1767:, about 10 miles away. Secondly, it consists of two straight lengths, angled at a few degrees to each other. Thirdly, the outer part is aligned towards the midwinter sunset position on a level horizon just to the left of Ward Hill on Hoy. Fourthly the inner part points directly at the Barnhouse standing stone about 400m away and then to the right end of the summit of Ward Hill, just before it dips down to the notch between it at Cuilags to the right. This indicated line points to sunset on the first Sixteenths of the solar year (according to A. Thom) before and after the winter solstice and the notch at the base of the right slope of the Hill is at the same declination. Fourthly a similar 'double sunset' phenomenon is seen at the right end of Cuilags, also on Hoy; here the date is the first Eighth of the year before and after the winter solstice, at the beginning of November and February respectivelyâthe Old Celtic festivals of
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appears to descend the west balustrade of the northern stairway. The visual effect is of a serpent descending the stairway, with its head at the base in light. Additionally the western face points to sunset around 25 May, traditionally the date of transition from the dry to the rainy season. The intended alignment was, however, likely incorporated in the northern (main) facade of the temple, as it corresponds to sunsets on May 20 and July 24, recorded also by the central axis of
Castillo at Tulum. The two dates are separated by 65 and 300 days, and it has been shown that the solar orientations in Mesoamerica regularly correspond to dates separated by calendrically significant intervals (multiples of 13 and 20 days). In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles used the "equinox hierophany" at Chichén Itzå as an example of an Unproven site, the third of their four levels of credibility.
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598:. This is a building with a circular tower and doors facing the cardinal directions. The base faces the most northerly setting of Venus. Additionally the pillars of a stylobate on the building's upper platform were painted black and red. These are colours associated with Venus as an evening and morning star. However the windows in the tower seem to have been little more than slots, making them poor at letting light in, but providing a suitable place to view out. In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles considered the interpretation that the Caracol is an observatory site was debated among specialists, meeting the second of their four levels of site credibility.
1843:, numerous solar and lunar light markings and architectural and road alignments have been documented. These findings date to the 1977 discovery of the Sun Dagger site by Anna Sofaer. Three large stone slabs leaning against a cliff channel light and shadow markings onto two spiral petroglyphs on the cliff wall, marking the solstices, equinoxes and the lunar standstills of the 18.6 year cycle of the moon. Subsequent research by the Solstice Project and others demonstrated that numerous building and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon are oriented to solar, lunar and cardinal directions. In addition, research shows that the
1204:, forming part of a comprehensive calendrical system, which combined a series of astronomical observations and ritual cycles. Archaeoastronomical studies throughout Mesoamerica have shown that the orientations of most structures refer to the Sun and were used in combination with the 260-day cycle for scheduling agricultural activities and the accompanying rituals. The distribution of dates and intervals marked by orientations of monumental ceremonial complexes in the area along the southern Gulf Coast in Mexico, dated to about 1100 to 700 BCE, represents the earliest evidence of the use of this cycle.
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613:. Thus there are alignments in all directions which would suggest there is little of astronomical significance, However, ethnohistorical records show that the various directions do have cosmological and astronomical significance with various points in the landscape being significant at different times of the year. In eastern Asia archaeoastronomy has developed from the history of astronomy and much archaeoastronomy is searching for material correlates of the historical record. This is due to the rich historical record of astronomical phenomena which, in China, stretches back into the
890:. The arc connecting the points on the horizon due East and due West (if the horizon is flat) and all points midway between the Celestial Poles is the Celestial Equator which has a declination of 0°. The visible declinations vary depending where you are on the globe. Only an observer on the North Pole of Earth would be unable to see any stars from the Southern Celestial Hemisphere at night (see diagram below). Once a declination has been found for the point on the horizon that a building faces it is then possible to say whether a specific body can be seen in that direction.
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that this petroglyph was created to mark these events. Recent studies have identified many similar sites in the US Southwest and
Northwestern Mexico. It has been argued that the number of solstitial markers at these sites provides statistical evidence that they were intended to mark the solstices. The Sun Dagger site on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, stands out for its explicit light markings that record all the key events of both the solar and lunar cycles: summer solstice, winter solstice, equinox, and the major and minor
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508:. This, Thom argued, was a notch on the horizon where a double sunset would occur at midwinter. However, from ground level, this sunset would be obscured by a ridge in the landscape, and the viewer would need to be raised by two meters: another observation platform was needed. This was identified across a gorge where a platform was formed from small stones. The lack of artifacts caused concern for some archaeologists and the petrofabric analysis was inconclusive, but further research at
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those observations or as it relates to the political motives which drove particular historical actors to deploy certain astronomical concepts or techniques. Art historian
Richard Poss took a more flexible approach, maintaining that the astronomical rock art of the North American Southwest should be read employing "the hermeneutic traditions of western art history and art criticism" Astronomers, however, raise different questions, seeking to provide their students with identifiable
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significant day as it would herald the arrival of rains, and so play a part in the cycle of agriculture. This knowledge is still considered important amongst Mayan
Indians living in Central America today. The ethnographic records suggested to archaeoastronomers that this day may have been important to the ancient Mayans. There are also shafts known as 'zenith tubes' which illuminate subterranean rooms when the Sun passes overhead found at places like
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through the main entrance. Instead it enters via a hollow box above the main doorway discovered by
Michael O'Kelly. It is this roofbox which strongly indicates that the tomb was built with an astronomical aspect in mind. In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and Ruggles gave Newgrange as an example of a Generally accepted site, the highest of their four levels of credibility. Clive Ruggles notes:
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five years at locations around the world. The subsequent conferences have resulted in a move to more interdisciplinary approaches with researchers aiming to combine the contextuality of archaeological research, which broadly describes the state of archaeoastronomy today, rather than merely establishing the existence of ancient astronomies, archaeoastronomers seek to explain why people would have an interest in the night sky.
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1763:âprobably dating to the early 3rd millennium BC, and where the setting Sun at midwinter shines down the entrance passage into the central chamber (see Newgrange). In the 1990s further investigations were carried out to discover whether this was an accurate or an approximate solar alignment. Several new aspects of the site were discovered. In the first place the entrance passage faces the hills of the island
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826:. It is only through the ethnography that we can speculate that the timing of the illumination was considered important in Mayan society. Alignments to the sunrise and sunset on the day of the zenith passage have been claimed to exist at several sites. However, it has been shown that, since there are very few orientations that can be related to these phenomena, they likely have different explanations.
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sites themselves; in the New World, the sites were supplemented by ethnographic and historic data. The effects of the isolated development of archaeoastronomy in different places can still often be seen in research today. Research methods can be classified as falling into one of two approaches, though more recent projects often use techniques from both categories.
552:, insofar as it draws on historical and ethnographic records to enrich its understanding of early astronomies and their relations to calendars and ritual. The many records of native customs and beliefs made by Spanish chroniclers and ethnographic researchers means that brown archaeoastronomy is often associated with studies of astronomy in the Americas.
321:. Following the pioneering example of Anthony Aveni, this allowed New World archaeoastronomers to make claims for motives which in the Old World would have been mere speculation. The concentration on historical data led to some claims of high accuracy that were comparatively weak when compared to the statistically led investigations in Europe.
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this it is accepted that archaeoastronomy is not a discipline that sits in isolation. Because archaeoastronomy is an interdisciplinary field, whatever is being investigated should make sense both archaeologically and astronomically. Studies are more likely to be considered sound if they use theoretical tools found in archaeology like
910:, slowing as it reaches the extremes, but passing rapidly through the midpoint. If an archaeoastronomer can calculate from the azimuth and horizon height that a site was built to view a declination of +23.5° then he or she need not wait until 21 June to confirm the site does indeed face the summer solstice. For more information see
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anthropology; with various fields of history including the history of specific regions and periods, the history of science and the history of religion; and with the relation of astronomy to art, literature and religion. Only rarely did they describe their work as astronomical, and then only as a secondary category.
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As well as solar alignments, there are proposed lunar alignments. The four station stones mark out a rectangle. The short sides point towards the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset. The long sides if viewed towards the south-east, face the most southerly rising of the Moon. Aveni notes that these
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the more significant alignment, and the midsummer alignment may be a coincidence due to local topography. In their discussion of the credibility of archaeoastronomical sites, Cotte and
Ruggles gave Stonehenge as an example of a Generally accepted site, the highest of their four levels of credibility.
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in Mexico. Several architectural features have suggested astronomical elements. Each of the stairways built into the sides of the pyramid has 91 steps. Along with the extra one for the platform at the top, this totals 365 steps, which is possibly one for each day of the year (365.25) or the number of
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A criticism of this method is that it can be statistically weak. Schaefer in particular has questioned how robust the claimed alignments in the
Caracol are. Because of the wide variety of evidence, which can include artefacts as well as sites, there is no one way to practice archaeoastronomy. Despite
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To test this idea he surveyed hundreds of stone rows and circles. Any individual alignment could indicate a direction by chance, but he planned to show that together the distribution of alignments was non-random, showing that there was an astronomical intent to the orientation of at least some of the
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Thom wished to examine whether or not prehistoric peoples used high-accuracy astronomy. He believed that by using horizon astronomy, observers could make estimates of dates in the year to a specific day. The observation required finding a place where on a specific date the Sun set into a notch on the
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The reactions of professional archaeologists to archaeoastronomy have been decidedly mixed. Some expressed incomprehension or even hostility, varying from a rejection by the archaeological mainstream of what they saw as an archaeoastronomical fringe to an incomprehension between the cultural focus of
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standing stone site in
Argyllshire in 1970 and 1971 to check whether the latter's prediction of an observation platform on the hill slope above the stone was correct. There was an artificial platform there and this apparent verification of Thom's long alignment hypothesis (Kintraw was diagnosed as an
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plan part of their annual cycle based on observation of the stars. When their constellation of the
Caterpillar-Jaguar (roughly equivalent to the modern Scorpius) falls they prepare to catch the pupating caterpillars of the forest as they fall from the trees. The caterpillars provide food at a season
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in 1981. The methodologies and research questions of the participants were considered so different that the conference proceedings were published as two volumes. Nevertheless, the conference was considered a success in bringing researchers together and Oxford conferences have continued every four or
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as they appeared in the
Paleolithic. Appliying phylogenetics to myths of the Cosmic Hunt, Julien d'Huy suggested that the palaeolithic version of this story could be the following: there is an animal that is a horned herbivore, especially an elk. One human pursues this ungulate. The hunt locates or
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which stand for Venus and Mayan zodiacal constellations. Moreover, the great northerly extremes of Venus always occur in late April or early May, coinciding with the onset of the rainy season. The Venus glyphs placed in the cheeks of the Maya rain god Chac, most likely referring to the concomitance
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in the belt of Orion, although this theory has been criticized by reputable astronomers. The site was instead probably governed by a spectacular hierophany which occurs at the summer solstice, when the Sun, viewed from the Sphinx terrace, formsâtogether with the two giant pyramidsâthe symbol Akhet,
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Finally there is often a need to correct for the apparent movement of the stars. On the timescale of human civilisation the stars have largely maintained the same position relative to each other. Each night they appear to rotate around the celestial poles due to the Earth's rotation about its axis.
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and if they can demonstrate an understanding of accuracy and precision found in astronomy. Both quantitative analyses and interpretations based on ethnographic analogies and other contextual evidence have recently been applied in systematic studies of architectural orientations in the Maya area and
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archaeologists and the quantitative focus of early archaeoastronomers. Yet archaeologists have increasingly come to incorporate many of the insights from archaeoastronomy into archaeology textbooks and, as mentioned above, some students wrote archaeology dissertations on archaeoastronomical topics.
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Both practicing archaeoastronomers and observers of the discipline approach it from different perspectives. Other researchers relate archaeoastronomy to the history of science, either as it relates to a culture's observations of nature and the conceptual framework they devised to impose an order on
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wrote in 1979, "Almost singlehandedly he has established the standards for archaeo-astronomical fieldwork and interpretation, and his amazing results have stirred controversy during the last three decades." His influence endures and practice of statistical testing of data remains one of the methods
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of England. The most famous of these is the midsummer alignment, where the Sun rises over the Heel Stone. However, this interpretation has been challenged by some archaeologists who argue that the midwinter alignment, where the viewer is outside Stonehenge and sees the Sun setting in the henge, is
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A visually striking effect is seen every March and September as an unusual shadow occurs around the equinoxes. Light and shadow phenomena have been proposed to explain a possible architectural hierophany involving the sun at Chichén Itzå in a Maya Toltec structure dating to about 1000 CE. A shadow
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Newgrange is a passage tomb in the Republic of Ireland dating from around 3,300 to 2,900 BC For a few days around the Winter Solstice light shines along the central passageway into the heart of the tomb. What makes this notable is not that light shines in the passageway, but that it does not do so
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people would be interested, which makes it of limited use to people asking questions about the society of the past. Keith Kintigh wrote: "To put it bluntly, in many cases it doesn't matter much to the progress of anthropology whether a particular archaeoastronomical claim is right or wrong because
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There is no one way to do archaeoastronomy. The divisions between archaeoastronomers tend not to be between the physical scientists and the social scientists. Instead, it tends to depend on the location and/or kind of data available to the researcher. In the Old World, there is little data but the
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Archaeoastronomy uses a variety of methods to uncover evidence of past practices including archaeology, anthropology, astronomy, statistics and probability, and history. Because these methods are diverse and use data from such different sources, integrating them into a coherent argument has been a
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of 118° on the pyramid of Cehtzuc. This alignment corresponds approximately to the southernmost rising and, with a much greater precision, to the northernmost setting of Venus; both phenomena occur once every eight years. By itself this would not be sufficient to argue for a meaningful connection
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of the Moon's 18.6 year cycle. In addition at two other sites on Fajada Butte, there are five light markings on petroglyphs recording the summer and winter solstices, equinox and solar noon. Numerous buildings and interbuilding alignments of the great houses of Chaco Canyon and outlying areas are
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at which a glint of sunlight passes over a spiral petroglyph. The location of a dagger of light on the petroglyph varies throughout the year. At the summer solstice a dagger can be seen through the heart of the spiral; at the winter solstice two daggers appear to either side of it. It is proposed
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A common source of data for archaeoastronomy is the study of alignments. This is based on the assumption that the axis of alignment of an archaeological site is meaningfully oriented towards an astronomical target. Brown archaeoastronomers may justify this assumption through reading historical or
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At Stonehenge in England and at Carnac in France, in Egypt and YucatĂĄn, across the whole face of the earth, are found mysterious ruins of ancient monuments, monuments with astronomical significance... They mark the same kind of commitment that transported us to the moon and our spacecraft to the
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To calculate what astronomical features a structure faced a coordinate system is needed. The stars provide such a system. On a clear night observe the stars spinning around the celestial pole can be observed. This point is +90° of the North Celestial Pole or â90° observing the Southern Celestial
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Aveni uses the importance of zenith passages as an example of the importance of ethnography. For peoples living between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn there are two days of the year when the noon Sun passes directly overhead and casts no shadow. In parts of Mesoamerica this was considered a
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The Temple of the Warriors bears iconography depicting feathered serpents associated with Quetzalcoatl or Kukulcan. This means that the building's alignment towards the place on the horizon where Venus first appears in the evening sky (when it coincides with the rainy season) may be meaningful.
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If no ethnographic nor historical data are found which can support this assertion then acceptance of the idea relies upon whether or not there are enough petroglyph sites in North America that such a correlation could occur by chance. It is helpful when petroglyphs are associated with existing
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using astronomical observation, usually the position of the Sun. Because the position of celestial bodies changes with the time of day due to the Earth's rotation, the time of these calibration observations must be accurately known, or else there will be a systematic error in the measurements.
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Archaeoastronomy has long been seen as an interdisciplinary field that uses written and unwritten evidence to study the astronomies of other cultures. As such, it can be seen as connecting other disciplinary approaches for investigating ancient astronomy: astroarchaeology (an obsolete term for
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in Islay, also with a positive result. MacKie therefore broadly accepted Thom's conclusions and published new prehistories of Britain. In contrast a re-evaluation of Thom's fieldwork by Clive Ruggles argued that Thom's claims of high accuracy astronomy were not fully supported by the evidence.
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In his short history of 'Astro-archaeology' John Michell argued that the status of research into ancient astronomy had improved over the past two centuries, going 'from lunacy to heresy to interesting notion and finally to the gates of orthodoxy.' Nearly two decades later, we can still ask the
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Archaeoastronomy can be applied to all cultures and all time periods. The meanings of the sky vary from culture to culture; nevertheless there are scientific methods which can be applied across cultures when examining ancient beliefs. It is perhaps the need to balance the social and scientific
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alphabet of the supposed winter solstitial marker at the site. The controversial translation was supposedly validated by a problematic archaeoastronomical indication in which the winter solstice Sun shone on an inscription of the Sun at the site. Subsequent analyses criticized its cultural
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Reflecting Archaeoastronomy's development as an interdisciplinary subject, research in the field is conducted by investigators trained in a wide range of disciplines. Authors of recent doctoral dissertations have described their work as concerned with the fields of archaeology and cultural
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as used in other sub-disciplines in archaeology. An artefact is examined and attempts are made to draw analogies with historical or ethnographical records of other peoples. The more parallels that can be found, the more likely an explanation is to be accepted by other archaeologists.
1775:. This alignment is not indicated by an artificial structure but gains plausibility from the other two indicated lines. Maeshowe is thus an extremely sophisticated calendar site which must have been positioned carefully in order to use the horizon foresights in the ways described.
413:) archaeoastronomers in contrast have abundant ethnographic and historical evidence and have been described as 'cavalier' on matters of measurement and statistical analysis. Finding a way to integrate various approaches has been a subject of much discussion since the early 1990s.
986:. Not only does the Earth rotate, it wobbles. The Earth's axis takes around 25,800 years to complete one full wobble. The effect to the archaeoastronomer is that stars did not rise over the horizon in the past in the same places as they do today. Nor did the stars rotate around
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has proposed that astrological symbols etched onto sandals gave the footwear spiritual or medicinal meanings. This is supported through citation of other known uses of astrological symbols and their connection to medical practice and with the historical records of the time.
861:...lthough different ways to do science and different scientific results do arise in different cultures, this provides little support for those who would use such differences to question the sciences' ability to provide reliable statements about the world in which we live.
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BC) contains the Celestial Diagram depicting circumpolar constellations in the form of discs. Each disc is divided into 24 sections suggesting a 24-hour time period. Constellations are portrayed as sacred deities of Egypt. The observation of lunar cycles is also evident.
445:. It is based primarily on statistics and is particularly apt for prehistoric sites where the social evidence is relatively scant compared to the historic period. The basic methods were developed by Alexander Thom during his extensive surveys of British megalithic sites.
1432:, the Sun was seen to rise at the June solstice between two towers on a nearby ridge. The sacred part of the island was separated from the remainder of it by a stone wall and ethnographic records indicate that access to the sacred space was restricted to members of the
841:. However recent reexaminations of related 'supernova petroglyphs' raises questions about such sites in general. Cotte and Ruggles used the Supernova petroglyph as an example of a completely refuted site and anthropological evidence suggests other interpretations. The
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or rituals could be difficult and that astronomical symbolism may have been used as a politically neutral form of timekeeping. Orientation measurements in Greek temples and Byzantine churches have been associated to deity's name day, festivities, and special events.
1535:...ew peopleâarchaeologists or astronomersâhave doubted that a powerful astronomical symbolism was deliberately incorporated into the monument, demonstrating that a connection between astronomy and funerary ritual, at the very least, merits further investigation.
724:. In this case analysis of the artefact, and reference to the description of similar devices described by Cicero, would indicate a plausible use for the device. The argument is bolstered by the presence of symbols on the mechanism, allowing the disc to be read.
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Art and inscriptions may not be confined to artefacts, but also appear painted or inscribed on an archaeological site. Sometimes inscriptions are helpful enough to give instructions to a site's use. For example, a Greek inscription on a stele (from
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223:, working in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, could be called the 'father of archaeoastronomy'. Euan MacKie would place the origin even later, stating: "...the genesis and modern flowering of archaeoastronomy must surely lie in the work of
941:. For slightly over nine years the extreme limits of the Moon are outside the range of sunrise. For the remaining half of the cycle the Moon never exceeds the limits of the range of sunrise. However, much lunar observation was concerned with the
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1899:âFrench researcher Chantal JĂšgues-Wolkiewiez has further proposed that the gallery of figurative images in the Great Hall represents an extensive star map and that key points on major figures in the group correspond to stars in the main
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was somewhat haphazard, indicating the limits of astronomical calendars in some societies. All the same, calendars appear to be an almost universal phenomenon in societies as they provide tools for the regulation of communal activities.
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When debates polarise between techniques, the methods are often referred to by a colour code, based on the colours of the bindings of the two volumes from the first Oxford Conference, where the approaches were first distinguished. Green
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Ad Astra per Aspera et per Ludum: European Archaeoastronomy and the Orientation of Munuments in the Mediterranean Basin: Papers from Session I.13, held at the European Association of Archaeologists Eighth Annual Meeting in Thessaloniki
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must be taken into account. Compasses are also unreliable in areas prone to magnetic interference, such as sites being supported by scaffolding. Additionally a compass can only measure the azimuth to a precision of a half a degree.
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Since archaeoastronomers disagree so widely on the characterization of the discipline, they even dispute its name. All three major international scholarly associations relate archaeoastronomy to the study of culture, using the term
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recently edited a book on heritage sites of astronomy and archaeoastronomy which discussed a worldwide sample of astronomical and archaeoastronomical sites and provided criteria for the classification of archaeoastronomical sites.
489:, days halfway between a solstice and the equinox were associated with the medieval Celtic calendar. While not all these conclusions have been accepted, it has had an enduring influence on archaeoastronomy, especially in Europe.
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Freeth, T; Bitsakis, Y; Moussas, X; Seiradakis, JH; Tselikas, A; Mangou, H; Zafeiropoulou, M; Hadland, R; et al. (30 November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism".
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clothed in tales to aid their oral transmission. The chaos, monsters and violence in ancient myths are representative of the forces that shape each age. They believed that ancient myths are the remains of preliterate
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A theodolite can be considerably more accurate if used correctly, but it is also considerably more difficult to use correctly. There is no inherent way to align a theodolite with North and so the scale has to be
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Preston R.A. & Preston A.L. (2005). "Consistent Forms of Solstice Sunlight Interaction with Petroglyphs throughout the Prehistoric American Southwest". In John W. Fountain & Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
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was advanced by Elizabeth Chesley Baity (following the suggestion of Euan MacKie) in 1973, but as a topic of study it may be much older, depending on how archaeoastronomy is defined. Clive Ruggles says that
1966:, when its followers attempt to find underlying mathematical orders beneath the proportions, size, and placement of archaeoastronomical sites such as Stonehenge and the Pyramid of KukulcĂĄn at Chichen Itza.
1031:. The effect can be substantial over relatively short lengths of time, historically speaking. For instance a person born on 25 December in Roman times would have been born with the Sun in the constellation
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computer, inspired new interest in the astronomical features of ancient sites. The claims of Hawkins were largely dismissed, but this was not the case for Alexander Thom's work, whose survey results of
3126:; Cotte, M. (2010). "Conclusion: Astronomical Heritage in the Context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Developing a Professional and Rational Approach". In Ruggles, C.L.N.; Cotte, M. (eds.).
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and her extensive survey of other prehistoric cave painting sites in the regionâmost of which appear to have been selected because the interiors are illuminated by the setting Sun on the day of the
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Broda, J. (2006). "Zenith Observations and the Conceptualization of Geographical Latitude in Ancient Mesoamerica: A Historical Interdisciplinary Approach". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
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which was also the name of the Great Pyramid. Further, the south east corners of all the three pyramids align towards the temple of Heliopolis, as first discovered by the Egyptologist Mark Lehner.
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Calendars, Symbols and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture. Proceedings of the 9th annual meeting of the European Society from Astronomy in Culture (SEAC), Stockholm, 27â30 August 2001
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show that the Great Temple was aligned on the rising of the midwinter Sun. The length of the corridor down which sunlight would travel would have limited illumination at other times of the year.
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ethnographic sources, while green archaeoastronomers tend to prove that alignments are unlikely to be selected by chance, usually by demonstrating common patterns of alignment at multiple sites.
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between the two events. The palace has to be aligned in one direction or another and why should the rising of Venus be any more important than the rising of the Sun, Moon, other planets, Sirius
559:. Rather than analyzing the site and seeing which targets appear popular, archaeoastronomers have instead examined the ethnographic records to see what features of the sky were important to the
88:, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures. It is often twinned with
1283:, was at the centre of the empire and connected to it by means of ceques, conceptually straight lines radiating out from the centre. These ceques connected the centre of the empire to the four
1598:, various astronomical methods have been proposed for the original establishment of these orientations. It was recently proposed that this was done by observing the positions of two stars in
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aspects of archaeoastronomy which led Clive Ruggles to describe it as "a field with academic work of high quality at one end but uncontrolled speculation bordering on lunacy at the other".
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and its relationship with agriculture. Other examples which have brought together ideas of cognition and landscape include studies of the cosmic order embedded in the roads of settlements.
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A more well-known source of constellation myth are the texts of the Greeks and Romans. The origin of their constellations remains a matter of vigorous and occasionally fractious debate.
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While the stars are fixed to their declinations the Sun is not. The rising point of the Sun varies throughout the year. It swings between two limits marked by the solstices a bit like a
1016:. For several decades, Canopus was not yet visible in the neighbouring town of Ur to the north-east of Eridu, and therefore, it was called the "Star of the City of Eridu" in Sumerian.
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Liritzis.I and Vassiliou.H (2006) Does sunrise day correlate with eastern orientation of Byzantine Churches during significant solar dates and Saint's day name? A preliminary study.
749:) has been translated as:"Patron set this up for Zeus Epopsios. Winter solstice. Should anyone wish to know: off 'the little pig' and the stele the sun turns." From Mesoamerica come
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Bostwick, T.W. (2006). "Archaeoastronomy at the Gates of Orthodoxy: Introduction to the Oxford VII Conference on Archaeoastronomy Papers". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
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is a site notable for its four-meter high standing stone. Thom proposed that this was a foresight to a point on the distant horizon between Beinn Shianaidh and Beinn o'Chaolias on
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Because archaeoastronomy is about the many and various ways people interacted with the sky, there are a diverse range of sources giving information about astronomical practices.
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For a long time I have believed that such diversity requires the invention of some all-embracing theory. I think I was very naĂŻve in thinking that such a thing was ever possible.
2012: – was founded in 1992 with a focus on broader Europe. SEAC holds annual conferences in Europe and publishes refereed conference proceedings on an annual basis.
1366:, along with Hertha von Dechend believed that the old mythological stories handed down from antiquity were not random fictitious tales but were accurate depictions of celestial
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the information doesn't inform the current interpretive questions." Nonetheless, the study of alignments remains a staple of archaeoastronomical research, especially in Europe.
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to demonstrate the antiquity of Ancient Indian Vedic culture, computing the dates of astronomical observations ambiguously described in ancient poetry to as early as 4000 BC.
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The loss of one of the sisters, Merope, in some Greek myths may reflect an astronomical event wherein one of the stars in the Pleiades disappeared from view by the naked eye.
571:
which contains tables with information about Venus's appearances in the sky. These cycles would have been of astrological and ritual significance as Venus was associated with
179:. Some of their works are considered precursors of archaeoastronomy; antiquarians interpreted the astronomical orientation of the ruins that dotted the English countryside as
6809:
3146:
1904:
gets to the sky. The animal is alive when it is transformed into a constellation. It forms the Big Dipper. This story may be represented in the famous Lascaux shaft 'scene'
845:, who claim a strong ancestral affiliation with Chaco, marked their sun-watching station with a crescent, star, hand and sundisc, similar to those found at the Chaco site.
7188:
4141:
1847:, a thirty-five mile engineered "road", was constructed not for utilitarian purposes but rather to connect the ceremonial center of Chaco Canyon with the direction north.
848:
Ethnoastronomy is also an important field outside of the Americas. For example, anthropological work with Aboriginal Australians is producing much information about their
381:
or a translation. Michael Hoskin sees an important part of the discipline as fact-collecting, rather than theorizing, and proposed to label this aspect of the discipline
1175:
indicate that they carefully observed the rising and setting positions of the Sun to determine the proper times to plant crops. However, ethnoastronomical work with the
1403:
By including celestial motifs in clothing it becomes possible for the wearer to make claims the power on Earth is drawn from above. It has been said that the Shield of
1801:, Mexico. The Governor's Palace at Uxmal is often used as an exemplar of why it is important to combine ethnographic and alignment data. The palace is aligned with an
468:
263:
sites hypothesized widespread practice of accurate astronomy in the British Isles. Euan MacKie, recognizing that Thom's theories needed to be tested, excavated at the
1931:, or "Teutonic Skylore". The astronomical orientations of ancient monuments claimed by Reuter and his followers would place the ancient Germanic peoples ahead of the
523:
has argued that there are problems with the selection of data in Thom's surveys. Others have noted that the accuracy of horizon astronomy is limited by variations in
6917:
Schaefer, B.E. (2006a). "Case Studies of Three of the Most Famous Claimed Archaeoastronomical Alignments in North America". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
601:
Aveni states that one of the strengths of the brown methodology is that it can explore astronomies invisible to statistical analysis and offers the astronomy of the
544:
In contrast to the largely alignment-oriented statistically led methods of green archaeoastronomy, brown archaeoastronomy has been identified as being closer to the
6618:
5826:
Iwaniszewski, S. (2001). "Time and space in social systems - further issues for theoretical archaeoastronomy". In Clive Ruggles; Frank Prendergast; Tom Ray (eds.).
937:
to complete its cycle rather than the year-long trek of the Sun. This is further complicated as the lunistices marking the limits of the Moon's movement move on
357:(which deals primarily with the written textual evidence), and ethnoastronomy (which draws on the ethnohistorical record and contemporary ethnographic studies).
5495:
2060:
was founded in 2007 in Minnesota, USA to promote Native American star knowledge, particularly of the Lakota and Ojibwe peoples of the northern US and Canada.
389:
as a unifying term for the various methods of studying folk astronomies. Others have argued that astronomy is an inaccurate term, what are being studied are
369:
of their discipline, and are especially concerned with the important question of how to confirm that specific sites are, indeed, intentionally astronomical.
4958:
500:
to argue for a stratified society in this period. To test his ideas he conducted a couple of excavations at proposed prehistoric observatories in Scotland.
10533:
6142:
McCluskey, S.C. (2005). "Different Astronomies, Different Cultures and the Question of Cultural Relativism". In John W. Fountain; Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
871:
Once the researcher has data to test, it is often necessary to attempt to recreate ancient sky conditions to place the data in its historical environment.
1379:(1969) clearly state that ancient myths have no historical or factual basis other than a cosmological one encoding astronomical phenomena, especially the
516:
Lozenge led MacKie to conclude that while the term 'science' may be anachronistic, Thom was broadly correct upon the subject of high-accuracy alignments.
2142:
1483:
342:...ne of the most endearing characteristics of archaeoastronomy is its capacity to set academics in different disciplines at loggerheads with each other.
9896:
3242:
GonzĂĄlez-GarcĂa, A. CĂ©sar; Ć prajc, Ivan (2016). "Astronomical significance of architectural orientations in the Maya Lowlands: A statistical approach".
1988:, a historian of Indian astronomy, condemned "the scholars who perpetrate wild theories of prehistoric science and call themselves archaeoastronomers".
1859:
According to Rappenglueck, the eyes of the bull, the bird, and the bird-man may represent the three stars Vega, Altair, and Deneb commonly known as the
1334:. This creates the situation of the heavens revolving around the person of the Emperor. The Chinese cosmology is now better known through its export as
449:
horizon. A common theme is a mountain that blocked the Sun, but on the right day would allow the tiniest fraction to re-emerge on the other side for a '
563:
and then sought archaeological correlates. One example which could have been overlooked without historical records is the Mayan interest in the planet
8416:
2147:
2048:
was founded in 2019, holding an annual international conference and publishing the first monograph on archaeo- and ethnoastronomy in Romania (2019).
7520:
Young, M.J. (2005). "Ethnoastronomy and the Problem of Interpretation: A Zuni Example". In Von Del Chamberlain; John Carlson; M. Jane Young (eds.).
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806:
As well as the materials left by peoples themselves, there are also the reports of other who have encountered them. The historical records of the
10293:
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579:. Associations of architectural features with settings of Venus can be found in Chichen Itza, Uxmal, and probably some other Mesoamerican sites.
477:
alignments. His results indicated the existence of eight, sixteen, or perhaps even thirty-two approximately equal divisions of the year. The two
6542:
Poss, R.L. (2005). "Interpreting Rock Art: European and Anasazi Representations of Spirituality". In John W. Fountain; Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
5991:
4640:
591:
However, since both the date and the azimuth of this event change continuously, a solar interpretation of this orientation is much more likely.
7472:
5072:
Blomberg, P. (2003). "The early Hellenic Sky Map reconstructed from Archaeoastronomical and Textual Studies". In Amanda-Alice Maravelia (ed.).
1492:
409:) archaeoastronomers rely heavily on statistics and are sometimes accused of missing the cultural context of what is a social practice. Brown (
1159:'s Works and Days, an ancient farming manual, would appear to partially confirm this: astronomical observations are used in combination with
1111:
are cometary debris and so require calculations of orbits which are currently impossible to complete. Other events noted by ancients include
5845:
Iwaniszewski, S. (2003). "The erratic ways of studying astronomy in culture". In Mary Blomberg; Peter E. Blomberg; Göran Henriksson (eds.).
5510:
Gummerman, G.J. & Warburton, M (2005). "The Universe in Cultural Context: An Essay". In John W. Fountain & Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
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9758:
3728:
2083:
6209:
MacKie, E (2006). "New Evidence for a Professional Priesthood in the European Early Bronze Age". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
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1996:
There are currently several academic organisations for scholars of archaeoastronomy (including ethnoastronomy and Indigenous astronomy).
195:
in 1700 sought similar astronomical principles underlying the orientation of churches. Late in the nineteenth century astronomers such as
6827:
Ruggles, C.L.N. & Saunders, N.J. (1993). "The Study of Cultural Astronomy". In Clive L.N. Ruggles & Nicholas J. Saunders (eds.).
1330:. The Forbidden City occupied the centre of ancient Beijing. One approaches the Emperor from the south, thus placing him in front of the
594:
Aveni claims that another building associated with the planet Venus in the form of Kukulcan, and the rainy season at Chichen Itza is the
5551:
1291:. Gary Urton, who has conducted fieldwork in the Andean villagers of Misminay, has connected this quartering with the appearance of the
780:
More problematic are those cases where the movement of the Sun at different times and seasons causes light and shadow interactions with
10081:
9532:
7757:
7447:
Williamson, Ray A. (1987). "Light and Shadow, Ritual, and Astronomy in Anasazi Structures". In John B. Carlson; W. James Judge (eds.).
3840:
Liritzis, I; Vassiliou, H (2002). "Astronomical orientations of ancient temples at Rhodes and Attica with a tentative interpretation".
3751:
1875:
argues that some of the non-figurative dot clusters and dots within some of the figurative images correlate with the constellations of
1630:
5378:
Fisher, V.B. (2006). "Ignoring Archaeoastronomy: A Dying Tradition in American Archaeology". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
7481:
2029:
1310:
is laid out to follow cosmic order though rather than observing four directions. The Chinese system was composed of five directions:
7325:
Turton, D. & Ruggles, C.L.N. (1978). "Agreeing to Disagree: The Measurement of Duration in a Southwestern Ethiopian Community".
3159:: Their four credibility levels are (1) Generally accepted, (2) Debated among specialists, (3) Unproven, and (4) Completely refuted.
955:. Thus when examining sites for lunar significance the data can appear sparse due to the extremely variable nature of the Moon. See
7115:
7066:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures; Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
6938:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
6919:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
6211:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
5380:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures; Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
5157:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures; Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
5094:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
4978:
Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Cultures: Selected Papers from the Oxford VII International Conference on Archaeoastronomy
1913:
At least now we have all the archaeological facts to go along with the astronomers, the Druids, the Flat Earthers and all the rest.
1606:
was used to ascertain where north lay. The deviations from true north using this model reflect the accepted dates of construction.
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4327:
3127:
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Additionally there are often transient phenomena, events which do not happen on an annual cycle. Most predictable are events like
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10922:
8135:
2157:
2111:
1123:
all of which are as impossible to predict as the ancient weather, but nevertheless may have been considered important phenomena.
6035:
5811:
5206:
5159:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 183â212.
4125:
6213:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 343â62.
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5617:
2129:
1844:
1832:
7068:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 13â26.
6940:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 71â77.
6921:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 27â56.
5315:
4980:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 57â70.
531:
there was likely to be an interest in astronomy in past times, its lack of a social element means that it struggles to answer
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5854:
5835:
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5594:
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5519:
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5387:
5382:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 1â10.
5230:
5221:
Chamberlain, V.D. & Young, M.J. (2005). "Introduction". In Von Del Chamberlain; John Carlson & M. Jane Young (eds.).
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5096:. Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers. Vol. 15. City of Phoenix Parks and Recreation Department. pp. 1â10.
5082:
5025:
5006:
4985:
4976:
Aveni, A.F. (2006). "Evidence and Intentionality: On Evidence in Archaeoastronomy". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
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1981:
1975:
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National projects and university programs including, or dedicated to, cultural astronomy are found globally. They include:
2070:
2051:
2074:
publishes many archaeoastronomical papers. For twenty-seven volumes (from 1979 to 2002) it published an annual supplement
1602:
which was known to Egyptians as the thigh. It is thought that a vertical alignment between these two stars checked with a
1219:. In reality the calendar could pause or skip days with confused citizens inscribing dates by both the civic calendar and
654:, the angle from north, of the structure and the altitude of the horizon it faces The azimuth is usually measured using a
6792:
Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: A Thematic Study
6622:
3129:
Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: A Thematic Study
2204:
2039:
5174:
Cairns, H.C. (2005). "Discoveries in Aboriginal Sky Mapping (Australia)". In John W. Fountain; Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
6346:
Milbraith, S. (1988). "Astronomical Images and Orientations in the Architecture of Chichen ItzĂĄ". In A.F. Aveni (ed.).
5740:. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 385. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp. 183â201.
5736:
Hugh-Jones, Stephen (1982). "The Pleiades and Scorpius in Barasana Cosmology". In Anthony F. Aveni; Gary Urton (eds.).
1923:
Archaeoastronomy owes something of a poor reputation among scholars due to its occasional misuse to advance a range of
6590:
5471:
5363:
5261:
Dearborn, D.S.P.; Seddon, M.F. & Bauer, B.S. (1998). "The Sanctuary of Titicaca: Where the Sun Returns to Earth".
2015:
2002: – was founded in 1996 as the global society for the field. It sponsors the Oxford conferences and the
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8565:
7673:
6605:
Robins M. & Ewing E. (1989). "The Sun is in His House: Summer Solstice at San Carlos Mesa". In Ken Hedges (ed.).
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4908:
3960:
3397:
1810:? The answer given is that not only does the palace point towards significant points of Venus, it is also covered in
20:
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Clive Ruggles and Michel Cotte (ed.), Heritage Sites of Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy. ICOMOS and IAU, Paris, 2010.
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9866:
9753:
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1132:
What has astronomy brought into the lives of cultural groups throughout history? The answers are many and varied...
325:
1287:, which were regions defined by their direction from Cusco. The notion of a quartered cosmos is common across the
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9669:
8707:
8521:
8072:
7588:
4927:
3684:
2162:
1707:
1227:. The lack of any universal calendar for ancient Greece suggests that coordination of panhellenic events such as
1097:
which means their past appearances and returns cannot be predicted. Others may have only ever passed through the
107:
7717:
6021:; Billo, Evelyn; Mark, Robert (2010). "Star Trek: Recovery and Review of the First Alleged Supernova Rock Art".
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10929:
10442:
7750:
7378:(2002). "Regarding the Stars". In M Carruthers; C. van Driel-Murray; A. Gardner; J. Lucas; et al. (eds.).
7130:
Spence, K (16 November 2000). "Ancient Egyptian Chronoology and the astronomical orientation of the pyramids".
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Hudson, Travis; Lee, Georgia; Hedges, Ken (1979). "Solstice Observers and Observatories in Native California".
3170:
662:. A compass is easier to use, though the deviation of the Earth's magnetic field from true north, known as its
6936:
Schaefer, B.E. (2006b). "No Astronomical Alignments at the Caracol". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
1955:
inappropriateness, as well as its linguistic and archaeoastronomical claims, to describe it as an example of "
9891:
9421:
8681:
8358:
6261:
6180:
MacKie, E (1997). "Maeshowe and the winter solstice: ceremonial aspects of the Orkney Grooved Ware culture".
3648:
1093:. Yet as a class of object they remain unpredictable and can appear at any time. Some have extremely lengthy
922:
The Moon's appearance is considerably more complex. Its motion, like the Sun, is between two limitsâknown as
8749:
7607:
6228:
MacKie, E. W. (2009). "The Prehistoric Solar Calendar: An Out of Fashion Idea Revisited with New Evidence".
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has been the subject of much study. Evaluation of the site, taking into account the change over time of the
10951:
10661:
10548:
9886:
9426:
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8024:
5397:
Fountain, J. (2005). "A Database of Rock Art Solar Markers". In John W. Fountain; Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
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911:
318:
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219:, working in the mid-nineteenth century was arguably the first archaeoastronomer. Rolf Sinclair says that
135:. Material evidence and its connection to the sky can reveal how a wider landscape can be integrated into
10884:
10727:
10656:
10497:
8852:
6129:
McCluskey, S.C. (2004). "The Study of Astronomies in Cultures as Reflected in Dissertations and Theses".
3644:
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that became lost with the rise of the Greco-Roman civilization. Santillana and von Dechend in their book
1341:
There is also much information about how the universe was thought to work stored in the mythology of the
1040:
1036:
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studies that draw astronomical information from the alignments of ancient architecture and landscapes),
157:
question: Is archaeoastronomy still waiting at the gates of orthodoxy or has it gotten inside the gates?
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10437:
10154:
9955:
8501:
8409:
8191:
7983:
7045:
Sinclair, R.M. (2005). "The Nature of Archaeoastronomy". In John W. Fountain; Rolf M. Sinclair (eds.).
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2033:
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alignment so that, on a specific sunrise, a shaft of light would pass across the lips of the statue of
1172:
712:
found on some shoes and sandals from the Roman Empire. The use of shoes and sandals is well known, but
7503:
East Asian Archaeoastronomy: Historical Records of Astronomical Observations of China, Japan and Korea
5240:
Chiu, B.C. & Morrison, P. (1980). "Astronomical Origin of the Offset Street Grid at Teotihuacan".
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10771:
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1653:
1452:
1331:
700:, alleged to be a Bronze Age artefact depicting the cosmos, the analysis would be similar to typical
7419:
7279:
Thom. A.S. (1988). "A personal note about my late father, Alexander Thom". In C.L.N. Ruggles (ed.).
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with a star, crescent and hand. It has been argued by some astronomers that this is a record of the
492:
Euan MacKie has supported Thom's analysis, to which he added an archaeological context by comparing
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10575:
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8786:
8453:
8219:
7697:
7380:
TRAC 2001: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference Glasgow 2001
7064:
Sinclair, R.M. (2006). "The Nature of Archaeoastronomy"". In Todd W. Bostwick; Bryan Bates (eds.).
1717:
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1549:
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1892:
1302:
The importance of observing cosmological factors is also seen on the other side of the world. The
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was a tool for achieving this, and the explanations, while not reflecting the standards of modern
701:
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8314:
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7711:
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Saethre, E. (2007). "Close encounters: UFO beliefs in a remote Australian Aboriginal community".
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4900:
4897:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
3722:
2152:
2122:
1440:
stood on a platform outside the ceremonial area to see the solstice Sun rise between the towers.
626:
96:
study of skywatching in contemporary societies. Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with
2042:
was founded in 2020 in Australia, focusing on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander astronomy.
1823:
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peoples. This allows ethnoastronomers to question informants as to the meaning of such symbols.
172:
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10849:
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9713:
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8989:
8626:
8560:
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8367:
8240:
8233:
8156:
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6062:
McCluskey, S.C. (1990). "Calendars and Symbolism: Functions of Observation in Hopi Astronomy".
4611:
3328:
1876:
1691:
1459:
713:
524:
140:
7539:
Zeilik, M. (1985). "The Ethnoastronomy of the Historic Pueblos, I: Calendrical Sun Watching".
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7451:. Papers of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology. Vol. 2. Albuquerque, NM. pp. 71â88.
7022:. Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer.
4736:
2000:
ISAAC – the International Society for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture
1871:
cave paintings in France may incorporate prehistoric star charts. Michael Rappenglueck of the
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9903:
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alignments also can be seen as displays of power. When viewed from a ceremonial plaza on the
1359:
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132:
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Early archaeoastronomers surveyed Megalithic constructs in the British Isles, at sites like
127:
long-term difficulty for archaeoastronomers. Archaeoastronomy fills complementary niches in
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Pedersen, Olaf (1982). "The Present Position of Archaeo-Astronomy". In D. C. Heggie (ed.).
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lunar alignments have never gained the acceptance that the solar alignments have received.
1591:
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Pole. The concentric circles the stars trace out are lines of celestial latitude, known as
849:
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527:
near the horizon. A deeper criticism of Green archaeoastronomy is that while it can answer
354:
200:
101:
100:, the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the
97:
8862:
6036:"Cult Archaeology Strikes Again: A Case for Pre-Columbian Irishmen in the Mountain State?"
3277:Ć prajc, Ivan (2018). "Astronomy, Architecture, and Landscape in Prehispanic Mesoamerica".
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8:
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7184:"Origin of Mesoamerican astronomy and calendar: Evidence from the Olmec and Maya regions"
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1963:
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contains information regarding the Venus cycle, confirming its importance to the Mayans.
709:
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65:
27:
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7143:
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McCluskey, S.C. (2000). "The Inconstant Moon: Lunar Astronomies in Different Cultures".
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5124:
5111:
Brandt, J.C. & Williamson, R.A. (1979). "The 1054 Supernova and American Rock Art".
5048:
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The Apotheosis of Janaab' Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque
4204:Ć prajc, I. (2018). "Astronomy, Architecture, and Landscape in Prehispanic Mesoamerica".
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oriented to the same solar and lunar directions that are marked at the Sun Dagger site.
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Storia della Scienza, vol. 2, Cina, India, Americhe, Sec. 3, "Le Civilta Precolombiane"
6087:
5966:
5896:"I wasn't going to say anything, but since you asked: Archaeoastronomy and Archaeology"
5828:
Astronomy, Cosmology and Landscape: Proceedings of the SEAC 98 Meeting, Dublin, Ireland
5767:
5753:
5724:
5657:
5450:
5298:
Eogan, G. (1991). "Prehistoric and Early Historic Cultural Change at Brugh na BĂłinne".
5286:
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4996:
4950:
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4713:
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4319:
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239:
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7050:
7031:
6997:
6941:
6922:
6888:
6867:
Salt, A. & Boutsikas, E. (2005). "Knowing when to consult the oracle at Delphi".
6859:
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6747:
6717:
6704:
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6642:
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6547:
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5924:
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5831:
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5784:
5757:
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Tombs, Temples, and Their Orientations: A New Perspective on Mediterranean Prehistory
5674:
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5590:
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5402:
5383:
5290:
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2502:
2329:
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2107:
1956:
1932:
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in the night sky. In one season it will bisect the sky and in another bisect it in a
1249:
1228:
1208:
1147:
A common justification for the need for astronomy is the need to develop an accurate
1090:
1020:
560:
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486:
290:
204:
7560:
Zeilik, M. (1986). "The Ethnoastronomy of the Historic Pueblos, II: Moon Watching".
7429:"The Observations of the 2002 Winter Solstice at Luther Elkins Petroglyph (46 Wm 3)"
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5605:
5223:
Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World
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Astronomy and empire in the ancient Andes: the cultural origins of Inca sky watching
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2045:
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4942:
4705:
4542:
4213:
4184:
3286:
3259:
2482:
2321:
2316:
Bergeron, Jacqueline (1993). "History of Astronomy: A Joint IAU-IUHPS Commission".
2264:
2244:
2179:
2118:
1755:
This is an architecturally outstanding Neolithic chambered tomb on the mainland of
938:
923:
790:
549:
180:
9829:
9785:
7432:
7005:
Schlosser, W. (2002). "Zur astronomischen Deuteung der Himmelschreibe vom Nebra".
6764:"Cosmology, calendars and society in Neolithic Orkney: a rejoinder to Euan MacKie"
2028:
was founded in 2009 as a regional organisation focusing on the astronomies of the
933:
stices. However, its travel between lunistices is considerably faster. It takes a
10717:
10570:
10472:
10218:
10188:
9950:
9878:
9856:
9814:
9709:
9679:
9544:
9539:
9190:
9073:
8644:
8446:
8121:
8038:
7976:
7931:
7875:
6384:
4587:"A Brief History of the Society for Cultural Astronomy in the American Southwest"
4546:
4449:
4434:
3964:
3755:
3685:"Canopus / Mesopotamien â Wikibooks, Sammlung freier Lehr-, Sach- und FachbĂŒcher"
3640:
3263:
2325:
1896:
1884:
1860:
1721:
1595:
1056:
458:
269:
216:
196:
50:
5992:"Rambling Through the Skies: Pyramid Marketing SchemesPyramid Marketing Schemes"
1590:
Since the first modern measurements of the precise cardinal orientations of the
246:
In the 1960s the work of the engineer Alexander Thom and that of the astronomer
84:
argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient
10981:
10786:
10776:
10737:
10712:
10482:
10327:
10254:
10076:
10041:
9972:
9861:
9733:
9441:
9026:
9016:
8837:
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8293:
8226:
8128:
6959:
6696:
6120:
McCluskey, S.C. (2001). "Etnoscienza dei Pueblo". In Sandro Petruccioli (ed.).
6083:
5653:
5356:"Christian Messages in Old Irish Script Deciphered from Rock Carvings in W. VA"
5056:
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Belmonte, J. A. (2001). "On the Orientation of Old Kingdom Egyptian Pyramids".
2473:
Baity, Elizabeth Chesley (1973), "Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far",
2268:
2194:
2184:
1940:
1783:
1520:
The sunlight enters the tomb at Newgrange via the roofbox built above the door.
1303:
1212:
1164:
1094:
807:
582:
505:
278:
247:
224:
220:
176:
7683:
7656:
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7316:
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7027:
6880:
6780:
6763:
6743:
6454:
6193:
5334:
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Broda, J. (2000). "Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy and the Ritual Calendar". In
4946:
4709:
4428:
Un ours dans les étoiles: recherche phylogénétique sur un mythe préhistorique.
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3866:
Liritzis.I and Vassiliou.H (2006) Were Greek temples oriented towards aurora?
3290:
1935:
in the field of astronomy, demonstrating the intellectual superiority of the "
829:
Ethnographies also caution against over-interpretation of sites. At a site in
819:
555:
One famous site where historical records have been used to interpret sites is
305:, where anthropologists began to consider more fully the role of astronomy in
10996:
10754:
10213:
10198:
10144:
10122:
10019:
10007:
9923:
9792:
9674:
9635:
9623:
9611:
9323:
9234:
9163:
8904:
8847:
8825:
8734:
8666:
8661:
8639:
8351:
7618:
7388:
6731:
6243:
6230:
5720:
5133:
3663:
3123:
2019:
1985:
1924:
1900:
1488:
1429:
1342:
1296:
1198:
1104:
1067:
952:
774:
754:
746:
697:
568:
520:
450:
192:
81:
8754:
4918:
2016:
SIAC – La Sociedad Interamericana de AstronomĂa en la Cultura
1712:
Many astronomical alignments have been claimed for Stonehenge, a complex of
1411:
is also a catalogue of constellations. In North America shields depicted in
1035:. In the modern period a person born on the same date would have the Sun in
10605:
10452:
10132:
10088:
10069:
10024:
9824:
9748:
9505:
9500:
9456:
9083:
8965:
8929:
8909:
8761:
8739:
8651:
8307:
8286:
7904:
7227:
7209:
7159:
6582:
5463:
5446:
5355:
1667:
1609:
1425:
1176:
1098:
1070:
these can be used to date events in the past. A solar eclipse mentioned by
983:
830:
785:
770:
750:
737:
605:
as another example. The empire of the Incas was conceptually divided using
572:
556:
454:
366:
309:
civilizations, was markedly different. They had access to sources that the
273:
93:
10181:
3955:
2054:
was founded in Aotearoa/New Zealand in 2013, focusing on Maori astronomy.
1516:
1391:
68:
or multidisciplinary study of how people in the past "have understood the
10681:
10560:
10432:
10411:
10171:
10161:
10117:
10112:
10064:
10002:
9965:
9938:
9839:
9809:
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9606:
9527:
9515:
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9261:
9251:
9222:
9180:
9095:
9063:
9011:
8944:
8781:
8656:
8513:
8374:
7183:
6544:'Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
4353:
1888:
1887:". Based on her own study of the astronomical significance of Bronze Age
1764:
1362:, professor of the History of Science in the School of Humanities at the
1201:
1193:
1152:
1032:
1001:
943:
880:
842:
811:
766:
672:
614:
513:
314:
188:
33:
7562:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
7541:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
7047:
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
6677:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
6564:
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
6275:
6144:
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
6064:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
5728:
5634:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
5512:
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
5438:
5399:
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
5242:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
5176:
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space
5113:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
5037:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
4533:
Schmeh, Klaus (2012), "The Pathology of Cryptology â A Current Survey",
2249:
Archaeoastronomy: Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy
1548:
Orion's Belt superimposed on the Giza pyramid complex, illustrating the
10744:
10676:
10315:
10208:
10166:
9982:
9945:
9908:
9804:
9391:
9303:
9130:
9031:
9004:
8924:
8722:
8676:
8587:
8555:
8344:
8321:
7801:
7522:
Songs from the Sky: Indigenous and Cosmological Traditions of the World
5260:
3064:
Orientaciones astronĂłmicas en la arquitectura maya de las tierras bajas
2494:
1947:
1936:
1696:
1599:
1437:
1415:
1245:
834:
823:
781:
677:
655:
310:
306:
251:
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69:
5531:
On the Astronomical Knowledge and Traditions of Aboriginal Australians
5282:
4777:
Aveni, A.F. (1981). "Archaeoastronomy". In Michael B. Schiffer (ed.).
1240:
76:, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their
10732:
10691:
10223:
9992:
9977:
9575:
9560:
9485:
9468:
9386:
9271:
9212:
9202:
9197:
9120:
8999:
8887:
8813:
8580:
8570:
8439:
7766:
7482:"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Text"
7151:
5945:
Krupp, E.C. (1988). "Light in the Temples". In C.L.N. Ruggles (ed.).
3718:
2199:
1950:
interpreted inscriptions in West Virginia as a description in Celtic
1927:
accounts. During the 1930s, Otto S. Reuter compiled a study entitled
1603:
1579:
1525:
1372:
1367:
1335:
1292:
1269:
1261:
1256:
Another motive for studying the sky is to understand and explain the
1197:
calendar of 260 days. Together with the 365-day year, it was used in
1071:
997:
over six thousand years ago, when they were able to observe the star
509:
410:
406:
390:
302:
255:
104:, which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical practice.
85:
42:
7710:: images, bibliography, software, and synopsis of his course at the
5178:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 523â38.
3967:, Pleiade Associates, Bristol, United Kingdom, accessed June 7, 2012
2057:
2026:
SCAAS - The Society for Cultural Astronomy in the American Southwest
810:
are a rich source of information about the pre-Columbian Americans.
171:
wrote the above, there were no archaeoastronomers and there were no
10487:
9997:
9933:
9780:
9738:
9473:
9381:
9256:
9078:
9041:
9021:
7340:
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6963:
6546:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 81â98.
6521:
6500:
Pingree, D. (1982). "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science".
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5877:
Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
5274:
4878:
Stairways to the Stars: Skywatching in Three Great Ancient Cultures
2486:
2189:
1999:
1880:
1760:
1750:
1742:
1713:
1700:
1421:
1412:
1404:
1279:
arranged their empire to demonstrate their cosmology. The capital,
1257:
1216:
1180:
1148:
1082:, which following the eclipse failed to happen, to 28 May, 585 BC.
973:
948:
907:
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285:
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136:
4815:
Aveni. A.F. (1986). "Archaeoastronomy: Past, Present and Future".
2359:
2009:
2003:
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Archaeoastronomy is sometimes related to the fringe discipline of
1737:
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site) led him to check Thom's geometrical theories at the Cultoon
10553:
10059:
9851:
9797:
9743:
9565:
9371:
9281:
9135:
9036:
8994:
8857:
8776:
8729:
8717:
7666:
Archaeoastronomy. Introduction to the science of stars and stones
7178:, ed. by Clive L. N. Ruggles, New York: Springer, pp. 773â81
6311:
Archaeoastronomy. Introduction to the science of stars and stones
4895:
Aveni. A.F. (2001). "Archaeoastronomy". In David Carrasco (ed.).
4173:"AstronomĂa en la arquitectura de ChichĂ©n ItzĂĄ: una reevaluaciĂłn"
1868:
1815:
of these phenomena, support the west-working orientation scheme.
1802:
1768:
1614:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1467:
1444:
1307:
1265:
1160:
1120:
1116:
1063:
1005:
998:
987:
838:
659:
651:
622:
595:
501:
482:
264:
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112:
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46:
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6675:
Ruggles, C.L.N. (2000). "Ancient Astronomies â Ancient Worlds".
6350:. BAR International Series. Vol. 454. BAR. pp. 54â79.
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Magli, G. (2008). "On the Orientation of Roman Towns in Italy".
3425:
Inscriptiones Creticae III iv 11; Isager and Skydsgaard 1992:163
2349:
Brosch, Noah (29 March 2011). "Thinking about Archeoastronomy".
1383:. Santillana and von Dechend's approach is not widely accepted.
732:
10127:
9664:
9642:
9495:
9431:
9376:
8766:
8744:
8712:
8686:
8469:
7707:
7358:
At the crossroads of the earth and the sky: an Andean cosmology
7250:
AstronomĂa en la arquitectura de ChichĂ©n ItzĂĄ: una reevaluaciĂłn
7020:
Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy
6896:
Schaefer, B.E. (2002). "The Great Ptolemy-Hipparchus Dispute".
6438:
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Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore and Calendars
6124:. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 1002â09.
5415:
5077:. BAR International Series 1154. Archaeopress. pp. 71â76.
4798:
Archaeoastronomy in the New World: American Primitive Astronomy
2247:(1995), "Frombork 1992: Where Worlds and Disciplines Collide",
1772:
1756:
1448:
1156:
1126:
1108:
1024:
576:
329:
120:
10380:
7720:â NASA and others exploring the world's ancient observatories.
7500:
3066:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia.
2052:
SMART â the Society of MÄori Astronomy Research and Traditions
2010:
SEAC â La SociĂ©tĂ© EuropĂ©enne pour l'Astronomie dans la Culture
1477:
10193:
9913:
9647:
9601:
9463:
9318:
9266:
8842:
8808:
7182:Ć prajc, Ivan, Takeshi Inomata, and Anthony F. Aveni. (2023).
6826:
6302:
Architecture, Astronomy and Sacred Landscape in Ancient Egypt
4586:
1980:
Since the 19th century, numerous scholars have sought to use
1951:
1855:
1811:
1792:
1408:
1315:
1311:
1288:
1280:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1013:
994:
893:
762:
758:
610:
564:
394:
294:
7735:
5540:"The Constellations on Achilles' Shield (Iliad 18. 485â489)"
5316:"Precession and the layout of the Ancient Egyptian pyramids"
5220:
5110:
4589:. Society for Cultural Astronomy in the American Southwest.
4375:
3030:
La estrella de Quetzalcóatl: El planeta Venus en Mesoamérica
993:
The movement of the Earth's axis was already noticed by the
720:
Another well-known artefact with an astronomical use is the
441:
Green archaeoastronomy is named after the cover of the book
10139:
10100:
9580:
9436:
9366:
9286:
9158:
8671:
5738:
Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics
5632:
Hoskin, M (1996). "Book Reviews: Proceedings of Oxford 3".
5509:
1584:
1433:
1323:
1319:
1276:
1224:
1168:
1167:
to determine the seasons. Ethnoastronomical studies of the
956:
897:
Diagram of the visible portions of sky at varying latitudes
602:
586:"El Caracol", a possible observatory temple at Chichen Itza
461:
and one at the summer solstice, which has a double sunset.
6761:
6609:. San Diego Museum Papers. Vol. 24. San Diego Museum.
6536:
The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
6485:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 265â74.
5778:
2040:
AAAC â the Australian Association for Astronomy in Culture
230:
9451:
9217:
9175:
7911:
7324:
1471:
1463:
1012:
for the first time in their oldest and southernmost city
676:
Horizon altitudes can be measured with a theodolite or a
73:
38:
6560:
5874:
7431:. Council for West Virginia Archaeology. Archived from
7248:Ć prajc, Ivan, and Pedro Francisco SĂĄnchez Nava (2013).
6968:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
736:
Diagram showing the location of the sun daggers on the
6538:(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000), pp. 30â39.
5533:. PhD Thesis: Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
5239:
297:
were built in accordance with astronomical alignments.
7174:Ć prajc, Ivan (2015). Governor's Palace at Uxmal. In:
6866:
6131:
Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture
6101:
Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture
6023:
Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of Astronomy in Culture
5015:
3241:
1867:
In recent years, new research has suggested that the
1377:
Hamlet's Mill, An Essay on Myth and the Frame of Time
951:
to the next runs on an entirely different cycle, the
10534:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
7374:
7281:
Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom
5947:
Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom
4694:
Atkinson, R.J.C. (1966). "Moonshine on Stonehenge".
4308:
Sofaer, Marshall and Sinclair, 1989. Cambridge: 112.
4171:Ć prajc, Ivan; SĂĄnchez Nava, Pedro Francisco (2013).
3062:
SĂĄnchez Nava, Pedro Francisco; Ć prajc, Ivan (2015).
2025:
1658:
El Castillo, also known as KukulcĂĄn's Pyramid, is a
1621:
Some have argued that the pyramids were laid out as
7623:
The Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
7449:
Astronomy and Ceremony in the Prehistoric Southwest
6736:
The Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
6566:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
5514:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
5401:. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.
4641:"First Indian record of supernova found in Kashmir"
2143:
List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country
2036:; it has since held seven meetings and workshops.
1484:
List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country
852:and about their interaction with the modern world.
7726:NASA Poster on ancient (and modern) observatories.
7446:
5965:
5923:
5709:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
4755:
4726:
4170:
3387:
3061:
324:This came to a head at a meeting sponsored by the
16:Interdisciplinary study of astronomies in cultures
6604:
6436:
6417:
3839:
2148:List of artifacts significant to archaeoastronomy
336:
115:seen from the prehistoric site of Pizzo Vento at
10994:
7501:Xu, Z.; Pankenier, D.W. & Jiang, Y. (2000).
5844:
5825:
5797:
4693:
4311:
4127:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
3976:Giorgio de Santillana & Hertha von Dechend,
3392:. United Kingdom: Astro Publication. p. 7.
814:also provide material about many other peoples.
7505:. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach Science Publ.
7176:Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy
6935:
6916:
6831:. University Press of Colorado. pp. 1â31.
6711:
6674:
6655:
6636:
6141:
6128:
6119:
6098:
6061:
5706:
5461:
5034:
7730:Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences.
7663:
7085:Chaco Astronomy: An Ancient American Cosmology
7063:
7044:
6954:
6895:
6848:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
6017:
5528:
5091:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
2912:
2910:
2636:
2634:
2624:
2622:
1613:Constellations on the astronomical ceiling of
1023:, it has been shown they were aligned towards
784:. A widely known example is the Sun Dagger of
609:, radial routes emanating from the capital at
453:'. The animation below shows two sunsets at a
203:investigated the astronomical orientations of
10396:
8529:
7751:
7297:
7004:
6364:
6345:
6227:
5485:
3647:e.V. / Zeiss-Planetarium am Insulaner (ed.).
3487:
3485:
855:
242:, in an attempt to find statistical patterns.
227:in Britain between the 1930s and the 1970s".
7240:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6788:
6658:Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland
6033:
5963:
5584:
5396:
5377:
5173:
5071:
4854:
4835:
4781:. Vol. 4. Academic Press. p. 177.
4779:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory
4402:"The Lascaux cave: a Prehistoric sky-map..."
4290:Malville and Putnam, 1989. Johnson Books:111
3842:Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry
3638:
3122:
2084:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1631:astronomical ceiling of the tomb of Senenmut
1127:Major topics of archaeoastronomical research
650:An alignment is calculated by measuring the
277:Nevertheless, Thom's legacy remains strong,
7702:The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy,
7519:
6845:
6499:
6348:New Directions in American Archaeoastronomy
6326:
6146:. Carolina Academic Press. pp. 69â79.
5986:
5944:
5921:
5893:
5863:
5310:
5192:
4975:
4925:
4894:
4875:
4814:
4795:
4776:
4753:
4724:
3322:"Brunton Pocket Transit Instruction Manual"
3107:
2907:
2631:
2619:
2046:The Romanian Society for Cultural Astronomy
1797:Uxmal is a Mayan city in the Puuc Hills of
1671:lunar orbits in 10,000 rotations (365.01).
1478:Major sites of archaeoastronomical interest
10403:
10389:
8543:
8536:
8522:
7758:
7744:
7559:
7538:
7479:
7471:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7426:
7300:"Stonehenge as an Astronomical Instrument"
7278:
7087:. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Ocean Tree Books.
7082:
7049:. Carolina Academic Press. pp. 3â13.
6762:Ruggles, C.L.N. & Barclay, G. (2000).
6580:
6541:
6387:(1980). "On the Orientation of Pyramids".
6383:
6318:Meller, H. (January 2004). "Star search".
6317:
6163:Science and Society in Prehistoric Britain
5900:Archaeoastronomy & Ethnoastronomy News
5804:Archaeoastronomy & Ethnoastronomy News
5779:Isager, S. & Skydsgaard, J.E. (1992).
5735:
5687:
5671:The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy
5610:Archaeoastronomy & Ethnoastronomy News
5565:
5199:Archaeoastronomy & Ethnoastronomy News
4928:"Archaeoastronomy in the Ancient Americas"
4674:
4317:
3883:(K.G. Saur Munchen, Leipzig) 99, 2, 523â34
3598:
3596:
3482:
3244:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1907:
1428:(the mythical origin place of the Sun) in
1101:once and so are inherently unpredictable.
708:A more mundane example is the presence of
7724:Ancient Observatories: Timeless Knowledge
7387:
7355:
7315:
7217:
7129:
7101:
7018:Selin, Helaine and Sun Xiaochun. (2000).
6987:
6789:Ruggles, C.L.N.; Cotte, M., eds. (2010).
6779:
6308:
6299:
6274:
6258:
6208:
6179:
6160:
5668:
5631:
5603:
5537:
5333:
5297:
5154:
5131:
4679:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
4188:
3005:
3003:
2837:
2835:
2576:
2574:
2358:
2132:made interesting findings in this field.
2112:University of Wales - Trinity Saint David
2095:also publish papers on archaeoastronomy.
1207:Other peculiar calendars include ancient
692:The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment)
539:
436:
7259:
6480:
5875:Kelley, D.H. & Milone, E.F. (2005).
5353:
4994:
4100:
2315:
1854:
1822:
1782:
1736:
1690:
1673:
1608:
1578:
1543:
1515:
1390:
1239:
1074:enables us to date a battle between the
1050:
972:
892:
731:
687:
581:
317:and the historical records of the early
284:
229:
106:
32:
7617:
6730:
4584:
4376:"Archeociel: Chantal JĂšgues Wolkiewiez"
4352:(in French). Archeociel. Archived from
4299:Sofaer 1998. Lekson Ed, U of Utah: 165.
3593:
3135:. Paris: ICOMOS / IAU. pp. 271â2.
2158:Australian Aboriginal Astronomy Project
1142:
1027:, a faint star in the constellation of
982:However, the Earth spins rather like a
727:
10995:
7104:"Stonehenge and the Terror in the Sky"
6534:. reprinted in Michael H. Shank, ed.,
6420:Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend
5464:"Light Dawns on West Virginia History"
5300:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
4998:Archaeology: A Very Short introduction
4532:
4441:, 20 (1), 91â106; Julien d'Huy. 2013.
4203:
4109:
3649:"Canopus, der "Stern der Stadt Eridu""
3509:Sofaer 1998: Lekson Ed, u of utah: 165
3276:
3027:
3000:
2832:
2571:
2348:
2130:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
2108:Sophia Centre for Cosmology in Culture
1399:was aligned on the midwinter solstice.
1046:
962:
567:. This interest is attested to by the
10384:
9707:
9346:
8612:
8517:
7739:
6329:A Little History of Astro-Archaeology
5140:. Kluwer, Dordrect. pp. 225â67.
5016:Bauer, B. & Dearborn, D. (1995).
4651:from the original on 16 December 2013
4382:from the original on 17 December 2010
3717:
2472:
2243:
1976:Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology
1364:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1235:
1137:Von Del Chamberlain and M. Jane Young
9708:
8497:
3491:Cambridge U, 1982 sofaer et al.: 126
3479:Science Mag, Sofaer et al. 1979: 126
2098:
2071:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2018:was founded in 2003 with a focus on
1386:
917:
901:
757:. These are folding books made from
397:have suggested adopting the Spanish
393:and people who object to the use of
7486:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
6613:
5800:"Alignments and Orientations Again"
5195:"Editorial: A Professor of Our Own"
4408:from the original on 15 August 2010
4318:Whitehouse, David (9 August 2000).
3682:
3500:Sofaer and Sinclair: 1987. UNM, ABQ
2205:Pleiades in folklore and literature
1946:More recently Gallagher, Pyle, and
1787:The Palace of the Governor at Uxmal
1418:appear to include Venus symbolism.
761:, processed tree bark on which are
633:
13:
7582:
6411:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1980.tb00362.x
5754:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb34265.x
5554:from the original on 21 April 2008
5225:. Ocarina Books. pp. xiâxiv.
4935:Journal of Archaeological Research
4728:"Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica"
4281:Magazine, Sofaer et al., 1979: 126
4206:Journal of Archaeological Research
4007:Dearborn, Seddon & Bauer, 1998
3470:Preston & Preston 2005: 115â18
3279:Journal of Archaeological Research
1462:was also said to have contained a
162:Todd Bostwick quoting John Michell
137:beliefs about the cycles of nature
14:
11034:
9660:Megalithic architectural elements
7691:
6619:"The destruction of the Serapeum"
6483:Archaeoastronomy in the Old World
5587:Archaeoastronomy in the Old World
5492:Times Higher Education Supplement
4130:. Oxford University Press. 2001.
2351:History and Philosophy of Physics
443:Archaeoastronomy in the Old World
175:, but there were astronomers and
41:illuminates the inner chamber of
21:Archaeoastronomy (disambiguation)
10975:
10965:
10964:
9347:
8496:
8485:
8484:
8255:Southern African Large Telescope
7382:. Oxbow Books. pp. 96â103.
6860:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00463.x
6593:from the original on 11 May 2008
6285:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00296.x
5926:In Search of Ancient Astronomies
5798:Iwaniszewski, S. (Winter 1995).
5474:from the original on 11 May 2008
4733:In Search of Ancient Astronomies
4633:
4604:
4578:
4575:Pingree 1982:554â63, esp. p. 556
4569:
4560:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4459:
4420:
4394:
4368:
4342:
4330:from the original on 7 July 2017
4302:
4293:
4284:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4232:
4197:
4164:
4155:
4118:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3970:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3749:Predicting the next bright comet
3742:
3711:
3702:
3676:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3032:. Mexico City: Editorial Diana.
2820:Ruggles & Saunders 1993:1â31
1991:
1982:archaeoastronomical calculations
1107:should be predictable, but some
947:of the Moon. The cycle from one
801:
464:
326:International Astronomical Union
10410:
10279:Evolutionary origin of religion
7118:from the original on 2008-12-24
6815:from the original on 2016-03-18
6469:from the original on 2017-08-30
5910:from the original on 2008-07-05
5830:. Ocarina Books. pp. 1â7.
5814:from the original on 2008-07-04
5620:from the original on 2008-07-04
5498:from the original on 2009-02-04
5486:Gingerich, O. (24 March 2000).
5366:from the original on 9 May 2008
5209:from the original on 2008-05-13
4964:from the original on 2016-03-03
4667:
4622:from the original on 2020-09-30
4593:from the original on 2021-03-01
4465:Sir Jocelyn Stephens quoted in
4443:A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber sky
4144:from the original on 2020-08-09
3980:, David R Godine: Boston, 1977.
3776:Chamberlain & Young 2005:xi
3731:from the original on 2009-02-02
3658:(in German) (17). Berlin: 8â9.
3428:
3419:
3406:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3314:
3305:
3270:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3152:from the original on 2016-03-18
3098:
3089:
3080:
3055:
3046:
3021:
3012:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2952:Ruggles and Barclay 2000: 69â70
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2163:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
2093:Journal of Skyscape Archaeology
2063:
2004:Journal of Astronomy in Culture
1883:and the grouping known as the "
1850:
1818:
1708:Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge
1089:are predictable, most famously
1055:Halley's Comet depicted on the
630:in other parts of Mesoamerica.
11018:Archaeological sub-disciplines
5968:Skywatchers, Shamans and Kings
4840:. Cambridge University Press.
4800:. Cambridge University Press.
4735:. Chatto and Windus. pp.
2997:Hudson, Lee, & Hedges 1979
2376:
2367:
2342:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2237:
2228:
1827:The Great Kiva at Chaco Canyon
1647:
874:
416:
385:Ruggles and Saunders proposed
337:Relations to other disciplines
1:
9892:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
9422:British megalith architecture
7765:
7732:(About Kazakh folk astronomy)
7007:ArchÀologie in Sachsen-Anhalt
6964:"Refraction near the Horizon"
6639:Archaeoastronomy in the 1990s
6369:. University of Texas Press.
6262:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
5870:. Cambridge University Press.
5867:Byways of British Archaeology
4758:Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico
4320:"Ice Age star map discovered"
4190:10.1016/S0185-2574(13)71376-5
3018:Kelley and Milone 2005:367â68
3009:Kelley and Milone 2005:369â70
2216:
1686:
1634:
1350:when other foods are scarce.
641:
457:site, one the day before the
11013:Astronomical sub-disciplines
10549:electrical resistance survey
9887:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
9427:Nordic megalith architecture
7608:Resources in other libraries
6758:Three volumes; 217 articles.
4585:Bates, Bryan; Munson, Greg.
4547:10.1080/01611194.2011.632803
3327:. p. 22. Archived from
3264:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.07.020
2326:10.1007/978-94-011-1100-3_31
2221:
2168:Aboriginal stone arrangement
1939:" (Indo-Europeans) over the
1511:
1155:reasons. Ancient texts like
912:History of solar observation
683:
617:, in the second century BC.
7:
7492:(3): §28â30. Archived from
7264:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7262:Megalithic Sites in Britain
5001:. Oxford University Press.
3645:Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte
3388:Dr Richard Pearson (2020).
2859:Ruggles & Saunders 1993
2135:
1732:
1381:precession of the equinoxes
1041:precession of the equinoxes
969:Precession of the equinoxes
173:professional archaeologists
10:
11039:
10438:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
10035:British Isles and Brittany
9956:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
6697:10.1177/002182860003102506
6437:Parker Pearson, M (2007).
6084:10.1177/002182869002101502
6040:West Virginia Archeologist
5849:. Uppsala. pp. 7â10.
5654:10.1177/002182869602702108
5321:Astronomy & Geophysics
5057:10.1177/002182860103202601
3868:Astronomy & Geophysics
3536:Brandt and Williamson 1979
3169:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2269:10.1177/002182869502602007
2210:Worship of heavenly bodies
2119:Cultural Astronomy Program
2034:Southwestern United States
1973:
1790:
1748:
1705:
1651:
1523:
1481:
1173:southwestern United States
966:
878:
856:Recreating the ancient sky
740:petroglyph on various days
696:For artifacts such as the
289:It has been proposed that
150:
25:
18:
10960:
10912:
10807:
10700:
10644:
10593:
10584:
10519:Philosophy of archaeology
10506:
10418:
10237:
10050:
9877:
9724:
9720:
9703:
9589:
9553:
9402:
9359:
9355:
9342:
9149:
8980:
8953:
8878:
8804:
8795:
8700:
8625:
8621:
8613:
8608:
8551:
8479:
8271:
8248:Large Binocular Telescope
8213:Extremely Large Telescope
8206:Extremely large telescope
8179:
8062:
8002:
7923:
7885:
7846:
7839:
7773:
7704:Michael Hoskin ed., 1999.
7639:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8
7603:Resources in your library
7317:10.1017/S0003598X00000053
7028:10.1007/978-94-011-4179-6
6881:10.1017/S0003598X00114504
6781:10.1017/S0003598X00066151
6744:10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8
6660:. Yale University Press.
6583:"A Message from the Past"
6455:10.1017/s0003598x00095624
6194:10.1017/S0003598X00084969
5894:Kintigh, K. (Fall 1992).
5781:Ancient Greek Agriculture
5193:Carlson, J. (Fall 1999).
5138:Astronomy Across Cultures
4796:Aveni. A.F., ed. (1982).
4710:10.1017/S0003598X0003252X
4218:10.1007/s10814-017-9109-z
3957:The Pleiades in mythology
3892:Bauer & Dearborn 1995
3830:Salt & Boutsikas 2005
3794:Turton & Ruggles 1978
3291:10.1007/s10814-017-9109-z
1660:Mesoamerican step-pyramid
1654:El Castillo, Chichen Itza
1453:obliquity of the ecliptic
167:Two hundred years before
8220:Gran Telescopio Canarias
7698:Astronomy before History
7389:10.16995/TRAC2001_96_103
7254:Estudios de Cultura Maya
7083:Sofaer, A., ed. (2008).
6829:Astronomies and Cultures
6712:Ruggles, C.L.N. (2005).
6656:Ruggles, C.L.N. (1999).
6641:. Group D Publications.
6637:Ruggles, C.L.N. (1993).
6244:10.2752/175169709x374263
5949:. CUP. pp. 473â99.
5462:Gallagher, I.J. (1983).
5263:Latin American Antiquity
4612:"Astronomia strabunilor"
4439:Préhistoire du sud-ouest
4177:Estudios de Cultura Maya
3946:Blomberg 2003, esp p. 76
3881:Byzantinische Zeitscrift
3390:The History of Astronomy
2961:Schaefer and Liller 1990
2391:Chiu & Morrison 1980
1969:
1929:Germanische Himmelskunde
1778:
1623:a map of the three stars
1550:Orion Correlation Theory
1539:
1191:One such example is the
702:post-excavation analysis
313:of Europe lacks such as
26:Not to be confused with
10267:Evolutionary musicology
9670:Oldest extant buildings
9597:Archaeological features
9116:Prepared-core technique
8315:Astrology and astronomy
8025:Gravitational radiation
7712:University of Leicester
7664:Magli, Giulio. (2020).
7480:Witzel, M. (May 2001).
7360:. University of Texas.
7102:Steel, D. (June 1999).
6910:2002S&T...103b..38S
6798:. Paris: ICOMOS / IAU.
6607:Rock Art Papers, vol. 6
6587:Wonderful West Virginia
6439:"The age of Stonehenge"
6331:. Thames & Hudson.
6046:: 48â52. Archived from
6002:(2): 64. Archived from
5972:. John Wiley and Sons.
5604:Hicks, R. (Fall 1993).
5529:Hamacher, D.W. (2012).
5488:"Stone and star gazing"
5468:Wonderful West Virginia
5360:Wonderful West Virginia
5335:10.1093/astrog/40.3.3.4
5020:. University of Texas.
4947:10.1023/A:1022971730558
4901:Oxford University Press
4880:. John Wiley and Sons.
4829:1986S&T....72..456A
4762:. University of Texas.
4731:. In E.C. Krupp (ed.).
4350:"Vallée des Merveilles"
3870:, vol. 47, 2, 1.14â1.18
3527:Ć prajc and SĂĄnchez 2013
3461:Robins & Ewing 1989
3192:Bauer and Dearborn 1995
2373:Iwaniszewski 2003, 7â10
2153:Astronomical chronology
2123:University of Melbourne
1908:Fringe archaeoastronomy
1662:built in the centre of
1600:the Plough / Big Dipper
1443:In Egypt the temple of
1436:ruling elite. Ordinary
1211:. These were nominally
10229:Unchambered long cairn
10077:Mound Builders culture
9410:Neolithic architecture
8545:Prehistoric technology
8234:Hubble Space Telescope
7625:. New York: Springer.
7298:Trotter, A.P. (1927).
7283:. CUP. pp. 3â13.
7210:10.1126/sciadv.abq7675
6738:. New York: Springer.
6418:O'Kelly, M.J. (1982).
6365:Milbraith, S. (1999).
4838:World Archaeoastronomy
3928:Hugh-Jones 1982:191â93
3545:Krupp. et al. 2010: 42
3434:Williamson 1987:109â14
1921:
1864:
1837:ancient Pueblo culture
1828:
1788:
1746:
1703:
1679:
1618:
1587:
1576:
1552:. From left to right:
1537:
1521:
1509:
1460:Serapeum of Alexandria
1458:In a later period the
1400:
1345:. The Barasana of the
1253:
1140:
1059:
978:
898:
869:
850:Indigenous astronomies
741:
714:Carol van Driel-Murray
693:
587:
540:Brown archaeoastronomy
437:Green archaeoastronomy
430:
427:Stanislaw Iwaniszewski
350:
298:
243:
165:
123:
54:
11023:Traditional knowledge
10529:Archaeological ethics
10524:Archaeological diving
10514:Archaeological theory
9904:List of Stone Age art
9106:Microblade technology
9054:Langdale axe industry
8652:Ard / plough
8338:Astroparticle physics
8073:Australian Aboriginal
7718:Traditions of the Sun
6422:. Thames and Hudson.
6034:Lesser, W.H. (1983).
5964:Krupp, E.C. (1997a).
5930:. Chatto and Windus.
5902:(September Equinox).
5806:(December Solstice).
5612:(September Equinox).
5585:Heggie, D.C. (1982).
4855:Aveni, A.F. (1989b).
4836:Aveni, A.F. (1989a).
4454:Les Cahiers de l'AARS
3691:(in German) (17): 8â9
3611:A.F. Aveni 1997:23â27
3378:van Driel-Murray 2002
3028:Ć prajc, Ivan (1996).
1974:Further information:
1911:
1893:Vallée des Merveilles
1858:
1826:
1786:
1740:
1694:
1677:
1612:
1582:
1558:Great Pyramid of Giza
1547:
1533:
1519:
1498:
1470:thus symbolising the
1394:
1360:Giorgio de Santillana
1243:
1130:
1054:
977:Precessional movement
976:
896:
859:
735:
722:Antikythera mechanism
691:
585:
420:
340:
288:
282:of archaeoastronomy.
233:
154:
133:cognitive archaeology
129:landscape archaeology
110:
36:
10468:Augustus Pitt Rivers
10463:William Henry Holmes
10428:Archaeological sites
10311:Prehistoric medicine
10306:Prehistoric counting
10289:Prehistoric religion
10284:Paleolithic religion
10262:Behavioral modernity
9619:Causewayed enclosure
9511:Abri de la Madeleine
8635:Neolithic Revolution
8330:Astronomers Monument
8262:Very Large Telescope
7809:Astronomical symbols
7619:Ruggles, Clive L. N.
7376:van Driel-Murray, C.
7328:Current Anthropology
6732:Ruggles, Clive L. N.
6327:Michell, J. (2001).
5922:Krupp, E.C. (1979).
5864:Johnson, W. (1912).
5544:Electronic Antiquity
4926:Aveni. A.F. (2003).
4876:Aveni, A.F. (1997).
4754:Aveni, A.F. (1980).
4725:Aveni, A.F. (1979).
4426:Julien d'Huy. 2012.
3311:Ruggles, 2005:112â13
3214:Schaefer 2006a:42â48
3052:Milbraith 1988:70â71
2703:Aveni, 1989a:xiâxiii
2475:Current Anthropology
2320:. pp. 461â462.
2318:Reports on Astronomy
2089:Culture & Cosmos
1918:Sir Jocelyn Stephens
1873:University of Munich
1835:, the center of the
1695:The Sun rising over
1260:. In these cultures
1215:, starting with the
1143:The use of calendars
728:Art and inscriptions
710:astrological symbols
664:magnetic declination
546:history of astronomy
379:Astronomy in Culture
355:history of astronomy
301:The approach in the
250:, who proposed that
201:Charles Piazzi Smyth
102:history of astronomy
98:historical astronomy
19:For other uses, see
10458:John Lloyd Stephens
10448:Heinrich Schliemann
10350:Prehistoric warfare
9096:Magdalenian culture
9059:Levallois technique
8990:Earliest toolmaking
8403:List of astronomers
7816:Astronomical object
7631:2015hae..book.....R
7574:1986JHAS...17....1Z
7553:1985JHAS...16....1Z
7427:Wise, R.B. (2003).
7202:2023SciA....9.7675S
7144:2000Natur.408..320S
7108:British Archaeology
6980:1990PASP..102..796S
6689:2000JHAS...31...65R
6581:Pyle, R.L. (1983).
6514:1992Isis...83..554P
6403:1980Cent...24....1N
6320:National Geographic
6113:2000Arch...15...14M
6076:1990JHAS...21....1M
5879:. Springer-Verlag.
5746:1982NYASA.385..183H
5688:Hoskin, M. (2001).
5646:1996JHAS...27...85H
5606:"Beyond Alignments"
5566:Hawkins, G (1976).
5439:10.1038/nature05357
5431:2006Natur.444..587F
5254:1980JHAS...11...55C
5125:1979JHAS...10....1B
5049:2001JHAS...32....1B
4675:Aldana, G. (2007).
4260:Ruggles 2005:163â65
4061:O'Kelly 1982:123â24
3854:2002MAA.....2...69L
3708:Ruggles 2005:354â55
3629:Ruggles 2005:345â47
3351:Ruggles 2005:423â25
3256:2016JArSR...9..191G
2877:Iwaniszewski 2003:7
2829:Ruggles 2005:115â17
2523:Ruggles 2005:312â13
2463:Michell, 2001:17â18
2261:1995JHAS...26...74A
1964:Archaeocryptography
1699:at the 2005 Summer
1574:pyramid of Menkaure
1397:Precinct of Amun-Re
1185:luni-solar calendar
1047:Transient phenomena
1019:In the case of the
1004:directly above the
963:Stellar positioning
117:Fondachelli Fantina
28:Stellar archaeology
10982:History portal
10544:geophysical survey
10301:Origin of language
10294:Spiritual drug use
10204:Rectangular dolmen
10106:Dartmoor kistvaens
9919:Carved stone balls
9631:Circular enclosure
9590:Other architecture
9533:Alp pile dwellings
9121:Solutrean industry
9032:Gravettian culture
8682:Secondary products
8389:Physical cosmology
7356:Urton, G. (1981).
6309:Magli, G. (2015).
6300:Magli, G. (2013).
6161:MacKie, E (1977).
5669:Hoskin, M (1999).
5568:Stonehenge Decoded
5538:Hannah, R (1994).
5201:(Autumn Equinox).
4903:. pp. 35â37.
4448:2015-07-11 at the
4433:2018-05-03 at the
4161:Krupp 1997a:267â69
3998:Krupp 1997a:252â53
3963:2019-04-10 at the
3910:Krupp 1997a:196â99
3812:Ć prajc et al. 2023
3754:2008-05-13 at the
3724:The Histories I.74
3620:Ruggles 1999:36â37
2943:Ruggles 1999:19â29
2904:Ruggles 1999:25â29
2811:Hoskin 2001:13â14.
2436:Michell, 2001:9â10
2175:Cultural astronomy
2058:Native Skywatchers
1865:
1841:American Southwest
1829:
1789:
1747:
1704:
1680:
1619:
1588:
1577:
1522:
1474:saluting the god.
1401:
1254:
1244:The constellation
1236:Myth and cosmology
1060:
979:
959:for more details.
939:an 18.6 year cycle
899:
742:
694:
588:
498:Mayan civilization
487:cross-quarter days
387:Cultural Astronomy
383:Archaeotopography.
299:
244:
240:County Londonderry
124:
111:The sunset at the
55:
11008:Ancient astronomy
10990:
10989:
10908:
10907:
10890:Pseudoarchaeology
10507:Method and theory
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10323:Prehistoric music
10272:music archaeology
9929:Cup and ring mark
9754:Clothing/textiles
9699:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9141:Yubetsu technique
9126:Striking platform
9091:Lithic technology
8976:
8975:
8961:Game drive system
8880:Projectile points
8772:Mortar and pestle
8511:
8510:
8396:Quantum cosmology
8382:Planetary geology
8175:
8174:
7886:Celestial subject
7700:- A chapter from
7648:978-1-4614-6140-1
7589:Library resources
7531:978-0-9540867-2-5
7524:. Ocarina Books.
7512:978-90-5699-302-3
7458:978-0-912535-03-6
7399:978-1-84217-075-5
7367:978-0-292-70349-0
7290:978-0-521-33381-8
7271:978-0-19-813148-9
7260:Thom, A. (1967).
7094:978-0-943734-46-0
7075:978-1-882572-38-0
7056:978-0-89089-771-3
7037:978-94-010-5820-9
6947:978-1-882572-38-0
6928:978-1-882572-38-0
6898:Sky and Telescope
6838:978-0-87081-319-1
6805:978-2-918086-01-7
6753:978-1-4614-6140-1
6723:978-1-85109-477-6
6714:Ancient Astronomy
6667:978-0-300-07814-5
6648:978-1-874152-01-9
6573:978-0-89089-771-3
6553:978-0-89089-771-3
6492:978-0-521-24734-4
6429:978-0-500-39015-3
6376:978-0-292-75226-9
6357:978-0-86054-583-5
6338:978-0-500-27557-3
6220:978-1-882572-38-0
6172:978-0-236-40041-6
6153:978-0-89089-771-3
5996:Sky and Telescope
5990:(February 1997).
5979:978-0-471-32975-6
5956:978-0-521-33381-8
5937:978-0-7011-2314-7
5886:978-0-387-95310-6
5856:978-91-506-1674-3
5837:978-0-9540867-0-1
5790:978-0-415-00164-9
5763:978-0-89766-160-7
5699:978-0-9540867-1-8
5692:. Ocarina Books.
5680:978-0-521-57600-0
5596:978-0-521-24734-4
5577:978-0-00-632315-0
5521:978-0-89089-771-3
5408:978-0-89089-771-3
5389:978-1-882572-38-0
5354:Fell, B. (1983).
5232:978-0-9540867-2-5
5185:978-0-89089-771-3
5166:978-1-882572-38-0
5147:978-0-7923-6363-7
5103:978-1-882572-38-0
5084:978-1-84171-524-7
5027:978-0-292-70837-2
5008:978-0-19-285379-0
4995:Bahn, P. (1995).
4987:978-1-882572-38-0
4887:978-0-471-32976-3
4868:978-0-465-01950-2
4847:978-0-521-34180-6
4817:Sky and Telescope
4807:978-0-521-24731-3
4788:978-0-12-003104-7
4769:978-0-292-77578-7
4746:978-0-7011-2314-7
4686:978-0-87081-866-0
4478:Pedersen 1982:269
4469:, 8 July 1994, 8.
4404:lightmeditation.
4137:978-0-19-510815-6
3919:Hoskin 1999:15â16
3683:Bautsch, Markus.
3639:Bautsch, Markus;
3590:McCluskey 2005:78
3232:Iwaniszewski 2003
3142:978-2-918086-01-7
3104:Aveni 1997:137â38
3095:Aveni 1979:175â83
3073:978-607-484-727-7
3039:978-968-13-2947-1
2895:Thom 1967: 107â17
2868:Iwaniszewski 2001
2793:Ruggles 1999: 3â9
2784:Schaefer 2006a:30
2766:Aldana 2007:14â15
2616:Iwaniszewski 1995
2445:Johnson, 1912:225
2335:978-94-010-4481-3
2245:Aveni, Anthony F.
2114:in Lampeter, UK.
2099:Academic programs
2068:Additionally the
1933:Ancient Near East
1925:pseudo-historical
1799:YucatĂĄn Peninsula
1566:pyramid of Khafre
1426:Island of the Sun
1387:Displays of power
1332:circumpolar stars
1250:Johannes Hevelius
1183:shows that their
1066:. In the case of
1021:Egyptian pyramids
918:Lunar positioning
902:Solar positioning
866:Stephen McCluskey
791:lunar standstills
698:Sky Disc of Nebra
494:Neolithic Britain
471:
66:interdisciplinary
11030:
11003:Archaeoastronomy
10980:
10979:
10978:
10968:
10967:
10815:Archaeoastronomy
10782:Paleoethnobotany
10591:
10590:
10493:Alfred V. Kidder
10478:Mortimer Wheeler
10405:
10398:
10391:
10382:
10381:
10338:Divje Babe flute
10245:Archaeoastronomy
9988:Petrosomatoglyph
9722:
9721:
9705:
9704:
9554:Water management
9357:
9356:
9344:
9343:
9247:Denticulate tool
9069:Lithic reduction
8802:
8801:
8623:
8622:
8610:
8609:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8515:
8514:
8504:
8500:
8499:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8472:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8417:Medieval Islamic
8412:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8361:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8301:Astroinformatics
8296:
8289:
8282:
8280:Archaeoastronomy
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8241:Keck Observatory
8236:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8168:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8136:Medieval Islamic
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8020:
8013:
7995:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7963:
7955:
7953:
7941:
7934:
7914:
7907:
7900:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7844:
7843:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7737:
7736:
7687:
7668:. Springer, NY.
7660:
7594:Archaeoastronomy
7577:
7556:
7535:
7516:
7497:
7476:
7470:
7462:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7423:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7403:
7391:
7371:
7352:
7321:
7319:
7294:
7275:
7245:
7239:
7231:
7221:
7189:Science Advances
7171:
7152:10.1038/35042510
7138:(6810): 320â24.
7126:
7124:
7123:
7098:
7079:
7060:
7041:
7014:
7001:
6991:
6951:
6932:
6913:
6892:
6863:
6842:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6814:
6797:
6785:
6783:
6757:
6727:
6708:
6671:
6652:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6621:. Archived from
6610:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6577:
6557:
6533:
6496:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6433:
6414:
6385:Neugebauer, Otto
6380:
6361:
6342:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6296:
6278:
6255:
6224:
6205:
6176:
6157:
6138:
6125:
6116:
6095:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6030:
6014:
6012:
6011:
5983:
5971:
5960:
5941:
5929:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5890:
5871:
5860:
5841:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5794:
5775:
5732:
5703:
5684:
5665:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5600:
5581:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5534:
5525:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5458:
5425:(7119): 587â91.
5412:
5393:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5338:. Archived from
5337:
5307:
5294:
5257:
5236:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5189:
5170:
5151:
5128:
5107:
5088:
5068:
5031:
5012:
4991:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4932:
4922:
4891:
4872:
4851:
4832:
4811:
4792:
4773:
4761:
4750:
4730:
4721:
4690:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4647:. 12 July 2011.
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4251:Aveni 1997:65â66
4249:
4243:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3656:Dem Himmel Nahe.
3653:
3641:Pedde, Friedhelm
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3518:Aveni 1980:40â43
3516:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3134:
3120:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:Aveni 2006:60â64
3084:
3078:
3077:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2649:Milbraith 1999:8
2647:
2641:
2638:
2629:
2626:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2514:Sinclair 2006:17
2512:
2506:
2505:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:Bostwick 2006:13
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2313:
2307:
2306:Ruggles 1999:155
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2288:Sinclair 2006:13
2286:
2280:
2279:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2180:Lunar standstill
2076:Archaeoastronomy
1957:cult archaeology
1919:
1845:Great North Road
1741:The interior of
1642:
1639:
1636:
1583:The pyramids of
1507:
1501:surface of Mars.
1138:
1008:on the southern
990:as they do now.
867:
634:Source materials
550:cultural history
473:
472:
428:
348:
212:archaeoastronomy
181:William Stukeley
163:
58:Archaeoastronomy
11038:
11037:
11033:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11027:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10986:
10976:
10974:
10956:
10904:
10803:
10718:Archaeogenetics
10696:
10640:
10586:Sub-disciplines
10580:
10576:Post-excavation
10571:Lithic analysis
10502:
10473:Flinders Petrie
10414:
10409:
10379:
10366:
10233:
10219:Stone box grave
10189:Megalithic tomb
10094:Cotswold-Severn
10046:
9951:Guardian stones
9879:Prehistoric art
9873:
9716:
9691:
9680:Timber trackway
9585:
9549:
9545:Wattle and daub
9398:
9377:Standing stones
9351:
9330:
9145:
8972:
8949:
8874:
8791:
8701:Food processing
8696:
8645:New World crops
8617:
8604:
8547:
8542:
8512:
8507:
8495:
8483:
8475:
8468:
8459:
8452:
8447:X-ray telescope
8445:
8438:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8278:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8182:
8171:
8164:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8058:
8053:Multi-messenger
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8009:
7998:
7991:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7958:
7949:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7919:
7910:
7903:
7892:
7881:
7876:Space telescope
7874:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7769:
7764:
7694:
7676:
7649:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7583:Further reading
7580:
7532:
7513:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7438:
7436:
7415:
7414:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7368:
7291:
7272:
7233:
7232:
7196:(1): eabq7675.
7121:
7119:
7095:
7076:
7057:
7038:
6956:Schaefer, B. E.
6948:
6929:
6875:(305): 562â72.
6839:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6795:
6754:
6724:
6683:(25): S65âS76.
6668:
6649:
6628:
6626:
6625:on 6 April 2008
6596:
6594:
6574:
6554:
6493:
6472:
6470:
6449:(313): 617â39.
6430:
6377:
6358:
6339:
6313:. Springer, NY.
6276:physics/0703213
6221:
6188:(272): 338â59.
6173:
6154:
6053:
6051:
6009:
6007:
5980:
5957:
5938:
5913:
5911:
5887:
5857:
5838:
5817:
5815:
5791:
5764:
5700:
5681:
5640:(27): S85âS87.
5623:
5621:
5597:
5578:
5557:
5555:
5522:
5501:
5499:
5477:
5475:
5409:
5390:
5369:
5367:
5345:
5343:
5248:(18): S55âS64.
5233:
5212:
5210:
5186:
5167:
5148:
5104:
5085:
5028:
5009:
4988:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4930:
4911:
4899:. Vol. 1.
4888:
4869:
4861:. Basic Books.
4858:Empires of Time
4848:
4808:
4789:
4770:
4747:
4704:(159): 212â16.
4687:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4623:
4618:(in Romanian).
4610:
4609:
4605:
4596:
4594:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4450:Wayback Machine
4435:Wayback Machine
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4238:Parker Pearson
4237:
4233:
4202:
4198:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:Neugebauer 1980
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3975:
3971:
3965:Wayback Machine
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3861:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3756:Wayback Machine
3747:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3689:Dem Himmel Nahe
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:Ruggles 1999:18
3601:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:Ruggles 2005:89
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3275:
3271:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3132:
3124:Ruggles, C.L.N.
3121:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:MacKie 2006:362
2924:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:Aveni 2003: 150
2729:
2725:
2721:Aveni 1981: 1â2
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:Ruggles 1993:ix
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:Mackie 2006:243
2540:
2536:
2532:Sinclair 2006:8
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:Ruggles 2005:19
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2255:(20): S74âS79,
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2138:
2101:
2066:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1897:winter solstice
1885:Summer Triangle
1861:Summer Triangle
1853:
1821:
1795:
1781:
1753:
1735:
1722:Salisbury Plain
1710:
1689:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1596:Flinders Petrie
1542:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1486:
1480:
1389:
1238:
1209:Greek calendars
1165:bird migrations
1163:signs, such as
1145:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1095:orbital periods
1057:Bayeux Tapestry
1049:
971:
965:
920:
904:
883:
877:
868:
865:
858:
833:can be found a
804:
730:
686:
644:
636:
542:
474:
465:
459:summer solstice
439:
429:
426:
419:
349:
346:
339:
270:winter solstice
217:Heinrich Nissen
197:Richard Proctor
187:in 1740, while
164:
161:
153:
141:Mayan astronomy
94:anthropological
62:archeoastronomy
51:winter solstice
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11036:
11026:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10972:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10949:
10948:
10947:
10945:Assyriologists
10942:
10935:Archaeologists
10932:
10927:
10926:
10925:
10916:
10914:
10910:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10790:
10789:
10787:Zooarchaeology
10784:
10779:
10777:Geoarchaeology
10769:
10768:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10747:
10742:
10741:
10740:
10738:Paleopathology
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10713:Bioarchaeology
10710:
10704:
10702:
10701:Methodological
10698:
10697:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10648:
10646:
10642:
10641:
10639:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10597:
10595:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10510:
10508:
10504:
10503:
10501:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10483:Dorothy Garrod
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10433:Antiquarianism
10430:
10424:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10408:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10385:
10376:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10352:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10328:Alligator drum
10320:
10319:
10318:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10276:
10275:
10274:
10264:
10259:
10258:
10257:
10255:lunar calendar
10252:
10241:
10239:
10238:Other cultural
10235:
10234:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10179:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10142:
10137:
10136:
10135:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10109:
10108:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10056:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10044:
10042:Venus figurine
10039:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10011:
10010:
10005:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9973:Megalithic art
9970:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9931:
9926:
9924:Cave paintings
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9889:
9883:
9881:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9783:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9730:
9728:
9726:Material goods
9718:
9717:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9656:
9655:
9645:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9604:
9599:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9557:
9555:
9551:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9525:
9520:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9482:
9481:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9449:
9444:
9442:Cliff dwelling
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9418:
9417:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9374:
9369:
9363:
9361:
9353:
9352:
9340:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9161:
9155:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9027:Fire hardening
9024:
9019:
9017:Clovis culture
9014:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8986:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8940:Manis Mastodon
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8884:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8840:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8819:throwing stick
8811:
8805:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8710:
8704:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8631:
8629:
8619:
8618:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8541:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8518:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8493:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8294:Astrochemistry
8290:
8283:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8227:Hale Telescope
8223:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8185:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7989:
7988:
7987:
7973:
7966:
7960:Visible-light
7956:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7901:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7848:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7782:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7705:
7693:
7692:External links
7690:
7689:
7688:
7674:
7661:
7647:
7621:, ed. (2015).
7611:
7610:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7568:(17): S1âS22.
7557:
7547:(16): S1âS24.
7536:
7530:
7517:
7511:
7498:
7496:on 2008-03-28.
7477:
7457:
7444:
7424:
7416:|journal=
7398:
7372:
7366:
7353:
7341:10.1086/202140
7335:(3): 585â600.
7322:
7295:
7289:
7276:
7270:
7257:
7246:
7179:
7172:
7127:
7099:
7093:
7080:
7074:
7061:
7055:
7042:
7036:
7015:
7002:
6989:10.1086/132705
6952:
6946:
6933:
6927:
6914:
6893:
6864:
6843:
6837:
6824:
6804:
6786:
6774:(283): 62â74.
6759:
6752:
6734:, ed. (2014).
6728:
6722:
6709:
6672:
6666:
6653:
6647:
6634:
6611:
6602:
6578:
6572:
6558:
6552:
6539:
6522:10.1086/356288
6497:
6491:
6478:
6434:
6428:
6415:
6381:
6375:
6362:
6356:
6343:
6337:
6324:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6256:
6225:
6219:
6206:
6177:
6171:
6158:
6152:
6139:
6126:
6117:
6096:
6070:(15): S1âS16.
6059:
6031:
6015:
5984:
5978:
5961:
5955:
5942:
5936:
5919:
5891:
5885:
5872:
5861:
5855:
5842:
5836:
5823:
5795:
5789:
5776:
5762:
5733:
5704:
5698:
5685:
5679:
5666:
5629:
5601:
5595:
5582:
5576:
5563:
5535:
5526:
5520:
5507:
5483:
5459:
5413:
5407:
5394:
5388:
5375:
5351:
5308:
5295:
5275:10.2307/971730
5258:
5237:
5231:
5218:
5190:
5184:
5171:
5165:
5152:
5146:
5129:
5119:(10): S1âS38.
5108:
5102:
5089:
5083:
5069:
5043:(26): S1âS20.
5032:
5026:
5013:
5007:
4992:
4986:
4973:
4923:
4909:
4892:
4886:
4873:
4867:
4852:
4846:
4833:
4812:
4806:
4793:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4751:
4745:
4722:
4691:
4685:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4632:
4603:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4487:Gallagher 1983
4480:
4471:
4458:
4419:
4393:
4367:
4341:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4231:
4212:(2): 197â251.
4196:
4163:
4154:
4136:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3969:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3872:
3859:
3832:
3823:
3821:McCluskey 2000
3814:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3785:McCluskey 1990
3778:
3769:
3760:
3741:
3710:
3701:
3675:
3643:(2023-05-01).
3631:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3405:
3398:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3360:Scholsser 2002
3353:
3344:
3313:
3304:
3285:(2): 197â251.
3269:
3234:
3225:
3223:Schaefer 2006b
3216:
3207:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3141:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3072:
3054:
3045:
3038:
3020:
3011:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2748:McCluskey 2001
2741:
2739:McCluskey 2004
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2658:Broda 2000:233
2651:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2589:Gingerich 2000
2582:
2570:
2568:Thom 1988:9â10
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2487:10.1086/201351
2481:(4): 389â390,
2465:
2456:
2454:Hoskin, 2001:7
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2409:McCluskey 2005
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2341:
2334:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Mound Builders
2192:
2187:
2185:Medicine wheel
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2125:in Australia.
2100:
2097:
2065:
2062:
2030:native peoples
1993:
1990:
1971:
1968:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1901:constellations
1852:
1849:
1820:
1817:
1791:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1749:Main article:
1745:chambered tomb
1734:
1731:
1706:Main article:
1688:
1685:
1678:Plumed Serpent
1652:Main article:
1649:
1646:
1541:
1538:
1524:Main article:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1482:Main article:
1479:
1476:
1388:
1385:
1343:constellations
1304:Forbidden City
1237:
1234:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1105:Meteor showers
1091:Halley's Comet
1068:solar eclipses
1048:
1045:
967:Main article:
964:
961:
935:sidereal month
919:
916:
903:
900:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
863:
857:
854:
839:1054 Supernova
808:Conquistadores
803:
800:
729:
726:
685:
682:
643:
640:
635:
632:
541:
538:
463:
438:
435:
424:
418:
415:
344:
338:
335:
293:sites such as
279:Edwin C. Krupp
248:Gerald Hawkins
225:Alexander Thom
221:Norman Lockyer
159:
152:
149:
90:ethnoastronomy
60:(also spelled
49:, only at the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11035:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
11000:
10998:
10983:
10973:
10971:
10963:
10962:
10959:
10953:
10950:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10940:Egyptologists
10938:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10911:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10885:Phenomenology
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10806:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10773:
10772:Environmental
10770:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10760:Computational
10758:
10756:
10755:Archaeogaming
10753:
10752:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10715:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10626:Post-Medieval
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10606:Protohistoric
10604:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10594:Chronological
10592:
10589:
10587:
10583:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10505:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10443:Richard Hoare
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10406:
10401:
10399:
10394:
10392:
10387:
10386:
10383:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10214:Simple dolmen
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10199:Passage grave
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10147:
10146:
10145:Gallery grave
10143:
10141:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10061:
10060:Burial mounds
10058:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10049:
10043:
10040:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10020:Statue menhir
10018:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10008:Stone carving
10006:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9880:
9876:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9847:Sewing needle
9845:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9686:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9675:Timber circle
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9629:
9625:
9624:Tor enclosure
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9613:
9612:fulacht fiadh
9610:
9609:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9588:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9345:
9341:
9325:
9322:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8979:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8848:spear-thrower
8846:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8826:Bow and arrow
8824:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8735:Grinding slab
8733:
8731:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8667:Domestication
8665:
8663:
8662:Digging stick
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8640:Founder crops
8638:
8637:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8607:
8601:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8581:New Stone Age
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8546:
8539:
8534:
8532:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8516:
8503:
8494:
8491:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8451:
8448:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:Constellation
8349:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8178:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8003:Other methods
8001:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7939:Submillimetre
7936:
7933:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7898:Extragalactic
7895:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7862:Observational
7859:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7754:
7749:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7709:
7708:Clive Ruggles
7706:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7675:9783030451462
7671:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7435:on 2008-05-09
7434:
7430:
7425:
7421:
7409:
7401:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6939:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6854:(4): 901â15.
6853:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6794:
6793:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6537:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6508:(4): 554â63.
6507:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6231:Time and Mind
6226:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6165:. Paul Elek.
6164:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6050:on 2014-10-28
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6006:on 2017-08-24
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5920:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:. Routledge.
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5365:
5362:(47): 12â19.
5361:
5357:
5352:
5342:on 2008-02-28
5341:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:(3): 240â58.
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:Helaine Selin
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:(2): 149â91.
4940:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4910:0-19-510815-9
4906:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4621:
4617:
4616:carturesti.ro
4613:
4607:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4381:
4378:(in French).
4377:
4371:
4356:on 2010-12-18
4355:
4351:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4280:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4186:
4183:(41): 31â60.
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4158:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4070:Belmonte 2001
4067:
4058:
4049:
4043:Krupp. 1979:1
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3978:Hamlet's Mill
3973:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3943:
3937:Schaefer 2002
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3587:
3578:
3572:Hamacher 2012
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3452:Fountain 2005
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3399:9780244866501
3395:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3334:on 2006-03-04
3330:
3323:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2850:Hoskin 2001:2
2847:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2604:
2598:Krupp 1979:18
2595:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2565:
2559:Atkinson 1966
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2234:Aveni 1982: 1
2231:
2227:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:Latin America
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:Organisations
1989:
1987:
1986:David Pingree
1983:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Giza pyramids
1586:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:Clive Ruggles
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Lake Titicaca
1427:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:described by
1406:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:perpendicular
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:pre-Columbian
1196:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
975:
970:
960:
958:
954:
953:Synodic month
950:
946:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
915:
913:
909:
895:
891:
889:
882:
872:
862:
853:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
815:
813:
812:Ethnographers
809:
802:Ethnographies
799:
795:
792:
787:
783:
778:
776:
775:Dresden codex
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Aztec codices
752:
748:
739:
734:
725:
723:
718:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
690:
681:
679:
674:
668:
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661:
657:
653:
648:
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631:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:Dresden codex
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Clive Ruggles
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:double sunset
446:
444:
434:
423:
414:
412:
408:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
374:
370:
368:
362:
358:
356:
347:Clive Ruggles
343:
334:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:ethnographies
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
287:
283:
280:
275:
271:
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253:
249:
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222:
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208:
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198:
194:
193:Henry Chauncy
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
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158:
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138:
134:
130:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Clive Ruggles
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
29:
22:
10820:Archaeometry
10814:
10794:Experimental
10728:Near Eastern
10687:Near Eastern
10682:Mesopotamian
10636:Contemporary
10453:Arthur Evans
10244:
10155:wedge-shaped
10140:Funeral pyre
10133:Great dolmen
10089:Chamber tomb
10070:Round barrow
10025:Stone circle
9897:Blombos Cave
9825:Grooved ware
9749:Chalcolithic
9653:Thornborough
9571:Flush toilet
9506:Blombos Cave
9501:Rock shelter
9457:Quiggly hole
9349:Architecture
9324:illustration
8966:Buffalo jump
8787:Storage pits
8750:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
8740:Ground stone
8576:Subdivisions
8328:
8308:Astrophysics
8287:Astrobiology
8279:
7951:Far-infrared
7905:Local system
7840:Astronomy by
7830:... in space
7701:
7665:
7622:
7593:
7565:
7561:
7544:
7540:
7521:
7502:
7494:the original
7489:
7485:
7448:
7437:. Retrieved
7433:the original
7379:
7357:
7332:
7326:
7310:(1): 42â53.
7307:
7303:
7280:
7261:
7253:
7236:cite journal
7193:
7187:
7175:
7135:
7131:
7120:. Retrieved
7111:
7107:
7084:
7065:
7046:
7019:
7010:
7006:
6971:
6967:
6937:
6918:
6904:(2): 38â66.
6901:
6897:
6872:
6868:
6851:
6847:
6828:
6817:. Retrieved
6791:
6771:
6767:
6735:
6716:. ABC-Clio.
6713:
6680:
6676:
6657:
6638:
6627:. Retrieved
6623:the original
6606:
6595:. Retrieved
6586:
6563:
6543:
6535:
6505:
6501:
6482:
6471:. Retrieved
6446:
6442:
6419:
6394:
6388:
6366:
6347:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6269:(1): 63â71.
6266:
6260:
6235:
6229:
6210:
6185:
6181:
6162:
6143:
6134:
6130:
6121:
6104:
6100:
6067:
6063:
6052:. Retrieved
6048:the original
6043:
6039:
6026:
6022:
6019:Krupp, E. C.
6008:. Retrieved
6004:the original
5999:
5995:
5967:
5946:
5925:
5912:. Retrieved
5903:
5899:
5876:
5866:
5846:
5827:
5816:. Retrieved
5807:
5803:
5780:
5737:
5715:(1): 38â63.
5712:
5708:
5689:
5670:
5637:
5633:
5622:. Retrieved
5613:
5609:
5586:
5567:
5556:. Retrieved
5547:
5543:
5530:
5511:
5500:. Retrieved
5491:
5476:. Retrieved
5470:(47): 7â11.
5467:
5422:
5418:
5398:
5379:
5368:. Retrieved
5359:
5344:. Retrieved
5340:the original
5325:
5319:
5303:
5299:
5266:
5262:
5245:
5241:
5222:
5211:. Retrieved
5202:
5198:
5175:
5156:
5137:
5116:
5112:
5093:
5073:
5040:
5036:
5017:
4997:
4977:
4966:. Retrieved
4938:
4934:
4896:
4877:
4857:
4837:
4820:
4816:
4797:
4778:
4757:
4732:
4701:
4695:
4676:
4668:Bibliography
4653:. Retrieved
4644:
4635:
4624:. Retrieved
4615:
4606:
4595:. Retrieved
4580:
4571:
4562:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4523:Lesser, 1983
4519:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4456:, 16, 93â106
4453:
4438:
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4370:
4358:. Retrieved
4354:the original
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4323:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4157:
4146:. Retrieved
4126:
4120:
4111:
4106:Fairall 1999
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3956:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3848:(1): 69â79.
3845:
3841:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3758:, Space.com.
3744:
3733:. Retrieved
3723:
3713:
3704:
3693:. Retrieved
3688:
3678:
3667:. Retrieved
3655:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3586:
3581:Saethre 2007
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3336:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3316:
3307:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3188:
3183:Aveni 1989:5
3179:
3154:. Retrieved
3128:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3029:
3023:
3014:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2970:Kintigh 1992
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2900:
2891:
2886:Aveni 1989:1
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2775:Poss 2005:97
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2712:Ruggles 2000
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2564:
2555:
2550:Hawkins 1976
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2418:Carlson 1999
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2127:
2116:
2105:
2102:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2064:Publications
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2024:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1979:
1961:
1945:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1866:
1851:Lascaux Cave
1833:Chaco Canyon
1830:
1819:Chaco Canyon
1807:
1796:
1754:
1727:
1711:
1681:
1668:Chichen Itza
1657:
1628:
1620:
1589:
1534:
1529:
1499:
1493:Michel Cotte
1487:
1457:
1442:
1420:
1402:
1376:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1340:
1301:
1284:
1274:
1255:
1220:
1206:
1192:
1190:
1153:agricultural
1146:
1131:
1103:
1099:Solar System
1084:
1061:
1018:
992:
984:spinning top
980:
942:
930:
929:rather than
924:
921:
905:
887:
884:
870:
860:
847:
831:Chaco Canyon
828:
816:
805:
796:
786:Fajada Butte
779:
771:Aztec script
743:
738:Fajada Butte
719:
707:
695:
669:
649:
645:
637:
619:
606:
600:
593:
589:
573:Quetzalcoatl
557:Chichen Itza
554:
543:
532:
528:
519:In contrast
518:
491:
475:
455:hypothetical
447:
442:
440:
431:
421:
403:
398:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
363:
359:
351:
341:
323:
300:
274:stone circle
245:
211:
209:
205:the pyramids
191:in 1678 and
177:antiquarians
169:John Michell
166:
155:
145:
125:
89:
61:
57:
56:
10900:Transgender
10825:Battlefield
10601:Prehistoric
10561:Burnt layer
10498:George Bass
10412:Archaeology
10177:unchambered
10172:Long barrow
10162:Grave goods
10118:Court cairn
10113:Clava cairn
10065:Bowl barrow
10003:Rock cupule
9946:Golden hats
9939:Hill figure
9840:Unstan ware
9820:Cord-marked
9685:Sweet Track
9607:Burnt mound
9528:Stilt house
9516:Sibudu Cave
9309:Tally stick
9277:Quern-stone
9262:Hammerstone
9252:Fire plough
9223:Pesse canoe
9181:Bannerstone
9151:Other tools
9064:Lithic core
9012:Aurignacian
8900:Bare Island
8782:Quern-stone
8375:Planetarium
8032:High-energy
8018:Cosmic rays
7970:Ultraviolet
7256:XLI: 31â60.
6974:: 796â805.
6589:(47): 3â6.
6238:(1): 9â46.
5988:Krupp, E.C.
5570:. Fontana.
5312:Fairall, A.
4566:Witzel 2001
4535:Cryptologia
4334:30 December
4269:Ć prajc 2015
4115:Krupp 1997b
4097:Spence 2000
3989:Hannah 1994
3803:Aveni 1989b
3563:Cairns 2005
3443:Sofaer 2008
3369:Meller 2004
3250:: 191â202.
2979:Hoskin 2001
2934:MacKie 2009
2916:MacKie 1997
2802:Fisher 2006
2694:Heggie 1982
2667:Hoskin 1996
2640:Zeilik 1986
2628:Zeilik 1985
2580:MacKie 1977
1889:petroglyphs
1648:El Castillo
1638: 1470
1506:Edwin Krupp
1416:petroglyphs
1270:cosmologies
1202:Mesoamerica
1039:due to the
1037:Sagittarius
1002:culminating
888:declination
881:Declination
875:Declination
843:Zuni people
820:Monte AlbĂĄn
782:petroglyphs
615:Han dynasty
514:Bush Barrow
512:and on the
417:Methodology
399:cosmovisiĂłn
391:cosmologies
189:John Aubrey
37:The rising
10997:Categories
10923:by country
10855:Industrial
10850:Indigenous
10799:Underwater
10745:Calceology
10667:Australian
10645:Geographic
10631:Historical
10566:Excavation
10316:trepanning
10209:Ring cairn
10167:Jar burial
10150:transepted
10082:U.S. sites
9983:Petroglyph
9909:Bird stone
9867:wine press
9540:Stone roof
9523:Roundhouse
9415:long house
9392:Stonehenge
9360:Ceremonial
9304:Stone tool
9131:Tool stone
9101:Metallurgy
9005:Mousterian
8982:Toolmaking
8920:Cumberland
8893:Transverse
8863:Schöningen
8755:Qesem cave
8723:Earth oven
8677:Irrigation
8588:Technology
8556:Prehistory
8368:Photometry
8345:Binoculars
8322:Astrometry
8183:telescopes
8080:Babylonian
7924:EM methods
7802:Astronomer
7684:1144089346
7657:1128937529
7439:2008-03-22
7122:2008-09-06
6960:Liller, W.
6819:2018-01-21
6629:2008-03-22
6597:2008-04-27
6473:2017-08-30
6397:(1): 1â3.
6054:2008-04-27
6010:2008-03-17
5914:2008-03-22
5818:2008-03-22
5624:2008-03-22
5558:2008-03-22
5502:2008-03-22
5478:2008-04-27
5370:2008-04-27
5346:2008-03-22
5328:(4): 3.4.
5306:: 105â132.
5213:2008-03-22
4968:2016-02-25
4823:: 456â60.
4626:2020-01-05
4597:2021-02-14
4148:2020-07-13
4088:Magli 2013
4052:Eogan 1991
4016:Krupp 1988
3901:Urton 1981
3767:Steel 1999
3735:2008-03-22
3695:2023-12-16
3669:2023-12-16
3412:T. Freeth
3338:2008-03-02
3156:2018-01-21
2988:Aveni 1989
2841:Aveni 1986
2757:Broda 2006
2685:Aveni 1982
2607:Hicks 1993
2400:Magli 2008
2382:Aveni 1980
2217:References
2200:Petroforms
2091:, and the
1718:earthworks
1697:Stonehenge
1687:Stonehenge
1666:center of
1422:Solsticial
1246:Argo Navis
1161:ecological
835:pictograph
824:Xochicalco
678:clinometer
673:calibrated
656:theodolite
642:Alignments
525:refraction
481:, the two
367:precursors
319:colonizers
311:prehistory
307:Amerindian
261:megalithic
252:Stonehenge
185:Stonehenge
139:, such as
10860:Landscape
10733:Osteology
10616:Classical
10360:symbolism
10224:Tor cairn
10182:GrĂžnsalen
10123:Cremation
10015:Sculpture
9993:Pictogram
9978:Petroform
9798:amber use
9766:Cosmetics
9576:Reservoir
9561:Check dam
9491:Pueblitos
9486:Pit-house
9469:Longhouse
9403:Dwellings
9272:Microlith
9203:Bow drill
9198:Bone tool
9191:prismatic
9000:Acheulean
8915:Cresswell
8888:Arrowhead
8814:Boomerang
8730:Granaries
8692:Terracing
8571:Stone Age
8440:Telescope
8046:Spherical
7993:Gamma-ray
7962:(optical)
7767:Astronomy
7467:cite book
7418:ignored (
7408:cite book
7349:143448703
7304:Antiquity
6998:119464061
6889:162705068
6869:Antiquity
6768:Antiquity
6705:117040313
6463:162960418
6443:Antiquity
6390:Centaurus
6252:162360353
6202:162530338
6182:Antiquity
6107:: 14â31.
6092:118003590
5721:0191-3557
5662:220338925
5291:163867549
5065:120619970
4955:161787154
4718:163140537
4697:Antiquity
4645:The Hindu
4541:: 19â20,
4514:Wise 2003
4505:Fell 1983
4496:Pyle 1983
4467:The Times
4412:1 January
4386:1 January
4360:1 January
4226:149439162
3719:Herodotus
3664:2940-9330
3299:149439162
3165:cite book
2503:146933891
2360:1103.5600
2277:220911940
2222:Citations
1808:et cetera
1714:megaliths
1604:plumb bob
1526:Newgrange
1512:Newgrange
1373:astronomy
1368:cosmology
1336:feng shui
1299:fashion.
1293:Milky Way
1248:drawn by
1223:, by the
1221:ton theoi
1072:Herodotus
1033:Capricorn
995:Sumerians
684:Artifacts
510:Maes Howe
485:and four
483:equinoxes
479:solstices
411:New World
407:Old World
328:(IAU) in
303:New World
268:accurate
256:Neolithic
210:The term
86:astronomy
70:phenomena
64:) is the
43:Newgrange
10970:Category
10952:Journals
10870:Mortuary
10865:Maritime
10840:Funerary
10835:Feminist
10830:Conflict
10808:Thematic
10723:Medieval
10677:Egyptian
10672:Oceanian
10657:American
10621:Medieval
10611:Biblical
10488:Max Uhle
9998:Rock art
9961:painting
9934:Geoglyph
9759:timeline
9739:Beadwork
9479:Mehrgarh
9474:Mudbrick
9382:megalith
9257:Fire-saw
9079:debitage
9074:analysis
9042:Hand axe
9022:Cupstone
8600:Glossary
8561:Timeline
8490:Category
8199:Category
8094:Egyptian
8011:Neutrino
7946:Infrared
7894:Galactic
7869:Sidewalk
7823:Glossary
7793:Timeline
7228:36608125
7160:11099032
7116:Archived
7013:: 21â23.
6962:(1990).
6810:Archived
6591:Archived
6530:68570164
6467:Archived
6322:: 76â78.
6293:53453775
6137:: 20â25.
6029:: 35â43.
5908:Archived
5812:Archived
5772:85024543
5729:27824945
5618:Archived
5552:Archived
5496:Archived
5472:Archived
5447:17136087
5364:Archived
5314:(1999).
5207:Archived
4959:Archived
4919:44019111
4649:Archived
4620:Archived
4591:Archived
4555:36073676
4446:Archived
4431:Archived
4406:Archived
4380:Archived
4328:Archived
4324:BBC News
4142:Archived
3961:Archived
3752:Archived
3729:Archived
3205:2000:1â7
3147:Archived
2190:Megalith
2136:See also
1916:â
1881:Pleiades
1761:Scotland
1751:Maeshowe
1743:Maeshowe
1733:Maeshowe
1701:Solstice
1504:â
1438:pilgrims
1413:Comanche
1405:Achilles
1258:universe
1217:New Moon
1194:Tzolk'in
1181:Ethiopia
1149:calendar
1135:â
1121:rainbows
1117:sun dogs
1078:and the
1064:eclipses
1010:meridian
949:New Moon
908:pendulum
864:â
627:homology
425:â
345:â
160:â
78:cultures
10930:Periods
10765:Virtual
10750:Digital
10652:African
10554:Sondage
10420:History
10355:Symbols
9966:pigment
9852:Weaving
9815:Cardium
9810:Pottery
9805:Mirrors
9793:Jewelry
9734:Baskets
9714:culture
9566:Cistern
9372:Pyramid
9314:Weapons
9292:Scraper
9282:Racloir
9242:Cleaver
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