2212:
2223:
37:
of archaeology. Martinón-Torres and
Killick distinguish ‘scientific archaeology’ (as an epistemology) from ‘archaeological science’ (the application of specific techniques to archaeological materials). Martinón-Torres and Killick claim that ‘archaeological science’ has promoted the development of
271:
Archaeometry has greatly influenced modern archaeology. Archaeologists can obtain significant additional data and information using these techniques, and archaeometry has the potential to revise the understanding of the past. For example, the "second
258:
Provenance analysis has the potential to determine the original source of the materials used, for example, to make a particular artifact. This can show how far the artifact has traveled and can indicate the existence of systems of
201:
Another important subdiscipline of archaeometry is the study of artifacts. Archaeometrists have used a variety of methods to analyze artifacts, either to determine more about their composition, or to determine their
1106:
168:(OSL) — for absolutely dating and relatively profiling buried land-surfaces in vertical and horizontal stratigraphic sections, most often by measuring photons discharged from grains of
1564:
1555:
1101:
1019:
543:
469:
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1075:
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38:
high-level theory in archaeology. However, Smith rejects both concepts of archaeological science because neither emphasize falsification or a search for causality.
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environmental approaches which provide information on past landscapes, climates, flora, and fauna; as well as the diet, nutrition, health, and
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176:, complications caused by internally induced dose-rates often favor the use of quartz-based analyzes in archaeological applications)
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276:" significantly re-dated European prehistory in the 1960s, compared to the "first radiocarbon revolution" from 1949.
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758:
203:
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has enabled archaeologists to identify many more archaeological sites than they could have otherwise. The use of
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2017:
2005:
1871:
1811:
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613:
342:
Archaeological
Theories and Archaeological Sciences in "The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Theory"
301:
159:
2039:
1932:
1881:
1831:
1821:
768:
313:
255:
can also test human remains to estimate the diets and even the birthplaces of a study's subjects.
131:
Archaeological science has particular value when it can provide absolute dates for archaeological
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1968:
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20:
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remains by association with volcanic sediments (the fossils themselves are not directly dated)
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909:
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648:
99:, involving the study of decay processes and the development of new methods of conservation
30:
8:
2010:
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45:
provides funding for archaeometry separate from the funding provided for archaeology.
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404:
Tite, M.S. (1991) Archaeological
Science - past achievements and future prospects.
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often help to identify and map archaeological features within identified sites.
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2032:
2022:
1983:
1958:
1728:
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1418:
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523:
355:
Smith, Michael E. (4 April 2017). "Social science and archaeological enquiry".
285:
120:
86:
392:
Archaeology and
Archaeometry: From Casual Dating to a Meaningful Relationship?
284:
Archaeometry is an important tool in finding potential dig sites. The use of
2242:
2000:
1428:
1358:
924:
778:
688:
1851:
1698:
1438:
1393:
969:
929:
423:
Traces of the Past: Unraveling the
Secrets of Archaeology Through Chemistry
316: – Processes for studying archaeological materials after an excavation
83:
mathematical methods for data treatment (including computer-based methods)
1927:
1806:
1678:
1657:
1373:
1009:
954:
899:
846:
806:
663:
513:
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156:— for dating trees; also very important for calibrating radiocarbon dates
322: – Methods for estimating a realistic date for old items and events
33:
to the analysis of archaeological materials and sites. It is related to
1990:
1922:
1433:
1413:
944:
811:
801:
753:
558:
116:
65:
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physical and chemical dating methods which provide archaeologists with
1978:
1937:
1443:
796:
300:) remains the most widespread remote-sensing technique. Ground-based
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189:
77:
339:
172:
within sedimentary bodies (although this technique can also measure
1733:
1448:
1408:
1403:
949:
773:
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518:
132:
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Archaeological science can be divided into the following areas:
728:
718:
477:
249:
169:
1626:
763:
668:
297:
260:
544:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
528:
241:
549:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
935:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
1583:
Conservation-restoration of the
Sistine Chapel frescoes
123:
also form sub-disciplines of archaeological science.
1780:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
162:— for dating inorganic material (including ceramics)
19:"Archaeometry" redirects here. For the journal, see
16:
Application of scientific techniques to archaeology
48:
2259:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
1588:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
724:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
539:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
2240:
1611:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
1601:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
1565:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
279:
1606:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
1578:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
1542:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
699:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
1642:
463:
389:
266:
217:inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
1649:
1635:
1107:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
470:
456:
340:Marcos Martinón-Torres and David Killick.
43:Natural and Environmental Research Council
654:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
150:— especially for dating organic materials
554:Conservation science (cultural property)
420:
182:, as used (for example) in dating teeth
2241:
435:
188:— for dating (for example) fossilized
1630:
451:
354:
235:laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
126:
196:
13:
739:Preservation (library and archive)
14:
2295:
166:optically stimulated luminescence
2221:
2211:
2210:
1593:Conservation-restoration of the
1469:Indigenous intellectual property
1656:
704:Inventory (library and archive)
604:Cultural property documentation
390:Killick, D; Young, SMM (1997).
49:Types of archaeological science
29:consists of the application of
1102:Bone, horn, and antler objects
644:Digital photograph restoration
429:
414:
398:
383:
348:
333:
93:techniques for buried features
1:
1287:South Asian household shrines
985:Reconstruction (architecture)
915:Cultural property radiography
872:Registrar (cultural property)
624:Cultural resources management
584:Collections management system
326:
320:Dating methods in archaeology
280:Locating archaeological sites
139:. Some of the most important
1795:electrical resistance survey
1556:Conservation-restoration of
1547:Conservation-restoration of
920:Detachment of wall paintings
694:Intangible cultural heritage
609:Cultural property exhibition
594:Cultural heritage management
229:scanning electron microscopy
206:. These techniques include:
7:
1000:Transfer of panel paintings
307:
223:neutron activation analysis
41:In the United Kingdom, the
10:
2300:
1684:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1464:Heritage language learning
734:Optical media preservation
440:. Interscience Publishers.
344:. Oxford University Press.
18:
2206:
2158:
2053:
1946:
1890:
1839:
1830:
1765:Philosophy of archaeology
1752:
1664:
1532:
1504:Oral history preservation
1345:
1074:
1018:
885:
787:
619:Cultural property storage
614:Cultural property imaging
489:
267:Influence of archaeometry
160:thermoluminescence dating
1551:by Elías García Martínez
769:Sustainable preservation
314:Post-excavation analysis
1509:Preservation of meaning
1494:Language revitalization
1162:Illuminated manuscripts
940:Historic paint analysis
832:Conservation technician
634:Deaccessioning (museum)
574:Collections maintenance
499:Agents of deterioration
438:Physics and Archaeology
180:electron spin resonance
2249:Archaeological science
1519:Tradition preservation
1172:Iron and steel objects
1061:Outdoor bronze objects
1005:UVC-based preservation
862:Photograph conservator
827:Conservation scientist
579:Collections management
509:Archaeological science
274:radiocarbon revolution
186:potassium-argon dating
27:Archaeological science
21:Archaeometry (journal)
1775:Archaeological ethics
1770:Archaeological diving
1760:Archaeological theory
1524:Traditional knowledge
1489:Language preservation
1097:Ancient Greek pottery
995:Textile stabilization
857:Paintings conservator
744:Preservation metadata
629:Database preservation
483:historic preservation
97:conservation sciences
31:scientific techniques
1714:Augustus Pitt Rivers
1709:William Henry Holmes
1674:Archaeological sites
1312:Time-based media art
1122:Copper-based objects
1036:Archaeological sites
965:Mass deacidification
910:Cradling (paintings)
822:Conservator-restorer
649:Digital preservation
421:Lambert, JB (1997).
369:10.15184/aqy.2017.19
143:techniques include:
2279:Science and culture
1704:John Lloyd Stephens
1694:Heinrich Schliemann
1616:World Heritage Site
1479:Indigenous language
1379:Endangered language
1277:Shipwreck artifacts
1257:Photographic plates
1207:Musical instruments
960:Lining of paintings
877:Textile conservator
852:Objects conservator
842:Exhibition designer
749:Preservation survey
674:Found in collection
564:Collection (museum)
534:Calendar (archives)
504:Archival processing
436:Aitken, MJ (1961).
302:geophysical surveys
174:potassium feldspars
103:Techniques such as
2228:History portal
1790:geophysical survey
1474:Indigenous culture
817:Collection manager
714:Media preservation
709:Inventory (museum)
569:Collection catalog
290:aerial photography
211:X-ray fluorescence
148:radiocarbon dating
91:geophysical-survey
2269:Cultural heritage
2236:
2235:
2154:
2153:
2136:Pseudoarchaeology
1753:Method and theory
1624:
1623:
1573:Pompeian frescoes
1459:Heritage language
1349:cultural heritage
1137:Flags and banners
1082:cultural property
1046:Heritage railways
1026:cultural property
975:Paleo-inspiration
659:Film preservation
599:Cultural property
589:Cultural heritage
479:Cultural heritage
425:. Addison-Wesley.
294:satellite imagery
127:Dating techniques
109:archaeometallurgy
2291:
2284:Applied sciences
2254:Collections care
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2061:Archaeoastronomy
2028:Paleoethnobotany
1837:
1836:
1739:Alfred V. Kidder
1724:Mortimer Wheeler
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1560:by Thomas Eakins
1558:The Gross Clinic
1454:Folklore studies
1364:Applied folklore
1337:Wooden furniture
1332:Wooden artifacts
1327:Woodblock prints
1307:Tibetan thangkas
1167:Insect specimens
1056:Outdoor artworks
1051:Historic gardens
684:Heritage science
472:
465:
458:
449:
448:
442:
441:
433:
427:
426:
418:
412:
402:
396:
395:
387:
381:
380:
363:(356): 520–528.
352:
346:
345:
337:
253:isotope analysis
197:Artifact studies
154:dendrochronology
113:paleoethnobotany
2299:
2298:
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2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2202:
2150:
2049:
1964:Archaeogenetics
1942:
1886:
1832:Sub-disciplines
1826:
1822:Post-excavation
1817:Lithic analysis
1748:
1719:Flinders Petrie
1660:
1655:
1625:
1620:
1567:The Last Supper
1534:
1528:
1514:Primitive music
1424:Folk instrument
1399:Family folklore
1389:Ethnomusicology
1384:Ethnochoreology
1351:
1348:
1341:
1262:Plastic objects
1247:Performance art
1232:Panel paintings
1227:Painting frames
1192:Leather objects
1112:Ceramic objects
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:and restoration
1077:
1070:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:and restoration
1021:
1014:
980:Paper splitting
895:Aging (artwork)
887:
881:
867:Preservationist
789:
783:
639:Digital library
491:
485:
476:
446:
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434:
430:
419:
415:
403:
399:
388:
384:
353:
349:
338:
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269:
199:
129:
105:lithic analysis
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2297:
2287:
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2271:
2266:
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2256:
2251:
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2231:
2230:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:Assyriologists
2188:
2181:Archaeologists
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
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2149:
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2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:Zooarchaeology
2030:
2025:
2023:Geoarchaeology
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:Paleopathology
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1959:Bioarchaeology
1956:
1950:
1948:
1947:Methodological
1944:
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1736:
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1729:Dorothy Garrod
1726:
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1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Antiquarianism
1676:
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1516:
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1506:
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1499:Living history
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:Language death
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Folk etymology
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Dance notation
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1343:
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1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1282:Silver objects
1279:
1274:
1269:
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1254:
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1229:
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1088:
1086:
1072:
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1066:Outdoor murals
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Rissverklebung
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:Arrested decay
902:
897:
891:
889:
888:and techniques
883:
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869:
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741:
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696:
691:
686:
681:
679:Heritage asset
676:
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586:
581:
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541:
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531:
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524:Bioarchaeology
521:
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467:
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444:
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428:
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397:
382:
347:
331:
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317:
309:
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286:remote sensing
281:
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214:
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193:
183:
177:
163:
157:
151:
128:
125:
121:zooarchaeology
101:
100:
94:
87:remote-sensing
84:
81:
74:
68:
50:
47:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2285:
2282:
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
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2229:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Egyptologists
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
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2163:
2161:
2157:
2147:
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2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Phenomenology
2129:
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2119:
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2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2102:
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2018:Environmental
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1024:of immovable
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790:and expertise
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779:Web archiving
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689:Inherent vice
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55:
54:
46:
44:
39:
36:
35:methodologies
32:
28:
22:
2066:Archaeometry
2065:
2040:Experimental
1974:Near Eastern
1933:Near Eastern
1928:Mesopotamian
1882:Contemporary
1699:Arthur Evans
1594:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1439:Folk process
1394:Ethnopoetics
1352:preservation
1212:Neon objects
1085:by item type
1076:Conservation
1029:by item type
1020:Conservation
970:Overpainting
930:Display case
759:Repatriation
508:
437:
431:
422:
416:
408:
406:Archaeometry
405:
400:
394:. Antiquity.
391:
385:
360:
356:
350:
341:
335:
283:
270:
257:
240:
200:
130:
102:
66:chronologies
52:
40:
26:
25:
2274:Art history
2146:Transgender
2071:Battlefield
1847:Prehistoric
1807:Burnt layer
1744:George Bass
1658:Archaeology
1595:H.L. Hunley
1374:Early music
1322:Vinyl discs
1317:Totem poles
1252:Photographs
1197:Lighthouses
1187:Lacquerware
1142:Fur objects
1080:of movable
1010:VisualAudio
955:Leafcasting
900:Anastylosis
847:Mount maker
807:Art handler
664:Finding aid
514:Archaeology
292:(including
2243:Categories
2169:by country
2101:Industrial
2096:Indigenous
2045:Underwater
1991:Calceology
1913:Australian
1891:Geographic
1877:Historical
1812:Excavation
1434:Folk music
1414:Folk dance
1347:Intangible
945:Inpainting
812:Auctioneer
802:Art dealer
754:Provenance
559:Collecting
492:and issues
327:References
204:provenance
117:palynology
2264:Museology
2106:Landscape
1979:Osteology
1862:Classical
1549:Ecce Homo
1444:Folk play
1297:Taxidermy
1242:Parchment
1222:Paintings
797:Archivist
377:151767590
357:Antiquity
246:strontium
137:artifacts
80:of people
78:pathology
2216:Category
2198:Journals
2116:Mortuary
2111:Maritime
2086:Funerary
2081:Feminist
2076:Conflict
2054:Thematic
1969:Medieval
1923:Egyptian
1918:Oceanian
1903:American
1867:Medieval
1857:Biblical
1734:Max Uhle
1535:projects
1449:Foodways
1409:Folk art
1404:Folklore
1302:Textiles
1152:Herbaria
1127:Feathers
1092:Aircraft
950:Kintsugi
774:Treasure
411:139-151.
308:See also
261:exchange
219:(ICP-MS)
71:artifact
63:relative
59:absolute
2176:Periods
2011:Virtual
1996:Digital
1898:African
1800:Sondage
1666:History
1533:Notable
1237:Papyrus
1182:Judaica
1041:Frescos
886:Methods
837:Curator
519:Archive
190:hominid
73:studies
2165:Sites
2091:Gender
1954:Aerial
1938:Nubian
1785:Survey
1202:Metals
1117:Clocks
729:Museum
719:Midden
490:Topics
375:
250:oxygen
237:(LIBS)
170:quartz
141:dating
133:strata
2159:Lists
2141:Queer
2121:Music
1908:Asian
788:Roles
764:Ruins
669:Fonds
373:S2CID
298:Lidar
231:(SEM)
225:(NAA)
213:(XRF)
2126:Nazi
1132:Film
529:Book
481:and
296:and
248:and
242:Lead
135:and
119:and
89:and
61:and
365:doi
2245::
409:31
371:.
361:91
359:.
263:.
244:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
1650:e
1643:t
1636:v
471:e
464:t
457:v
379:.
367::
23:.
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