120:
36:
482:
2115:
20:
2126:
658:
and the
University of Southampton researches the production of tools and artefacts from the Palaeolithic to late Bronze Age. As well as demonstrating his findings frequently on TV programs, his work is on display in the British Museum and Stonehenge. His recent work is exploring hunting strategies of
508:
is also a kind of experimental archaeology as much has been learnt about the many different types of flint tools through the hands-on approach of actually making them. Experimental archaeologists have equipped modern professional butchers, archers and lumberjacks with replica flint tools to judge how
408:
to understand the fracture mechanics of the material; the experimental burning of quartz; and an experiment designed to investigate the ease of identification of stone tools made from quartz; this series was added to by an experiment that examined the effects of trampling on quartz tools compared to
516:
Another field of experimental archaeology is illustrated by the studies of the stone flaking abilities of humans ("novice knapper" studies) and of non-human primates. In the latter case it has been shown that, after human demonstrations, enculturated
445:, Ireland, the Centre for Experimental Archaeology and Material Culture (founded 2012) is one of the only university campus facilities of this type for experimental archaeological research and teaching in the world. Their work has involved
698:
Experimental archaeology is "Within the context of a controllable imitative experiment to replicate past phenomena in order to generate and test hypotheses to provide or enhance analogies for archaeological interpretation" (Mathieu,
157:
long halls. The work carried out at Butser has been instrumental in establishing experimental archaeology as a legitimate archaeological discipline, as well as assisted in bringing study of prehistory to the UK school curriculum.
859:
Koukarine, Alexandre; Nesterenko, Igor; Petrunin, Yuri; Shiltsev, Vladimir (1 November 2013). "Experimental
Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus".
1371:
Driscoll, K; Alcaina, J; Égüez, N; Mangado, X; Fullola, J-M.; Tejero, J-M. (2016). "Trampled under foot: A quartz and chert human trampling experiment at the Cova del Parco rock shelter, Spain". Quaternary
International.
509:
effective they would have been for certain tasks. Use wear traces on the modern flint tools are compared to similar traces on archaeological artifacts, making probability hypotheses on the possible kind of use feasible.
1210:
Schick, Kathy; Toth, Nicholas; Garufi, Gary; Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue; Rumbaugh, Duane; Seveik, Rose (1999). "Continuing
Insestigations into the Stone Tool-making and Tool-using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan panisus)".
54:, usually by replicating or approximating the feasibility of ancient cultures performing various tasks or feats. It employs a number of methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches, based upon
472:
in 1939. The reconstruction process is attempting to discover and use traditional boat building skills and methods that might have been used by the Anglo Saxon shipbuilders of the time.
814:
1376:
993:
1360:
1024:
1365:
962:
80:
One of the main forms of experimental archaeology is the creation of copies of historical structures using only historically accurate technologies. This is sometimes known as
468:
Sutton Hoo Ships
Company based in Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK is a 4-year project to build a full size reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo burial ship excavated by Basil Brown at
497:
and measured the effects of silting in the ditches and weathering and subsidence on the banks to understand better how ancient monuments would have looked. One example is
384:
utilizing her own skill as a hairdresser to reconstruct Roman-era hairstyles, rebutting previously held theories about single-prong pins being used to hold them in place.
1361:
Driscoll, Killian (2011). "Identifying and classifying vein quartz artefacts: an experiment conducted at the World
Archaeological Congress, 2008". Archaeometry. 53.
88:; however, reconstruction implies an exact replica of the past, when it is in fact just one person's idea of the past; the more archaeologically correct term is a
1494:
165:
in prehistoric agriculture, animal husbandry, and manufacturing to test ideas posited by archaeologists, as well as introducing visitors to the discipline.
1682:
1377:
Driscoll, Killian; Menuge, Julian (2011). "Recognising burnt vein quartz artefacts in archaeological assemblages". Journal of
Archaeological Science. 38.
106:. Most notable were the attempts to create several of Leonardo da Vinci's designs from his sketchbooks, such as his 15th century armed fighting vehicle.
1500:
397:
311:
31:
for the analysis of stress marks on the adze blades and ghost lines on the tree stump and the timber in comparison with marks on archaeological finds
1366:
Driscoll, Killian (2011). "Vein quartz in lithic traditions: an analysis based on experimental archaeology". Journal of
Archaeological Science. 38.
1370:
1055:
1118:
387:
821:
131:, which recreates buildings from UK archaeology to test theories of construction, use, and materials. Today, the site features a working
338:
constructed Roman devices and gear for various museums. He also tested and analyzed them in various reenactments, among them a group of
845:
1523:
228:
over short distances using only technology that would have been available at the time. The original stones were probably moved from
1281:
521:
are able to produce modified cores and flaked stones which are morphologically similar to early lithic industries in East Africa.
2071:
1551:
1349:
357:
Ma'agen
Michael II, a replica of a 2,400-year-old merchantman; built by Haifa University and the Israel Antiquities Authority
239:
Since the 1970s the re-construction of timber framed buildings has informed understanding of early Anglo Saxon buildings at
424:
261:
have been reconstructed by skilled sailors from plans and archaeological remains and have been successfully tried at sea.
1025:"Identifying and classifying vein quartz artefacts: an experiment conducted at the World Archaeological Congress, 2008"
174:
1412:
2151:
1427:
1405:
1390:
1341:
1333:
493:
for varying lengths of time to analyse the post-depositional effects on them. Other archaeologists have built modern
1692:
1238:
2078:
1591:
1196:
669:
539:
1056:"Trampled under foot: A quartz and chert human trampling experiment at the Cova del Parco rock shelter, Spain"
77:, which are generally undertaken as hobbies, are non-archaeological counterparts of this academic discipline.
766:
69:
It is distinct from uses of primitive technology without any concern for archaeological or historical study.
2100:
1810:
1697:
269:
1355:
945:
2033:
1876:
1805:
1646:
613:
243:, Suffolk, England. This extensive program of research through experiment and experience continues today.
92:. In recent years, experimental archaeology has been featured in several television productions, such as
394:
to show that it was unlikely that they had moved extensively through the deposit during the
Pleistocene.
1586:
1920:
1908:
1774:
1714:
1667:
1544:
586:
often conduct experimental archaeology to test the capability of mythical ancient weapons, including
442:
590:' death ray and the tree cannon, as well as testing the capabilities of known weapons including the
1835:
1784:
1734:
1724:
602:
513:
have been shown to be particularly effective at cutting animal meat from the bone and jointing it.
494:
284:
2048:
1973:
1871:
1749:
915:"Movement of lithics by trampling: An experiment in the Madjedbebe sediments, northern Australia"
304:
102:
1449:
1263:
2093:
2083:
2003:
1998:
1968:
1947:
1820:
1815:
1779:
1568:
1485:, the International association of Archaeological Open Air Museums and Experimental Archaeology
119:
74:
63:
28:
2088:
2008:
1764:
1677:
1672:
1662:
647:
416:
142:
2118:
2018:
2013:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1769:
1759:
1687:
1616:
1611:
1537:
1067:
879:
607:
273:
162:
529:
The subject has proven popular enough to spawn several re-creation-type television shows:
8:
1913:
1898:
1800:
1606:
1596:
1576:
679:
674:
489:
Other types of experimental archaeology may involve burying modern replica artifacts and
195:
128:
1071:
883:
35:
1993:
1856:
1356:
Driscoll, Killian (2010). Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland.
1285:
895:
869:
790:
371:
367:
319:
642:
390:
trampled experimentally-produced flaked stone artefacts into sediments excavated from
332:, helped lobby for the legalization of atlatls as a means of deer hunting in Missouri.
294:
2043:
2038:
2023:
1520:
Centre for Experimental Archaeology and Material Culture at University College Dublin
1423:
1401:
1386:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1190:
1040:
899:
839:
550:
335:
247:
2028:
1963:
1930:
1641:
1626:
1438:
Experimentation, ethnoarchaeology, and the leapfrogs in archaeological methodology.
1220:
1075:
1054:
Driscoll, K; Alcaina, J; Égüez, N; Mangado, X; Fullola, J-M.; Tejero, J-M. (2016).
1036:
1005:
974:
926:
887:
280:
furnaces at Samanalawewa, thought to be the most likely sources for Damascus steel.
268:, whose original manufacturing techniques have been lost for centuries, including
1866:
1719:
1621:
1079:
963:"Vein quartz in lithic traditions: an analysis based on experimental archaeology"
315:
233:
185:, and 19th century, and runs experiments on prehistoric living and technologies.
123:
Butser Ancient Farm's reconstruction of a Stone Age house found in Hampshire, UK.
2130:
1935:
1925:
1886:
1861:
1631:
1094:"Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman, Anglo Saxon & Viking School Trips"
1093:
913:
Marwick, Ben; Hayes, Elspeth; Clarkson, Chris; Fullagar, Richard (March 2017).
741:
625:
619:
450:
391:
381:
265:
206:
70:
1009:
978:
930:
891:
2145:
1903:
1433:
1381:
Ingersoll, Daniel W., Yellen, John E., Macdonald, William (editors), (1977),
723:
229:
218:
1319:
Cues 1: design and construction of an experimental archaeological structure.
594:, wood vs. stone arrowheads, and the effects of cannonballs and splintering.
1754:
1601:
1398:
Experimental archaeology, replicating past objects, behaviors and processes
1224:
631:
505:
498:
375:
154:
1512:
659:
Upper Palaeolithic people in Europe and Bronze Age copper-alloy mould use.
181:. The site features reconstructed buildings from the Stone Age, Iron Age,
1830:
1709:
1581:
1560:
1491:
the European Association for the advancement of archaeology by experiment
582:
481:
400:
undertook a series of experiments to examine the prehistoric use of vein
150:
55:
50:) is a field of study which attempts to generate and test archaeological
1517:
1420:
The Constructed past. Experimental archaeology, education and the public
1242:
1154:
1136:
709:
1893:
1825:
994:"Recognising burnt vein quartz artefacts in archaeological assemblages"
914:
587:
469:
446:
251:
225:
182:
139:
51:
264:
Attempts to manufacture steel that matches all the characteristics of
1881:
1840:
567:
563:
435:
431:
420:
339:
277:
240:
214:
132:
59:
19:
1636:
858:
544:
510:
413:
405:
351:
146:
874:
655:
1702:
638:
490:
454:
428:
298:
258:
178:
1209:
591:
518:
462:
401:
347:
329:
1529:
363:
Reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venus's atmosphere.
1470:
458:
318:
led a series of extended Late Woodland living experiences in
288:
202:
1476:
1464:
947:
Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland
912:
217:
to demonstrate the possibility of cultural exchange between
1506:
1450:
The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades
1053:
360:
Reconstruction of Galileo's Experiment: the inclined plane.
343:
210:
135:
24:
577:
seasons 1 and 2 showed aspects of experimental archaeology
325:
1172:
598:
534:
97:
93:
1482:
1314:
in: American Anthropologist (Menasha) 63, 4: pp 793–816.
1447:
Verhoeven, J.D., Pendray, A.H., Dauksch, W.E., (1998),
423:
Middle School. In 2002, the site was expanded into the
1321:
in: American Antiquity (Washington) 35, 2: pp 215–216.
547:
village with 15 volunteers over a period of 13 months.
224:
Attempts to transport large stones like those used in
1282:"The Colony: About the Show : Discovery Channel"
438:
dwellings that are all used for educational purposes.
328:, an organization devoted to the use and research of
1683:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
654:
UK based experimental archaeologist James Dilley of
1488:
1119:"Medieval hut at UCD burned down in 'arson' attack"
1155:"ExperimentArchaeolog (@EArchaeol) | Twitter"
254:, carried out in limited time by local volunteers.
2143:
991:
465:, iron and glass-working; and food production.
412:Beginning in the 1980s, a project to build an
1545:
1526:Material Culture Studies at Leiden University
1264:"Watch Curiosity Volume 1 | Prime Video"
297:, a medieval construction project located in
23:Experimental tree felling with reconstructed
1422:, Routledge: One World Archaeology Series,
39:Creating a wall of mud in the Viking style.
1552:
1538:
992:Driscoll, Killian; Menuge, Julian (2011).
1453:, in: JOM, 50 (9) (1998), pp. 58–64.
1400:, BAR International Series 1035, Oxford,
873:
1418:Stone, Peter; Planel, Phillipe, (1999),
1022:
960:
943:
480:
168:
118:
34:
18:
1413:The Nature of Experiment in Archaeology
724:"NOVA Online – Secrets of Lost Empires"
307:, a defunct sister project to Guédelon.
2144:
844:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
114:
1533:
764:
524:
96:'s "Building the Impossible" and the
1396:Mathieu, James R. (editor), (2002),
950:(Thesis). University College Dublin.
641:has a series on the construction of
342:in full authentic gear crossing the
1513:Stone tool experimental archaeology
425:Cranborne Ancient Technology Centre
13:
1116:
14:
2163:
1458:
1442:Explorations in ethnoarchaeology.
1239:"I, Caveman | the Incubator"
1213:Journal of Archaeological Science
998:Journal of Archaeological Science
967:Journal of Archaeological Science
919:Journal of Archaeological Science
188:
2124:
2114:
2113:
1440:in: Gould, Richard A. (editor):
1041:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00600.x
559:I, Caveman : The Great Hunt
177:, the oldest open-air museum in
127:One of the earliest examples is
90:working construction of the past
58:source material such as ancient
1559:
1503:MSc in experimental archaeology
1328:, London a.o.: Academic Press,
1274:
1256:
1231:
1203:
1173:"The Sutton Hoo Ship's Company"
1165:
1147:
1129:
1110:
1086:
1047:
1016:
985:
954:
937:
791:"Sagnlandet Lejre (DK) | EXARC"
370:according to the ninth-century
283:Experiments using reproduction
1497:MA in experimental archaeology
906:
852:
807:
783:
758:
734:
716:
702:
692:
670:Experimental archaeometallurgy
246:The reconstruction of part of
1:
1303:
476:
404:. This involved experimental
173:Another early example is the
16:Archaeological sub-discipline
1698:electrical resistance survey
1344:, 274 pp. Republished 2010,
1080:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.054
326:The World Atlatl Association
270:computational fluid dynamics
86:reconstructional archaeology
7:
1501:The University of Sheffield
1411:Reynolds, Peter J. (n.y.):
1324:Coles, John Morton (1979),
1137:"UCD School of Archaeology"
663:
614:Tales from the Green Valley
485:Experimental medieval forge
461:, and quartz technologies;
221:and the Polynesian islands.
109:
10:
2168:
1587:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1195:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1023:Driscoll, Killian (2011).
961:Driscoll, Killian (2011).
944:Driscoll, Killian (2010).
767:"Obituary: Peter Reynolds"
765:Aston, Mick (2001-10-05).
82:reconstruction archaeology
2109:
2061:
1956:
1849:
1793:
1742:
1733:
1668:Philosophy of archaeology
1655:
1567:
1518:UCD School of Archaeology
1477:The Lejre Land Of Legends
1098:Ancient Technology centre
1010:10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.028
979:10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.027
931:10.1016/j.jas.2017.01.008
892:10.1134/S0038094613060038
712:– via www.imdb.com.
710:"Building the Impossible"
443:University College Dublin
161:Butser still carries out
2152:Experimental archaeology
1524:Material Culture Studies
1495:The University of Exeter
1444:Albuquerque, pp 169–199.
1383:Experimental archaeology
1326:Experimental archaeology
1312:Experimental archeology.
1060:Quaternary International
685:
601:has several re-creation
419:was led by a teacher at
44:Experimental archaeology
1317:Ascher, Robert (1970):
1310:Ascher, Robert (1961):
305:Ozark Medieval Fortress
272:reconstructions by the
103:Secrets of Lost Empires
1225:10.1006/jasc.1998.0350
543:re-created life in an
486:
285:bâtons de commandement
124:
75:historical reenactment
48:experiment archaeology
40:
32:
29:Linear Pottery culture
1678:Archaeological ethics
1673:Archaeological diving
1663:Archaeological theory
862:Solar System Research
648:Secrets of the Castle
484:
449:, early medieval and
175:Lejre Land of Legends
169:Lejre Land of Legends
163:long-term experiments
122:
38:
22:
1617:Augustus Pitt Rivers
1612:William Henry Holmes
1577:Archaeological sites
608:Tudor Monastery Farm
580:Discovery Channel's
573:Discovery Channel's
274:University of Exeter
1607:John Lloyd Stephens
1597:Heinrich Schliemann
1509:Anglo-Saxon Village
1465:Butser Ancient Farm
1072:2016QuInt.424..130D
884:2013SoSyR..47..487K
746:Butser Ancient Farm
680:Butser Ancient Farm
675:Reverse engineering
427:with an additional
129:Butser Ancient Farm
115:Butser Ancient Farm
2131:History portal
1693:geophysical survey
540:Living in the Past
525:In popular culture
487:
372:Plan of Saint Gall
368:monastic community
366:Construction of a
320:Tidewater Virginia
125:
41:
33:
2139:
2138:
2057:
2056:
2039:Pseudoarchaeology
1656:Method and theory
1471:Handshouse Studio
1350:978-1-932846-26-3
551:Discovery Channel
336:Marcus Junkelmann
2159:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
1964:Archaeoastronomy
1931:Paleoethnobotany
1740:
1739:
1642:Alfred V. Kidder
1627:Mortimer Wheeler
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1284:. Archived from
1278:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1241:. Archived from
1235:
1229:
1228:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1117:Pollak, Sorcha.
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1035:(6): 1280–1296.
1020:
1014:
1013:
1004:(9): 2251–2260.
989:
983:
982:
958:
952:
951:
941:
935:
934:
910:
904:
903:
877:
856:
850:
849:
843:
835:
833:
832:
826:
820:. Archived from
819:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
762:
756:
755:
753:
752:
738:
732:
731:
720:
714:
713:
706:
700:
696:
457:, stone, flint,
398:Killian Driscoll
312:Pamunkey Project
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2105:
2053:
1952:
1867:Archaeogenetics
1845:
1789:
1735:Sub-disciplines
1729:
1725:Post-excavation
1720:Lithic analysis
1651:
1622:Flinders Petrie
1563:
1558:
1467:, Hampshire, UK
1461:
1456:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1208:
1204:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1123:The Irish Times
1115:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1052:
1048:
1021:
1017:
990:
986:
959:
955:
942:
938:
911:
907:
857:
853:
837:
836:
830:
828:
824:
817:
815:"Archived copy"
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
763:
759:
750:
748:
740:
739:
735:
722:
721:
717:
708:
707:
703:
697:
693:
688:
666:
643:Guédelon Castle
527:
479:
316:Errett Callahan
295:Guédelon Castle
234:Salisbury Plain
232:to the site on
191:
171:
117:
112:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:Assyriologists
2091:
2084:Archaeologists
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1936:Zooarchaeology
1933:
1928:
1926:Geoarchaeology
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1887:Paleopathology
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1862:Bioarchaeology
1859:
1853:
1851:
1850:Methodological
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Dorothy Garrod
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Antiquarianism
1579:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1459:External links
1457:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1434:Tringham, Ruth
1431:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1273:
1255:
1230:
1219:(7): 821–832.
1202:
1164:
1146:
1128:
1109:
1085:
1046:
1015:
984:
973:(3): 734–745.
953:
936:
905:
868:(6): 487–490.
851:
806:
782:
757:
733:
715:
701:
690:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
672:
665:
662:
661:
660:
652:
636:
626:Edwardian Farm
620:Victorian Farm
595:
578:
571:
561:
548:
526:
523:
478:
475:
474:
473:
466:
439:
410:
395:
392:Malakunanja II
385:
382:Janet Stephens
379:
364:
361:
358:
355:
333:
323:
308:
302:
292:
281:
266:Damascus steel
262:
255:
248:Hadrian's Wall
244:
237:
222:
209:, sailed from
207:Thor Heyerdahl
205:raft built by
190:
189:Other examples
187:
170:
167:
116:
113:
111:
108:
71:Living history
56:archaeological
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2164:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:Egyptologists
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Phenomenology
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:Environmental
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Computational
1907:
1905:
1904:Archaeogaming
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Post-Medieval
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Protohistoric
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:Chronological
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Richard Hoare
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:, Norwell, MA
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:0-415-11768-2
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:1-84171-415-1
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:0-231-03658-2
1388:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:0-12-179752-X
1339:
1335:
1334:0-12-179750-3
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1288:on 2010-07-23
1287:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1245:on 2011-11-13
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1178:
1177:saxonship.org
1174:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
949:
948:
940:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
855:
847:
841:
827:on 2012-09-13
823:
816:
810:
796:
792:
786:
772:
768:
761:
747:
743:
737:
729:
725:
719:
711:
705:
695:
691:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
657:
653:
650:
649:
644:
640:
637:
634:
633:
628:
627:
622:
621:
616:
615:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
576:
572:
570:
569:
565:
562:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
531:
530:
522:
520:
514:
512:
507:
506:flintknappers
502:
500:
496:
492:
483:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
230:Pembrokeshire
227:
223:
220:
219:South America
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:
193:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
121:
107:
105:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:(also called
45:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1969:Archaeometry
1943:Experimental
1942:
1877:Near Eastern
1836:Near Eastern
1831:Mesopotamian
1785:Contemporary
1602:Arthur Evans
1448:
1441:
1437:
1419:
1397:
1385:, New York,
1382:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1276:
1267:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1233:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:
1088:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1032:
1029:Archaeometry
1028:
1018:
1001:
997:
987:
970:
966:
956:
946:
939:
922:
918:
908:
865:
861:
854:
829:. Retrieved
822:the original
809:
798:. Retrieved
794:
785:
774:. Retrieved
771:the Guardian
770:
760:
749:. Retrieved
745:
736:
727:
718:
704:
694:
656:AncientCraft
646:
632:Wartime Farm
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
605:, including
581:
574:
566:
558:
554:
538:
528:
515:
504:The work of
503:
501:in England.
499:Overton Down
488:
376:Campus Galli
196:
172:
160:
126:
101:
89:
85:
81:
79:
68:
47:
43:
42:
2049:Transgender
1974:Battlefield
1750:Prehistoric
1710:Burnt layer
1647:George Bass
1561:Archaeology
1159:twitter.com
1066:: 130–142.
728:www.pbs.org
603:farm series
583:MythBusters
564:Channel 4's
388:Ben Marwick
340:legionaries
151:Roman villa
2072:by country
2004:Industrial
1999:Indigenous
1948:Underwater
1894:Calceology
1816:Australian
1794:Geographic
1780:Historical
1715:Excavation
1304:References
1292:2009-07-15
1249:2011-10-26
1182:2024-08-23
1141:www.ucd.ie
1103:2020-02-05
831:2012-09-05
800:2022-09-07
776:2022-09-07
751:2022-09-07
742:"About Us"
588:Archimedes
575:The Colony
555:I, Caveman
537:TV series
495:earthworks
477:Variations
470:Sutton Hoo
451:Viking Age
447:Mesolithic
417:Roundhouse
252:Vindolanda
226:Stonehenge
201:(1947), a
199:expedition
183:Viking era
143:roundhouse
140:Bronze Age
60:structures
52:hypotheses
2009:Landscape
1882:Osteology
1765:Classical
1507:West Stow
1479:, Denmark
1430:, 296 pp.
1393:, 432 pp.
925:: 73–85.
900:119201160
875:1208.5286
795:exarc.net
568:Time Team
533:The 1978
511:Hand axes
436:Neolithic
432:Longhouse
421:Cranborne
301:, France.
291:throwers.
278:Sri Lanka
241:West Stow
215:Polynesia
149:village,
133:Stone Age
64:artifacts
2146:Category
2119:Category
2101:Journals
2019:Mortuary
2014:Maritime
1989:Funerary
1984:Feminist
1979:Conflict
1957:Thematic
1872:Medieval
1826:Egyptian
1821:Oceanian
1806:American
1770:Medieval
1760:Biblical
1637:Max Uhle
1436:(1978),
1191:cite web
840:cite web
664:See also
545:Iron Age
491:ecofacts
453:houses,
414:Iron Age
406:knapping
352:Augsburg
259:triremes
197:Kon-Tiki
147:Iron Age
110:Examples
2079:Periods
1914:Virtual
1899:Digital
1801:African
1703:Sondage
1569:History
1068:Bibcode
880:Bibcode
639:BBC Two
519:bonobos
455:pottery
330:atlatls
299:Treigny
276:of the
179:Denmark
27:of the
2068:Sites
1994:Gender
1857:Aerial
1841:Nubian
1688:Survey
1426:
1404:
1389:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1268:Amazon
898:
629:, and
592:hwacha
463:bronze
429:Viking
409:flint.
402:quartz
348:Verona
257:Greek
153:, and
2062:Lists
2044:Queer
2024:Music
1811:Asian
1483:EXARC
896:S2CID
870:arXiv
825:(PDF)
818:(PDF)
686:Notes
459:chert
346:from
289:spear
203:balsa
155:Saxon
25:adzes
2029:Nazi
1489:EXAR
1424:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1372:424.
1346:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1197:link
846:link
597:The
557:and
434:and
344:Alps
310:The
211:Peru
194:The
138:, a
136:farm
73:and
1221:doi
1076:doi
1064:424
1037:doi
1006:doi
975:doi
927:doi
888:doi
699:12)
599:BBC
553:'s
535:BBC
441:At
374:at
350:to
287:as
250:at
213:to
100:'s
98:PBS
94:BBC
84:or
62:or
2148::
1336:/
1266:.
1217:26
1215:.
1193:}}
1189:{{
1175:.
1157:.
1139:.
1121:.
1096:.
1074:.
1062:.
1058:.
1033:53
1031:.
1027:.
1002:38
1000:.
996:.
971:38
969:.
965:.
923:79
921:.
917:.
894:.
886:.
878:.
866:47
864:.
842:}}
838:{{
793:.
769:.
744:.
726:.
645::
623:,
617:,
611:,
314:–
145:,
66:.
1553:e
1546:t
1539:v
1415:.
1408:.
1352:.
1295:.
1270:.
1252:.
1227:.
1223::
1199:)
1185:.
1161:.
1143:.
1125:.
1106:.
1082:.
1078::
1070::
1043:.
1039::
1012:.
1008::
981:.
977::
933:.
929::
902:.
890::
882::
872::
848:)
834:.
803:.
779:.
754:.
730:.
651:.
635:.
378:.
354:.
322:.
236:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
