Isotope analysis - Knowledge

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on different primary producers (i.e. different species of phytoplankton, marsh grasses.) Because δC indicates the original source of primary producers, the isotopes can also help us determine shifts in diets, both short term, long term or permanent. These shifts may even correlate to seasonal changes, reflecting phytoplankton abundance. Scientists have found that there can be wide ranges of δC values in phytoplankton populations over a geographic region. While it is not quite certain as to why this may be, there are several hypotheses for this occurrence. These include isotopes within dissolved inorganic carbon pools (DIC) may vary with temperature and location and that growth rates of phytoplankton may affect their uptake of the isotopes. δC has been used in determining migration of juvenile animals from sheltered inshore areas to offshore locations by examining the changes in their diets. A study by Fry (1983) studied the isotopic compositions in juvenile shrimp of south Texas grass flats. Fry found that at the beginning of the study the shrimp had isotopic values of δC = -11 to -14‰ and 6-8‰ for δN and δS. As the shrimp matured and migrated offshore, the isotopic values changed to those resembling offshore organisms (δC= -15‰ and δN = 11.5‰ and δS = 16‰).

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wide range of archaeological materials such as metals, glass and lead-based pigments have been sourced using isotopic characterization. Particularly in the Bronze Age Mediterranean, lead isotope analysis has been a useful tool for determining the sources of metals and an important indicator of trade patterns. Interpretation of lead isotope data is, however, often contentious and faces numerous instrumental and methodological challenges. Problems such as the mixing and re-using of metals from different sources, limited reliable data and contamination of samples can be difficult problems in interpretation.

122: 680:. Once the nitrogen enters the estuaries via groundwater, it is thought that because there is more N entering, that there will also be more N in the inorganic nitrogen pool delivered and that it is picked up more by producers taking up N. Even though N is easier to take up, because there is much more N, there will still be higher amounts assimilated than normal. These levels of δN can be examined in creatures that live in the area and are non migratory (such as 733:

then biologically 'set' in our hair as it grows and it has therefore become possible to identify recent geographic histories by the analysis of hair strands. For example, it could be possible to identify whether a terrorist suspect had recently been to a particular location from hair analysis. This hair analysis is a non-invasive method which is becoming very popular in cases that DNA or other traditional means are bringing no answers.

25: 684:, clams and even some fish). This method of identifying high levels of nitrogen input is becoming a more and more popular method in attempting to monitor nutrient input into estuaries and coastal ecosystems. Environmental managers have become more and more concerned about measuring anthropogenic nutrient inputs into estuaries because excess in nutrients can lead to 2299:. MixSIAR is an R package that helps you create and run Bayesian mixing models to analyze biotracer data (i.e. stable isotopes, fatty acids), following the MixSIAR model framework. Both graphical user interface (GUI) and script versions are available. Stock, B.C., Jackson, A.L., Ward, E.J., Parnell, A.C., Phillips, D.L., Semmens, B.X. 398:), and each of these fractions of bone can be analysed to shed light on different components of diet. The carbon in bone collagen is predominantly sourced from dietary protein, while the carbon found in bone mineral is sourced from all consumed dietary carbon, included carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. 732:

is primarily a function of diet, especially drinking water intake. The stable isotopic ratios of drinking water are a function of location, and the geology that the water percolates through. Sr, Sr and oxygen isotope variations are different all over the world. These differences in isotopic ratio are

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producers. Similar to C, it can also help distinguish between different phytoplankton as the key primary producers in food webs. The differences between seawater sulfates and sulfides (c. 21‰ vs -10‰) aid scientists in the discriminations. Sulfur tends to be more plentiful in less aerobic areas, such

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that bear a fixed isotopic enrichment or depletion vs. the diet. Muscle or protein fractions have become the most common animal tissue used to examine the isotopes because they represent the assimilated nutrients in their diet. The main advantage to using stable isotope analysis as opposed to stomach

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source responsible for the energy flow in an ecosystem. The transfer of C through trophic levels remains relatively the same, except for a small increase (an enrichment < 1 ‰). Large differences of δC between animals indicate that they have different food sources or that their food webs are based

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All biologically active elements exist in a number of different isotopic forms, of which two or more are stable. For example, most carbon is present as C, with approximately 1% being C. The ratio of the two isotopes may be altered by biological and geophysical processes, and these differences can be

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Isotope analysis has been particularly useful in archaeology as a means of characterization. Characterization of artifacts involves determining the isotopic composition of possible source materials such as metal ore bodies and comparing these data to the isotopic composition of analyzed artifacts. A

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which combine oxygen dissolved in the surrounding water with carbon and calcium to build their shells therefore incorporate the temperature-dependent O to O ratio. When these organisms die, they settle out on the sea bed, preserving a long and invaluable record of global climate change through much

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have accumulated higher levels of N ( and higher δN values) relative to their prey and others before them in the food web. Numerous studies on marine ecosystems have shown that on average there is a 3.2‰ enrichment of N vs. diet between different trophic level species in ecosystems. In the Baltic

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limestone, nitrogen gas in the atmosphere, and Cañon Diablo meteorite respectively. Analysis is usually done using a mass spectrometer, detecting small differences between gaseous elements. Analysis of a sample can cost anywhere from $ 30 to $ 100. Stable isotopes assist scientists in analyzing

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In addition to trophic positioning of organisms, δN values have become commonly used in distinguishing between land derived and natural sources of nutrients. As water travels from septic tanks to aquifers, the nitrogen rich water is delivered into coastal areas. Waste-water nitrate has higher

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Stable isotopic analysis has also been used in the identification of drug trafficking routes. Isotopic abundances are different in morphine grown from poppies in south-east Asia versus poppies grown in south-west Asia. The same is applied to cocaine that is derived from Bolivia and that from

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indicate the trophic level position of organisms (reflective of the time the tissue samples were taken). There is a larger enrichment component with δN because its retention is higher than that of N. This can be seen by analyzing the waste of organisms. Cattle urine has shown that there is a

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of ammonia, N is removed from the water at a faster rate than N, resulting in more N entering the aquifer. N is roughly 10-20‰ as opposed to the natural N values of 2-8‰. The inorganic nitrogen that is emitted from septic tanks and other human-derived sewage is usually in the form of

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content observations is that no matter what the status is of the animal's stomach (empty or not), the isotope tracers in the tissues will give us an understanding of its trophic position and food source. The three major isotopes used in aquatic ecosystem food web analysis are C,

2350:. Stable Isotope Sourcing using Sampling (SISUS) (Erhardt, Wolf, and Bedrick, In Prep.) provides a more efficient algorithm to provide solutions to the same problem as the Phillips and Gregg (2003) IsoSource model and software for source partitioning using stable isotopes. 633:

concentrations of N than the nitrate that is found in natural soils in near shore zones. For bacteria, it is more convenient for them to uptake N as opposed to N because it is a lighter element and easier to metabolize. Thus, due to bacteria's preference when performing

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contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen atoms and thus comparing their relative abundances of isotopes can reveal the existence of a common origin. Researchers have also shown that analysis of the C/C ratios can locate the country of origin for a given explosive.

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Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., PÉpin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., Stievenard, M. (1999),

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because they can help scientists in understanding source links and process information in marine food webs. These analyses can also be used to a certain degree in terrestrial systems. Certain isotopes can signify distinct primary producers forming the bases of

163:, to reconstruct past environmental and climatic conditions, to investigate human and animal diets, for food authentification, and a variety of other physical, geological, palaeontological and chemical processes. Stable isotope ratios are measured using 241:

are not subject to continual remodelling and so their isotopic oxygen ratios remain constant from the time of formation. The isotopic oxygen ratios, then, of teeth represent the ratios of the region in which the individual was born and raised. Where

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Rodriguez, Carlie A; Flessa, Karl W; Téllez-Duarte, Miguel A; Dettman, David L; Ávila-Serrano, Guillermo A (2001). "Macrofaunal and isotopic estimates of the former extent of the Colorado River estuary, upper Gulf of California, México".

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van der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1982). "Carbon Isotopes, Photosynthesis, and Archaeology: Different pathways of photosynthesis cause characteristic changes in carbon isotope ratios that make possible the study of prehistoric human diets".

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isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about population movements and cultural interactions, such as trade.

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Cardenas, M. Bayani; Rodolfo, Raymond S.; Lapus, Mark R.; Cabria, Hillel B.; Fullon, Jose; Gojunco, Gordos R.; Breecker, Daniel O.; Cantarero, Danica M.; Evaristo, Jaivime; Siringan, Fernando P.; Zhang, Tongwei (2020).

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Marwick, Ben; Gagan, Michael K (2011). "Late Pleistocene monsoon variability in northwest Thailand: An oxygen isotope sequence from the bivalve Margaritanopsis laosensis excavated in Mae Hong Son province".

786:, stable isotopes of water (H and O) are used to estimate the source, age, and flow paths of water flowing through ecosystems. The main effects that change the stable isotope composition of water are 505:) and R represents the ratio of the isotope of interest and its natural form (e.g., C/C). Higher (or less negative) delta values indicate increases in a sample's isotope of interest, relative to the 823:) as more energy is available for the evaporation of the heavier O isotope. The oxygen isotope record preserved in the ice cores is therefore a "mirror" of the record contained in ocean sediments. 1628:

Hansson, Sture; Hobbie, John E; Elmgren, Ragnar; Larsson, Ulf; Fry, Brian; Johansson, Sif (1997). "The Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratio As a Marker of Food-Web Interactions and Fish Migration".

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Doucett, Richard R.; Marks, Jane C.; Blinn, Dean W.; Caron, Melanie; Hungate, Bruce A. (June 2007). "Measuring Terrestrial Subsidies to Aquatic Food Webs Using Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen".

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Kelly, Jeffrey F.; Atudorei, Viorel; Sharp, Zachary D.; Finch, Deborah M. (1 January 2002). "Insights into Wilson's Warbler migration from analyses of hydrogen stable-isotope ratios".

547:, transpiration, and other processes in the formation of cellulose. A study on the isotope ratios of tissues from plants growing within a small area in Texas found tissues from 436:

that may affect the original isotopic signal. It is also important for the researcher to know the variations of isotopes within individuals, between individuals, and over time.

531:, it is common to perform analysis on at least two of the previously mentioned three isotopes for better understanding of marine trophic interactions and for stronger results. 678: 543:, to H has been studied in both plant and animal tissue. Hydrogen isotopes in plant tissue are correlated with local water values but vary based on fractionation during 387:, while C4 food sources include millet and sugar cane. Carbon isotope ratios can also be used to distinguish between marine, freshwater, and terrestrial food sources. 794:. Variability in water isotopes is used to study sources of water to streams and rivers, evaporation rates, groundwater recharge, and other hydrological processes. 1068:

Fernandes, Ricardo; Nadeau, Marie-Josée; Grootes, Pieter M. (2012-12-01). "Macronutrient-based model for dietary carbon routing in bone collagen and bioapatite".

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Kelly, Simon; Heaton, Karl; Hoogewerff, Jurian (2005). "Tracing the geographical origin of food: The application of multi-element and multi-isotope analysis".

2086:"WaterIsotopes.org provides information, data, and resources for scientific applications involving spatial variation in the isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen" 555:

plants. Hydrogen isotope ratios in animal tissue reflect diet, including drinking water, and have been used to study bird migration and aquatic food webs.

199: 1575:"Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by animals: A further complication to the use of variations in the natural abundance of 15N for tracer studies" 861:

Hermes, Taylor R.; Frachetti, Michael D.; Bullion, Elissa A.; Maksudov, Farhod; Mustafokulov, Samariddin; Makarewicz, Cheryl A. (26 March 2018).

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depletion of N relative to the diet. As organisms eat each other, the N isotopes are transferred to the predators. Thus, organisms higher in the

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Isotope analysis can be used by forensic investigators to determine whether two or more samples of explosives are of a common origin. Most

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McGuire, Kevin; McDonnell, Jeff (2007-10-08). "Stable isotope tracers in watershed hydrology". In Michener, Robert; Lajtha, Kate (eds.).

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Stable isotopic analysis has also been used for tracing the geographical origin of food, timber, and in tracing the sources and fates of

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Cole, Jonathan J.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Kitchell, Jim; Pace, Michael L.; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian (1 February 2011).

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Wolff, E. W., Fischer, H., Ommen, T. van, Hodell, D. A. (2022), "Stratigraphic templates for ice core records of the past 1.5 Myr",

810:, O is preferentially evaporated from the colder oceans, leaving the slightly heavier and more sluggish O behind. Organisms such as 1489:"Strong evidence for terrestrial support of zooplankton in small lakes based on stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen" 2313:

Moore, Jonathan W; Semmens, Brice X (2008). "Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models".

1728:"Nitrogen stable isotopes in the shell of Mercenaria mercenaria trace wastewater inputs from watersheds to estuarine ecosystems" 1658:

Kreitler, Charles W; Ragone, Stephen E; Katz, Brian G (1978). "N15/N14 Ratios of Ground-Water Nitrate, Long Island, New Yorka".

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as benthic systems and marsh plants, than the pelagic and more aerobic systems. Thus, in the benthic systems, there are smaller

509:, and lower (or more negative) values indicate decreases. The standard reference materials for carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur are 89: 1546:

Fry, B. (1983). "Fish and shrimp migrations in the northern Gulf of Mexico analyzed using stable C, N, and S isotope ratios".

2038: 1996: 1324: 1238: 1000:; DeNiro, Michael J (1984). "Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals". 61: 728:

is the isotopic analysis of hair strands. Hair has a recognisable growth rate of 9-11mm per month or 15 cm per year.

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Carbon isotopes are analysed in archaeology to determine the source of carbon at the base of the foodchain. Examining the

68: 1764:"Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: A record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds" 1155:

Shortland, A. J (2006). "Application of Lead Isotope Analysis to a Wide Range of Late Bronze Age Egyptian Materials".

2068: 1131: 1052: 231:; approximately 10 years. Consequently, should an individual remain in a region for 10 years or longer, the isotopic 108: 42: 1035:

Fry, B.; Sherr, E. B. (1989). "δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems".

629:, sprat, smelt and herring,) there was an apparent fractionation of 2.4‰ between consumers and their apparent prey. 75: 318: 269:

While teeth are more resistant to chemical and physical changes over time, both are subject to post-depositional

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The ratio of O to O in ice and deep sea cores is temperature dependent, and can be used as a proxy measure for

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materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis.

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While there is no enrichment of S between trophic levels, the stable isotope can be useful in distinguishing

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Budd, P; Haggerty, R; Pollard, A. M; Scaife, B; Thomas, R. G (2015). "Rethinking the quest for provenance".

819:. Similarly, ice cores on land are enriched in the heavier O relative to O during warmer climatic phases ( 2309:. Stable isotope mixing model for an excess number of sources (Visual Basic), (Phillips and Gregg, 2003). 1727: 2344:. Bayesian mixing model package for the R environment. Parnell, A., Inger, R., Bearhop, S., Jackson, A. 2136: 1114:; Stroud, Elizabeth (2019). "Paleoethnobotany and Stable Isotopes". In López Varela, Sandra L. (ed.). 409:. A complication is that enrichment also occurs as a result of environmental factors, such as wetland 1976: 1972: 1341: 2137:"Submarine Groundwater and Vent Discharge in a Volcanic Area Associated With Coastal Acidification" 2023:

15N Tracing of Microbial Assimilation, Partitioning and Transport of Fertilisers in Grassland Soils

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are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur, but also include silicon, iron, and strontium.

2356:"Estimating the Diets of Animals Using Stable Isotopes and a Comprehensive Bayesian Mixing Model" 863:"Urban and nomadic isotopic niches reveal dietary connectivities along Central Asia's Silk Roads" 689: 649: 35: 2257:"Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica" 1304: 1230: 490:. They express the proportion of an isotope that is in a sample. The values are expressed as: 82: 306: 156: 1222: 235:

in the bone hydroxyapatite would reflect the isotopic oxygen ratios present in that region.

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positioning. The stable isotope compositions are expressed in terms of delta values (δ) in

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To obtain an accurate picture of palaeodiets, it is important to understand processes of

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isotope ratio, it is possible to determine whether animals and humans ate predominantly

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sea, Hansson et al. (1997) found that when analyzing a variety of creatures (such as

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on climate change during the Quaternary, revealing an approximately 100,000-year

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utilized in a number of ways by ecologists. The main elements used in isotope

2253: 2018: 1788: 1763: 1711: 1686: 1593: 1316: 1195: 1081: 1039:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 68. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 196–229. 2410: 2160: 1089: 894: 806:. During colder periods of the Earth's history (glacials) such as during the 592: 479: 426: 302: 167:, which separates the different isotopes of an element on the basis of their 2240: 1513: 190:

at which point it is used in the formation of, for archaeological purposes,

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are present, it is also possible to determine the age at which a child was

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Magnetic sector mass spectrometer used in isotope ratio analysis, through

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Peterson, B J; Fry, B (1987). "Stable Isotopes in Ecosystem Studies".

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Nitrogen isotopes can be used to infer soil conditions, with enriched

540: 524: 502: 384: 352: 348: 282: 274: 263: 259: 187: 2110: 1747: 1465: 975: 24: 2256: 1802: 1725: 701: 475: 422: 414: 391: 336: 278: 228: 160: 2272: 1687:"Linking nitrogen in estuarine producers to land-derived sources" 1305:"Stable Isotope Ratios as Tracers in Marine Food Webs: An Update" 807: 760: 709: 584: 580: 455: 418: 202: 1726:

Carmichael, RH; Hattenrath, T; Valiela, I; Michener, RH (2008).

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O'Leary, Marion H. (1988). "Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis".

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Ehleringer, J.R.; Casale, J.; Cooper, D.A.; Lott, M.J. (2001).

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McClelland, James W; Valiela, Ivan; Michener, Robert H (1997).

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throughout the lifetime of an individual. Although the rate of

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Charteris, Alice Fiona (2019), Charteris, Alice Fiona (ed.),

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10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2249:TSNIRA]2.0.CO;2

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Sternberg, Leonel; DeNiro, Michael; Johnson, Hyrum (1984).

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is not fully known, it is assumed to be similar to that of

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Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science

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Gori, Yuri; Stradiotti, Ana; Camin, Federica (2018).

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Isotope analysis has widespread applicability in the

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Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science

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Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science

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Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science

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Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science

439: 1912: 514:animal diets and food webs by examining the animal 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1657: 672: 501:where X represents the isotope of interest (e.g., 155:. Isotopic analysis can be used to understand the 1875:(Thesis). Office of National Drug Control Policy. 1684: 996: 2408: 2058: 1983:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 375–449, 708:was used to assess the historical extent of the 486:(‰), i.e. parts per thousand differences from a 266:through sweat, urine, and expired water vapour. 2353: 2115:Spatio-temporal Isotope Analytics Lab (Spatial) 1493:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1302: 692:, eliminating organisms from an area entirely. 469:have become a popular method for understanding 323: 1975:; Elliott, Emily M.; Wankel, Scott D. (2007), 1216: 551:plants were enriched in deuterium relative to 390:Carbon isotope ratios can be measured in bone 2348:SISUS: Stable Isotope Sourcing using Sampling 1118:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–4. 1110: 925: 856: 854: 462:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 297:. These include numerous applications in the 2312: 2181: 1572: 1858:(2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. 1685:McClelland, James W; Valiela, Ivan (1998). 1653: 1651: 1256: 1116:The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences 1070:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 961: 16:Analytical technique used to study isotopes 2354:Hopkins, John B; Ferguson, Jake M (2012). 1252: 1250: 851: 527:. While all three indicate information on 363:plants. Potential C3 food sources include 258:of the mother, which has higher levels of 2389: 2379: 2239: 2108: 2083: 2016: 1948: 1938: 1787: 1746: 1710: 1601: 1522: 1512: 1370: 1360: 1303:Michener, Robert H; Kaufman, Les (2007). 1154: 902: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1648: 1623: 1621: 1259:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1229:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Pub. pp. 1034: 829:preserve a record of the effects of the 716:prior to construction of upstream dams. 120: 2301:Associated peer-reviewed research paper 1888:Trends in Food Science & Technology 1539: 1247: 700:Analysis of the ratio of O to O in the 2409: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1037:Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research 277:groups, rather than the less abundant 198:. The oxygen is incorporated into the 1853: 1838: 1618: 2342:SIAR - Stable isotope analysis in R. 281:group or the more likely diagenetic 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 1872:Sourcing Drugs With Stable Isotopes 1582:The Journal of Agricultural Science 1573:Steele, K. W; Daniel, R. M (2009). 1545: 1285: 1271:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001453 797: 719: 174: 13: 1672:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03254.x 14: 2428: 2290: 440:Sourcing archaeological materials 2327:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01163.x 1169:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00279.x 1124:10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0436 621:organic matter (phytoplankton), 262:due to the preferential loss of 186:into the body primarily through 23: 2247: 2219: 2205:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.007 2175: 2127: 2102: 2077: 2063:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Pub. 2052: 2010: 1965: 1906: 1879: 1862: 1847: 1832: 1796: 1755: 1719: 1678: 1566: 1480: 1445: 1394: 1333: 1210: 1002:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 748: 319:Isotope analysis in archaeology 288: 34:needs additional citations for 1175: 1148: 1104: 1061: 1028: 990: 955: 919: 603: 539:The ratio of H, also known as 405:used to infer the addition of 312: 1: 844: 804:reconstructing climate change 534: 2381:10.1371/journal.pone.0028478 2141:Geophysical Research Letters 1940:10.1371/journal.pone.0192970 1806:Journal of Arid Environments 1045:10.1007/978-1-4612-3498-2_12 1022:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90091-7 777: 695: 673:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH4+}}} 574: 558: 324:Reconstructing ancient diets 7: 2031:10.1007/978-3-030-31057-8_1 10: 2433: 2185:Quaternary Science Reviews 1989:10.1002/9780470691854.ch12 1900:10.1016/j.tifs.2005.08.008 1768:Limnology and Oceanography 1691:Limnology and Oceanography 887:10.1038/s41598-018-22995-2 770: 766: 752: 566:aid us in determining the 448: 316: 254:production draws upon the 1789:10.4319/lo.1997.42.5.0930 1712:10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0577 1594:10.1017/S002185960004853X 1317:10.1002/9780470691854.ch9 1196:10.1017/S0003598X00083034 1082:10.1007/s12520-012-0102-7 135:is the identification of 724:A recent development in 635:biogeochemical processes 2241:10.5194/cp-18-1563-2022 1514:10.1073/pnas.1012807108 998:Schoeninger, Margaret J 139:, abundance of certain 1826:10.1006/jare.2001.0845 674: 307:environmental sciences 223:of isotopic oxygen in 129: 1843:. Reading University. 1423:10.1007/s004420100789 1221:, eds. (2007-10-08). 763:in the environment. 675: 124: 2153:10.1029/2019GL085730 2147:(1): e2019GL085730. 1841:Crime Scene Analysis 773:Isotope geochemistry 714:Colorado River Delta 650: 169:mass-to-charge ratio 43:improve this article 2372:2012PLoSO...728478H 2261:Climate of the Past 2197:2011QSRv...30.3088M 1931:2018PLoSO..1392970G 1818:2001JArEn..49..183R 1780:1997LimOc..42..930M 1703:1998LimOc..43..577M 1505:2011PNAS..108.1975C 1415:2002Oecol.130..216K 1362:10.1104/pp.74.3.557 1311:. pp. 238–82. 1014:1984GeCoA..48..625S 941:1982AmSci..70..596V 879:2018NatSR...8.5177H 831:Milankovitch cycles 706:Colorado Delta clam 668: 153:inorganic compounds 2191:(21–22): 3088–98. 1854:White, P. (2004). 1839:Black, S. (2008). 1217:Michener, Robert; 929:American Scientist 867:Scientific Reports 670: 654: 568:primary production 471:aquatic ecosystems 137:isotopic signature 130: 127:thermal ionization 58:"Isotope analysis" 2267:(6735): 429–436, 2090:Waterisotopes.org 2040:978-3-030-31057-8 1998:978-0-470-69185-4 1326:978-0-470-69185-4 1240:978-1-4051-2680-9 784:isotope hydrology 730:Human hair growth 657: 609:Nitrogen isotopes 511:Pee Dee Belamnite 394:or bone mineral ( 165:mass spectrometry 119: 118: 111: 93: 2424: 2403: 2393: 2383: 2338: 2284: 2283: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2234:(7): 1563–1577, 2223: 2217: 2216: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1942: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1655: 1646: 1645: 1625: 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