Social market economy

6891:, this concept was not identical with the conception of the Freiburg school. In contrast to Eucken, who favoured a strictly procedural or rule-oriented liberalism in which the state solely sets the institutional framework and abstains generally from interference in the market, Müller-Armack emphasised the state's responsibility actively to improve the market condition and simultaneously to pursue a social balance. In putting social policy on a par with economic policy, Müller-Armack's concept was more emphatic regarding socio-political aims than the ordoliberal economic concept. As an extension of neoliberal thought, the social market economy was deliberately not a defined economic order but an adjustable holistic conception pursuing a complete humanistic societal order as a synthesis of seemingly conflicting objectives, namely economic freedom and social security. Although it is often viewed as a 6935: 5174: 5105:

effective allocation mechanism, but that output is maximized through sound state macroeconomic management of the economy. Social market economies posit that a strong social support network for the less affluent enhances capital output. By decreasing poverty and broadening prosperity to a large middle class, capital market participation is enlarged. Social market economies also posit that government regulation and even sponsorship of markets can lead to superior economic outcomes as evidenced in government sponsorship of the Internet or basic securities regulation.

5019:

Müller-Armack. In fact, his doctoral supervisor Oppenheimer and especially Röpke, like Erhard a student of Oppenheimer, was his source of inspiration. Erhard perceived Röpke's books as works of revelation and considered the economist a brother in spirit. On 17 August 1948, Erhard referred to Müller-Armack by whom he was strongly impressed most of all not as a theorist but as one who wanted to transfer theory into practice, as well as his concept of the social market economy. Soon after, at the second party congress of the

990:. Social market refrains from attempts to plan and guide production, the workforce, or sales but support planned efforts to influence the economy through the organic means of a comprehensive economic policy coupled with flexible adaptation to market studies. Combining monetary, credit, trade, tax, customs, investment, and social policies, as well as other measures, this type of economic policy aims to create an economy that serves the welfare and needs of the entire population, thereby fulfilling its ultimate goal. 6720: 6931:("Market Economy in Dispute"), Erhard defended his concept of the social market economy alluding to the dualism between a controlled economy and a market economy. In view of the upcoming regional and federal elections, Adenauer, who was initially sceptical about Erhard, was not only impressed by the polarising slogan, such as "Controlled or Market Economy", but also by the efficacy of Erhard and his programme. The foundation for a successful political alliance was laid. 7244: 7174:

in 1996. In 2020, the EU nominal GDP per capita dropped from two thirds to about a half (53%) of the US one. In nominal terms, a European citizen has become 20% poorer with respect to a US citizen, over the period 1996-2020. During the 24 years between 1996 and 2020 it has become relatively cheaper for a US citizen to stay in the EU, and it has become relatively more expensive for a EU citizen to stay in the US. Over this period of 24 years, from 1996 to 2020, the

4814: 4802: 3196: 2118: 8525:

in the Reich Ministry of Economics, Otto Ohlendorf, argues, the term 'social market economy' was the outcome of a discussion with Ludwig Erhard on 12 Jan 1945. There is also some evidence that Harold Rasch, who in 1946/47 was deputy head of the inter-zonal economic administration in Minden, used the term in late 1947 and early 1948 independently of Müller-Armack (1901–1978); cf. Rasch, H., Grundlagen der Wirtschaftsverfassung, Bad Godesberg, 1948.

3134: 7216: 2042: 8096:, Erlenbach-Zurich/ Stuttgart, 1957, pp. 71 ff. See also the contributions of Wünsche, H. F., Welcher Marktwirtschaft gebührt das Beiwort "sozial"? and Wartin, C., Zur sozialen Dimension marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnungen, in: Hohmann, K.; Schönwitz, D.; Weber, H. J.; Wünsche, H. F. (eds.), Grundtexte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Band 2, Das Soziale in der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Stuttgart/New York, 1988, pp. 21-31, and pp. 411-415. 6732: 7230: 2054: 831: 7202: 6962:

responsibility, which find expression in the "social market economy" through genuine performance-based competition and the independent control of monopolies. Genuine performance-based competition exists when the rules of competition ensure that, under conditions of fair competition and equal opportunity, the better performance is rewarded. Market-driven prices regulate the interaction between all market participants.

7004:

upcoming political party clashes with particular energy for the CDU", realised the potential of subtle and systematic marketing to transform the concept from an economic theory, or even abstract economic policy, into the basis of a political party's propaganda and public image that held broad appeal. Eventually, on Sunday 14 August 1949 around 31 million Germans were called to cast a vote for the first German

6823:

then completely helpless, left to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation towards him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country.

7095:

economic process. Throughout his political career, Joseph used his position to restate the principles of the social market economy and re-direct Conservative policy in Britain. Joseph eventually set up a think tank in 1974 to study the model and initially called it the Ludwig Erhard Foundation and Institute for a Social Market Economy before settling on the name

4919:

than the ordoliberal economic concept. This dual principle also appeared in the name of the model. Although the adjective "social" often attracted criticism as a decorative fig leaf or conversely as a gateway for antiliberal interventionism, it meant more than simply distinguishing the concept from that of

7173:

In 1996, while the US nominal GDP per capita was $ 29,968, the EU nominal GDP per capita was $ 19,752. Twenty four years later, in 2020, the US nominal GDP per capita was $ 63,544 while the EU nominal GDP per capita was $ 33,928. The EU nominal GDP per capita was about two thirds (66%) of the US one,

7025:

FDP were in fact the only political party consistently gaining percentage of votes between 1946 and 1949. While these results affirmed the then general pro-market trend in public opinion, eventually, the electorate made its decision contingent on the satisfaction of its practical needs rather than on

7012:

Although the SPD turned out to be the most successful single party by gaining 29.12 per cent of the votes, the CDU/CSU combined attracted more votes, totalling 31 per cent and 139 mandates compared to 131 for the SPD. However, in fact both Volksparteien had suffered large percentage losses over their

7003:

In the run-up to the federal elections in August 1949, the CDU/CSU consequently aligned their party platforms, policies and manifestos and campaigned with the social market economy. In particular, the former advertising manager for consumer goods Ludwig Erhard, who affirmed that he would "go into the

6956:

in the coal and steel industry, the system of employee property formation, the equalization of burdens, the creation of subsidized housing, child benefits, the agricultural Green Plan and the dynamism of pensions. On 20 June 1948, the principles of the social market economy espoused by the CDU became

8524:

is still controversial. In his autobiography Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit. Der Weg aus den Weltkriegen in die Soziale Marktwirtschaft und eine künftige Weltordnung, Homburg-Saarplatz, 1996, pp. 571 ff., Karl Günther Weiss, academic assistant to the former permanent representative of the State Secretary

7094:

for competition and innovation whilst the role of government was to help hold the ring, provide infrastructure, maintain a stable currency, a framework of laws, implementation of law and order, provision of a safety net (welfare state), defence of property rights and all other rights involved in the

6978:

as liaison body and information centre of the two political parties commonly referred to as the "Union", centred the social market economy. Finally, these principles were adopted as party platform and manifesto for the upcoming federal elections at the CDU's party conference in Düsseldorf on 15 July

8481:

E.g. Götz, H. H., Die geistigen Väter der sozialen Marktwirtschaft, in: Eick, J. (ed.), So nutzt man den Wirtschaftsteil einer Tageszeitung, Frankfurt am Main, 1971, pp. 57-61 or Rieter, H.; Schmolz, M., The Ideas of German Ordoliberalism 1938–1945: Pointing the Way to a New Economic Order, in: The

8500:

Grossekettler, H., Adolf Lampe, die Transformationsprobleme zwischen Friedens- und Kriegswirtschaften und die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath, in: Goldschmidt, N. (ed.), Wirtschaft, Politik und Freiheit, Freiburg im Breisgau, 2005, p. 104 and Blumenberg-Lampe, C., Das Wirtschaftspolitische

6871:

believed in self-regulating market forces and limited indirect state interference. According to Eucken and his competitive order labelled ordoliberalism, the state must solely create a proper legal environment for the economy and maintain a healthy level of competition through measures that follow

6834:

After the collapse of the totalitarian Third Reich with its statist and corporatist economic policy, economists and academics at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany advocated a neoliberal or new liberal and socio-economic order. In this context, it is important to distinguish between

6822:

The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is

5136:

are part of the social security system. These insurances are funded by a combination of employee contributions, employer contributions and government subsidies. The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the

4918:

conceived the social market economy as a regulatory policy idea aiming to combine free enterprise with a social program that is underpinned by market economic performance. In putting social policy on par with economic policy, Müller-Armack's concept was more emphatic regarding socio-political aims

8845:

Karl Marx also influenced the European model indirectly through his warnings about the inherent instability of capitalism. Western Europe, composed of prosperous nations ruled by Marx's hated bourgeoisie, feared that if the economy were left to its own devices, Marx's prediction of collapse would

8196:

Regarding the influence of Oppenheimer on Erhard, see Wünsche, H. F., Der Einfluss Oppenheimers auf Erhard und dessen Konzeption von der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, in: Caspari, V.; Schefold, B. (eds.), Franz Oppenheimer und Adolph Lowe, Zwei Wirtschaftswissenschaftler der Frankfurter Universität,

7030:

and thus increasingly identified with the economic recovery and the improving economic conditions. Although the implementation of the social market economy benefited also from other crucial factors, including the east–west conflict and a favourable political and social climate within Germany and

6961:

The "social market economy" is the socially anchored law for the industrial economy, according to which the achievements of free and able individuals are integrated into a system that produces the highest level of economic benefit and social justice for all. This system is created by freedom and

4978:

postulated a so-called liberal socialism (i.e. socialism achieved via liberalism) as the pursuit of a societal order in which economic self-interest preserves its power and persists in free competition. This desirable order of freedom and equality was labelled by a later programmatic publication

5104:

as a theory or political or philosophical stance challenges the idea that the capitalist system is inherently antagonistic to social goals or to a political economy characterized by greater economic equality. The essence of the social market economy is the view that private markets are the most

8285:

Erhard, L., Marktwirtschaft im Streit der Meinungen, printed in: Erhard, L., Deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik – Der Weg der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Düsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York/ Moscow, 1992, p. 70. Finally, Erhard used and described the term in an article in the Berliner Tagesspiegel on 23 April

6987:

not only provided a concrete, pragmatic and materialist economic programme but also an attractive slogan to reach consensus within the party and the public. While eventually the union of the two recently established political parties (i.e. the CDU and the CSU) possessed a coherent and unifying

5018:

that the freemarket economy did not need to be made social but that it was social in its origin. Erhard was rather inclined to Walter Eucken's ordoliberal competitive market order. Although he even considered himself an ordoliberal, Erhard based his economic conception neither on Eucken nor on

6854:

belonged to the Freiburg Circles and conversely no member of the Freiburg Circles can be attributed to the Freiburg school, which partly advocated different economic objectives. Both schools of economic thought considered that a certain form of planning was necessary for a transitional period

6775:

The social market economy was born and formed in times of severe economic but equally socio-political crises. Its conceptual architecture was set by particular historical experiences and political prerequisites: Germany's preoccupation with the social question since the late 19th century, the

5027:

capitalism and the Charybdis of a collectivist planned economy but also as a holistic and democratic social order, Erhard and in particular Müller-Armack emphasised public acceptance and civic engagement as prerequisites for the success of the socio-economic model. For instance, Müller-Armack

6922:

on 2 March 1948, the social market economy entered the political sphere. Soon after on 21 April 1948, Erhard informed the parliament about his economic policy and introduced the concept of the social market economy. Although there was no unanimous applause, both the liberal democrats and

6895:

of socio-political ideas rather than a precisely outlined theoretical order, the conception possessed an effective slogan, which facilitated its communication to both politics and the public. However, the eventual implementation required not only communication but also political backup.

8534:

Müller-Armack, A., Soziale Marktwirtschaft – Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften, vol. 9, Göttingen, 1956, p. 390; Idem, Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik, Studien und Konzepte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und zur Europäischen Integration, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1966, p.

8135:

In regard to the different conceptions of the state see the study Lange-von Kulessa, J.; Renner, A., Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft Alfred Müller-Armacks und der Ordoliberalismus der Freiburger Schule – Zur Unvereinbarkeit zweier Staatsauffassungen, in: ORDO 49, Stuttgart, 1998, pp.

8197:

Marburg, 1996, pp. 141-161; Haselbach, D., Franz Oppenheimer's Theory of Capitalism and of a Third Path, in: Koslowski, P. (ed.), The Theory of Capitalism in the German Economic Tradition. Historism, Ordo-Liberalism, Critical Theory, Solidarism, Berlin et al., 2000, pp. 54-86.

8846:

come true, and the proletariat would overthrow the ruling class Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's socialist revolution.

7178:

has increased by 65% in the US, and by 51% in the EU. According to the consumer price index then, despite livelihood expenses have grown 14% less for a EU citizen compared to a US one, in the period 1996-2020, the EU citizen has become, nominally, 20% poorer.

6927:, the chairman of the CDU in the British zone of occupation, invited Erhard to also inform the party members about his socio-economic conception at the party convention in Recklinghausen, Germany on 28 August 1948. In a visionary and stirring speech, entitled 6911:. Although Erhard was rather inclined to Eucken's ordoliberal competitive market order and even considered himself an ordoliberal, he was strongly impressed by Müller-Armack most of all not as a theorist but as one who wanted to transfer theory into practice. 5023:(CDU) in the British zone in Recklinghausen on 28 August 1948, Erhard circumscribed the concept as a "socially committed market economy". Whereas most neoliberal economists viewed the concept not only as an economic path between the Scylla of an untamed pure 5137:

distribution of income growth. In addition, there are provisions to restrain the free market (e.g. antitrust code, laws against the abuse of market power and so on). These elements help to diminish many of the occurring problems of a free market economy.

7156:

Although one of the main factors for the emergence of the European model of capitalism was the attempt to ameliorate the conditions of workers under capitalism and thus stave off the emergence of socialism or socialist revolution, American critics and

7058:(led by the SPD). The concept of the social market economy is still the common economic basis of major political parties in Germany including the CDU, FDP, and SPD, and a commitment to some form of social market economy is present in Article 3 of the 7008:

and to decide between the social market economy and a controlled economy advocated by the SPD. Of those eligible to vote, 25 million or 78.5 per cent actually went to the ballot boxes and showed a clear commitment to the emerging post-war democracy.

1084:

as not only taking into account the social responsibility of humanity but also the sustainable use and protection of natural resources. Countries with a social market economy include Austria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany, Poland, and Japan.

6813:

developed a program in which industry and state work closely to stimulate economic growth by giving workers greater security. To trump the militant socialists, Bismarck gave workers a corporate status in the legal and political structures of the

5013:

Further in contrast to Müller-Armack who emphasised the social aspect, for Erhard the social market economy was always first and foremost a market economic system. By proclaiming "the freer an economy is, the more social it is", Erhard once told

5047:. They share an involvement in the Anti-Nazi Opposition, whose search for a post-Nazi order for Germany is an important background for the development of this concept. Early protagonists had close contacts to the oppositional church-movement 5028:

stressed that by "more socialism" he meant the social engagement for and with the people. Equally, Erhard pointed out that the principles of the social market economy could only be achieved if the public was determined to give them priority.

7013:

previous Land election totals by failing to capture a comparable share of the enlarged electorate. The most remarkable advance by winning over a million extra votes and achieving 11.9 per cent of the total votes was that made by the liberal

6831:. The program included universal healthcare, compulsory education, sickness insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance and a retirement pension, none of which were then in existence to any great degree anywhere else in the world. 8510:

Röpke, W., Grundfragen rationeller Wirtschaftspolitik, in: Zeitschrift für Schweizer Statistik & Volkswirtschaft, no. 1, 1941, p. 112; Idem, Civitas Humana – Grundfragen der Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung, Erlenbach-Zurich,

8154:

Oppenheimer, F., System der Soziologie (III/1). Band 3: Theorie der reinen und politischen Ökonomie, Teil 1: Grundlagen, Jena, 1910, p. 9. The economist Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943) also published his economic conception in

8365:

Christine Blumenthal-Lampe: Das wirtschaftspolitische Programm der Freiburger Kreise: Entwurf einer freiheitlich-sozialen Nachkriegswirtschaft, Berlin 1973; Harald Jung: Soziale Marktwirtschaft und weltliche Ordnung, Berlin

8544:

Commun, P., Erhards Bekehrung zum Ordoliberalismus: Die grundlegende Bedeutung des wirtschaftspolitischen Diskurses in Umbruchszeiten, in: Freiburg Discussion Papers on Constitutional Economics 04/4, Freiburg im Breisgau,

8420:

Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 2. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus 2004. Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung

8563:

Wörtliche Berichte über die 1.-40. Vollversammlung des Wirtschaftsrates des Vereinigten Wirtschaftsgebietes (Zweizonen-Wirtschaftsrat) in Frankfurt am Main, 8 vols., Wiesbaden/ Frankfurt am Main, 1947–1949, pp. 436

4970:, turning away from pure liberalism to demand a purposive state policy designed to regulate economic life and advocating a middle course between anarchic individualism, traditionalistic corporatism and bureaucratic 4947:. This socio-economic imperative actively managed by a strong state—in contrast to the ordoliberal minimal state solely safeguarding the economic order—is often labelled by the ambiguous but historical term 8177:

Oppenheimer supervised Erhard's doctoral thesis titled 'Wesen und Inhalt der Werteinheit', namely a study on various historical schools' perception of character and content of value, in the years 1922 to

8083:, vol. 9, Göttingen, 1956, p. 390; Idem, Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik, Studien und Konzepte zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft und zur Europäischen Integration, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1966, p. 245. 8401: 7403: 8187:

Erhard, L., Franz Oppenheimer, dem Lehrer und Freund (1964), in: Hohmann, K. (ed.), Ludwig Erhard. Gedanken aus fünf Jahrzehnten, Reden und Schriften, Düsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York, 1988b, p. 861.

6827:

Bismarck's program centered squarely on providing universal social insurance programs designed to increase productivity and focus the political attentions of the German workers on supporting

1080:

welfare state" (arising from the German social market economy) and the "labor-led social democratic welfare state". The concept of the model has since been expanded upon into the idea of an

4380: 7186:

wrote the European growth model achieved economic convergence effectively, helped poorer European nations reach the standard of their richer neighbors and become high-income economies.

8582:

Stoltenberg, G., Konrad Adenauer und die Soziale Marktwirtschaft, in: Die Politische Meinung, edited by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), vol. 45 (373), Sankt Augin, 2000, pp. 21 f.

4935:(εἰρήνη), which means being conducive to or working toward peace, moderation or conciliation—to overcome existing differences in society. The social market economy as an extension of 8215:

Comparative study Goldschmidt, N., Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard: Social Market Liberalism, in: CREPHE-CREA Histoire du Liberalisme en Europe, Brochure no. 21, Paris, 2004.

7000:

but also limited the public relations of the party as a whole, especially in times of campaigning where the partially complex political programmes were simplified and popularised.

8861: 8491:

Blumenberg-Lampe, C. (ed.), Der Weg in die Soziale Marktwirtschaft: Referate, Protokolle, Gutachten der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath 1943–1947, Stuttgart, 1986, p. 192.

7037:(Basic Law), which stressed individual freedom, human dignity and the subsidiarity of societal organisation, it was also the consistent efforts at political communication of the 6942:

Chancellor Adenauer of the ruling CDU implemented a new novel economic order amalgamating the promotion of free competition with the responsibility of the social government. The

6846:. Frequently, the two schools of thought were believed to be the same, although the first emerged from the latter and among the members of the Freiburg school only the founders 6974:

advocated Erhard's liberal and social economic model at the CSU's party convention in Straubing in May 1949, the economic principles elaborated by the Working Committee of the

6798:

not as a compromise but as a combination of seemingly conflicting objectives namely greater state provision for social security and the preservation of individual freedom.

4939:

thought was not a defined economic order but a holistic conception pursuing a complete humanistic societal order as a synthesis of seemingly conflicting objectives, namely

1036:

of capitalism. Rather than see it as an antithesis, some authors describe Rhine capitalism as a successful synthesis of the Anglo-American model with social democracy. The

8442:

Glossner, C. L.; Gregosz, D., The Formation and Implementation of the Social Market Economy by Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard, Sankt Augustin/Berlin, 2011, S. 32.

6879:'s economic humanism leading to a "Civitas Humana", the ordoliberal competitive order was further developed by the Cologne school around the economist and anthropologist 8690:

Glossner, C. L., The Making of the German Post-War Economy – Political Communication and Public Reception of the social market economy after World War II, London, 2010.

7086:, the main political parties agreed on the nationalization of industry and close economic regulation. In the 1970s, Joseph introduced the idea as an alternative to the 7031:

abroad, the stabilising alliance between the conservative and liberal parties, the pro-market composition of the Economic Council and even the Federal Republic's own

5066:

described a similar concept, "Rhine capitalism". He compared the so-called "neo-American model" of a capitalistic market economy introduced by the administrations of

7050:) was identified with it. From the 1960s, the social market economy was the main economic model in mainland Western Europe, pursued by administrations of both the 8554:

Erhard, L., Deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik – Der Weg der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Düsseldorf/ Vienna/ New York/ Moscow, 1992 (originally published in 1962), p. 592.

5117:

The social market contains central elements of a free market economy such as private property, free foreign trade, exchange of goods and free formation of prices.

8741: 6903:(Special Bureau for Money and Credit) within the Administration for Finance, i.e. an expert commission preparing the currency reform in the then Anglo-American 5089:. Albert analyzes the Rhenish model as the more equitable, efficient and less violent one. However, according to Albert complex psychological phenomena and the 9911: 8246:

Erhard, L., Deutsche Wirtschaftspolitik – Der Weg der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Düsseldorf/Vienna/New York/Moscow, 1992 (originally published in 1962), p. 592.

7773:

Naoshi Yamawaki (2002). "Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke. A reappraisal of their economic thought and the policy of ordoliberalism". In Yuichi Shionoya (ed.).

7190:

says: "One can say without exaggeration that Europe invented a ‘convergence machine’, taking in poor countries and helping them become high income economies."

2927: 19:

This article is about the economic model combining free-market capitalism with social policies. For the economic system in the People's Republic of China, see

4954:

The concept of the social market economy received fundamental impulses from reflection and critique of historical economic and social orders, namely Smithian

8398: 6872:

market principles. Thus, the paramount means by which economic policy can seek to improve the economy is by improving the institutional framework or "ordo".

6856: 3162: 4910:

as it emphasized the state's responsibility to work actively to improve the market condition and simultaneously to pursue a social balance. In contrast to

7412: 4144: 6997: 6915: 861: 10125: 9060: 8803: 7144: 7026:

any particular theoretical economic system. The advantage of the CDU and the CSU lay precisely in the fact that they were quasi-governing across the

6762: 9746: 2760: 6788:. These led to the eventual development of the social market economy as a viable socio-political and economic alternative between the extremes of 1040:

is contrasted and compared with other economic models, some of which are also described as middle ways or regional forms of capitalism, including

8295:

Müller-Armack, A., The Social Market Economy as an Economic and Social Order, in: Review of Social Economy 36, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 326 f.

9275: 2282: 1652: 6970:(CSU) also expressed its commitment to a market economy with social balance and the then newly elected Bavarian Minister for Economic Affairs 6809:'s militant socialist movement. Germany implemented the world's first welfare state and universal healthcare program in the 1880s. Chancellor 9099: 8672:

Ahlener Programm, in: Heck, B. (ed.), Die CDU und ihr Programm – Programme, Erklärungen, Entschliessungen, Melle/ Sankt Augin, 1979, pp. 3-5.

6860: 4169: 4139: 8985:

Allen, Christopher S. "Ideas, institutions and organized capitalism: The German model of political economy twenty years after unification."

7041:

and corporate model that led to the implementation and eventual electoral validation of the social market economy in post-war West Germany.

9901: 4844: 4221: 2917: 2084: 8875: 9876: 7619:

The Dividing Line Between Success and Failure: A Comparison of Liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries

2892: 6952:

could not have been brought about without secure social peace in the country. Adenauer's program centered on legislation establishing

8681:

Wengst, U., Die CDU/CSU im Bundestagswahlkampf 1949, in: Viertelsjahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte (VfZ) 34, no. 1, Munich, 1986, p. 25.

6168: 4174: 3294: 3155: 1032:

with roughly the same meaning as social market economy. It is also called "Rhine capitalism", typically when contrasting it with the

8721: 4564: 8520:

Müller-Armack, A., Wirtschaftslenkung und Marktwirtschaft, Hamburg, 1946, p. 88. However, the question of the origins of the term

7044:

At first controversial, the model became increasingly popular in West Germany and Austria since in both states economic success (

5215: 4914:, who sought an answer to the social question by establishing a functioning competitive order within a constitutional framework, 4154: 700: 8634:

The CDU and the Social Market Economy: Düsseldorf Guidelines for Economic Policy, Agricultural Policy, Social Policy and Housing

7860:

Tadeusz Kowalik (2003). "Systemic Variety under the Conditions of Globalization and Integration". In Grzegorz W. Kołodko (ed.).

4643: 854: 7996:

James C. Van Hook, Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy 1945–1957, Cambridge University Press, 2004,

10118: 9886: 9751: 9006: 8968: 8926: 8386: 8064: 8037: 7972: 7937: 7906: 7875: 7844: 7813: 7757: 7688: 7631: 7597: 7475: 6755: 6298: 5856: 5020: 4998:, and he never liked the expression Third Way. In his opinion, the term was tainted, reminding him too much about ideas of a 4688: 4482: 4261: 2902: 2765: 935: 9847: 4514: 4375: 4323: 4318: 3148: 2861: 6887:("social market economy") in a publication in December 1946. Although it evolved from ordoliberalism as a new variant of 6867:, favoured productive governmental intervention, i.e. an economy regulated by a relatively strong state, Eucken, Böhm and 7075: 5846: 4631: 4343: 4194: 3796: 8702: 9756: 9741: 8457:

The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia. Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815–70

6989: 4554: 4452: 4400: 4338: 4333: 4271: 2770: 2755: 289: 8737: 7987:

Müller-Armack, A., Soziale Marktwirtschaft – Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften, vol. 9, Göttingen, 1956, p. 249.

9896: 9761: 9092: 8949: 8838: 8001: 7782: 7721: 7538: 6967: 6644: 6383: 6306: 5976: 5956: 5886: 5273: 4559: 4184: 3939: 2912: 2775: 1579: 847: 224: 8573:

Görtemaker, M., Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart, Munich, 1999, p. 148.

10211: 10111: 9736: 9365: 9069: 6996:, did not introduce its own economic concept. This not only complicated the parliamentary work of the party in the 6748: 5559: 5188: 5155: 4837: 4594: 2750: 2375: 2077: 10150: 9871: 9821: 8876:"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Historical data from the era of the modern U.S. consumer price index (CPI)" 7014: 6979:

1949. In contrast to the previous ideological Ahlener Programm suggesting a rather abstract and anti-materialist

6226: 5074:

with what he called Rhine capitalism, present in Germany, France and in some of the Northern European economies.

4621: 3526: 2887: 2835: 9022:

Ptak, Ralf. "Neoliberalism in Germany: Revisiting the Ordoliberal Foundations of the Social Market Economy." in

6776:

criticism of liberal capitalism triggered by the world economic crisis of the early 1930s and a pronounced anti-

1025:

and protection of those unable to enter the market labor force because of old-age, disability, or unemployment.

9801: 9558: 9415: 7531:

Christian Democracy in the European Union, 1945/1995: Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium, 15–18 November 1995

6805:

of capitalism was to ameliorate the conditions of workers under capitalism and thus to stave off the threat of

6781: 6557: 5836: 3989: 3558: 2815: 2570: 2425: 1061: 390: 9116: 8431: 8014: 9568: 9430: 8816: 8145:

Nipperdey, Th., Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Erster Band: Arbeitswelt und Bürgergeist, Munich 1993, p. 336.

8126:

Müller-Armack, A., Auf dem Weg nach Europa. Erinnerungen und Ausblicke, Tübingen/ Stuttgart, 1971, pp. 50 ff.

6422: 5632: 5607: 5342: 4467: 4447: 2580: 2440: 1843: 1501: 835: 730: 450: 440: 6465: 4502: 10196: 10186: 9085: 6362: 6256: 5936: 5692: 2101: 1893: 1883: 760: 9057: 8114:

Röpke, W., Civitas Humana – Grundfragen der Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung, Erlenbach-Zürich, 1944.

4931:, Müller-Armack pursued a "Social Humanism" or "Social Irenics"—the notion irenics derives from the Greek 10206: 10201: 10072: 9836: 9731: 9726: 9678: 9495: 9440: 7890: 7648: 6650: 6431: 6321: 4830: 4492: 4069: 3536: 3430: 3092: 2850: 2745: 2740: 2690: 2505: 2450: 2070: 1589: 1526: 1459: 1437: 8105:

Nicholls, A. J., The Bonn Republic – West German Democracy 1945–1990, London/ New York, 1997, pp. 59 ff.

7182:

This might however be partly explained by a number of poorer countries joining the EU in the 2000s. The

6934: 5120:

In contrast to the situation in a free market economy, the state is not passive and actively implements

3959: 10236: 9891: 9881: 9721: 9618: 9332: 8206:

Erhard, L., Wirtschaft und Bildung (17 Aug 1957), reprinted in: Hohmann, K. (ed.), l.c., 1988b, p. 515.

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conceptions prepared the ground for the socio-economic concept. Already in the late 19th century, the

9916: 9826: 9811: 9776: 9716: 7096: 6547: 6458: 6438: 6375: 6339: 5906: 5244: 5129: 4655: 4549: 4159: 3949: 3629: 3615: 2932: 2840: 2825: 2790: 2730: 1672: 1359: 1081: 683: 611: 32: 9633: 8902: 5662: 2645: 10226: 10216: 10035: 9975: 9831: 9806: 9460: 9320: 9156: 9126: 7554: 7405:

Social Market Economy as Alternative Approach of Capitalism after the Financial and Economic Crisis

7108: 7059: 6988:

economic programme enabling a more consistent public front, the oldest German political party, the

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Wirtschaftspolitische Leitsätze der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der CDU/CSU, (presumably April 1949).

8056:

Selling the Economic Miracle: Economic Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany, 1949–1957

8029:

Selling the Economic Miracle: Economic Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany, 1949–1957

7964: 7960: 7929: 7898: 7836: 7805: 7749: 7713: 7589: 7467: 7268: 6868: 6695: 6661: 6448: 6096: 5866: 5433: 5090: 5040: 4781: 4703: 4678: 4650: 4609: 4589: 4579: 4524: 4462: 4437: 4353: 4348: 4313: 4298: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4231: 4226: 4179: 4074: 4049: 4039: 3944: 3776: 3761: 3661: 3603: 3225: 3060: 2565: 2262: 2175: 2138: 1971: 1956: 1878: 1858: 1813: 1710: 1569: 1559: 1531: 1394: 1322: 939: 790: 95: 80: 9400: 8995: 8938: 7385: 6063: 5173: 3919: 2410: 1317: 10191: 9954: 9947: 9683: 9151: 7364: 7338: 7175: 5986: 5966: 5946: 5540: 5520: 5198: 4769: 4584: 4529: 4519: 4497: 4477: 4472: 4432: 4417: 4395: 4358: 4308: 4266: 4256: 4216: 3736: 3701: 3610: 3563: 3408: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3210: 2972: 2965: 2695: 2158: 2021: 1976: 1951: 1918: 1622: 1617: 1554: 1549: 1307: 1144: 1069: 998: 695: 503: 400: 364: 209: 142: 90: 6038: 5802: 5569: 3726: 3195: 8: 10221: 10181: 10067: 10057: 10023: 10018: 10013: 9663: 9282: 9250: 9161: 9108: 8417: 7328: 7283: 7022: 6724: 6500: 6484: 6391: 6183: 6158: 6148: 5916: 5772: 5627: 5493: 5256: 5193: 5052: 4896: 4764: 4412: 4385: 4328: 4276: 4059: 3831: 3771: 3721: 3494: 3413: 3354: 3287: 3257: 3252: 3220: 3179: 3138: 3133: 3087: 3077: 3043: 3038: 3033: 2675: 2289: 2257: 2168: 2109: 1735: 1657: 1612: 1607: 1474: 1464: 1364: 1174: 1139: 1097: 987: 979: 805: 750: 745: 678: 668: 354: 189: 8940:

Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, And Institutions In A Changing Global Order

8889: 8718: 7891:

Susan Albers Mohrman; Philip H. Mirvis; Christopher G. Worley; Abraham B. Shani (2013).

5742: 5055:

and emphasized the reference of their concept to Catholic and Protestant social ethics.

5032: 9603: 9305: 8348: 8340: 7333: 7318: 7087: 6688: 6639: 6624: 6552: 6520: 6178: 6153: 6086: 5762: 5672: 5652: 5617: 5602: 5386: 5280: 5261: 5220: 4487: 4390: 4303: 4099: 4034: 3934: 3489: 3469: 3306: 2615: 2314: 1981: 1941: 1818: 1667: 1632: 1419: 1379: 1334: 1254: 1209: 1189: 810: 770: 641: 546: 165: 147: 137: 130: 8759: 6058: 6028: 5010:. He vehemently and consistently argued against the view that models were converging. 4923:

capitalism on the one side and of ordoliberal conceptions on the other. In drawing on

3751: 10145: 10089: 10052: 9961: 9921: 9698: 9578: 9543: 9435: 9425: 9420: 9395: 9270: 9002: 8964: 8945: 8922: 8834: 8760:"Christianity and the Social Market Economy in Britain, Germany and Northern Ireland" 8382: 8352: 8060: 8033: 7997: 7968: 7933: 7902: 7871: 7840: 7809: 7778: 7753: 7717: 7706: 7684: 7627: 7593: 7534: 7508:

The Philosophy of Social Market Economy: Michel Foucault's Analysis of Ordoliberalism

7471: 7221: 7046: 6944: 6810: 6656: 6542: 6163: 6091: 5747: 5722: 5587: 5101: 5071: 5048: 4995: 4975: 4806: 4079: 3836: 3766: 3741: 3731: 3711: 3531: 3418: 3349: 3311: 3109: 3072: 2979: 2937: 2710: 2590: 2555: 2445: 2435: 2430: 2405: 2277: 2046: 1913: 1780: 1770: 1715: 1637: 1511: 1496: 1374: 1344: 1274: 1264: 1199: 1033: 1022: 1018: 950: 663: 415: 395: 182: 175: 170: 9490: 9405: 5503: 4958:

liberalism on the one hand and Marxian socialism on the other. Furthermore, various

2500: 2415: 10084: 10045: 9982: 9968: 9781: 9688: 9598: 9523: 9455: 9450: 9385: 9315: 9235: 9183: 9173: 9141: 9136: 8332: 7511: 7303: 7273: 7258: 7235: 7207: 7183: 6953: 6843: 6828: 6634: 6198: 6112: 5926: 5777: 5717: 5637: 5564: 5554: 5547: 5498: 5419: 5315: 5007: 4940: 4722: 4715: 4054: 4004: 3969: 3914: 3821: 3806: 3781: 3716: 3686: 3553: 3504: 3479: 3462: 3457: 3391: 3316: 3242: 3230: 3104: 3065: 3000: 2986: 2795: 2700: 2610: 2535: 2465: 2460: 2395: 2324: 2242: 2190: 2180: 2148: 2143: 1848: 1823: 1775: 1755: 1700: 1677: 1627: 1506: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1354: 1244: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1014: 1010: 1002: 958: 927: 919: 656: 591: 576: 528: 518: 512: 485: 470: 241: 204: 9628: 9475: 9410: 6876: 5737: 5682: 5622: 5093:

lets the American model appear more attractive and dynamic to the general public.

4924: 3974: 2640: 2485: 2420: 10030: 9866: 9613: 9518: 9380: 9265: 9208: 9178: 9064: 8745: 8725: 8706: 8405: 8377: 8054: 8027: 7954: 7923: 7892: 7861: 7830: 7799: 7743: 7674: 7617: 7583: 7461: 7343: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 6993: 6924: 6899:

Müller-Armack's concept soon met with the conception of the then Chairman of the

6855:

following the war. However, whereas the pivotal members of the Freiburg Circles,

6839: 6795: 6777: 6681: 6599: 6261: 6231: 6188: 6138: 6128: 6081: 5787: 5782: 5757: 5330: 5285: 5086: 5085:, Rhine capitalism according to Albert has its foundations on publicly organized 5082: 5078: 5015: 4944: 4907: 4892: 4880: 4818: 4114: 4104: 4089: 4009: 3999: 3979: 3871: 3851: 3811: 3786: 3696: 3590: 3578: 3568: 3509: 3369: 3364: 3235: 3126: 3050: 2882: 2625: 2530: 2390: 2272: 2215: 2185: 2058: 1903: 1808: 1765: 1745: 1740: 1730: 1725: 1647: 1442: 1021:. The social element of the model instead refers to support for the provision of 962: 942: 911: 883: 780: 740: 705: 601: 561: 556: 523: 369: 349: 339: 329: 314: 294: 229: 115: 40: 9658: 8482:

European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 1, London, 1993, pp. 87-114.

6923:

conservatives widely welcomed the transition to a more market-oriented economy.

6702: 6236: 5657: 4895:. The term "social" was established by Adenauer to prevent further reference to 2670: 10008: 9989: 9771: 9653: 9588: 9583: 9538: 9500: 9465: 9375: 9292: 9223: 7298: 7293: 7071: 6864: 6836: 6736: 6587: 6562: 6535: 6173: 6133: 6043: 6006: 5797: 5732: 5727: 5398: 5203: 5003: 4903: 4861:

on the basis of a competitive economy. The social market economy is opposed to

4858: 4786: 4759: 4754: 4727: 4683: 4029: 3964: 3816: 3791: 3756: 3706: 3646: 3573: 3474: 3435: 3425: 3299: 3267: 3028: 3007: 2785: 2665: 2600: 2595: 2550: 2510: 2475: 2385: 2299: 2230: 2011: 1996: 1966: 1888: 1384: 1229: 1219: 1149: 1134: 1129: 983: 946: 765: 581: 475: 319: 9786: 8645:

Wirtschaftspolitische Richtlinien der CSU in Bayern, (supposedly end of 1948).

8304:

Müller-Armack, A., Religion und Wirtschaft, Bern/ Stuttgart, 1950, pp. 559 ff.

5697: 5677: 5592: 4019: 3841: 2800: 1750: 10175: 10077: 9940: 9693: 9673: 9608: 9548: 9445: 9344: 9287: 9240: 9230: 9203: 8699: 7313: 7187: 7162: 7018: 6908: 6888: 6847: 6815: 6790: 6671: 6208: 6053: 6033: 5812: 5667: 5612: 5533: 5377: 5356: 5208: 5113:

The main elements of the social market economy in Germany are the following:

5067: 5063: 4999: 4991: 4990:

This position was widely shared by Oppenheimer's doctoral student and friend

4911: 4863: 4742: 4064: 4024: 3954: 3924: 3891: 3886: 3866: 3746: 3671: 3583: 3446: 3262: 3097: 2958: 2705: 2685: 2620: 2560: 2455: 2353: 2294: 2247: 2237: 2210: 2001: 1873: 1833: 1705: 1369: 1269: 1249: 970: 923: 815: 800: 606: 596: 586: 571: 551: 480: 324: 246: 157: 120: 110: 100: 9017:

Freedom with responsibility: the social market economy in Germany, 1918-1963

8663:

Narr, W.-D., CDU-SPD. Programm und Praxis seit 1945, Stuttgart, 1966, p. 95.

7510:. Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Diskussionspapiere zur Ordnungsökonomik. 7505: 6992:(SPD), led by the advocate of economic planning and extensive socialisation 6851: 6580: 5036: 4879:

to establish fair competition, maintaining a balance between a high rate of

10155: 9796: 9668: 9648: 9638: 9593: 9563: 9485: 9470: 9327: 9188: 9146: 9051: 9031: 8609:

Schwarz, H.-P., Adenauer. Der Aufstieg. 1876–1952, Stuttgart, 1986, p. 602.

8264:

Hentschel, V., Ludwig Erhard – Ein Politikerleben, Berlin, 1998, pp. 75-78.

8092:

Hayek, F. A. v., "Was ist und was heisst 'sozial'?", in: Hunold, A. (ed.),

7158: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7051: 6971: 6949: 6802: 6567: 6246: 6193: 6143: 6048: 5817: 5767: 5712: 5525: 5488: 5452: 5426: 5031:

Important figures in the development of the concept include Eucken, Röpke,

4888: 4776: 4109: 4084: 4014: 3861: 3691: 3681: 3484: 2810: 2680: 2660: 2650: 2605: 2575: 2495: 2480: 2336: 2195: 2153: 1923: 1863: 1790: 1574: 1349: 1259: 1073: 1057: 1053: 1037: 931: 690: 566: 430: 425: 420: 405: 359: 334: 309: 304: 251: 105: 10103: 7745:

Europe's Promise: Why the European Way is the Best Hope in an Insecure Age

9573: 9533: 9480: 9390: 9260: 9245: 9198: 8997:

Political Economy of Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and Diversity

8961:

Selling the Economic Miracle: Reconstruction and Politics in West Germany

7263: 7055: 7038: 7033: 6785: 6334: 6123: 5792: 5752: 5702: 5687: 5597: 5393: 5335: 5251: 5234: 5125: 4094: 3896: 3881: 3856: 3651: 3636: 3543: 3396: 3344: 2585: 2545: 2490: 2400: 2267: 2252: 2205: 2006: 1908: 1828: 1584: 1279: 1234: 1204: 1159: 1077: 755: 710: 673: 651: 646: 259: 234: 8890:"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices" 5468: 4813: 9841: 9528: 9300: 9213: 8344: 8276:

Hentschel, V., Ludwig Erhard – Ein Politikerleben, Berlin, 1998, p. 25.

7323: 7249: 7074:, the concept of the social market economy was first introduced by the 6203: 6117: 5409: 5350: 5121: 4936: 4927:'s anthropo-sociological approach of an economic humanism leading to a 4872: 4732: 4698: 4693: 4363: 3876: 3666: 3641: 3548: 3401: 3381: 3187: 2855: 2540: 2309: 2220: 1986: 1695: 1516: 1447: 1105: 1041: 975: 930:. The social market economy was originally promoted and implemented in 915: 85: 53: 9077: 8323:

Friedrich, Carl J. (1955). "The Political Thought of Neo-Liberalism".

7515: 9791: 9623: 8728:. Free Democratic Party of Germany. p. 14. Retrieved 10 October 2022. 7005: 6806: 5513: 5445: 5310: 4974:. In the early 20th century, the Frankfurt sociologist and economist 4959: 4899:, which was used in the early party agenda Ahlener Programm in 1947. 4884: 4868: 4801: 4599: 3801: 3321: 2805: 2635: 2117: 2026: 2016: 1961: 1785: 1720: 1564: 1312: 1119: 1049: 1045: 1006: 994: 775: 299: 264: 199: 63: 58: 8451:

E. P. Hennock. "Social Policy under the Empire: Myths and Evidence"

8336: 7611: 7609: 7243: 7143:

and improvement of the quality of the environment. It shall promote

8709:. Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Retrieved 10 October 2022. 8619: 8168:

Oppenheimer, F., Weder so – noch so. Der dritte Weg, Potsdam, 1933.

7365:"Social Capitalism and Social Capital – Definitions and Discussion" 7308: 6594: 4994:, though the latter displaced adjective and subject by promoting a 4737: 4710: 4614: 4405: 3656: 3499: 1853: 1760: 1214: 1124: 152: 8903:

Golden Growth: Restoring the Lustre of the European Economic Model

8829:

Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). "The European Model".

8432:

Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft

968:

The social market economy was designed to be a middle way between

9339: 8822: 8122: 8120: 8081:

Soziale Marktwirtschaft – Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften

7797: 7606: 7215: 6975: 5707: 5325: 4971: 3846: 3452: 3386: 2348: 2041: 1154: 954: 508: 284: 7801:

Critical Political Studies: Debates and Dialogues from the Left

7708:

Fighting for Partnership: Labor and Politics in Unified Germany

7649:"Addressing the Marketing Problem of the Social Market Economy" 7229: 7027: 6904: 6478: 5363: 3516: 2053: 830: 636: 8117: 7585:

Taking the High Road: Communities Organize for Economic Change

7489: 7487: 7201: 6875:

In drawing on both Eucken's ordoliberal competitive order and

1239: 8833:(7th ed.). Southwestern Publishing House. p. 207. 8272: 8270: 5077:

While the neo-American model builds largely on the ideas of

4906:, this concept was not identical with the conception of the 8418:

keyword "social market economy" = “Soziale Marktwirtschaft”

7484: 6528: 5459: 5320: 4857:

Social market economies aim to combine free initiative and

8267: 7165:

and sometimes mistakenly identify it as being socialist.

7161:

identify the social market model with the notions of the

6938:

Konrad Adenauer, a proponent of the social market economy

4966:("Catheder Socialists") engaged in social reforms in the 997:

by right-wing critics. Although aspects were inspired by

8804:"Why is Labour still so obsessed with the German model?" 8620:"Biography of Konrad Adenauer, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung" 8399:

Roman Herzog Institute: Social Market Economy in Germany

8224:

Erhard, L., Wirken und Reden, Ludwigsburg, 1966, p. 320.

7863:

Emerging Market Economies: Globalization and Development

7131:, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at 8862:"Comparing United States and European Union by Economy" 8313:

Erhard, L., Wohlstand für alle, Gütersloh, 1963, p. 11.

8159:, Bern/ Leipzig, 1935 under the pseudonym F. D. Pelton. 7921: 6918:

as Director of the Administration for Economics in the

4871:

economic systems, and combines private enterprise with

8831:

Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century

8501:

Programm der "Freiburger Kreise", Berlin, 1973, p. 64.

8331:(2). American Political Science Association: 509–525. 7577: 7575: 4902:

Although the social market economy model evolved from

7506:

Nils Goldschmidt, Hermann Rauchenschwandtner (2007).

7197: 986:, which was influenced by the political ideology of 7572: 4145:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

8994: 8937: 8936:Koppstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005), 8856: 8854: 8322: 7791: 7705: 7441: 6842:(or Freiburg school of law and economics) and the 6801:One of the major factors for the emergence of the 5043:and Müller-Armack, who originally coined the term 993:The social segment is often wrongly confused with 8935: 7952: 7884: 7615: 7435: 6957:the foundation of modern German economic policy: 961:alike. Its origins can be traced to the interwar 10173: 7362: 8851: 7915: 7894:Building Networks for Sustainable Effectiveness 7859: 7772: 7672: 8052: 8025: 7946: 7616:Van Schie, P. G. C.; Voermann, Gerrit (2006). 4891:, good working conditions, social welfare and 10119: 9093: 8992: 8828: 8757: 8740:. Social Democratic Party of Germany. p. 24. 7828: 7703: 6756: 4838: 4170:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 4140:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 3156: 2078: 855: 8237:(University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 117. 7956:Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices 7925:Reclaiming Universities from a Runaway World 7798:Abigail B. Bakan; Eleanor MacDonald (2002). 7766: 6700: 6686: 6585: 6533: 6498: 6489: 6463: 6429: 6420: 5545: 5511: 5466: 5457: 5443: 5424: 5384: 5375: 5361: 10133: 8916: 8767:Journal of the Irish Christian Study Centre 7959:(2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 7853: 7822: 7748:. University of California Press. pp. 7741: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7522: 7493: 7459: 7401: 10126: 10112: 9877:Christian Democrat Organization of America 9100: 9086: 8369: 8235:The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism 7697: 7666: 7646: 6763: 6749: 5096: 4845: 4831: 3163: 3149: 2893:Christian Democrat Organization of America 2085: 2071: 862: 848: 8993:Crouch, Colin; Streeck, Wolfgang (2000), 8919:Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte: seit 1945 7111:set the following goals in Article 3(3): 4175:International Federation of Liberal Youth 1005:, the social market approach rejects the 9058:Essay on Germany's Social Market Economy 7730: 7581: 7533:. Leuven University Press. p. 478. 7528: 6933: 9276:Friendly separation of church and state 9107: 7168: 6929:Marktwirtschaft im Streit der Meinungen 4155:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 2283:Friendly separation of church and state 906:, is a socioeconomic model combining a 10174: 8958: 8783: 8600:Müller-Armack, A., l.c., 1971, p. 247. 7453: 7447: 10107: 9887:European Christian Political Movement 9752:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 9081: 9032:"Germany - The Social Market Economy" 7928:. McGraw-Hill International. p. 6299:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 5857:Lectures on the Philosophy of History 5021:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 4985:Neither thus, nor thus. The third way 2903:European Christian Political Movement 2766:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 7897:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 7712:. Cornell University Press. p. 6818:. In March 1884, Bismarck declared: 1072:textbook distinguishes between the " 9747:Christian Democratic People's Party 9054:– United States Library of Congress 9026:(Harvard UP, 2009) pp. 98–138. 8817:Treaty on European Union, Article 3 8700:"60 years of social market economy" 5847:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5058: 4195:Liberal South East European Network 2761:Christian Democratic People's Party 13: 8978: 8591:Erhard, L., l.c., 1992, pp. 69-85. 7922:Melanie Walker; Jon Nixon (2004). 4981:Weder so – noch so. Der dritte Weg 926:. It is sometimes classified as a 922:within the market and generally a 14: 10248: 9897:Conservative Christian Fellowship 9762:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 9045: 8784:Biffen, John (12 December 1994). 8325:American Political Science Review 7804:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 7679:. University of Alberta. p. 7151: 7102: 7065: 6968:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 6784:formed by the experiences of the 6307:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 5887:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man 4185:Liberal Network for Latin America 3618:(contributions to liberal theory) 2913:Conservative Christian Fellowship 2776:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 836:Business and economics portal 9737:Christian Democratic and Flemish 8455:1998 16(1): 58–74; Herman Beck, 7647:Marktanner, Marcus (June 2010). 7242: 7228: 7214: 7200: 6883:, who therefore coined the term 6794:capitalism and the collectivist 6730: 6718: 5560:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918 5172: 5124:measures. Some elements such as 5108: 4812: 4800: 3194: 3132: 2751:Christian Democratic and Flemish 2116: 2052: 2040: 945:in 1949 and today it is used by 829: 9872:Centrist Democrat International 9757:Christian Social People's Party 8896: 8882: 8868: 8810: 8796: 8777: 8751: 8731: 8712: 8693: 8684: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8648: 8639: 8626: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8567: 8557: 8548: 8538: 8528: 8514: 8504: 8494: 8485: 8475: 8462: 8445: 8436: 8424: 8411: 8392: 8359: 8316: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8279: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8190: 8181: 8171: 8162: 8148: 8139: 8129: 8108: 8099: 8086: 8073: 8046: 8019: 8007: 7990: 7981: 7866:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 7640: 7547: 7463:Moral Economy of Welfare States 7363:Tristan Claridge (9 May 2017). 2888:Centrist Democrat International 2771:Christian Social People's Party 1064:, and the contemporary Chinese 8944:, Cambridge University Press, 8719:Wiesbaden Programme of the FDP 7832:Corporations and the Third Way 7622:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 7499: 7429: 7395: 7379: 7356: 6651:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz 6558:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 6384:German National People's Party 5837:Addresses to the German Nation 3559:Separation of church and state 1062:East Asian model of capitalism 982:. It was strongly inspired by 1: 8378:Capitalism Against Capitalism 7436:Koppstein & Lichbach 2005 7350: 7115:The Union shall establish an 7054:(led by the CDU/CSU) and the 6645:Criticism of multiculturalism 6423:Bibliothek des Konservatismus 1844:Critique of political economy 1502:Critique of political economy 731:Commons-based peer production 451:Socialism of the 21st century 8917:Abelshauser, Werner (2004). 8738:Hamburg Programme of the SPD 8632:Christian Democratic Union, 7676:Germany--phoenix in Trouble? 7145:scientific and technological 7123:of Europe based on balanced 6901:Sonderstelle Geld und Kredit 5937:The Concept of the Political 1894:Periodizations of capitalism 7: 9902:Centre for European Studies 9837:Popular Republican Movement 9732:Christian Democratic Appeal 8987:German politics and society 8430:Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon: 8255:Nicholls, A. J., l.c., 1994 8157:Sprung über ein Jahrhundert 8013:Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon: 7835:. Hart Publishing. p. 7582:Reynolds, David B. (2002). 7367:. Socialcapitalresearch.com 7193: 6640:Conservatism in Switzerland 6432:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung 6322:Ecological Democratic Party 2918:Centre for European Studies 2851:Popular Republican Movement 2746:Christian Democratic Appeal 1590:Simple commodity production 10: 10253: 9892:Konrad Adenauer Foundation 9742:Christian Democratic Party 9070:Short Definition from the 9029:U.S. Library of Congress. 9024:The Road from Mont Pelerin 8910: 8748:Retrieved 10 October 2022. 7953:Lowell Barrington (2012). 7777:. Routledge. p. 199. 7654:. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 7017:(FDP) led by the chairman 6677:Philosophical anthropology 6492:Studienzentrum Weikersheim 6473:Konrad Adenauer Foundation 6466:Institut für Staatspolitik 5146: 5141: 2908:Konrad Adenauer Foundation 2756:Christian Democratic Party 1899:Perspectives on capitalism 1028:Some authors use the term 936:Christian Democratic Union 910:economic system alongside 18: 10141: 10000: 9931: 9917:Center for Public Justice 9858: 9777:Croatian Democratic Union 9717:American Solidarity Party 9708: 9510: 9357: 9115: 9052:The Social Market Economy 9015:Nicholls, Anthony James. 8468:Frederic B. M. Hollyday, 7097:Centre for Policy Studies 6459:Hans Filbinger Foundation 6439:Forum of German Catholics 6376:German Conservative Party 5907:Prussianism and Socialism 4782:Sexually liberal feminism 4689:Bias in American academia 4160:European Democratic Party 3616:List of liberal theorists 2933:Center for Public Justice 2791:Croatian Democratic Union 2731:American Solidarity Party 1082:eco-social market economy 225:Socialist-oriented market 10036:Christian libertarianism 9976:Sollicitudo rei socialis 9321:Environmental protection 9127:Catholic social teaching 8959:Spicka, Mark E. (2007). 7775:German Historical School 7673:Matthias Zimmer (1997). 7555:"GHDI - Document - Page" 7529:Lamberts, Emiel (1997). 7388:. Economics Dictionary. 7119:. It shall work for the 7109:Treaty on European Union 7060:Treaty on European Union 6920:Bizonal Economic Council 6667:Pan-European nationalism 5997:Germany Abolishes Itself 5154:This article is part of 5091:functioning of the press 4968:Verein für Socialpolitik 3441:Labor theory of property 3056:Christian libertarianism 2994:Sollicitudo rei socialis 2330:Environmental protection 2134:Catholic social teaching 1170:Economic interventionism 1088: 1066:socialist market economy 928:regulated market economy 21:Socialist market economy 10212:Economy of West Germany 10135:Social models in Europe 9882:European People's Party 9722:Austrian People's Party 8522:Soziale Marktwirtschaft 8053:Mark E. Spicka (2007), 8026:Mark E. Spicka (2007), 8015:Soziale Marktwirtschaft 7588:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 7121:sustainable development 6990:Social Democratic Party 6948:or economic miracle of 6885:Soziale Marktwirtschaft 6725:Conservatism portal 6635:Conservatism in Austria 6576:Süddeutsche Monatshefte 6454:Hanns Seidel Foundation 6444:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize 6368:Free Conservative Party 6355:Bavarian People's Party 6330:Family Party of Germany 6283:Alternative for Germany 5897:The Decline of the West 5165:Conservatism in Germany 5097:Social capitalism model 5045:Soziale Marktwirtschaft 5039:, Oppenheimer, Erhard, 4150:Arab Liberal Federation 3340:Consent of the governed 2898:European People's Party 2736:Austrian People's Party 1839:Criticism of capitalism 896:Rhine-Alpine capitalism 888:soziale Marktwirtschaft 9907:European Ideas Network 9194:Economic progressivism 8758:Esmond Birnie (1994). 7829:Sally Wheeler (2002). 7704:Lowell Turner (1998). 7289:Neoclassical economics 7149: 7139:, and a high level of 6985:Düsseldorfer Leitsätze 6964: 6939: 6914:When Erhard succeeded 6825: 6701: 6687: 6586: 6534: 6499: 6490: 6464: 6430: 6421: 5546: 5512: 5467: 5458: 5444: 5425: 5385: 5376: 5362: 5134:unemployment insurance 5002:, somewhere between a 4165:European Liberal Youth 4135:Africa Liberal Network 3360:Economic globalization 2923:European Ideas Network 2201:Economic progressivism 1869:Exploitation of labour 1580:Primitive accumulation 908:free-market capitalist 887: 10041:Christian nationalism 9832:Polish People's Party 9802:National Action Party 9297:Social market economy 9256:Person Dignity Theory 9169:Consistent life ethic 9132:Christian corporatism 9001:, SAGE Publications, 8989:28.2 (2010): 130-150. 8724:3 August 2017 at the 8705:14 March 2013 at the 7466:. Routledge. p. 7269:Libertarian socialism 7113: 7015:Free Democratic Party 6959: 6937: 6869:Constantin von Dietze 6820: 6696:Theory of generations 6662:Liberalism in Germany 6449:German Burschenschaft 6400:German People's Party 5693:Moeller van den Bruck 5439:Social market economy 5130:universal health care 5041:Constantin von Dietze 4807:Liberalism portal 4679:Anti-authoritarianism 4180:Liberal International 3061:Christian nationalism 2846:Polish People's Party 2816:National Action Party 2305:Social market economy 2263:Person Dignity Theory 2176:Consistent life ethic 2139:Christian corporatism 2047:Capitalism portal 1859:Culture of capitalism 1814:Capitalist propaganda 1570:Industrial Revolution 1560:Commercial Revolution 1060:, Japanese corporate 965:of economic thought. 876:social market economy 9955:Graves de communi re 9948:Populorum progressio 8094:Masse und Demokratie 7742:Steven Hill (2010). 7460:Steffen Mau (2003). 7339:Humanistic economics 7176:consumer price index 7169:Economic performance 7023:economically liberal 6881:Alfred Müller-Armack 5987:Moral und Hypermoral 5967:Fascism in Its Epoch 5947:On the Marble Cliffs 5541:German reunification 5521:German Confederation 4916:Alfred Müller-Armack 3611:Age of Enlightenment 3564:Separation of powers 2973:Graves de communi re 2966:Populorum progressio 2022:Right-libertarianism 1952:Classical liberalism 1919:Venture philanthropy 1555:Capitalism and Islam 1550:Age of Enlightenment 1145:Capital accumulation 1070:comparative politics 999:democratic socialism 761:Newly industrialized 504:Collective ownership 365:Vertical archipelago 16:Socio-economic model 10197:Economic ideologies 10187:Christian democracy 10058:Religious democracy 10024:Christian socialism 10019:Christian communism 10014:Christian anarchism 9727:Christian Democracy 9283:Religious pluralism 9251:Option for the poor 9109:Christian democracy 8079:Müller-Armack, A., 7418:on 11 November 2020 7329:Types of capitalism 7284:Keynesian economics 6857:Erwin von Beckerath 6619:Böckenförde dilemma 6501:Tradition und Leben 6485:Queen Louise League 6291:Bündnis Deutschland 5917:Ideology and Utopia 5494:Anti-Socialist Laws 5194:Christian democracy 5079:Friedrich von Hayek 5053:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 4964:Kathedersozialisten 4951:("The Third Way"). 4897:Christian socialism 4819:Politics portal 3522:Civil and political 3495:Popular sovereignty 3355:Economic liberalism 3139:Christianity portal 3078:Religious democracy 3044:Christian socialism 3039:Christian communism 3034:Christian anarchism 2741:Christian Democracy 2290:Religious pluralism 2258:Option for the poor 2110:Christian democracy 2059:Business portal 1175:Economic liberalism 1165:Competitive markets 1009:ideas of replacing 988:Christian democracy 980:socialist economics 746:Inclusive Democracy 10207:Economy of Germany 10202:Economy of Austria 9912:Schuman Foundation 9306:Sphere sovereignty 9063:2005-05-11 at the 9019:(Oxford UP, 2000). 8963:. Berghahn Books. 8744:2008-09-11 at the 8404:2011-02-24 at the 8059:, Berghahn Books, 8032:, Berghahn Books, 7334:Welfare capitalism 7319:Social corporatism 7279:Rehn–Meidner model 7088:post-war consensus 6940: 6737:Germany portal 6689:Stahlhelm-Fraktion 6625:European New Right 6553:Deutsche Rundschau 6363:Conservative Party 5663:Jünger (Friedrich) 5415:Political theology 4877:state intervention 3490:Permissive society 3470:Limited government 2928:Schuman Foundation 2315:Sphere sovereignty 1819:Capitalist realism 1210:Goods and services 1190:Fictitious capital 918:to establish both 684:Material balancing 166:Buddhist economics 10237:Social liberalism 10169: 10168: 10101: 10100: 10090:Ethical socialism 10053:Liberal democracy 9962:Quadragesimo anno 9922:Paneuropean Union 9812:Nationalist Party 9271:Religious liberty 9036:countrystudies.us 9008:978-0-7619-5653-2 8970:978-1-84545-223-0 8928:978-3-406-51094-6 8387:978-1-870332-54-5 8066:978-1-84545-223-0 8039:978-1-84545-223-0 7974:978-1-133-71036-3 7939:978-0-335-21291-0 7908:978-1-78190-887-7 7877:978-0-7546-3706-6 7846:978-1-901362-63-3 7815:978-0-7735-6956-0 7759:978-0-520-24857-1 7690:978-0-88864-305-6 7633:978-3-8258-7668-5 7599:978-0-7656-0745-4 7477:978-1-134-37055-9 7402:Ralph M. Wrobel, 7222:Capitalism portal 7047:Wirtschaftswunder 6945:Wirtschaftswunder 6811:Otto von Bismarck 6773: 6772: 6657:German militarism 5957:The Questionnaire 5570:Völkisch movement 5291:Historical School 5286:Right-Hegelianism 5126:pension insurance 5102:Social capitalism 5072:Margaret Thatcher 5049:Bekennende Kirche 4996:social liberalism 4976:Franz Oppenheimer 4855: 4854: 4694:Bias in the media 4210:Regional variants 3527:Natural and legal 3173: 3172: 3110:Ethical socialism 3073:Liberal democracy 2980:Quadragesimo anno 2938:Paneuropean Union 2826:Nationalist Party 2278:Religious liberty 2095: 2094: 1914:Spontaneous order 1884:History of theory 1527:New institutional 1497:Market monetarism 1432:Economic theories 1265:Supply and demand 1200:Free price system 1034:Anglo-Saxon model 1030:social capitalism 1023:equal opportunity 1019:economic planning 1013:and markets with 904:social capitalism 872: 871: 382:By regional model 176:Sabbath economics 10244: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10105: 10104: 10085:Social democracy 10046:Theoconservatism 9983:Centesimus annus 9969:Laborem exercens 9782:Democratic Rally 9366:Arizmendiarrieta 9316:Environmentalism 9236:Multiculturalism 9184:Dignity of labor 9174:Cultural mandate 9142:Communitarianism 9137:Christian ethics 9102: 9095: 9088: 9079: 9078: 9039: 9012: 9000: 8974: 8955: 8943: 8932: 8905: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8858: 8849: 8848: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8764: 8755: 8749: 8735: 8729: 8716: 8710: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8682: 8679: 8673: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8601: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8518: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8466: 8460: 8449: 8443: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8415: 8409: 8396: 8390: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8296: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8265: 8262: 8256: 8253: 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Group 6998:Economic Council 6981:Gemeinwirtschaft 6954:co-determination 6916:Johannes Semmler 6844:Freiburg Circles 6829:Kaiser Wilhelm I 6780:as well as anti- 6765: 6758: 6751: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6706: 6692: 6630:Collective guilt 6591: 6572: 6539: 6525: 6504: 6495: 6469: 6435: 6426: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6359: 6344: 6326: 6311: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6012: 6002: 5992: 5982: 5972: 5962: 5952: 5942: 5932: 5927:Man and Technics 5922: 5912: 5902: 5892: 5882: 5877:Das Ressentiment 5872: 5862: 5852: 5842: 5733:Ritter (Joachim) 5728:Ritter (Gerhard) 5565:Oster conspiracy 5551: 5548:Historikerstreit 5517: 5499:Carlsbad Decrees 5472: 5463: 5449: 5434:Social hierarchy 5430: 5420:Prussian virtues 5390: 5381: 5367: 5316:Christian values 5176: 5166: 5151: 5150: 5059:Rhine capitalism 5033:Alexander Rüstow 5008:central planning 4941:economic freedom 4887:, low levels of 4867:policies and to 4847: 4840: 4833: 4817: 4816: 4805: 4804: 4723:Economic freedom 4716:Radical centrism 3554:Secular humanism 3480:Natural monopoly 3431:Internationalism 3248:Internationalist 3198: 3175: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3136: 3129: 3105:Social democracy 3066:Theoconservatism 3001:Centesimus annus 2987:Laborem exercens 2796:Democratic Rally 2376:Arizmendiarrieta 2325:Environmentalism 2243:Multiculturalism 2191:Dignity of labor 2181:Cultural mandate 2149:Communitarianism 2144:Christian ethics 2120: 2097: 2096: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2057: 2056: 2045: 2044: 1849:Critique of work 1824:Capitalist state 1507:Critique of work 1390:Regulated market 1292:Economic systems 1245:Private property 1195:Financial market 1185:Entrepreneurship 1180:Economic surplus 1093: 1092: 1015:social ownership 1011:private property 1003:social democracy 959:social democrats 953:and modern (non- 920:fair competition 892:Rhine capitalism 864: 857: 850: 834: 833: 592:Municipalization 577:Financialization 547:Collectivization 529:Social ownership 519:Private property 513:Common ownership 471:Common ownership 285:Closed (autarky) 242:State capitalism 220:Socialist market 205:Market socialist 41:Economic systems 28: 27: 10252: 10251: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10227:Mixed economies 10217:Freiburg School 10172: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10137: 10132: 10102: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10031:Christian right 9996: 9995: 9994: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9867:Catholic Action 9854: 9853: 9852: 9822:Patriotic Union 9704: 9703: 9702: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9266:Public morality 9209:Just war theory 9179:Culture of life 9111: 9106: 9065:Wayback Machine 9048: 9043: 9040:; not copyright 9030: 9009: 8981: 8979:Further reading 8971: 8952: 8929: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8860: 8859: 8852: 8841: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8782: 8778: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8746:Wayback Machine 8736: 8732: 8726:Wayback Machine 8717: 8713: 8707:Wayback Machine 8698: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8640: 8631: 8627: 8618: 8617: 8613: 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Whurr; 1993. 8375:Michel Albert. 8374: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8337:10.2307/1951819 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8091: 8087: 8078: 8074: 8067: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7740: 7731: 7724: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7580: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7527: 7523: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7386:"Social Market" 7384: 7380: 7370: 7368: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344:Planned economy 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7196: 7171: 7154: 7137:social progress 7133:full employment 7129:price stability 7125:economic growth 7117:internal market 7105: 7068: 6994:Kurt Schumacher 6925:Konrad Adenauer 6840:Freiburg school 6796:planned economy 6778:totalitarianism 6769: 6731: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6710: 6709: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6600:Welt am Sonntag 6570: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6416: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6357: 6342: 6340:The Republicans 6324: 6309: 6301: 6293: 6285: 6275: 6267: 6266: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6054:Strauss (Botho) 6024: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6000: 5990: 5980: 5970: 5960: 5950: 5940: 5930: 5920: 5910: 5900: 5890: 5880: 5870: 5860: 5850: 5840: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5583: 5575: 5574: 5484: 5476: 5475: 5306: 5298: 5297: 5245:State Socialism 5184: 5164: 5149: 5144: 5111: 5099: 5087:social security 5083:Milton Friedman 5061: 5016:Friedrich Hayek 4945:social security 4908:Freiburg school 4893:public services 4881:economic growth 4851: 4811: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4468:North Macedonia 4212: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4190:Liberal parties 4128: 4120: 4119: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3632: 3622: 3621: 3606: 3596: 3595: 3591:State of nature 3579:Social services 3569:Social contract 3532:To own property 3335: 3327: 3326: 3206: 3169: 3127:Politics portal 3125: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3051:Christian right 3023: 3015: 3014: 3013: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2883:Catholic Action 2877: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2836:Patriotic Union 2725: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2525: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2273:Public morality 2216:Just war theory 2186:Culture of life 2128: 2091: 2051: 2039: 2032: 2031: 1937: 1929: 1928: 1904:Post-capitalism 1809:Anti-capitalism 1804: 1796: 1795: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1415:State-sponsored 1293: 1285: 1284: 1150:Capital markets 1115: 1091: 963:Freiburg school 951:social liberals 943:Konrad Adenauer 912:social policies 890:), also called 868: 828: 821: 820: 786:Post-industrial 781:Post-capitalist 741:Hunter-gatherer 726: 718: 717: 632: 624: 623: 602:Nationalization 562:Demutualization 557:Corporatization 542: 534: 533: 524:State ownership 499: 491: 490: 466: 458: 457: 383: 375: 374: 345:Robinson Crusoe 280: 279:By coordination 272: 271: 256:Traditionalist 116:Neomercantilist 76: 68: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10250: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10232:Ordoliberalism 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10131: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10108: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10055: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10009:Christian left 10006: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001:Related topics 9998: 9997: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9827:People's Party 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9807:National Party 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9772:Civic Platform 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9333:in Catholicism 9325: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9295: 9293:Social justice 9290: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9105: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9067: 9055: 9047: 9046:External links 9044: 9042: 9041: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9007: 8990: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8956: 8950: 8933: 8927: 8921:. C. H. Beck. 8912: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8895: 8881: 8867: 8850: 8839: 8821: 8809: 8795: 8786:"Keith Joseph" 8776: 8750: 8730: 8711: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8665: 8656: 8647: 8638: 8625: 8611: 8602: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8566: 8556: 8547: 8537: 8527: 8513: 8503: 8493: 8484: 8474: 8461: 8453:German History 8444: 8435: 8423: 8410: 8391: 8368: 8358: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8278: 8266: 8257: 8248: 8239: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8189: 8180: 8170: 8161: 8147: 8138: 8128: 8116: 8107: 8098: 8085: 8072: 8065: 8045: 8038: 8018: 8006: 7989: 7980: 7973: 7945: 7938: 7914: 7907: 7883: 7876: 7852: 7845: 7821: 7814: 7790: 7783: 7765: 7758: 7729: 7722: 7696: 7689: 7665: 7639: 7632: 7605: 7598: 7571: 7559:German History 7546: 7539: 7521: 7498: 7483: 7476: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7394: 7378: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7299:Market economy 7296: 7294:Market failure 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7239: 7225: 7211: 7195: 7192: 7170: 7167: 7153: 7152:Misconceptions 7150: 7104: 7103:European Union 7101: 7072:United Kingdom 7067: 7066:United Kingdom 7064: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6727: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6698: 6693: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6614: 6612:Related topics 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588:Verlag Antaios 6583: 6578: 6573: 6565: 6563:Junge Freiheit 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6531: 6526: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6427: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6360: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6296: 6288: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6159:von Schleicher 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6007:Finis Germania 6003: 5993: 5983: 5973: 5963: 5953: 5943: 5933: 5923: 5913: 5903: 5893: 5883: 5873: 5863: 5853: 5843: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:von Treitschke 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658:Jünger (Ernst) 5655: 5650: 5648:von Hildebrand 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5523: 5518: 5509: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5450: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5368: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5159: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5118: 5110: 5107: 5098: 5095: 5060: 5057: 5004:market economy 4949:Der Dritte Weg 4929:Civitas Humana 4904:ordoliberalism 4859:social welfare 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4809: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787:Utilitarianism 4784: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4760:Libertarianism 4757: 4755:Land value tax 4752: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4728:Egalitarianism 4725: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684:Anti-communism 4681: 4675: 4673:Related topics 4672: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4627:Arizona School 4619: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4595:United Kingdom 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3722:Wollstonecraft 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3574:Social justice 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3475:Market economy 3472: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3436:Invisible hand 3433: 3428: 3426:Harm principle 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3029:Christian left 3025: 3024: 3022:Related topics 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2841:People's Party 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2821:National Party 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2786:Civic Platform 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2342:in Catholicism 2334: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2300:Social justice 2297: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2049: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012:Ordoliberalism 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1889:Market economy 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1803:Related topics 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1673:State monopoly 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230:Liberalization 1227: 1222: 1220:Invisible hand 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:Businessperson 1132: 1130:Business cycle 1127: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1090: 1087: 984:ordoliberalism 870: 869: 867: 866: 859: 852: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 823: 822: 819: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 796:Resource-based 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 708: 703: 693: 688: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 582:Liberalization 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 506: 500: 498:Property types 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453: 447:Latin America 445: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 410: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267: 262: 254: 249: 244: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 187: 186: 185: 180: 179: 178: 168: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 134: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 83: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 67: 66: 61: 56: 50: 47: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10249: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10151:Mediterranean 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10124: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9941:Rerum novarum 9938: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9859:Organisations 9857: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:New Democracy 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9684:von der Leyen 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9461:Nell-Breuning 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9288:Social Gospel 9286: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9241:Neo-Calvinism 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9231:Mixed economy 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9204:Human dignity 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9103: 9098: 9096: 9091: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9037: 9033: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8951:0-521-60395-1 8947: 8942: 8941: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8904: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8877: 8871: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8847: 8842: 8840:0-618-26181-8 8836: 8832: 8825: 8819:, paragraph 3 8818: 8813: 8805: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8651: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8560: 8551: 8541: 8531: 8523: 8517: 8507: 8497: 8488: 8478: 8471: 8465: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8372: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8282: 8273: 8271: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8236: 8233:F. A. Hayek, 8230: 8221: 8212: 8203: 8193: 8184: 8174: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8142: 8132: 8123: 8121: 8111: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8049: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8003: 8002:0-521-83362-0 7999: 7993: 7984: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7949: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7887: 7879: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7856: 7848: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7825: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7784:1-134-62044-6 7780: 7776: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7725: 7723:0-8014-8483-9 7719: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7669: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7612: 7610: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7542: 7540:9789061868088 7536: 7532: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7438:, p. 156 7437: 7432: 7414: 7407: 7406: 7398: 7391: 7390:The Economist 7387: 7382: 7366: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Mixed economy 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7231: 7226: 7223: 7217: 7212: 7209: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7189: 7188:Indermit Gill 7185: 7180: 7177: 7166: 7164: 7163:welfare state 7160: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7019:Theodor Heuss 7016: 7010: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6909:Ludwig Erhard 6906: 6902: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6889:neoliberalism 6886: 6882: 6878: 6877:Wilhelm Röpke 6873: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6848:Walter Eucken 6845: 6841: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6816:German Empire 6812: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6791:laissez-faire 6787: 6783: 6779: 6766: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6672:Pan-Germanism 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6415:Organizations 6412: 6411: 6401: 6398: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6292: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Strauss (Leo) 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5582:Intellectuals 5579: 5578: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5534:German Empire 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378:In Treue fest 5374: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5357:Germanisation 5355: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5269:Revolutionary 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5240:Paternalistic 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5209:Ritter School 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109:Main elements 5106: 5103: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068:Ronald Reagan 5065: 5064:Michel Albert 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5025:laissez-faire 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000:mixed economy 4997: 4993: 4992:Ludwig Erhard 4988: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956:laissez-faire 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925:Wilhelm Röpke 4922: 4921:laissez-faire 4917: 4913: 4912:Walter Eucken 4909: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4864:laissez-faire 4860: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4743:Individualism 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622:United States 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4222:Latin America 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4127:Organizations 4124: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584:Welfare state 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3447:Laissez-faire 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2959:Rerum novarum 2956: 2955: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876:Organizations 2873: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2831:New Democracy 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:von der Leyen 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2520: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Nell-Breuning 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2365: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2295:Social Gospel 2293: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Neo-Calvinism 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2238:Mixed economy 2236: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211:Human dignity 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2002:Neoliberalism 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1947:Authoritarian 1945: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1874:Globalization 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834:Crisis theory 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690:Intellectuals 1687: 1686: 1679: 1678:Technological 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1470:Institutional 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1329:Laissez-faire 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1303:Authoritarian 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1270:Surplus value 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1250:Privatization 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 971:laissez-faire 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:welfare state 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:Rhenish model 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 846: 845: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 826: 825: 824: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791:Post-scarcity 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 736:Expeditionary 734: 732: 729: 728: 722: 721: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 689: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 627: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612:Socialization 610: 608: 607:Privatization 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Mutualization 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Marketization 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572:Expropriation 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Communization 550: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 514: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 452: 449: 448: 446: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 411: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 386: 385: 379: 378: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 290:Decentralized 288: 286: 283: 282: 276: 275: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 255: 253: 250: 248: 247:Social credit 245: 243: 240: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 215:Participatory 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 173: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 132: 129: 127: 126:Social market 124: 122: 121:Protectionist 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 101:Laissez-faire 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 72: 71: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 51: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 10160: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9846: 9797:Kataeb Party 9767:Centre Party 9426:John Paul II 9358:Philosophers 9328:Subsidiarity 9219:Conservative 9189:Distributism 9147:Conservatism 9071: 9035: 9023: 9016: 8996: 8986: 8960: 8939: 8918: 8898: 8884: 8870: 8844: 8830: 8824: 8812: 8798: 8790:The Guardian 8789: 8779: 8770: 8766: 8753: 8733: 8714: 8695: 8686: 8677: 8668: 8659: 8650: 8641: 8633: 8628: 8614: 8605: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8559: 8550: 8540: 8530: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8496: 8487: 8477: 8472:(1970) p. 65 8469: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8438: 8426: 8413: 8394: 8376: 8371: 8361: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8281: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8234: 8229: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8192: 8183: 8173: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8141: 8131: 8110: 8101: 8093: 8088: 8080: 8075: 8055: 8048: 8028: 8021: 8009: 7992: 7983: 7955: 7948: 7924: 7917: 7893: 7886: 7862: 7855: 7831: 7824: 7800: 7793: 7774: 7768: 7744: 7707: 7699: 7675: 7668: 7656:. Retrieved 7642: 7618: 7584: 7562:. Retrieved 7558: 7549: 7530: 7524: 7507: 7501: 7462: 7455: 7450:, p. 2. 7443: 7431: 7420:, retrieved 7413:the original 7404: 7397: 7389: 7381: 7369:. Retrieved 7358: 7181: 7172: 7159:Eurosceptics 7155: 7114: 7106: 7092:free markets 7084:World War II 7082:. Following 7080:Keith Joseph 7076:Conservative 7069: 7052:centre-right 7045: 7043: 7032: 7011: 7002: 6984: 6980: 6972:Hanns Seidel 6965: 6960: 6950:West Germany 6943: 6941: 6928: 6913: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6884: 6874: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6803:German model 6800: 6789: 6782:collectivism 6774: 6703:Überfremdung 6649: 6617: 6568:Kreuzzeitung 6477: 6392:German Party 6348: 6347: 6317:Centre Party 6277: 6149:von Radowitz 6092:von Bismarck 6023:Commentators 6005: 5995: 5985: 5975: 5965: 5955: 5945: 5935: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5901:(1918, 1922) 5895: 5885: 5875: 5867:Degeneration 5865: 5855: 5845: 5835: 5588:Benedict XVI 5527: 5504: 5489:20 July plot 5453:Subsidiarity 5438: 5427:Sittlichkeit 5349: 5344:Gemeinschaft 5343: 5257:Cameralistic 5226: 5112: 5100: 5076: 5062: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5012: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4901: 4889:unemployment 4862: 4856: 4777:Pirate Party 4637:Jeffersonian 4545:South Africa 4035:Lloyd George 3630:Philosophers 3537:To bear arms 3485:Open society 3445: 3216:Conservative 3006: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2860: 2811:Kataeb Party 2781:Centre Party 2436:John Paul II 2369:Philosophers 2337:Subsidiarity 2304: 2226:Conservative 2196:Distributism 2154:Conservatism 1924:Wage slavery 1864:Evergreening 1575:Mercantilism 1522:Neoclassical 1404: 1350:Mercantilist 1327: 1260:Rent seeking 1225:Visible hand 1074:conservative 1058:Nordic model 1054:polder model 1052:, the Dutch 1038:German model 1029: 1027: 992: 969: 967: 947:ordoliberals 932:West Germany 903: 899: 895: 891: 879: 875: 873: 701:Peer-to-peer 696:Self-managed 631:Coordination 567:Deregulation 435: 252:Distributist 125: 106:Mercantilist 25: 10192:Corporatism 10146:Anglo-Saxon 9990:Laudato si' 9787:Fianna Fáil 9619:Mikołajczyk 9511:Politicians 9311:Stewardship 9246:Neo-Thomism 9199:Familialism 9157:Progressive 7448:Spicka 2007 7264:Corporatism 7078:politician 7056:centre-left 7039:cooperative 7034:Grundgesetz 6865:Jens Jessen 6861:Adolf Lampe 6837:ordoliberal 6786:Third Reich 6682:Remigration 6335:Free Voters 6257:Wackenroder 6242:von Savigny 6227:Böckenförde 6199:von Westarp 6102:von Gerlach 6076:Politicians 5748:von Salomon 5555:The Junkers 5394:Medievalism 5371:Imperialism 5336:Meritocracy 5331:Aristocracy 5281:Romanticism 5252:Prussianism 5235:Neue Rechte 5221:Nationalist 4605:Gladstonian 4565:Switzerland 4550:South Korea 4493:Philippines 4453:New Zealand 4448:Netherlands 4105:Verhofstadt 4100:Balcerowicz 3909:Politicians 3837:Collingwood 3777:Tocqueville 3652:Montesquieu 3544:Rule of law 3345:Due process 3008:Laudato si' 2801:Fianna Fáil 2631:Mikołajczyk 2524:Politicians 2320:Stewardship 2253:Neo-Thomism 2206:Familialism 2164:Progressive 2007:Objectivism 1992:Libertarian 1909:Speculation 1829:Consumerism 1663:Progressive 1602:Development 1585:Physiocracy 1532:Supply-side 1340:Libertarian 1318:Free-market 1298:Anglo-Saxon 1280:Wage labour 1235:Marginalism 1205:Free market 1160:Corporation 1078:corporatist 914:and enough 806:Traditional 756:Manorialism 751:Information 725:Other types 711:Open access 674:Cybernetics 416:Anglo-Saxon 401:Singaporean 360:Underground 355:Subsistence 260:Corporatist 235:Syndicalist 195:Communalist 81:Associative 75:By ideology 48:Major types 10222:Liberalism 10182:Capitalism 10176:Categories 9842:VMRO-DPMNE 9699:Windthorst 9604:Mazowiecki 9544:De Gasperi 9396:Dooyeweerd 9386:Chesterton 9301:Solidarity 9261:Popularism 9214:Liberalism 9117:Principles 7658:10 October 7564:10 October 7516:10419/4374 7422:21 October 7351:References 7324:Tripartism 7250:Law portal 7141:protection 6966:After the 6852:Franz Böhm 6581:Der Türmer 6232:von Gierke 6204:Wilhelm II 6179:von Storch 6164:Stresemann 6154:Rauschning 6097:Fehrenbach 6029:Kubitschek 5830:Literature 5778:Sloterdijk 5469:Volksgeist 5410:Patriotism 5404:Organicism 5399:Monarchism 5351:Geopolitik 5305:Principles 5216:Monarchism 5183:Ideologies 5122:regulative 5037:Franz Böhm 4937:neoliberal 4873:regulation 4733:Empiricism 4704:Democratic 4699:Capitalism 4610:Manchester 4443:Montenegro 4428:Luxembourg 4364:Venizelism 4294:Costa Rica 3549:Secularism 3382:Federalism 3334:Principles 3226:Democratic 3188:Liberalism 2856:VMRO-DPMNE 2711:Windthorst 2616:Mazowiecki 2556:De Gasperi 2406:Dooyeweerd 2396:Chesterton 2310:Solidarity 2268:Popularism 2221:Liberalism 2127:Principles 1987:Liberalism 1972:Humanistic 1957:Democratic 1936:Ideologies 1771:Schumpeter 1517:Monetarist 1448:Chartalism 1395:Regulatory 1370:Neoliberal 1323:Humanistic 1106:Capitalism 1042:Tony Blair 976:capitalism 940:Chancellor 916:regulation 811:Transition 771:Plantation 679:Indicative 541:Transition 391:East Asian 162:Religious 138:Democratic 111:Neoliberal 96:Democratic 86:Capitalist 54:Capitalism 9932:Documents 9792:Fine Gael 9679:Vogelsang 9674:Tindemans 9644:Pöttering 9524:Andreotti 9496:Vogelsang 9441:Lamennais 9072:Economist 8353:145643424 7090:allowing 7006:Bundestag 6807:Karl Marx 6571:(Defunct) 6524:(Defunct) 6169:vom Stein 6139:von Papen 6113:Hugenberg 6108:Goerdeler 6039:Safranski 5798:Steinbuch 5723:von Ranke 5673:Koselleck 5638:Heidegger 5608:von Galen 5514:Freikorps 5505:Erklärung 5446:Sonderweg 5311:Authority 5262:Socialist 4979:entitled 4960:Third Way 4885:inflation 4869:socialist 4748:Anarchist 4656:Venezuela 4632:Classical 4600:Cobdenism 4503:Cracovian 4458:Nicaragua 4423:Lithuania 4282:Hong Kong 4237:Australia 4075:Roosevelt 4045:Ståhlberg 4040:Venizelos 3995:Sarmiento 3985:Gladstone 3945:Lamartine 3915:Jefferson 3767:Martineau 3717:De Gouges 3702:Condorcet 3687:Priestley 3350:Democracy 3322:Third Way 3283:Christian 3278:Religious 3211:Classical 2951:Documents 2806:Fine Gael 2691:Vogelsang 2686:Tindemans 2656:Pöttering 2536:Andreotti 2506:Vogelsang 2451:Lamennais 2027:Third Way 2017:Privatism 1977:Inclusive 1962:Dirigisme 1756:von Mises 1643:Illiberal 1623:Corporate 1618:Community 1565:Feudalism 1475:Keynesian 1465:Classical 1308:Corporate 1120:Austerity 1068:. A 2012 1050:dirigisme 1048:, French 1046:Third Way 1007:communist 995:socialism 974:forms of 776:Plutonomy 657:Regulated 486:Voluntary 412:European 265:Feudalism 210:Mutualist 200:Communist 190:Socialist 171:Christian 91:Corporate 64:Communism 59:Socialism 10063:Buddhist 9634:Pastrana 9579:Korfanty 9569:Ketteler 9519:Adenauer 9501:Williams 9491:Tischner 9451:Maritain 9446:Leo XIII 9436:Korfanty 9431:Ketteler 9421:Habsburg 9401:Gebhardt 9381:Berggrav 9061:Archived 8742:Archived 8722:Archived 8703:Archived 8470:Bismarck 8408:(german) 8402:Archived 8004:, p. 185 7309:Monopoly 7194:See also 7147:advance. 6595:Die Welt 6174:Stoecker 6087:Ancillon 6082:Adenauer 6064:Weißmann 6044:Sarrazin 5813:Voegelin 5788:Spengler 5783:Spaemann 5773:Sieferle 5763:Schlegel 5758:Schelsky 5718:Plessner 5618:Gogarten 5227:Völkisch 5189:Agrarian 5156:a series 4738:Humanism 4711:Centrism 4661:Zimbabwe 4615:Whiggism 4575:Thailand 4540:Slovenia 4535:Slovakia 4510:Portugal 4483:Paraguay 4406:Liberism 4371:Honduras 4289:Colombia 4262:Bulgaria 4055:Rathenau 4030:Milyukov 3950:Macaulay 3920:Kołłątaj 3892:Kymlicka 3872:Friedman 3817:Cassirer 3807:Hobhouse 3742:Constant 3737:Humboldt 3697:Beccaria 3662:Rousseau 3657:Voltaire 3500:Property 3463:Positive 3458:Negative 3414:Religion 3392:Economic 3365:Equality 3288:Catholic 3258:National 3253:Muscular 3231:Feminist 3221:Cultural 3180:a series 3178:Part of 3083:Buddhist 2646:Pastrana 2591:Korfanty 2581:Ketteler 2531:Adenauer 2511:Williams 2501:Tischner 2461:Maritain 2456:Leo XIII 2446:Korfanty 2441:Ketteler 2431:Habsburg 2411:Gebhardt 2391:Berggrav 2102:a series 2100:Part of 1854:Cronyism 1766:Rothbard 1741:Marshall 1726:Friedman 1658:Merchant 1613:Consumer 1608:Advanced 1443:Austrian 1438:American 1365:National 1360:Monopoly 1313:Dirigist 1215:Investor 1125:Business 1114:Concepts 1098:a series 1096:Part of 664:Planning 315:Informal 300:Dirigist 153:Georgist 148:Feminist 33:a series 31:Part of 10068:Islamic 9709:Parties 9664:Strauss 9654:Schuman 9639:Pethrus 9629:Quadros 9614:Metsola 9599:Martens 9539:Caldera 9471:Pius XI 9456:Mounier 9340:Welfare 9152:Liberal 8911:Sources 8459:. 1995. 8345:1951819 8136:79-104. 7371:1 March 7070:In the 6983:, these 6976:CDU/CSU 6893:mélange 6548:COMPACT 6521:Antaios 6349:Defunct 6274:Parties 6262:Wagener 6247:Schmitt 6221:Jurists 6189:Wagener 6184:Strauss 6059:Stürmer 5803:Tönnies 5768:Schmitt 5753:Scheler 5708:Novalis 5603:Gadamer 5526:German 5483:History 5326:Elitism 5199:Liberal 5147:Germany 5142:History 4972:statism 4651:Uruguay 4590:Ukraine 4580:Tunisia 4525:Senegal 4515:Romania 4463:Nigeria 4438:Moldova 4381:Iceland 4376:Hungary 4354:Germany 4349:Georgia 4339:Finland 4334:Estonia 4324:Ecuador 4319:Denmark 4314:Czechia 4299:Croatia 4252:Bolivia 4247:Belgium 4242:Austria 4232:Armenia 4227:Albania 4095:Jenkins 4090:Kennedy 4080:Pearson 4065:Einaudi 4050:Gokhale 4010:Itagaki 4005:Naoroji 4000:Mommsen 3980:Lincoln 3970:Mazzini 3955:Kossuth 3940:Broglie 3935:Bolívar 3930:Artigas 3925:Madison 3787:Spencer 3772:Emerson 3762:Bastiat 3747:Ricardo 3707:Bentham 3647:Spinoza 3604:History 3505:Private 3453:Liberty 3387:Freedom 3307:Secular 3295:Islamic 3273:Radical 3205:Schools 3088:Islamic 2724:Parties 2676:Strauss 2666:Schuman 2651:Pethrus 2641:Quadros 2626:Metsola 2611:Martens 2551:Caldera 2481:Pius XI 2466:Mounier 2349:Welfare 2159:Liberal 1982:Liberal 1942:Anarcho 1879:History 1711:Malthus 1706:Ricardo 1668:Rentier 1653:Marxist 1633:Finance 1544:Origins 1512:Marxist 1460:Chicago 1420:Welfare 1380:Private 1335:Liberal 1155:Company 1140:Capital 955:Marxist 934:by the 706:Sharing 669:In kind 617:Marxist 509:Commons 476:Private 465:Sectors 436:Rhenish 406:Keralan 396:Chinese 370:Virtual 350:Sharing 340:Planned 330:Natural 295:Digital 183:Islamic 143:Fascist 131:Welfare 10156:Nordic 10078:Mormon 10073:Jewish 9689:Wałęsa 9669:Sturzo 9609:Merkel 9589:Kuyper 9564:Joseph 9549:Erhard 9486:Sturzo 9411:Görres 9406:Gilson 9376:Belloc 9371:Baader 9162:Social 9005: 8967: 8948: 8925: 8837: 8636:(1949) 8385: 8351: 8343: 8063: 8036: 8000: 7971: 7936: 7905: 7874: 7870:–215. 7843: 7812: 7781: 7756: 7720: 7687: 7630: 7596: 7537: 7474: 7028:Bizone 7021:. 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