418:
29:
445:. Using lake sediment core and climate reconstruction technology discussed earlier, archaeologists were able to reconstruct the climate present at the time of the Mayans. Although the Yucatán Peninsula was found to have extreme drought at the time Mayan society collapsed, many other factors contributed to their demise. Deforestation, overpopulation, and manipulating wetlands are only a few theories as to why the Maya civilization collapsed, but all of these worked in tandem to negatively impact the environment. From a sustainability perspective, studying how the Mayans impacted the environment allows researchers to see how these changes have permanently affected the landscape and subsequent populations living in the area.
341:
129:
2382:
2393:
374:) emphasized this philosophy. Catastrophism, for instance, discussed how catastrophes like natural disaster could be the determining factor in a society's survival. The environment could have social, political, and economic impacts on human communities. It became more important for researchers to look at the direct influence the environment could have on a society. This gave rise to
148:, water logging, mineralization, and desiccation. A field within archaeobotany is ethnobotany, which looks more specifically at the relationship between plants and humans, and the cultural impacts plants have had and continue to have on human societies. Plant usage as food and as crops or as medicine is of interest, as well the plants' economic influences.
563:, Jordon, and that it was destroyed by a comet. On February 15, 2023, the following editor’s note was posted on this paper, "Readers are alerted that concerns raised about the data presented and the conclusions of this article are being considered by the Editors. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues."
448:
Archaeologists are increasingly under pressure to demonstrate that their work has impact beyond the discipline. This has prompted environmental archaeologists to argue that an understanding of past environmental changes is essential to model future outcomes in areas such as climate change, land cover
353:
palaeoecologists, work side by side with archaeologists and anthropologists specialising in material culture studies in order to achieve a more holistic understanding of past human livelihood and people-environment interactions, especially how climatic stress affected humans and forced them to adapt.
143:
strategies and plant economy. This provides greater insight into a people's social and cultural behaviors. Analysis of specimen like wood charcoal, for example, can reveal the source of fuel or construction for a society. Archaeobotanists also often study seed and fruit remains, along with pollen and
352:
Environmental archaeology has emerged as a distinct discipline since the second half of the 20th century. In recent years it has grown rapidly in significance and is now an established component of most excavation projects. The field is multidisciplinary, and environmental archaeologists, as well as
171:
is the study of landscape and of geological processes. It looks at environments within the human timeline to determine how past societies may have influenced or been influenced by the environment. Sediment and soil are often studied because this is where the majority of artifacts are found, but also
400:
takes samples from different layers in the ground and uses a similar strategy to evaluation. The samples typically sought after are human and faunal remains, pollen and spores, wood and charcoal, insects, and even isotopes. Biomolecules like lipids, proteins, and DNA can be revelatory samples. With
425:
Each focus within environmental archaeology collects information about a different aspect of humans' relation with their surrounding environment. Together these components (along with methods from other fields) are combined to fully understand a past society's lifestyle and interactions with their
382:
and agriculture originated in south-west Asia. Another important shift in thinking within the field centered around the notion of cost-effectivity. Before, archaeologists thought that humans usually acted to maximize their use of resources, but have since come to believe that this is not the case.
159:
is the study of animal remains and what these remains can tell us about the human societies the animals existed among. Animal remains can provide evidence of predation by humans (or vice versa) or domestication. Despite revealing the specific relationships between animals and humans, discovery of
180:
Due to the multidisciplinary nature of archaeology in general, the range of research in the earth and environmental sciences, and possibility of methodologies, environmental archaeology has branched and connected with a number of other fields to include numerous cross and subfields such as:
43:
which emerged in 1970s and is the science of reconstructing the relationships between past societies and the environments they lived in. The field represents an archaeological-palaeoecological approach to studying the palaeoenvironment through the methods of human
115:, are defined by the materials they study, the term "environmental" is used as a general template in order to denote a general field of scientific inquiry that is applicable across time periods and geographical regions studied by archaeology as a whole.
426:
environment. Past aspects of land use, food production, tool use, and occupation patterns can all be established and the knowledge applied to current and future human-environment interactions. Through predation, agriculture, and introduction of foreign
91:
Environmental archaeology often involves studying plant and animal remains in order to investigate which plant and animal species were present at the time of prehistoric habitations, and how past societies managed them. It may also involve studying the
56:
and past peoples' relationships and interactions with the landscapes they inhabited provide archaeologists with insights into the origins and evolution of anthropogenic environments and human systems. This includes subjects such as including
549:
is a controversial environmental archaeologist and human behavioral ecologist known for his work investigating how climate change affected Maya civilization in its development and disintegration. and for his contributions as a member of the
172:
because natural processes and human behavior can alter the soil and reveal its history. Apart from visual observation, computer programming and satellite imaging are often employed to reconstruct past landscapes or architecture.
409:, which can provide information on temperatures, precipitation, vegetation, and other climate-dependent conditions. These proxies can be used to provide context for present climate and compare past climate against the present.
558:
which asserts that the Clovis culture was destroyed by a shower of comets. His most widely disseminated paper was a collaboration with biblical archaeologists who believe they have discovered the ancient city of Sodom at
387:
and agency, and the focus on relationships between archaeological sites. Government research audits and the 'commercialisation' of environmental archaeology have also shaped the sub-discipline in more recent times.
507:(1933–2016), was a distinguished British archaeologist and anthropologist, who specialised in human palaeoecology and environmental archaeology. His career spanned several prominent institutions including the
625:-based palaeoecologist who has researched fossil records to examine relationships between human settlements and natural disturbances, including novel methods of carbon-dated rat-gnawed seeds to trace
396:
Environmental archaeologists approach a site through evaluation and/or excavation. Evaluation seeks to analyze the resources and artifacts given in an area and their potential significance.
139:
is the study and interpretation of plant remains. By determining the uses of plants in historical contexts, researchers can reconstruct the diets of past humans, as well as determine their
96:
environment and how similar or different it was in the past compared to the present day. An important component of such analyses represents the study of site formation processes.
1491:
1653:
Kennett, D. J.; Breitenbach, S. F. M.; Aquino, V. V.; Asmerom, Y.; Awe, J.; Baldini, J. U. L.; Bartlein, P.; Culleton, B. J.; Ebert, C.; Jazwa, C.; Macri, M. J. (2012-11-09).
430:
into new environments, humans have altered past environments. Understanding these past processes can help us pursue conservation and restorative processes in the present.
378:
and the major questions asked by environmental archaeology in the 20th and 21st centuries. Research has since led environmental archaeology to two major conclusions:
543:
researched the development of agriculture in Asia and the method of "site catchment analysis", which looks at the exploitation of land based on the land's potential.
577:
developed the middle range theory. Under this theory, researchers study the relationship between humans and the environment, which can be depicted in models.
245:
1949:
1492:"Drought and the Ancient Maya Civilization | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)"
537:
is a notable pioneer of environmental archaeology and has won numerous awards and conducted research in the fields of archaeology, geography, and geology.
477:
palaeoecology. His extensive research focuses on the vegetational and environmental history of the past 10-20,000 years across various regions, including
600:
604:
417:
546:
1295:
596:
1088:
942:
Van Der Veen, Marijke (June 2007). "Formation processes of desiccated and carbonized plant remains – the identification of routine practice".
1775:
1136:
405:
is a computer system that can process spatial data and construct virtual landscapes. Climate records are able to be reconstructed through
1520:
858:
1392:"Climate Reconstruction | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)"
1499:
1743:
1545:
2338:
1311:"Commercial Environmental Archaeology: are we back in the dark ages or is environmental archaeology a potential agent of change?"
401:
respect to geoarchaeology, computer systems for topography and satellites imaging are often used to reconstruct landscapes. The
379:
1391:
32:
Geoarchaeological survey of stratigraphic units using a versatile coring unit, a common tool for environmental archaeologists.
1818:
841:
356:
In archaeology in the 1960s, the environment was seen as having a "passive" interaction with humans. With the inclusion of
1625:
639:
1438:
Environmental archaeology: theoretical and practical approaches. Place of publication not identified: Routledge, 2016.
1370:
Environmental
Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of methods from sampling and recovery to post-excavation
1064:
816:
528:
375:
1717:
1028:
1959:
649:
212:
1225:
28:
2418:
555:
360:
and ecological principles, however, this paradigm began to shift. Prominent theories and principles of the time (
340:
2423:
2345:
1858:
1271:
733:
402:
310:
224:
2367:
2077:
1964:
612:
345:
2300:
2143:
2072:
1913:
107:, which may have buried artifacts and archaeological features. While specialist sub-fields, for example
1853:
723:
2175:
2041:
1981:
1934:
1811:
1448:
Grayson, Donald K. (2001-03-01). "The
Archaeological Record of Human Impacts on Animal Populations".
1001:
669:
470:
397:
250:
160:
animal bones, hides, or DNA in a certain area can describe the location's past landscape or climate.
20:
2209:
2102:
2051:
2001:
1991:
1226:"The role of the environmental archaeologist in the study and reconstruction of cave palaeoclimate"
728:
588:
2315:
2240:
2138:
2016:
1785:
508:
298: – Study of interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales
2360:
2350:
2270:
2265:
2235:
2214:
2087:
2082:
2046:
1835:
524:
328:
218:
100:
2355:
2275:
2031:
1944:
1939:
1929:
866:
679:
608:
268:
256:
2385:
2285:
2280:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2036:
2026:
1954:
1883:
1878:
1804:
1666:
1199:
951:
674:
592:
551:
516:
466:
316:
280:
215: – Non-invasive physical sensing techniques used for archaeological imaging or mapping
977:
128:
8:
2180:
2165:
2067:
1873:
1863:
1843:
664:
441:
has occurred many times throughout history, one of the most prominent examples being the
324:
140:
103:
may be absent from an excavated or surveyed site, or in cases of earth movement, such as
53:
1670:
1655:"Development and Disintegration of Maya Political Systems in Response to Climate Change"
1415:
955:
2260:
2123:
1698:
1473:
1289:
1082:
916:
889:
708:
702:
626:
520:
320:
185:
93:
87:(the study of geological processes and their relationship to the archaeological record)
1654:
595:
and palaeoclimatology. She is most known for her research on "palaeofire," which uses
527:, contributing extensively to the study of human and animal remains, and founding the
2310:
2305:
2290:
1690:
1682:
1477:
1465:
1368:
1277:
1267:
1181:
1118:
1070:
1060:
921:
837:
812:
442:
438:
286:
274:
230:
1702:
599:
to reconstruct historical vegetation, fire, and climate patterns (particularly post-
2295:
2230:
2197:
1908:
1893:
1674:
1578:
1457:
1347:
1318:
1237:
1173:
1162:"The Future is Long-term: past and current directions in environmental archaeology"
959:
911:
901:
761:
644:
618:
540:
196:
136:
1790:
2133:
1986:
1888:
1161:
1057:
Geoarchaeology : the earth-science approach to archaeological interpretation
698:
654:
406:
277: – Study of changes in the physical environment caused by human activities.
2397:
2202:
2192:
2153:
2128:
1898:
580:
560:
512:
482:
434:
236:
202:
168:
156:
108:
84:
78:
1791:
Environmental
Archaeology - Theory and Practice: Looking Back, Moving Forwards
1780:
1598:
1461:
1242:
1106:
963:
144:
starch. Plants can be preserved in a variety of ways, but the most common are
2412:
2170:
1686:
1469:
1185:
1122:
1107:"Geoarchaeology: where human, social and earth sciences meet with technology"
1074:
684:
584:
574:
504:
365:
295:
262:
240:
145:
112:
72:
45:
1678:
1281:
906:
569:
contributed to a vast amount of research in this field. Leakey and his wife
2021:
1868:
1694:
925:
566:
478:
370:
361:
190:
781:
2097:
1976:
1848:
1827:
718:
713:
622:
570:
534:
450:
421:
Lake sediment core used to help archaeologists reconstruct past climates.
40:
603:). Whitlock has significantly contributed to academic understandings of
19:
This article is about the subfield of archaeology. For the journal, see
2160:
2092:
1177:
689:
474:
462:
304:
207:
58:
49:
2148:
2107:
1583:
1570:
1352:
1339:
1323:
1310:
766:
753:
694:
486:
384:
357:
68:
Environmental archaeology is commonly divided into three sub-fields:
809:
Environmental
Archaeology: Approaches, Techniques & Applications
1903:
754:"Pinned Down in the Trenches? Revisiting environmental archaeology"
227: – Magnetic detection of archaeological artefacts and features
62:
1718:"Sodom Meteor Strike Claims Should Be Taken with a Pillar of Salt"
1969:
1786:
Archaeology Data
Service - Environmental Archaeology Bibliography
659:
494:
104:
1652:
834:
Environmental
Archaeology: Theoretical and Practical Approaches
271: – Sub-discipline of archaeology and archaeological theory
1796:
283: – Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea
498:
490:
427:
233: – Type of research using evidence from archival records
1744:"Journal investigating Sodom comet paper for data problems"
1153:
221: – Application of scientific techniques to archaeology
1770:
573:
are most known for their work on human origins in Africa.
199: – Interdisciplinary study of astronomies in cultures
1521:"New clues about how and why the Maya culture collapsed"
1105:
Ghilardi, Matthieu; Desruelles, Stéphane (2009-05-30).
473:, is renowned for his novel quantitative techniques in
437:
and why some cultures collapsed while others survived.
300:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
291:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1569:
Richer, Suzi; Stump, Daryl; Marchant, Robert (2019).
1950:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
1340:"Environmental Archaeology, Progress and Challenges"
1568:
1054:
1104:
2410:
1264:Environmental archaeology and the social order
433:Environmental archaeology provides insight on
1812:
1776:Historic England - Environmental Archaeology
1599:"An interview with Professor Karl W. Butzer"
1546:"environmental Archaeology | Sustainability"
1294:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1160:Murphy, Charlene; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2017).
1159:
941:
751:
523:. Brothwell was celebrated as a pioneer in
465:, a botanist and emeritus professor at the
289: – Study of changes in ancient climate
193: – Study of preserved charcoal remains
1819:
1805:
1087:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1059:. Hill, Christopher L., 1959-. New Haven.
1771:Association for Environmental Archaeology
1582:
1351:
1322:
1241:
915:
905:
806:
765:
416:
344:The human environment department of the
339:
127:
27:
1741:
1447:
1308:
456:
383:Subsequent theories/principles include
175:
99:This field is particularly useful when
2411:
1623:
1337:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1223:
1100:
1098:
887:
831:
1800:
1366:
1050:
1048:
1023:
1021:
315:as well as fields related to various
265: – Scientific study of landforms
253: – Archaeological sub-discipline
1742:Kincaid, Ellie (February 21, 2023).
937:
935:
890:"Collapse, environment, and society"
782:"What is Environmental Archaeology?"
61:lifestyle adaptations to change and
1250:
1230:International Journal of Speleology
1095:
1029:"Zooarchaeology Lab — Anthropology"
403:Geographic Information System (GIS)
13:
1261:
1045:
1018:
640:Archaeology of Hatfield and Thorne
554:to the controversial and disputed
14:
2435:
1764:
1416:"Past Climate | NOAA Climate.gov"
944:Journal of Archaeological Science
932:
786:Florida Museum of Natural History
529:Journal of Archaeological Science
259: – Specialisation of history
163:
151:
2391:
2381:
2380:
1246:– via Scholar Commons USF.
856:
650:Area of archaeological potential
611:efforts and was elected to the
123:
1826:
1735:
1709:
1646:
1617:
1591:
1562:
1538:
1513:
1484:
1441:
1432:
1408:
1384:
1360:
1331:
1302:
1217:
1192:
1129:
556:Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
412:
1781:Journal of Human Palaeoecology
1571:"Archaeology has No Relevance"
994:
970:
881:
850:
825:
800:
774:
745:
1:
1367:Jones, David M., ed. (2011).
1002:"Archaeobotany - Ethnobotany"
739:
734:Systems theory in archaeology
591:, specializing in Quaternary
380:humanity originated in Africa
81:(the study of faunal remains)
16:Sub-discipline of archaeology
1965:electrical resistance survey
1633:National Academy of Sciences
1626:"Karl W. Butzer 1934 - 2016"
1055:Rapp, George Robert (1998).
613:National Academy of Sciences
346:UCL Institute of Archaeology
118:
75:(the study of plant remains)
7:
1450:Journal of World Prehistory
1309:Pearson, Elizabeth (2019).
633:
10:
2440:
1854:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1715:
1624:Turner, B. L. Jr. (2017).
859:"Site Formation Processes"
724:Stratigraphy (archaeology)
391:
335:
18:
2376:
2328:
2223:
2116:
2060:
2009:
2000:
1935:Philosophy of archaeology
1922:
1834:
1243:10.5038/1827-806X.33.1.11
964:10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.007
807:Wilkinson, Keith (2003).
670:Disturbance (archaeology)
607:and encouraging informed
471:University College London
251:computational archaeology
213:archaeological geophysics
37:Environmental archaeology
22:Environmental Archaeology
1338:Howard, Andy J. (2019).
1262:G., Evans, John (2003).
1033:anthropology.ucdavis.edu
888:Butzer, Karl W. (2012).
752:O'Connor, Terry (2019).
729:Subfields of archaeology
589:Montana State University
407:paleoclimatology proxies
1716:Boslough, Mark (2022).
1679:10.1126/science.1226299
1550:sustainability.utah.edu
1462:10.1023/A:1011165119141
907:10.1073/pnas.1114845109
788:. University of Florida
509:University of Cambridge
2419:Archaeological science
1224:Gkioni, Maria (2004).
1137:"Past EAA Conferences"
629:settlements over time.
525:archaeological science
422:
349:
329:archaeomagnetic dating
319:techniques; including
219:archaeological science
133:
52:. Reconstructing past
33:
2424:Environmental science
1945:Archaeological ethics
1940:Archaeological diving
1930:Archaeological theory
1605:. Anne Buttimer. 1987
1266:. London: Routledge.
836:. London: Routledge.
832:Branch, Nick (2014).
680:Environmental science
420:
343:
269:landscape archaeology
257:environmental history
131:
31:
1884:Augustus Pitt Rivers
1879:William Henry Holmes
1844:Archaeological sites
1575:Internet Archaeology
1344:Internet Archaeology
1315:Internet Archaeology
1166:General Anthropology
758:Internet Archaeology
675:Earth system science
593:environmental change
552:Comet Research Group
517:University of London
467:University of Bergen
457:Notable contributors
317:chronological dating
281:maritime archaeology
176:Other related fields
1874:John Lloyd Stephens
1864:Heinrich Schliemann
1671:2012Sci...338..788K
956:2007JArSc..34..968V
869:on 17 February 2017
665:Digital Archaeology
453:and food security.
376:middle range theory
325:luminescence dating
246:coastal archaeology
141:Subsistence economy
2398:History portal
1960:geophysical survey
1725:Skeptical Inquirer
1373:. English Heritage
1178:10.1111/gena.12020
1172:(1). Wiley: 1–10.
811:. Stroud: Tempus.
709:GIS in archaeology
703:Physical Geography
521:University of York
423:
350:
321:radiocarbon dating
186:aerial archaeology
134:
39:is a sub-field of
34:
2406:
2405:
2324:
2323:
2306:Pseudoarchaeology
1923:Method and theory
1665:(6108): 788–791.
1496:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
1396:www.ncdc.noaa.gov
900:(10): 3632–3639.
843:978-0-340-80871-9
601:Yellowstone fires
587:and Professor at
443:Maya civilization
439:Societal collapse
287:palaeoclimatology
275:landscape history
231:archival research
225:archaeomagnometry
208:archaeoentomology
2431:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2231:Archaeoastronomy
2198:Paleoethnobotany
2007:
2006:
1909:Alfred V. Kidder
1894:Mortimer Wheeler
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1748:Retraction Watch
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:10.11141/ia.53.2
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1498:. Archived from
1488:
1482:
1481:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:10.11141/ia.53.1
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:10.11141/ia.53.4
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1006:sites.google.com
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
982:sites.google.com
974:
968:
967:
939:
930:
929:
919:
909:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
865:. Archived from
854:
848:
847:
829:
823:
822:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:10.11141/ia.53.5
749:
645:Archaeogeography
619:Janet Wilmshurst
605:climate dynamics
301:
292:
197:archaeoastronomy
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2372:
2320:
2219:
2134:Archaeogenetics
2112:
2056:
2002:Sub-disciplines
1996:
1992:Post-excavation
1987:Lithic analysis
1918:
1889:Flinders Petrie
1830:
1825:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1525:Harvard Gazette
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:www.climate.gov
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1336:
1332:
1307:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1260:
1251:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1103:
1096:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
995:
986:
984:
978:"Archaeobotany"
976:
975:
971:
940:
933:
886:
882:
872:
870:
863:about education
855:
851:
844:
830:
826:
819:
805:
801:
791:
789:
780:
779:
775:
750:
746:
742:
699:Human Geography
655:Bioanthropology
636:
585:Earth Scientist
547:Douglas Kennett
459:
415:
394:
338:
299:
290:
178:
166:
154:
126:
121:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2361:Assyriologists
2358:
2351:Archaeologists
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2203:Zooarchaeology
2200:
2195:
2193:Geoarchaeology
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:Paleopathology
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2129:Bioarchaeology
2126:
2120:
2118:
2117:Methodological
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Dorothy Garrod
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Antiquarianism
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1765:External links
1763:
1761:
1760:
1734:
1708:
1645:
1616:
1590:
1561:
1537:
1512:
1483:
1440:
1431:
1407:
1383:
1359:
1330:
1301:
1272:
1249:
1216:
1204:Florida Museum
1191:
1152:
1128:
1094:
1065:
1044:
1017:
993:
969:
950:(6): 968–990.
931:
880:
849:
842:
824:
817:
799:
773:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
635:
632:
631:
630:
616:
597:sediment cores
581:Cathy Whitlock
578:
564:
561:Tell el-Hammam
544:
538:
532:
513:British Museum
502:
483:United Kingdom
458:
455:
435:sustainability
414:
411:
393:
390:
337:
334:
333:
332:
313:
311:remote sensing
308:
302:
293:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
243:
237:bioarchaeology
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
205:
203:archaeobiology
200:
194:
188:
177:
174:
169:Geoarchaeology
165:
164:Geoarchaeology
162:
157:Zooarchaeology
153:
152:Zooarchaeology
150:
132:Animal remains
125:
122:
120:
117:
109:bioarchaeology
89:
88:
85:geoarchaeology
82:
79:zooarchaeology
76:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2436:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Egyptologists
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Phenomenology
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:Environmental
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Computational
2174:
2172:
2171:Archaeogaming
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Post-Medieval
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Protohistoric
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:Chronological
2008:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Richard Hoare
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1793:(Open Access)
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1753:September 22,
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1502:on 2021-10-08
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1142:
1141:www.e-a-a.org
1138:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:(in French).
1112:
1111:S.A.P.I.EN.S.
1108:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:9780300157345
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1007:
1003:
997:
983:
979:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
936:
927:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
868:
864:
860:
857:Kris, Hirst.
853:
845:
839:
835:
828:
820:
818:0-7524-1931-5
814:
810:
803:
787:
783:
777:
768:
763:
759:
755:
748:
744:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Harris matrix
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
628:
624:
620:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
576:
575:Lewis Binford
572:
568:
565:
562:
557:
553:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Don Brothwell
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
460:
454:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
419:
410:
408:
404:
399:
389:
386:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
366:catastrophism
363:
359:
354:
348:in the 1970s.
347:
342:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
309:
306:
303:
297:
296:palaeoecology
294:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:geomorphology
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:human ecology
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
173:
170:
161:
158:
149:
147:
146:carbonization
142:
138:
137:Archaeobotany
130:
124:Archaeobotany
116:
114:
113:geomorphology
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:archaeobotany
71:
70:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
46:palaeoecology
42:
38:
30:
24:
23:
2236:Archaeometry
2210:Experimental
2187:
2144:Near Eastern
2103:Near Eastern
2098:Mesopotamian
2052:Contemporary
1869:Arthur Evans
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1574:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1527:. 2020-02-28
1524:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:the original
1495:
1486:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1369:
1362:
1343:
1333:
1314:
1304:
1263:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1206:. 2017-04-05
1203:
1194:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1056:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:
972:
947:
943:
897:
893:
883:
871:. Retrieved
867:the original
862:
852:
833:
827:
808:
802:
790:. Retrieved
785:
776:
757:
747:
609:conservation
567:Louis Leakey
479:Fennoscandia
447:
432:
424:
413:Significance
395:
371:longue duree
369:
362:oasis theory
355:
351:
191:anthracology
179:
167:
155:
135:
98:
90:
67:
54:environments
36:
35:
21:
2316:Transgender
2241:Battlefield
2017:Prehistoric
1977:Burnt layer
1914:George Bass
1828:Archaeology
1731:(1): 10–14.
1456:(1): 1–68.
1236:: 115–127.
719:Microfossil
714:Macrofossil
697:(see also:
623:New Zealand
571:Mary Leakey
535:Karl Butzer
451:soil health
65:practices.
59:prehistoric
50:geosciences
41:archaeology
2413:Categories
2339:by country
2271:Industrial
2266:Indigenous
2215:Underwater
2161:Calceology
2083:Australian
2061:Geographic
2047:Historical
1982:Excavation
1555:2020-07-27
1531:2020-07-27
1506:2020-07-27
1425:2020-07-27
1401:2020-07-27
1377:2019-03-09
1273:0203711769
1210:2019-02-23
1146:2024-06-12
1038:2019-03-04
1011:2019-04-14
987:2019-03-04
740:References
690:Geoscience
627:Polynesian
541:Eric Higgs
515:, and the
475:Quaternary
463:John Birks
398:Excavation
305:Quaternary
48:and other
2276:Landscape
2149:Osteology
2032:Classical
1687:0036-8075
1478:162612422
1470:1573-7802
1290:cite book
1200:"History"
1186:1537-1727
1123:1993-3800
1083:cite book
1075:951622849
695:Geography
487:Minnesota
385:sociality
358:Darwinism
119:Subfields
101:artifacts
2386:Category
2368:Journals
2286:Mortuary
2281:Maritime
2256:Funerary
2251:Feminist
2246:Conflict
2224:Thematic
2139:Medieval
2093:Egyptian
2088:Oceanian
2073:American
2037:Medieval
2027:Biblical
1904:Max Uhle
1703:34471136
1695:23139330
1282:54494457
926:22371579
634:See also
615:in 2018.
449:change,
307:research
94:physical
63:economic
2346:Periods
2181:Virtual
2166:Digital
2068:African
1970:Sondage
1836:History
1667:Bibcode
1659:Science
1638:12 July
1603:YouTube
952:Bibcode
917:3309741
660:Diatoms
495:Siberia
392:Methods
336:History
105:erosion
2335:Sites
2261:Gender
2124:Aerial
2108:Nubian
1955:Survey
1701:
1693:
1685:
1609:6 June
1577:(53).
1476:
1468:
1346:(53).
1317:(53).
1280:
1270:
1184:
1121:
1073:
1063:
924:
914:
873:6 June
840:
815:
792:6 June
760:(53).
519:, the
511:, the
497:, and
489:, the
481:, the
368:, and
327:, and
2329:Lists
2311:Queer
2291:Music
2078:Asian
1721:(PDF)
1699:S2CID
1629:(PDF)
1474:S2CID
1117:(2).
583:, an
499:Tibet
491:Yukon
428:biota
2296:Nazi
1755:2023
1691:PMID
1683:ISSN
1640:2020
1611:2016
1466:ISSN
1296:link
1278:OCLC
1268:ISBN
1182:ISSN
1119:ISSN
1089:link
1071:OCLC
1061:ISBN
922:PMID
894:PNAS
875:2016
838:ISBN
813:ISBN
794:2016
701:and
621:, a
469:and
239:and
1675:doi
1663:338
1579:doi
1458:doi
1348:doi
1319:doi
1238:doi
1174:doi
960:doi
912:PMC
902:doi
898:109
762:doi
111:or
2415::
1746:.
1729:46
1727:.
1723:.
1697:.
1689:.
1681:.
1673:.
1661:.
1657:.
1631:.
1601:.
1573:.
1548:.
1523:.
1494:.
1472:.
1464:.
1454:15
1452:.
1418:.
1394:.
1342:.
1313:.
1292:}}
1288:{{
1276:.
1252:^
1234:33
1232:.
1228:.
1202:.
1180:.
1170:24
1168:.
1164:.
1139:.
1109:.
1097:^
1085:}}
1081:{{
1069:.
1047:^
1031:.
1020:^
1004:.
980:.
958:.
948:34
946:.
934:^
920:.
910:.
896:.
892:.
861:.
784:.
756:.
493:,
485:,
364:,
323:,
1820:e
1813:t
1806:v
1757:.
1705:.
1677::
1669::
1642:.
1613:.
1587:.
1581::
1558:.
1534:.
1509:.
1480:.
1460::
1428:.
1404:.
1380:.
1356:.
1350::
1327:.
1321::
1298:)
1284:.
1240::
1213:.
1188:.
1176::
1149:.
1125:.
1115:2
1091:)
1077:.
1041:.
1014:.
990:.
966:.
962::
954::
928:.
904::
877:.
846:.
821:.
796:.
770:.
764::
705:)
531:.
501:.
331:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)