829:
884:"Subsistence" is understood as supporting oneself and family at a minimum level. Basic subsistence is the provision of food, clothing, shelter. A subsistence economy is an economy directed to one's subsistence rather than to the market. Often, the subsistence economy is
1189:'Subsistence agriculture' in: Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer, eds. (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, London and New York: Routledge, p.624.
1060:— a widely studied ritual in which sponsors (helped by their entourages) gave away resources and manufactured wealth while generating prestige for themselves.
1371:
F. Berkes , P. J. George, R. J. Preston, A. Hughes, J. Turner, B. D. Cummins; George, P. J.; Preston, R. J.; Hughes, A.; Turner, J.; Cummins, B. D. (1994).
859:
1420:
1290:
1207:
1233:
899:
The subsistence system is maintained through sharing, feasting, ritual observance and associated norms. Harvesting is an important indicator of
972:
698:
1370:
852:
1266:"A Social and Cultural Capital Approach to Understanding Traditional Activities on the Land in Two Northern Dene Communities"
965:— a term which particularly applies to coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional techniques for subsistence fishing.
931:
spread, various societies moved to other economic systems at various times. Some remain relatively unchanged, ranging from
287:
1109:
845:
222:
1445:
876:
is an economy directed to basic subsistence, the provision of food, clothing, shelter rather than to the market.
892:. In a subsistence economy, economic surplus is minimal and only used to trade for basic goods, and there is no
1254:
Marshall
Sahlins (1972) Stone Age Economics, Chicago and New York: Aldine-Atherton, passim e.g. pp.17,34,42,50.
388:
833:
728:
448:
438:
758:
20:
1373:"Wildlife Harvesting and Sustainable Regional Native Economy in the Hudson and James Bay Lowland, Ontario"
1072:
1199:
1046:
1229:
1440:
1114:
681:
609:
30:
1306:"Sharing-based social capital associated with harvest production and wealth in the Canadian Arctic"
217:
1036:
983:
889:
783:
733:
614:
342:
212:
793:
192:
1265:
903:. Subsistence embodies cultural perspectives of relationships to places, people and animals.
1414:
1284:
788:
433:
123:
93:
78:
1317:
936:
888:
and relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs through hunting, gathering, and
885:
693:
501:
398:
362:
207:
140:
88:
8:
1169:
1083:
1051:
940:
932:
803:
748:
743:
676:
666:
187:
1321:
1263:
1402:
1348:
1305:
1164:
968:
896:. In hunting and gathering societies, resources are often, if not typically underused.
808:
768:
639:
544:
163:
145:
135:
128:
1025:— part of the society follows the herd, while the other part maintains a home village.
1394:
1353:
1335:
928:
893:
661:
413:
393:
180:
173:
168:
1384:
1343:
1325:
1022:
1005:
654:
589:
574:
526:
516:
510:
483:
468:
239:
202:
1040:
1330:
1134:
1088:
1078:
962:
952:
778:
738:
703:
599:
559:
554:
521:
367:
347:
337:
327:
312:
292:
227:
113:
38:
1129:
1124:
900:
763:
579:
473:
317:
1434:
1398:
1339:
1149:
912:
813:
798:
604:
594:
584:
569:
549:
478:
322:
244:
155:
118:
108:
98:
1357:
1018:
997:
924:
920:
688:
564:
428:
423:
418:
403:
357:
332:
307:
302:
249:
103:
1015:— all members of the pastoral society follow the herd throughout the year.
1154:
991:
987:
753:
708:
671:
649:
644:
257:
232:
1406:
1389:
1372:
83:
51:
773:
297:
262:
197:
61:
56:
1057:
1028:
956:
150:
1264:
Amanda D. Boyd, Cynthia G. Jardine,Christopher M. Furgal (2010).
1159:
1144:
1139:
506:
282:
1119:
1075:
society, subsisting on the produce of a separate host society:
1031:
agriculture — non-nomadic pastoralism with a defined territory.
916:
828:
634:
1104:
1012:
1063:
1245:
Chief
Seattle to President Pierce regarding sale of land
1000:— plant cultivation, based on the use of simple tools.
1200:"What is subsistence economy? definition and meaning"
19:"Subsistence" redirects here. For other uses, see
919:, all humans lived in a subsistence economy. As
1432:
994:, and is more labor-intensive than horticulture.
853:
1419:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1289:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
939:, to some cultures that choose to retain a
860:
846:
1388:
1347:
1329:
990:cultivation involving continuous use of
973:subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale
1433:
1273:The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
1303:
1091:, when subsisting in a larger economy
946:
16:Economy directed to basic subsistence
1297:
1210:from the original on 1 November 2017
1257:
13:
1008:, the raising of grazing animals:
14:
1457:
1110:Anthropological theories of value
1066:— Local Exchange Trading Systems.
1054:— exchange between social equals.
834:Business and economics portal
827:
1236:from the original on 2008-10-07
1364:
1248:
1222:
1192:
1183:
1:
1304:Ready, Elspeth (2018-12-03).
1176:
879:
729:Commons-based peer production
449:Socialism of the 21st century
1331:10.1371/journal.pone.0193759
21:Subsistence (disambiguation)
7:
1097:
935:, to marginalized areas of
10:
1462:
955:techniques, also known as
906:
18:
1115:Back-to-the-land movement
223:Socialist-oriented market
984:Subsistence agriculture
1446:Agricultural economics
1204:BusinessDictionary.com
1230:"Subsistence Economy"
953:Hunting and gathering
937:developing countries
759:Newly industrialized
502:Collective ownership
363:Vertical archipelago
1390:10.14430/arctic1308
1322:2018PLoSO..1393759R
1170:Tiny house movement
941:traditional economy
933:uncontacted peoples
915:, before the first
874:subsistence economy
744:Inclusive Democracy
1165:Subsistence crisis
992:arable (crop) land
969:Aboriginal whaling
947:List of strategies
682:Material balancing
164:Buddhist economics
929:division of labor
894:industrialization
870:
869:
380:By regional model
174:Sabbath economics
1453:
1441:Economic systems
1425:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1392:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1023:agro-pastoralism
971:, including the
862:
855:
848:
832:
831:
590:Municipalization
575:Financialization
545:Collectivization
527:Social ownership
517:Private property
511:Common ownership
469:Common ownership
283:Closed (autarky)
240:State capitalism
218:Socialist market
203:Market socialist
39:Economic systems
26:
25:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1412:
1411:
1369:
1365:
1316:(3): e0193759.
1302:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1135:Natural economy
1100:
1089:Garbage picking
963:Artisan fishing
949:
909:
882:
866:
826:
819:
818:
784:Post-industrial
779:Post-capitalist
739:Hunter-gatherer
724:
716:
715:
630:
622:
621:
600:Nationalization
560:Demutualization
555:Corporatization
540:
532:
531:
522:State ownership
497:
489:
488:
464:
456:
455:
381:
373:
372:
343:Robinson Crusoe
278:
277:By coordination
270:
269:
254:Traditionalist
114:Neomercantilist
74:
66:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1383:(4): 350–360.
1363:
1296:
1256:
1247:
1221:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Mahatma Gandhi
1127:
1125:Lasse Nordlund
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1047:Redistribution
1034:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
978:
977:
976:
975:in the Arctic.
966:
948:
945:
908:
905:
901:social capital
881:
878:
868:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
794:Resource-based
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
691:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
659:
658:
657:
652:
647:
637:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
580:Liberalization
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
504:
498:
496:Property types
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
445:Latin America
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
408:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
252:
247:
242:
237:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
185:
184:
183:
178:
177:
176:
166:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
81:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
65:
64:
59:
54:
48:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1279:(2): 267–287.
1278:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Simple living
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
989:
985:
982:
981:
980:Agriculture:
979:
974:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
951:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:human history
904:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
877:
875:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
824:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Post-scarcity
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:Expeditionary
732:
730:
727:
726:
720:
719:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:Socialization
608:
606:
605:Privatization
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Mutualization
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Marketization
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Expropriation
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Communization
548:
546:
543:
542:
536:
535:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
493:
492:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
460:
459:
450:
447:
446:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
384:
383:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Decentralized
286:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Social credit
243:
241:
238:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Participatory
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
124:Social market
122:
120:
119:Protectionist
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:Laissez-faire
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
1415:cite journal
1380:
1376:
1366:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1285:cite journal
1276:
1272:
1259:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1185:
1037:Distribution
1019:Transhumance
998:Horticulture
988:agricultural
925:civilization
921:urbanization
910:
898:
883:
873:
871:
699:Peer-to-peer
694:Self-managed
629:Coordination
565:Deregulation
352:
250:Distributist
104:Mercantilist
1155:Staple food
1073:parasitical
1058:Potlatching
1052:Reciprocity
1006:Pastoralism
890:agriculture
804:Traditional
754:Manorialism
749:Information
723:Other types
709:Open access
672:Cybernetics
414:Anglo-Saxon
399:Singaporean
358:Underground
353:Subsistence
258:Corporatist
233:Syndicalist
193:Communalist
79:Associative
73:By ideology
46:Major types
1435:Categories
1240:2009-11-01
1177:References
880:Definition
809:Transition
769:Plantation
677:Indicative
539:Transition
389:East Asian
160:Religious
136:Democratic
109:Neoliberal
94:Democratic
84:Capitalist
52:Capitalism
1399:0004-0843
1340:1932-6203
1011:Pastoral
886:moneyless
774:Plutonomy
655:Regulated
484:Voluntary
410:European
263:Feudalism
208:Mutualist
198:Communist
188:Socialist
169:Christian
89:Corporate
62:Communism
57:Socialism
1407:40511596
1358:29529040
1310:PLOS ONE
1234:Archived
1208:Archived
1098:See also
1084:Conquest
1041:exchange
1013:nomadism
957:foraging
662:Planning
313:Informal
298:Dirigist
151:Georgist
146:Feminist
31:a series
29:Part of
1349:5846769
1318:Bibcode
1214:7 April
1160:Society
1145:Shakers
1140:Poverty
1079:Raiding
907:History
704:Sharing
667:In kind
615:Marxist
507:Commons
474:Private
463:Sectors
434:Rhenish
404:Keralan
394:Chinese
368:Virtual
348:Sharing
338:Planned
328:Natural
293:Digital
181:Islamic
141:Fascist
129:Welfare
1405:
1397:
1377:Arctic
1356:
1346:
1338:
1120:Famine
927:, and
917:cities
764:Palace
640:Market
635:Barter
479:Public
439:Soviet
424:Nordic
419:German
385:Asian
318:Market
1403:JSTOR
1269:(PDF)
1105:Amish
1029:Ranch
814:World
799:Token
689:Price
429:Dutch
323:Mixed
228:State
156:Green
1421:link
1395:ISSN
1354:PMID
1336:ISSN
1291:link
1216:2018
1064:LETS
1039:and
650:Open
645:Free
333:Open
308:Gift
303:Dual
1385:doi
1344:PMC
1326:doi
1277:XXX
1021:or
911:In
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509:(
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