1661:. Its implications prompted a myriad of research in various branches of physical geography. In the case of the Paleogeography, this theory provided a model for understanding the evolution of the landscape. For hydrology, glaciology, and climatology as a boost investigated as studying geographic factors shape the landscape and affect the cycle. The bulk of the work of William Morris Davis led to the development of a new branch of physical geography: Geomorphology whose contents until then did not differ from the rest of geography. Shortly after this branch would present a major development. Some of his disciples made significant contributions to various branches of physical geography such as
1689:
1646:
relief by geological processes (faults, volcanism, tectonic upheaval, etc.). Factors such as rivers and runoff begin to create V-shaped valleys between the mountains (the stage called "youth"). During this first stage, the terrain is steeper and more irregular. Over time, the currents can carve wider valleys ("maturity") and then start to wind, towering hills only ("senescence"). Finally, everything comes to what is a plain flat plain at the lowest elevation possible (called "baseline") This plain was called by Davis' "
2891:
45:
845:
3814:
3627:
2904:
3826:
3639:
2916:
69:
3663:
3838:
3651:
2928:
898:
1197:. Landscape ecology typically deals with problems in an applied and holistic context. The main difference between biogeography and landscape ecology is that the latter is concerned with how flows or energy and material are changed and their impacts on the landscape whereas the former is concerned with the spatial patterns of species and chemical cycles.
2592:. Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by
1578:
where he promoted the study of geography and the training of geographers. In 1758 he was appointed director of the
Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences, a post from which would develop a working methodology for geographical survey guided by the most important long expeditions and geographical
974:
and phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology groups the latter (ice sheets) as continental glaciers and the former (glaciers) as alpine glaciers. Although research in the areas is similar to research undertaken into both the dynamics of ice sheets and glaciers, the former tends to be concerned with the
1645:
theory which he proposed as a paradigm for geography in general, although in actually served as a paradigm for physical geography. His theory explained that mountains and other landforms are shaped by factors that are manifested cyclically. He explained that the cycle begins with the lifting of the
1229:
is a branch of geography that analyzes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. The branch bridges the divide between human and physical geography and thus requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, and geomorphology,
2157:
1192:
and geography that address how spatial variation in the landscape affects ecological processes such as the distribution and flow of energy, materials, and individuals in the environment (which, in turn, may influence the distribution of landscape "elements" themselves such as hedgerows). The field
1251:
Mental geography and earth science journals communicate and document the results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions. Most journals cover a specific publish the research within that field, however unlike human geographers, physical geographers tend to
1131:
processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weathering, and also the ways in which humans interact with the coast. Coastal geography, although predominantly geomorphological in its research, is not just concerned with coastal landforms, but also the causes and influences of
1570:. In the mid-1750s Lomonosov began working in the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences to conduct research in Siberia. They showed the organic origin of soil and developed a comprehensive law on the movement of the ice, thereby founding a new branch of geography:
1555:. This fostered the creation of geography departments in the universities of the colonial powers and the birth and development of national geographical societies, thus giving rise to the process identified by Horacio Capel as the institutionalization of geography.
1479:(human geography), geography was almost exclusively a natural science: the study of location and descriptive gazetteer of all places of the known world. Several works among the best known during this long period could be cited as an example, from
1126:
is the study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology, and oceanography) and the human geography of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal
1089:
is a cross-disciplinary study that examines the preserved material in the stratigraphic record to determine the distribution of the continents through geologic time. Almost all the evidence for the positions of the continents comes from
975:
interaction of ice sheets with the present climate and the latter with the impact of glaciers on the landscape. Glaciology also has a vast array of sub-fields examining the factors and processes involved in ice sheets and glaciers e.g.
1598:
whose main contribution, climate classification, is still valid today. However, this great geographer also contributed to the paleogeography through his work "The climates of the geological past" which is considered the father of
995:, although the field prior to the late twentieth century had largely been viewed as historic in its outlook and descriptive in its approach. The main stimulus for the field since its founding has been that of
1221:(the short or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing devices that are not in physical or intimate contact with the object).
1209:(scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field, and other geodynamic phenomena, such as crustal motion, oceanic tides, and polar motion),
1985:(1937â2006), who demonstrated that oscillations in climate over the past few million years could be correlated with variations in the orbital and positional relationship between the Earth and the Sun.
1703:(276 – 194 BC) who invented the discipline of geography. He made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of mathematical geography and
991:
is the science which deals with geographic patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in these patterns. Biogeography emerged as a field of study as a result of the work of
942:
side that embraces the systems approach. Similar to most fields of physical geography it has sub-fields that examine the specific bodies of water or their interaction with other spheres e.g.
1031:, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a long period of time. Climatology examines both the nature of micro (local) and macro (global) climates and the natural and
1343:
914:
is predominantly concerned with the amounts and quality of water moving and accumulating on the land surface and in the soils and rocks near the surface and is typified by the
836:, which focuses on using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, and understand spatial information. The three branches have significant overlap, however.
1230:
as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment. Although the branch was previously more visible in research than at present with theories such as
869:
of the Earth and the processes by which it is shaped, both at the present as well as in the past. Geomorphology as a field has several sub-fields that deal with the specific
1392:
2400:(Soil geography) is a branch of study which lies between geography and soil science and is to be found as a fundamental part of both subjects (Bridges and Davidson, 1981)
1535:
Two historical events during the nineteenth century had a great effect on the further development of physical geography. The first was the
European colonial expansion in
2438:
soil geography may be defined as a scientific discipline - within both geography and soil science - that deals with the distribution of soils across the Earth's surface
1441:
881:
geomorphology; however, these sub-fields are united by the core processes which cause them, mainly tectonic or climatic processes. Geomorphology seeks to understand
1657:
Although Davis's theory is not entirely accurate, it was absolutely revolutionary and unique in its time and helped to modernize and create a geography subfield of
1448:
1350:
1144:
is the branch of physical geography that studies the Earth's oceans and seas. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics (
113:
1160:). These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it.
3554:
1590:". In the latter, he introduced the geographical concept of soil, as distinct from a simple geological stratum, and thus found a new geographic area of study:
2269:
1462:
1035:
influences on them. The field is also sub-divided largely into the climates of various regions and the study of specific phenomena or time periods e.g.
1630:, who had academic training as a zoologist and was a follower of Darwin's ideas) which meant an important impetus in the development of Biogeography.
934:, in which the field examines the process and dynamics involved in these bodies of water. Hydrology has historically had an important connection with
1413:
1582:
The contributions of the
Russian school became more frequent through his disciples, and in the nineteenth century we have great geographers such as
1180:
and uses proxy evidence to reconstruct the past environments during this period to infer the climatic and environmental changes that have occurred.
2646:
1266:
1604:
1205:
is the field of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering geographic information, or spatially referenced information. Geomatics includes
1234:
linking society with the environment. It has largely become the domain of the study of environmental management or anthropogenic influences.
2768:
1616:
885:
history and dynamics, and predict future changes through a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling (
2012:
776:
1252:
publish in inter-disciplinary journals rather than predominantly geography journal; the research is normally expressed in the form of a
2966:
2217:
1814:(1622â1650), Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650), first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography.
3605:
1399:
1475:
From the birth of geography as a science during the Greek classical period and until the late nineteenth century with the birth of
3701:
1641:
not only made important contributions to the establishment of discipline in his country but revolutionized the field to develop
1838:(1807â1884), who noted the structure of glaciers and advanced the understanding of glacial motion, especially in fast ice flow.
1562:
is an example. In the mid-eighteenth century, many geographers were sent to perform geographical surveys in the area of Arctic
2680:
2483:
1287:
1036:
2345:
2932:
1911:
3380:
2062:
17:
2661:
2642:
2538:
2516:
2167:
2137:
3600:
3564:
2761:
1872:(1850â1934), father of American geography, founder of Geomorphology and developer of the geographical cycle theory.
1532:(catastrophism) strongly influenced the field of geography, because geography at this time was a natural science.
3842:
3726:
3667:
2127:
1586:
who performed works of great importance as a "principle of comprehensive analysis of the territory" and "Russian
1518:
1156:); and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries (
769:
3559:
3313:
2959:
2032:
1511:) in the nineteenth century, in which geography is regarded as a physical and natural science through the work
1427:
1214:
740:
427:
1995:
1964:(1927â1998), palaeoclimatologist and pioneer in ice core research, co-identifier of Dansgaard-Orschger events.
1726:
3419:
2037:
1434:
1385:
538:
103:
3585:
3346:
1524:
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a controversy exported from geology, between supporters of
1315:
1257:
465:
31:
2327:
2242:
Dada, Anup (December 2022). "The
Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography".
3864:
3694:
3004:
2989:
2908:
2754:
1934:(1882â1981), pioneer of research into the shaping of landscapes by catastrophic floods, most notably the
1744:
1666:
1455:
1371:
1329:
1256:. Additionally, textbooks, books, and communicate research to laypeople, although these tend to focus on
1246:
745:
693:
1172:
period, which encompasses the last 2.6 million years. The field studies the last ice age and the recent
3655:
2508:
2475:
762:
3721:
3461:
2952:
2052:
1231:
1053:. This discipline, between geography and soil science, is fundamental to both physical geography and
580:
133:
1955:
1420:
2474:. Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material by Duane W. Roller.
1863:
3869:
3818:
3569:
3534:
3476:
2999:
1971:
1336:
1308:
1225:
1153:
1145:
666:
653:
595:
143:
1954:
and quaternary scientist, instrumental in the use of oxygen-isotope dating and co-identifier of
1866:(1846â1940), developer of most important climate classification and founder of Paleoclimatology.
1844:(1807â1873), the author of a glacial theory which disputed the notion of a steady-cooling Earth.
1260:
or cultural dilemmas. Examples of journals that publish articles from physical geographers are:
3687:
3389:
3356:
3104:
3034:
1941:
1823:
1692:
1559:
1504:
938:
and has thus developed a largely quantitative method in its research; however, it does have an
889:). Early studies in geomorphology are the foundation for pedology, one of two main branches of
507:
475:
241:
171:
123:
2734:
1003:
and the theory of island biogeography. The field can largely be divided into five sub-fields:
3830:
3744:
3511:
3351:
3323:
3204:
3054:
2503:
2263:
2027:
2022:
1921:
1875:
1847:
1552:
1357:
1301:
1157:
1149:
992:
629:
470:
437:
384:
191:
2529:
2445:
1032:
3529:
3501:
3402:
3338:
3238:
3109:
3099:
3069:
3039:
3009:
2994:
2978:
2597:
2375:
2017:
1869:
1740:
1638:
1633:
Another major event in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took place in the
1496:
1364:
1078:
673:
648:
620:
521:
455:
246:
236:
206:
176:
128:
96:
85:
2294:
1603:. Russian geographers who made great contributions to the discipline in this period were:
8:
3739:
3610:
3595:
3290:
3195:
3136:
3119:
3094:
3044:
2788:
2728:
2194:
2072:
2007:
1982:
1951:
1811:
1805:
1753:
1719:
1682:
1294:
1066:
1004:
833:
805:
750:
402:
273:
256:
231:
181:
108:
2379:
2093:
1717:
90 – c. 168), who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book
3631:
3491:
3441:
3280:
3114:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3059:
3049:
2880:
2589:
2391:
1835:
1761:
1651:
1513:
1322:
1280:
1164:
915:
856:
Physical geography can be divided into several branches or related fields, as follows:
720:
683:
678:
610:
560:
389:
251:
226:
216:
211:
196:
186:
148:
138:
2740:
1688:
1595:
3825:
3638:
3361:
3181:
3141:
2915:
2875:
2819:
2676:
2657:
2638:
2534:
2512:
2479:
2446:
2429:
2395:
2163:
2133:
2057:
1907:
1828:
1817:
1797:
1612:
1575:
1567:
1184:
1122:
1103:
829:
688:
480:
374:
336:
278:
1521:
from the early sixteenth century, which indicated for the first time the New World.
3643:
3456:
3328:
3213:
3131:
3064:
2920:
2810:
2383:
2251:
2209:
1917:
1892:
1857:
1773:
1642:
1627:
1600:
1583:
1406:
1253:
1133:
1040:
575:
442:
327:
268:
201:
118:
80:
2665:
2413:
30:
This article is about the academic discipline. For the peer-reviewed journal, see
3784:
3424:
3217:
3124:
3026:
2814:
1967:
1947:
1935:
1896:
1476:
1378:
1273:
1111:
1107:
1085:
1062:
1000:
980:
825:
801:
543:
331:
261:
161:
2255:
3486:
3481:
3446:
3366:
3308:
3169:
2801:
2387:
1975:
1931:
1623:
1608:
1529:
1218:
1099:
1016:
1008:
886:
725:
605:
600:
565:
485:
422:
311:
3858:
3710:
3451:
3414:
3243:
3190:
2890:
2856:
2851:
2433:
2047:
1961:
1925:
1888:
1841:
1820:(1711â1765), father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology.
1784:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1634:
1548:
1057:. Pedology is the study of soils in their natural environment. It deals with
939:
861:
715:
703:
570:
533:
355:
345:
38:
2213:
1714:
1069:. Soil geography studies the spatial distribution of soils as it relates to
44:
3794:
3779:
3590:
3429:
3266:
3185:
3174:
3159:
3084:
2828:
2823:
2797:
2593:
2467:
2067:
1851:
1700:
1525:
1488:
1173:
1140:
1115:
1012:
987:
947:
890:
849:
548:
340:
316:
301:
221:
2504:
Plotting the globe: stories of meridians, parallels, and the international
3799:
3774:
3519:
3471:
3466:
3407:
3397:
3209:
3199:
2806:
2792:
1801:
1210:
1058:
1023:
935:
866:
813:
638:
590:
585:
526:
516:
369:
323:
2428:. Warsaw: Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS: 271â288.
844:
3764:
3759:
3524:
3274:
3252:
3227:
3222:
2861:
2841:
2836:
2042:
2002:
1900:
1792:
1571:
1566:. Among these is who is considered the patriarch of Russian geography,
1194:
1169:
1128:
1077:(micro-organisms, plants, animals) and mineral materials within soils (
1070:
967:
963:
954:
809:
643:
360:
2600:
more than seven hundred years afterward, and their number is the same.
1594:. Climatology also received a strong boost from the Russian school by
3769:
3496:
3318:
3298:
3261:
3257:
2975:
2870:
2866:
2746:
2735:
Fundamentals of
Physical Geography, 2nd Edition, by M. Pidwirny, 2006
1780:
1647:
1587:
1544:
1201:
1114:. This, in turn, has supported palaeogeographic theories such as the
1074:
996:
943:
910:
821:
817:
797:
708:
698:
615:
498:
432:
412:
379:
365:
60:
1860:(1840â1903), patriarch of Russian geography and founder of pedology.
1503:) in the Ancient Age. In more modern times, these works include the
68:
3270:
2944:
2832:
2112:
1788:
1736:
1654:
occurs and there is another mountain lift and the cycle continues.
1591:
1177:
1054:
882:
870:
1826:(1769â1859), considered the father of modern geography. Published
3754:
3749:
3434:
3303:
3247:
3231:
3164:
2846:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1563:
1206:
1189:
1091:
1050:
1028:
959:
931:
927:
901:
878:
553:
417:
350:
306:
3679:
2366:
Bridges, E. M. (1981). "Soil geography: a subject transformed".
1540:
1480:
1095:
874:
2549:
1920:(1875â1945), founder of modern hydrology and concepts such as
1695:, considered to be the founding father of physical geography.
1551:
in search of raw materials required by industries during the
919:
897:
2416:[Soil geography as a physical geography discipline]
2354:
Soils
Geography lies between Physical Geography and Pedology
48:
NASA true-color image of the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
2159:
Introduction to
Geography: People, Places & Environment
1878:
1622:
The second important process is the theory of evolution by
1536:
976:
923:
1148:); ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics (
37:"Physiography" redirects here. The term may also refer to
27:
Study of processes and patterns in the natural environment
2731:, full text, physical geography of the Thames River Basin
2715:
Environmental
Modelling: Finding Simplicity in Complexity
2129:
Physical
Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments
1729:(973 – 1048 AD), considered the father of
1470:
971:
2694:
1626:
in mid-century (which decisively influenced the work of
1168:
is an interdisciplinary field of study focusing on the
2712:
2618:
Introduction to Physical Geography and the Environment
2414:"Geografia gleb jako dyscyplina flzycznogeograficzna"
2368:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
1152:); plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor (
1102:. The use of these data has resulted in evidence for
2565:
H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World",
1944:(1894â1965), pioneer of physical geography in Spain.
1850:(1823â1913), founder of modern biogeography and the
1463:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
2447:"Soil geography as a physical geography discipline"
804:which deals with the processes and patterns in the
2110:
1777:, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times.
2295:"Physical Geography: Defining Physical Geography"
2268:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1787:is the oldest surviving world map to include the
1414:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3856:
1049:deals with the distribution of soils across the
2497:
2495:
1676:
1267:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
824:. This focus is in contrast with the branch of
2588:The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the
2155:
2126:Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2013).
1996:Outline of geography § Physical geography
3695:
3555:Geographic data and information organizations
2960:
2762:
2111:Pidwirny, Michael; Jones, Scott (1999â2015).
770:
2741:Physical Geography for Students and Teachers
2492:
2466:
2125:
1193:was largely funded by the German geographer
2703:
2443:
2013:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
1910:(1874â1922), Antarctic explorer during the
3702:
3688:
2967:
2953:
2769:
2755:
2656:Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada.
2637:Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada.
2627:Science, Philosophy and Physical Geography
1238:
777:
763:
3606:National Council for Geographic Education
2695:Strahler, Alan; Strahler Arthur. (2006).
2635:Glossary of Terms for Physical Geography.
2501:Avraham Ariel, Nora Ariel Berger (2006)."
1739:(Avicenna, 980â1037), who formulated the
1400:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
2688:Fundamentals of the Physical Environment
2685:
2411:
2244:Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research
2188:
2186:
2156:Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014).
2151:
2149:
1687:
1665:and his invaluable legacy for Pedology,
1574:. In 1755 on his initiative was founded
896:
843:
43:
2713:Wainwright, John; Mulligan, M. (2003).
2365:
1783:(1465 – c. 1554), whose
796:) is one of the three main branches of
14:
3857:
2776:
2624:
2615:
1970:(1927â2002), a key contributor to the
1832:and founded the study of biogeography.
1471:Historical evolution of the discipline
1215:geographical information science (GIS)
918:. Thus the field encompasses water in
800:. Physical geography is the branch of
3683:
2948:
2750:
2686:Smithson, Peter; et al. (2002).
2575:
2543:
2533:". The Creative Company. p. 4.
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2192:
2183:
2146:
1288:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
1073:, climate (water, air, temperature),
1037:tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
3837:
3650:
2974:
2927:
2671:Reynolds, Stephen J. et al. (2015).
2241:
2235:
2223:from the original on 19 January 2022
1881:(1854-1911), wrote his seminal work
865:is concerned with understanding the
3662:
2675:. McGraw-Hill Education, New York.
1912:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1895:and the simultaneous occurrence of
1681:For a more comprehensive list, see
24:
2717:. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, London.
2609:
2311:
2276:
2063:Physiographic regions of the world
67:
25:
3881:
3709:
2729:Physiography by T.X. Huxley, 1878
2722:
2654:Understanding Physical Geography.
3836:
3824:
3813:
3812:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3626:
3625:
3601:International Geography Olympiad
2926:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2889:
1344:Journal of Geography and Geology
2743:, UK National Grid For Learning
2559:
2521:
2460:
2405:
2359:
1764:(Dreses, 1100 –
1528:(uniformitarianism thesis) and
839:
3314:Geographic information science
2697:Introducing Physical Geography
2338:
2132:. Cambridge University Press.
2119:
2104:
2086:
2033:Geographic information science
1891:(1888â1923), proponent of the
1650:" meaning "almost plain" Then
1428:Progress in Physical Geography
873:of various environments, e.g.
428:Geographic information science
13:
1:
3420:Geographic information system
2673:Exploring Physical Geography.
2583:History of the Moorish Empire
2346:"Subdisciplines of Geography"
2195:"What is Technical Geography"
2094:"1(b). Elements of Geography"
2079:
2038:Geographic information system
1765:
1435:Remote Sensing of Environment
1386:Journal of Quaternary Science
539:Geographic information system
3347:Environmental social science
2444:M. DegĂłrski (January 2004).
1677:Notable physical geographers
1316:Geophysical Research Letters
466:Environmental social science
32:Physical Geography (journal)
7:
2652:Pidwirny, Michael. (2014).
2633:Pidwirny, Michael. (2014).
1989:
1800:(1512â1594), an innovative
1456:The Professional Geographer
1372:Journal of Hydrometeorology
1330:Journal of Coastal Research
694:Non-representational theory
10:
3886:
2509:Greenwood Publishing Group
2476:Princeton University Press
2388:10.1177/030913338100500303
2332:University of Nevada, Reno
1993:
1680:
1519:MartĂn FernĂĄndez de Enciso
36:
29:
3808:
3735:
3717:
3621:
3578:
3547:
3510:
3462:Global Positioning System
3388:
3379:
3337:
3289:
3150:
3025:
3018:
2985:
2898:
2887:
2784:
2567:Cooperation South Journal
2472:Eratosthenes' "Geography"
2299:Dartmouth College Library
2256:10.36962/GBSSJAR/59.3.004
2098:www.physicalgeography.net
2053:Global Positioning System
1956:Dansgaard-Oeschger events
1232:environmental determinism
581:Global Positioning System
134:Environmental determinism
2704:Summerfield, M. (1991).
2625:Inkpen, Robert. (2004).
2620:. Prentice-Hall, London.
2616:Holden, Joseph. (2004).
2527:Jennifer Fandel (2006)."
2412:DegĂłrski, Marek (2004).
3570:National mapping agency
3535:Survey (human research)
3477:Participant observation
2214:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01
2162:(6 ed.). Pearson.
1972:quantitative revolution
1936:Bretz (Missoula) floods
1883:Geography of the Oceans
1337:Journal of Biogeography
1239:Journals and literature
1226:Environmental geography
1188:is a sub-discipline of
1154:geological oceanography
1146:biological oceanography
966:, or more commonly the
828:, which focuses on the
654:Survey (human research)
596:Participant observation
144:Quantitative revolution
3560:Geographical societies
3357:Landscape architecture
2602:
2258:(inactive 2024-09-17).
1824:Alexander von Humboldt
1804:and originator of the
1696:
1693:Alexander von Humboldt
1560:exploration of Siberia
1505:Alexander von Humboldt
1351:Journal of Geocryology
905:
853:
667:Theoretical Approaches
476:Landscape architecture
124:History of cartography
72:
49:
3745:Environmental science
3352:Environmental studies
3324:Statistical geography
3205:Environmental science
2586:
2422:Przeglad Geograficzny
2193:Haidu, Ionel (2016).
2028:Environmental studies
2023:Environmental science
1922:infiltration capacity
1876:John Francon Williams
1864:Wladimir Peter Köppen
1848:Alfred Russel Wallace
1691:
1553:Industrial Revolution
1358:Journal of Glaciology
1302:Geographical Bulletin
1158:chemical oceanography
1150:physical oceanography
1079:biogeochemical cycles
1007:, paleobiogeography,
993:Alfred Russel Wallace
900:
847:
471:Environmental studies
438:Statistical geography
71:
47:
3565:Geoscience societies
3530:Interview (research)
3502:Land change modeling
3403:Computer cartography
3381:Techniques and tools
3239:Earth system science
2706:Global Geomorphology
2690:. Routledge, London.
2629:. Routledge, London.
2581:S. P. Scott (1904),
2328:"Physical Geography"
2113:"Physical Geography"
2018:Earth system science
1870:William Morris Davis
1741:law of superposition
1639:William Morris Davis
1501:Periegesis Oiceumene
1497:Dionysius Periegetes
1365:Journal of Hydrology
1258:environmental issues
1027:is the study of the
649:Interview (research)
621:Land change modeling
522:Computer cartography
456:Integrated geography
129:Historical geography
97:History of geography
3740:Atmospheric science
3611:Spatial citizenship
3596:Geographers on Film
3586:Geography education
3196:Atmospheric science
2789:Atmospheric science
2380:1981PrPG....5..398B
2350:Civil Service India
2202:Geographia Technica
2073:Technical geography
2008:Atmosphere of Earth
1983:Nicholas Shackleton
1952:palaeoclimatologist
1812:Bernhardus Varenius
1806:Mercator projection
1754:The Book of Healing
1683:List of geographers
1579:studies in Russia.
1295:Geographia Technica
1067:soil classification
1005:island biogeography
834:technical geography
806:natural environment
403:Technical geography
55:Part of a series on
3865:Physical geography
3790:Physical geography
3492:Statistical survey
3442:Geologic modelling
3281:Quaternary science
2881:Quaternary science
2778:Physical geography
2708:. Longman, London.
2699:. Wiley, New York.
2590:history of science
2585:, pp. 461â2:
2436:– via RCIN.
1885:published in 1881.
1836:Arnold Henry Guyot
1762:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1697:
1652:river rejuvenation
1514:Summa de GeografĂa
1323:Journal of Climate
1281:Earth Interactions
1247:Geography Journals
1165:Quaternary science
916:hydrological cycle
906:
877:geomorphology and
854:
790:Physical geography
721:Post-structuralism
611:Statistical survey
561:Geologic modelling
390:Quaternary science
292:Physical geography
149:Critical geography
139:Regional geography
73:
50:
18:Physical Geography
3852:
3851:
3677:
3676:
3543:
3542:
3375:
3374:
3362:Landscape ecology
3182:Coastal geography
2942:
2941:
2876:Landscape ecology
2820:Coastal geography
2681:978-0-07-809516-0
2530:The Metric System
2485:978-0-691-14267-8
2058:Planetary science
1942:Luis GarcĂa SĂĄinz
1908:Ernest Shackleton
1818:Mikhail Lomonosov
1798:Gerardus Mercator
1745:uniformitarianism
1727:AbĆ« RayhÄn BÄ«rĆ«nÄ«
1576:Moscow University
1568:Mikhail Lomonosov
1477:anthropogeography
1393:Landscape Ecology
1185:Landscape ecology
1123:Coastal geography
1104:continental drift
930:and to an extent
830:built environment
787:
786:
635:
634:
513:
512:
481:Landscape ecology
375:Landscape ecology
337:Coastal geography
16:(Redirected from
3877:
3840:
3839:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3457:Geovisualization
3386:
3385:
3329:Spatial analysis
3214:Paleoclimatology
3023:
3022:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2811:Paleoclimatology
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2630:
2621:
2603:
2579:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2556:, pp. 9â10.
2547:
2541:
2525:
2519:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2336:
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2324:
2309:
2308:
2306:
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2291:
2274:
2273:
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2259:
2239:
2233:
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2222:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2090:
1918:Robert E. Horton
1893:cycle of erosion
1858:Vasily Dokuchaev
1774:Tabula Rogeriana
1771:), who drew the
1770:
1767:
1673:, among others.
1643:cycle of erosion
1628:Friedrich Ratzel
1619:, among others.
1601:paleoclimatology
1584:Vasily Dokuchaev
1254:scientific paper
1134:sea level change
1041:paleoclimatology
958:is the study of
779:
772:
765:
626:
625:
576:Geovisualization
504:
503:
443:Spatial analysis
328:Paleoclimatology
119:Age of Discovery
52:
51:
21:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3804:
3785:Paleogeoscience
3731:
3713:
3708:
3678:
3673:
3617:
3574:
3539:
3506:
3425:Distributed GIS
3371:
3333:
3285:
3218:Palaeogeography
3146:
3014:
2981:
2973:
2943:
2938:
2894:
2885:
2815:Palaeogeography
2780:
2775:
2725:
2664:. Available on
2645:. Available on
2612:
2610:Further reading
2607:
2606:
2580:
2576:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2526:
2522:
2500:
2493:
2486:
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2240:
2236:
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2197:
2191:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
1998:
1992:
1974:and the use of
1968:Richard Chorley
1948:Willi Dansgaard
1768:
1743:and concept of
1686:
1679:
1596:Wladimir Köppen
1473:
1468:
1379:Journal of Maps
1274:Climatic Change
1241:
1112:supercontinents
1108:plate tectonics
1094:in the form of
1086:Palaeogeography
1063:soil morphology
1001:plate tectonics
981:glacial geology
842:
826:human geography
802:natural science
792:(also known as
783:
733:
732:
669:
659:
658:
544:Distributed GIS
501:
491:
490:
458:
448:
447:
405:
395:
394:
332:Palaeogeography
294:
284:
283:
164:
162:Human geography
154:
153:
99:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3870:Earth sciences
3867:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
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3797:
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3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Remote sensing
3484:
3482:Photogrammetry
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:Geomathematics
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3367:Time geography
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3309:Geoinformatics
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3264:
3255:
3250:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3220:
3207:
3202:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:Phytogeography
3167:
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3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
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3128:
3127:
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2878:
2873:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
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2826:
2817:
2804:
2802:Phytogeography
2795:
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2781:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
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2738:
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2724:
2723:External links
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2374:(3): 398â407.
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1994:Main article:
1991:
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1976:systems theory
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1932:J Harlen Bretz
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1749:KitÄb al-Ć ifÄÊŸ
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1667:Mark Jefferson
1609:Pyotr Semyonov
1530:Georges Cuvier
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1421:Polar Research
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1219:remote sensing
1198:
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1100:paleomagnetism
1082:
1047:Soil geography
1044:
1020:
1017:phytogeography
1009:phylogeography
984:
979:hydrology and
951:
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887:Geomorphometry
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3452:Geostatistics
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1978:in geography.
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1926:overland flow
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1889:Walther Penck
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1791:and possibly
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534:Geochronology
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39:geomorphology
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3780:Oceanography
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3591:Geo-literacy
3548:Institutions
3430:Internet GIS
3390:Quantitative
3267:Soil science
3186:Oceanography
3175:Zoogeography
3160:Biogeography
3151:
3035:Agricultural
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2829:Soil science
2824:Oceanography
2798:Biogeography
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2468:Eratosthenes
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2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2264:cite journal
2247:
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2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2205:
2201:
2173:. Retrieved
2158:
2128:
2121:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2068:Selenography
1882:
1852:Wallace line
1827:
1802:cartographer
1772:
1752:
1748:
1718:
1701:Eratosthenes
1656:
1632:
1621:
1605:NM Sibirtsev
1581:
1557:
1534:
1526:James Hutton
1523:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1489:Eratosthenes
1484:
1474:
1461:
1454:
1449:Soil Science
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1224:
1200:
1183:
1174:interstadial
1163:
1141:Oceanography
1139:
1121:
1116:Wilson cycle
1084:
1046:
1022:
1013:zoogeography
988:Biogeography
986:
953:
948:ecohydrology
909:
891:soil science
860:
855:
850:natural arch
840:Sub-branches
808:such as the
794:physiography
793:
789:
788:
549:Internet GIS
508:Quantitative
460:
407:
341:Oceanography
317:Zoogeography
302:Biogeography
296:
291:
172:Agricultural
166:
104:Graeco-Roman
3800:Volcanology
3775:Meteorology
3668:WikiProject
3520:Ethnography
3512:Qualitative
3472:Map algebra
3467:Hydrography
3408:Web mapping
3398:Cartography
3210:Climatology
3200:Meteorology
3055:Development
2807:Climatology
2793:Meteorology
2737:, full text
2666:Google Play
2647:Google Play
1769: 1165
1613:K.D. Glinka
1493:Geographika
1211:cartography
1059:pedogenesis
1024:Climatology
936:engineering
814:hydrosphere
751:Geographers
639:Ethnography
630:Qualitative
591:Map algebra
586:Hydrography
527:Web mapping
517:Cartography
370:Hydrography
324:Climatology
192:Development
3859:Categories
3765:Glaciology
3760:Geophysics
3525:Geopoetics
3339:Integrated
3275:Edaphology
3253:Glaciology
3228:Geophysics
3223:Geobiology
3110:Settlement
3100:Population
3070:Historical
3040:Behavioral
3000:Philosophy
2862:Glaciology
2842:Geobiology
2837:Edaphology
2304:2019-11-18
2250:(3): 1â2.
2208:(1): 1â5.
2080:References
2043:Geophysics
2003:Areography
1901:denudation
1793:Antarctica
1720:Geographia
1617:Neustrayev
1572:glaciology
1195:Carl Troll
1170:Quaternary
1129:weathering
1071:topography
968:cryosphere
964:ice sheets
955:Glaciology
904:formation.
810:atmosphere
674:Behavioral
644:Geopoetics
361:Glaciology
247:Settlement
237:Population
207:Historical
177:Behavioral
3770:Hydrology
3579:Education
3497:Surveying
3319:Geomatics
3299:Geodesign
3291:Technical
3262:Limnology
3258:Hydrology
3137:Strategic
3120:Transport
3095:Political
3085:Marketing
3045:Cognitive
2976:Geography
2871:Limnology
2867:Hydrology
2434:0033-2143
2396:131268490
2175:28 August
1781:Piri Reis
1648:peneplain
1588:Chernozem
1547:and even
1545:Australia
1485:Geography
1202:Geomatics
1075:soil life
997:evolution
944:limnology
911:Hydrology
871:landforms
822:geosphere
818:biosphere
798:geography
741:Societies
709:Semiotics
699:Modernism
616:Surveying
433:Geomatics
413:Geodesign
380:Limnology
366:Hydrology
274:Strategic
257:Transport
232:Political
222:Marketing
182:Cognitive
61:Geography
3819:Category
3632:Category
3271:Pedology
3152:Physical
3115:Regional
3105:Religion
3090:Military
3080:Language
3075:Internet
3060:Economic
3050:Cultural
3019:Branches
2990:Glossary
2909:Category
2833:Pedology
2511:. p.12.
2470:(2010).
2218:Archived
1990:See also
1789:Americas
1737:Ibn Sina
1592:pedology
1178:Holocene
1055:pedology
960:glaciers
932:glaciers
928:aquifers
883:landform
684:Feminist
679:Critical
385:Pedology
252:Regional
242:Religion
227:Military
217:Language
212:Internet
197:Economic
187:Cultural
3843:Commons
3755:Geology
3750:Geodesy
3722:Outline
3656:Commons
3435:Web GIS
3304:Geodesy
3248:Geology
3232:Geodesy
3165:Ecology
3142:Tourism
3010:Outline
2995:History
2933:Commons
2847:Geology
2598:Stanley
2376:Bibcode
2352:(PNG).
2227:22 July
1731:geodesy
1711:Ptolemy
1705:geodesy
1564:Siberia
1549:America
1207:geodesy
1190:ecology
1096:fossils
1092:geology
1051:terrain
1029:climate
902:Meander
879:fluvial
867:surface
689:Marxist
554:Web GIS
499:Methods
418:Geodesy
351:Geology
307:Ecology
279:Tourism
114:Islamic
109:Chinese
86:Outline
3831:Portal
3644:Portal
3132:Social
3065:Health
2979:topics
2921:Portal
2679:
2660:
2641:
2537:
2515:
2482:
2432:
2394:
2166:
2136:
1897:uplift
1829:Cosmos
1624:Darwin
1541:Africa
1509:Kosmos
1481:Strabo
1407:Nature
1110:, and
920:rivers
875:desert
832:, and
820:, and
461:Fields
408:Fields
297:Fields
269:Social
202:Health
167:Fields
81:Portal
3727:Index
3125:Urban
3027:Human
3005:Index
2594:Baker
2418:(PDF)
2392:S2CID
2221:(PDF)
2198:(PDF)
1495:) or
924:lakes
746:Index
262:Urban
2677:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2596:and
2551:RAIN
2535:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2507:".
2480:ISBN
2430:ISSN
2270:link
2229:2022
2177:2022
2164:ISBN
2134:ISBN
1981:Sir
1924:and
1906:Sir
1899:and
1879:FRGS
1558:The
1537:Asia
1217:and
1176:the
1039:and
1015:and
977:snow
962:and
946:and
2384:doi
2252:doi
2210:doi
1747:in
1517:of
1487:),
1098:or
972:ice
970:or
3861::
3260:/
3246:/
3230:/
3216:/
3212:/
3198:/
3184:/
2869:/
2835:/
2831:/
2822:/
2813:/
2809:/
2800:/
2791:/
2554:60
2494:^
2478:.
2450:.
2426:76
2420:.
2398:.
2390:.
2382:.
2370:.
2348:.
2330:.
2313:^
2297:.
2278:^
2266:}}
2262:{{
2248:59
2246:.
2216:.
2206:11
2204:.
2200:.
2185:^
2148:^
2096:.
1766:c.
1715:c.
1669:,
1637:.
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1065:,
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926:,
922:,
848:A
816:,
812:,
368:/
339:/
330:/
326:/
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3277:)
3273:/
3269:(
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2770:e
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2756:v
2668:.
2649:.
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2386::
2378::
2372:5
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2272:)
2254::
2231:.
2212::
2179:.
2142:.
2115:.
2100:.
1958:.
1938:.
1928:.
1914:.
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