:Allumette Islands 2660:postprocessualism 2556:. His 1968 book, 2554:Erich von Däniken 2540:Pseudoarchaeology 2534:Pseudoarchaeology 2497:health and safety 2452:as a part of the 2351:Karl von Habsburg 2319:Karl von Habsburg 2262:Historic Scotland 2199: 2198: 2191: 2156:original research 1994:), or a specific 1878:Computer graphics 1600:English Civil War 1375:Satellite imagery 1347: 1295:cognitive science 1227:scientific method 1170:Pseudoarchaeology 1067:period, when the 1008:urban archaeology 951:, carried out by 793:burial mounds in 704:were overlooked. 625:First excavations 549:Egyptian pyramids 524:maritime republic 321:(both located in 184:pseudoarchaeology 158:, and eventually 11981: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11937: 11917: 11907: 11906: 11893: 11892: 11881: 11880: 11784:Regional science 11629:Cultural studies 11604:Business studies 11261: 11254: 11247: 11238: 11237: 11021:Self-realization 10833: 10832: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10687: 10686: 10619:by Thomas Eakins 10617:The Gross Clinic 10513:Folklore studies 10423:Applied folklore 10396:Wooden furniture 10391:Wooden artifacts 10386:Woodblock prints 10366:Tibetan thangkas 10226:Insect specimens 10115:Outdoor artworks 10110:Historic gardens 9743:Heritage science 9531: 9524: 9517: 9508: 9507: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9482: 9481: 9329:Archaeoastronomy 9296:Paleoethnobotany 9105: 9104: 9007:Alfred V. Kidder 8992:Mortimer Wheeler 8919: 8912: 8905: 8896: 8895: 8863: 8726: 8685:Kenneth L. Feder 8638: 8636: 8634: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8495: 8466: 8437: 8428: 8419: 8413: 8405: 8396: 8367: 8358: 8349: 8322: 8295: 8276: 8247: 8226: 8213: 8186: 8177: 8168: 8131: 8094: 8065: 8059: 8051: 8027: 7998: 7989: 7962: 7953: 7944: 7907: 7898: 7889: 7880: 7871: 7862: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7806: 7769: 7748: 7711: 7674: 7637: 7628: 7607: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7543: 7514: 7501: 7464: 7455: 7453: 7428: 7391: 7373: 7372: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7299: 7290: 7289: 7281: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251:10.11141/ia.60.9 7233: 7227: 7226: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140:10.11141/ia.60.1 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7102:. 19 July 2021. 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7076:. 25 July 2017. 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7050:. 21 July 2016. 7038: 7032: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7005:. Archived from 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6653:Wallace, Katie. 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6600:. Archived from 6589: 6583: 6582: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467:10.11141/ia.57.8 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6261:. Archived from 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6231:. October 2001. 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6155:. Archived from 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5993:10.11141/ia.15.1 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5956:. Archived from 5946: 5940: 5939: 5922:(3–4): 174–185. 5911: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5616:on 25 July 2008. 5612:. Archived from 5606: 5600: 5599: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5502: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5222: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4872:"Remote sensing" 4867: 4861: 4858: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4688: 4687: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4043:"William Camden" 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3711:Hirst, K. Kris. 3708: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3677:"Lecture 2" 3675:Watrall, Ethan. 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3633: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3550:Open Archaeology 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3513:Open Archaeology 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265:10.11141/ia.42.8 3247: 3241: 3238: 3219: 3203:GPO Style Manual 3169: 3004: 2925:Archaeoastronomy 2718:Algonquin people 2714:Maniwaki, Quebec 2647:Native Americans 2611:Southwest Museum 2505:local government 2469: 2436:underwater video 2258:Northern Ireland 2246:English Heritage 2194: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2171:inline citations 2147: 2146: 2139: 2065:Ethnoarchaeology 2060:Ethnoarchaeology 2054:Ethnoarchaeology 1925:to make a drone 1842:paleoethnobotany 1583:stone structures 1581:, some types of 1476:, eastern Jordan 1348: 1225:testing and the 1199:Native Americans 988:Mortimer Wheeler 961:Wilhelm Dörpfeld 929:Mortimer Wheeler 783:Thomas Jefferson 620: 617: 404: 403: 399:, "ancient" and 394: 393: 384: 383: 312: 309: 301: 298: 276: 273: 265: 262: 243: 229: 218: 215: 180:archaeoastronomy 53:material culture 11989: 11988: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11932: 11930: 11925: 11901: 11869: 11836: 11820: 11794:Science studies 11578:Administration 11567: 11293: 11270: 11268:Social sciences 11265: 11235: 11230: 11170: 11115: 11040: 11026:Self-reflection 11016:Moral character 10975:Human condition 10927:Critical theory 10867: 10831: 10778:Performing arts 10719: 10714: 10684: 10679: 10626:The Last Supper 10593: 10587: 10573:Primitive music 10483:Folk instrument 10458:Family folklore 10448:Ethnomusicology 10443:Ethnochoreology 10410: 10407: 10400: 10321:Plastic objects 10306:Performance art 10291:Panel paintings 10286:Painting frames 10251:Leather objects 10171:Ceramic objects 10143: 10140: 10138: 10137:and restoration 10136: 10129: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10081:and restoration 10080: 10073: 10039:Paper splitting 9954:Aging (artwork) 9946: 9940: 9926:Preservationist 9848: 9842: 9698:Digital library 9550: 9544: 9535: 9505: 9500: 9490: 9488: 9470: 9418: 9317: 9232:Archaeogenetics 9210: 9154: 9100:Sub-disciplines 9094: 9090:Post-excavation 9085:Lithic analysis 9016: 8987:Flinders Petrie 8928: 8923: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8756:Death by Theory 8632: 8630: 8623: 8599: 8597: 8590: 8566: 8564: 8557: 8533: 8531: 8513: 8505:Main articles: 8503: 8501:Further reading 8498: 8484: 8407: 8406: 8338: 8311: 8292: 8284:. London: GHP. 8202: 8083: 8053: 8052: 7978: 7859: 7837: 7835: 7580: 7578: 7563: 7532: 7381: 7376: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7300: 7293: 7283: 7263: 7259: 7234: 7230: 7195: 7191: 7186:. October 2023. 7182: 7181: 7177: 7152: 7148: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7047:TheGuardian.com 7040: 7039: 7035: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6903: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6853: 6848:. 22 May 2019. 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6741: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6590: 6586: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6450: 6446: 6421: 6417: 6402: 6398: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6314: 6310: 6285: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6265:on 2 April 2015 6253: 6252: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6159:on 16 May 2015. 6147: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6063: 6059: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5912: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812:Flannery (1982) 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5632:Sogaer.ex.ac.uk 5626: 5625: 5621: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5582:(11): 2502–06. 5572: 5568: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424:Ogundele (2005) 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5224: 5223: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5098: 5094: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5014: 5010: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719:Flannery (1967) 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4691: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4623:Greene, Kevin. 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4420: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4266: 4261:Wayback Machine 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4193:Hunter, Michael 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4167: 4151: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3983:"Flavio Biondo" 3981: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3876: 3869: 3846:10.2307/2050010 3830: 3826: 3819: 3811:. p. 148. 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3689:on 8 April 2014 3686: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3650: 3634: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3606: 3590: 3579: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3507: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3444: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3306: 3302: 3277: 3273: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3002: 2936:Archaeogenetics 2909: 2893: 2877:Dutch Caribbean 2784: 2778: 2704:nations in the 2680: 2639: 2576: 2542: 2536: 2415: 2410: 2359: 2312: 2275:In France, the 2195: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2160: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2131: 2106: 2100: 2084: 2078: 2070:hunter-gatherer 2062: 2056: 2033:medieval Europe 2026: 2020: 1964:lithic analysis 1952: 1946: 1918: 1875: 1867:Main articles: 1865: 1850:stable isotopes 1806:Homo luzonensis 1797: 1791: 1763:natural subsoil 1630: 1624: 1616:side-scan sonar 1595:metal detectors 1407: 1401: 1392:Laser altimeter 1366: 1337: 1335: 1186: 1180: 1156:Human evolution 1030:, uncovered in 1020: 996:Kathleen Kenyon 814:paleontological 791:Native American 737: 667:field monuments 637:taken July 1877 627: 618: 370:Benozzo Gozzoli 347: 341: 335: 310: 299: 289:Akkadian Empire 281: 280: 279: 278: 274: 263: 249: 248: 247: 244: 236: 235: 230: 221: 220: 216: 207: 202: 196: 137:culture history 32:Excavations at 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11987: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11951: 11950: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11911: 11899: 11887: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11850: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11737:social science 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11669:Global studies 11666: 11664:Gender studies 11661: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11649: 11647:social science 11643:Environmental 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11501: 11500: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11342:macroeconomics 11339: 11337:microeconomics 11329: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11301: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11264: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10994: 10984: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10912: 10909:Belles-lettres 10905: 10900: 10895: 10893:Antipositivism 10890: 10885: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10713: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10690: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10621: 10612: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10558:Living history 10555: 10550: 10545: 10543:Language death 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10478:Folk etymology 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10428:Dance notation 10425: 10420: 10414: 10412: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10341:Silver objects 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10125:Outdoor murals 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10091: 10089: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10049:Rissverklebung 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9964:Arrested decay 9961: 9956: 9950: 9948: 9947:and techniques 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9852: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9738:Heritage asset 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9583:Bioarchaeology 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9534: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9486: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9459:Assyriologists 9456: 9449:Archaeologists 9446: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9301:Zooarchaeology 9298: 9293: 9291:Geoarchaeology 9283: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9261: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9252:Paleopathology 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9227:Bioarchaeology 9224: 9218: 9216: 9215:Methodological 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8997:Dorothy Garrod 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8947:Antiquarianism 8944: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8870: 8869: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825:External links 8823: 8821: 8820: 8806: 8800: 8793: 8783: 8776: 8766: 8752: 8747:C.U. Larsen - 8745: 8739: 8727: 8698: 8692: 8681: 8671: 8661: 8644: 8639: 8621: 8606: 8588: 8573: 8555: 8540: 8514: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8482: 8467: 8449:(2): 244–253. 8438: 8429: 8420: 8397: 8379:(6): 537–557. 8373:Geoarchaeology 8368: 8359: 8350: 8336: 8323: 8309: 8296: 8290: 8277: 8259:(5): 653–663. 8248: 8227: 8214: 8200: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8149:10.2307/279722 8143:(3): 344–350. 8132: 8112:10.2307/278680 8106:(2): 216–217. 8095: 8081: 8066: 8032:Pauketat, T.R. 8028: 7999: 7990: 7976: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7925:10.2307/280968 7908: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7857: 7844: 7807: 7787:10.2307/278668 7781:(2): 149–169. 7770: 7760:(2): 143–177. 7749: 7729:10.2307/278926 7712: 7692:10.2307/280169 7686:(4): 803–818. 7675: 7638: 7629: 7619:(2): 265–278. 7608: 7587: 7562:978-0195108156 7561: 7544: 7530: 7515: 7502: 7482:10.2307/278380 7465: 7456: 7444:(4): 793–816. 7429: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7355: 7325: 7291: 7257: 7228: 7189: 7175: 7146: 7117: 7091: 7065: 7033: 7020: 6987: 6961: 6928: 6894: 6863: 6833: 6815:The New Yorker 6800: 6770: 6739: 6726: 6719: 6701: 6694: 6676: 6645: 6615: 6584: 6563:10.2307/282080 6541: 6532: 6511:10.2307/279718 6487: 6473: 6444: 6415: 6396: 6367: 6337: 6308: 6276: 6246: 6216: 6190: 6162: 6140: 6108: 6077:(2): 163–169. 6057: 6024: 5998: 5971: 5960:on 31 May 2010 5941: 5903: 5873: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5779: 5753: 5727: 5701: 5675: 5649: 5619: 5601: 5566: 5547:(2): 245–263. 5531: 5522: 5500:10.2307/280681 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5312: 5282: 5249: 5228:. World News. 5212: 5144: 5109:(3): 227–236. 5092: 5041: 5026:(in Spanish). 5008: 4987:10.2307/275881 4981:(2): 102–107. 4965: 4939: 4932:. Binghamton: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4862: 4860:Hinshaw (2000) 4850: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4710:Binford (1962) 4703: 4701:Trigger (1989) 4689: 4668:10.2307/278203 4662:(2): 156–165. 4646: 4615: 4606: 4599: 4581: 4566: 4535: 4509: 4490: 4468: 4461: 4439: 4432: 4414: 4395: 4360: 4350: 4334:"Introduction" 4324: 4312: 4298:978-0892366682 4297: 4277: 4264: 4245: 4236: 4218: 4211: 4184: 4165: 4142: 4123: 4103: 4085:978-9332569966 4084: 4064: 4034: 4004: 3974: 3961: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3916: 3895: 3888: 3867: 3824: 3817: 3795: 3762: 3730: 3700: 3667: 3648: 3623: 3604: 3577: 3556:(1): 180–186. 3536: 3501: 3486: 3461: 3442: 3423: 3393: 3333: 3327:978-0191743443 3326: 3300: 3271: 3242: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3118: 3117: 3114:Zooarchaeology 3111: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2969:Bioarchaeology 2966: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2931:Archaeobiology 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2897:climate change 2892: 2889: 2873:Sint Eustatius 2821:. Co-founders 2807:Michael Blakey 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2676: 2638: 2635: 2626:metal detector 2575: 2572: 2538:Main article: 2535: 2532: 2424:Forest Service 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2358: 2355: 2332:United Nations 2311: 2308: 2272:respectively. 2211:western Europe 2197: 2196: 2151: 2149: 2142: 2133:Main article: 2130: 2127: 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2092:epistemologies 2080:Main article: 2077: 2074: 2058:Main article: 2055: 2052: 2048:Siegfried Line 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 1948:Main article: 1945: 1942: 1917: 1914: 1886:Photogrammetry 1864: 1861: 1838:zooarchaeology 1793:Main article: 1790: 1787: 1626:Main article: 1623: 1620: 1485:, corers, and 1473:Harrat al-Sham 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1370:remote sensing 1365: 1364:Remote sensing 1362: 1334: 1331: 1273:systems theory 1242:Michael Shanks 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1110:Ancient Greece 1019: 1016: 780:U.S. President 736: 733: 721:history of art 698:stratification 626: 623: 594:"archaeologia" 578:William Camden 446:Zhao Mingcheng 434:Imperial China 415:antiquarianism 337:Main article: 334: 331: 251: 250: 245: 238: 237: 231: 224: 223: 222: 211: 210: 209: 208: 206: 203: 198:Main article: 195: 192: 167:antiquarianism 81:social science 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11986: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11949: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11912: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11860:Human science 11858: 11856: 11855: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11817: 11816:Vegan studies 11814: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11779:Public health 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11713:Philosophies 11712: 11710: 11709:Media studies 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11684:Human ecology 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11594:Anthrozoology 11592: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11519:developmental 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11492:public policy 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11443:legal systems 11441: 11439: 11438:legal history 11436: 11434: 11433:jurisprudence 11431: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11257: 11255: 11250: 11248: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11227: 11226: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11132:Human science 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:Environmental 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10751:Language arts 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10711: 10706: 10704: 10699: 10697: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10488:Folk medicine 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10418:Ancient music 10416: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10351:Stained glass 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Road vehicles 10329: 10327: 10326:Rail vehicles 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10276:New media art 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10236:Ivory objects 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10216:Human remains 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10206:Glass objects 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10083:of immovable 10076: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984:Desmet method 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849:and expertise 9845: 9839: 9838:Web archiving 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9748:Inherent vice 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9527: 9525: 9520: 9518: 9513: 9512: 9509: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454:Egyptologists 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9399:Phenomenology 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9286:Environmental 9284: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9274:Computational 9272: 9270: 9269:Archaeogaming 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Post-Medieval 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120:Protohistoric 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108:Chronological 9106: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8957:Richard Hoare 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8908: 8906: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8868:at Wikisource 8867: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8803:Bruce Trigger 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8769:Colin Renfrew 8767: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8703:Archaeologies 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8659:0-202-33022-2 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647:Lewis Binford 8645: 8643: 8640: 8628: 8624: 8622:0-203-97363-1 8618: 8614: 8613: 8607: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8574: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8238:(1): 77–106. 8237: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598:(2): 119–22. 7597: 7593: 7588: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7549:"Archaeology" 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7268: 7267:"archaeology" 7261: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7179: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7030: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6730: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6697: 6695:9780253354648 6691: 6687: 6680: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6557:(1): 131–59. 6556: 6552: 6545: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6505:(3): 317–20. 6504: 6500: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6281: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6038:SPAFA Journal 6035: 6028: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5908: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5842: 5839:Eric Gibson: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5493:(4): 766–84. 5492: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5442:Ascher (1961) 5439: 5433:Kuznar (2001) 5430: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5397:Yellen (1991) 5394: 5385: 5379:Yellen (1977) 5376: 5370:Yellen (1972) 5367: 5361:Gould (1971b) 5358: 5352:Gould (1971a) 5349: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5264:New Scientist 5260: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4915: 4909:Willey (1968) 4906: 4900:Willey (1953) 4897: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4842: 4836:Hodder (1992) 4833: 4827:Hodder (1991) 4824: 4818:Hodder (1990) 4815: 4809:Hodder (1987) 4806: 4800:Hodder (1985) 4797: 4791:Hodder (1982) 4788: 4779: 4770: 4764:Tilley (1993) 4761: 4755:Shanks (1993) 4752: 4746:Shanks (1991) 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4462:0-947535-00-4 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4351:0-449-90698-1 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4274: 4271:David Irwin, 4268: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4240: 4233:. Hutchinson. 4232: 4228: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013:"John Leland" 4008: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3968:E.W. Bodnar, 3965: 3958: 3957:Later travels 3952: 3944: 3942:0-87023-495-1 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3917:0-8248-2820-8 3913: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3889:0-521-84076-7 3885: 3881: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3818:0-521-66991-X 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739:"archaeology" 3734: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3173:Ancient Greek 3168: 3164: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056:Human ecology 3054: 3051: 3050:Harris matrix 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:United States 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Ottawa Valley 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694:First Nations 2688: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643:Kennewick Man 2634: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2541: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:building site 2498: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2193: 2190: 2182: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2152:This section 2150: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:New York City 2034: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:archaeobotany 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954:As with most 1951: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890:topographical 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:typologically 1826: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Magnetometers 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1551:wavelengths, 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505:Aerial survey 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:Gordon Willey 1433: 1427: 1425: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1358: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:agency theory 1288: 1287:postmodernism 1284: 1283:phenomenology 1281: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Daniel Miller 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Kent Flannery 1216: 1215:Lewis Binford 1212: 1208: 1207:Mesoamericans 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1140:sampling bias 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:Frank Calvert 954: 950: 946: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 920: 916: 915:Howard Carter 912: 911:Great Pyramid 908: 904: 900: 896: 889: 885: 880: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859: 849: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:prehistorical 827: 826:Charles Lyell 823: 819: 818:William Smith 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 789:, on several 788: 787:trench method 784: 781: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 754: 750: 746: 741: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 643: 636: 631: 622: 613: 612:Rajatarangini 609: 604: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 581: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 563:Flavio Biondo 560: 558: 554: 553:hieroglyphics 550: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 398: 388: 379: 371: 367: 363: 356: 351: 346: 340: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 305: 294: 290: 286: 269: 258: 254: 242: 234: 228: 217: 550 BC 201: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 124:palaeontology 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71:or ecofacts, 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 26: 22: 11969:Anthropology 11918: 11894: 11882: 11852: 11659:Food studies 11599:Area studies 11352:mathematical 11347:econometrics 11309: 11305:Anthropology 11223: 11187:Philistinism 11182:Antihumanism 11136: 11108: 11094:Nova Religio 11061: 10979: 10959:Hermeneutics 10914: 10907: 10735: 10731:Anthropology 10653: 10625: 10616: 10607: 10498:Folk process 10453:Ethnopoetics 10411:preservation 10271:Neon objects 10144:by item type 10135:Conservation 10088:by item type 10079:Conservation 10029:Overpainting 9989:Display case 9818:Repatriation 9572: 9334:Archaeometry 9308:Experimental 9242:Near Eastern 9201:Near Eastern 9196:Mesopotamian 9150:Contemporary 8967:Arthur Evans 8925: 8874:Fasti Online 8835: 8812: 8809:Alison Wylie 8796: 8789: 8772: 8755: 8748: 8734: 8730: 8709:(1): 27–69. 8706: 8702: 8688: 8677: 8674:Kevin Greene 8667: 8650: 8631:. Retrieved 8611: 8598:. Retrieved 8578: 8565:. Retrieved 8545: 8532:. Retrieved 8523: 8472: 8446: 8442: 8433: 8424: 8401: 8376: 8372: 8363: 8354: 8327: 8300: 8281: 8256: 8252: 8235: 8231: 8222: 8218: 8191: 8182: 8173: 8140: 8136: 8103: 8099: 8071: 8056:cite journal 8042:(1): 73–98. 8039: 8035: 8010:(1): 25–54. 8007: 8003: 7994: 7967: 7958: 7949: 7916: 7912: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7848: 7836:. Retrieved 7819: 7815: 7778: 7774: 7757: 7753: 7720: 7716: 7683: 7679: 7649:(1): 29–35. 7646: 7642: 7633: 7616: 7612: 7595: 7591: 7579:. Retrieved 7552: 7520: 7510: 7506: 7473: 7469: 7460: 7441: 7437: 7400: 7396: 7387: 7379:Bibliography 7369:the original 7358: 7346:. Retrieved 7337: 7328: 7316:. Retrieved 7307: 7271: 7260: 7241: 7231: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7178: 7159: 7149: 7130: 7120: 7108:. Retrieved 7094: 7082:. Retrieved 7068: 7056:. Retrieved 7045: 7036: 7023: 7011:. Retrieved 7007:the original 7000: 6990: 6978:. Retrieved 6964: 6952:. Retrieved 6941: 6931: 6919:. Retrieved 6910: 6885:. 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In 438:Song dynasty 431: 406: 396: 387:archaiologia 386: 375: 333:Antiquarians 282: 164: 149: 144: 109: 93:anthropology 65:architecture 59:consists of 44: 40: 39: 25: 11964:Archaeology 11920:Wikiversity 11811:Social work 11699:Linguistics 11624:Criminology 11541:criminology 11524:personality 11482:comparative 11460:Linguistics 11453:private law 11310:archaeology 11036:Work of art 11004:Metaphysics 10965:Historicism 10810:Visual arts 10736:Archaeology 10724:Disciplines 10654:H.L. 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