1674:", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology. It is the ideology that people should "really" be monoglot and efficiently targeted toward referential clarity rather than diverting themselves with the messiness of multiple varieties in play at a single time.
1222:
1607:(the "father knows best" syndrome) by the distribution of participant roles such as protagonist (often a child but sometimes mother and almost never the father) and "problematizer" (often the father, who raised uncomfortable questions or challenged the competence of the protagonist). When mothers collaborated with children to get their stories told, they unwittingly set themselves up to be subject to this process.
2017:
any ethnopoetic text is to show how the techniques of unique oral performers enhance the aesthetic value of their performances within their specific cultural contexts. Major contributors to ethnopoetic theory include Jerome
Rothenberg, Dennis Tedlock, and Dell Hymes. Ethnopoetics is considered a subfield of ethnology, anthropology, folkloristics, stylistics, linguistics, and literature and translation studies.
1584:, that the direction of adaptation (whether the child is made to adapt to the ongoing situation of speech around it or vice versa) was a variable that correlated, for example, with the direction it was held vis-Ă -vis a caregiver's body. In many societies caregivers hold a child facing outward so as to orient it to a network of kin whom it must learn to recognize early in life.
40:
1308:," focuses on the documentation of languages. The second, known as "linguistic anthropology," engages in theoretical studies of language use. The third, developed over the past two or three decades, studies issues from other subfields of anthropology with linguistic considerations. Though they developed sequentially, all three paradigms are still practiced today.
1414:, the second paradigm's unit of analysis was the "speech event". A speech event is defined as one with speech presented for a significant duration throughout its occurrence (ex., a lecture or debate). This is different from a speech situation, where speech could possibly occur (ex., dinner). Hymes also pioneered a linguistic anthropological approach to
2016:
Ethnopoetics is a method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e. verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts. The goal of
1822:
Addressing the broad central concerns of the subfield and drawing from its core theories, many scholars focus on the intersections of language and the particularly salient social constructs of race (and ethnicity), class, and gender (and sexuality). These works generally consider the roles of social
2028:
are languages that are not being passed down to children as their mother tongue or that have declining numbers of speakers for a variety of reasons. Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken. Anthropologists have been involved with endangered language communities
2049:
Language reclamation, as a subset of revitalization, implies that a language has been taken away from a community and addresses their concern in taking back the agency to revitalize their language on their own terms. Language reclamation addresses the power dynamics associated with language loss.
2045:
Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use. The revitalization efforts can take the form of teaching the language to new speakers or encouraging the continued use within the community. One example of a language revitalization project is the Lenape language
1426:
The third paradigm, which began in the late 1980s, redirected the primary focus on anthropology by providing a linguistic approach to anthropological issues. Rather than prioritizing the technical components of language, third paradigm anthropologists focus on studying culture through the use of
1784:
Silverstein tries to find the maximum theoretical significance and applicability in this idea of exemplary centers. He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings. He generalizes the notion thus, arguing "there are wider-scale
1729:
goes on to argue that ideologies of heritage languages also contain the expectations and desires of linguistic minority families "regarding the relevance of these languages in their children’s lives as well as when, where, how, and to what ends these languages should be used." Although this is
1823:
structures (e.g., ideologies and institutions) related to race, class, and gender (e.g., marriage, labor, pop culture, education) in terms of their constructions and in terms of individuals' lived experiences. A short list of linguistic anthropological texts that address these topics follows:
2050:
Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation. One example of this is the Miami language being brought back from 'extinct' status through extensive archives.
1801:
with respect to the meanings and significance of the verbal and other semiotic forms used in it." Current approaches to such classic anthropological topics as ritual by linguistic anthropologists emphasize not static linguistic structures but the unfolding in realtime of a
1518:(roughly, 'transvestite') sex workers shame clients. The travesti community, the argument goes, ends up at least making a powerful attempt to transcend the shame the larger Brazilian public might try to foist off on them, again by loud public discourse and other modes of
1757:, whose ancestors served at the Javanese royal courts, became emissaries, so to speak, long after those courts had ceased to exist, representing throughout Java the highest example of "refined speech." The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of
1979:'Performing' the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context." Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. Ed. William L Leap. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266
1677:
Much research on linguistic ideologies probes subtler influences on language, such as the pull exerted on Tewa, a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in certain New
Mexican pueblos and on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona, by "kiva speech", discussed in the next section.
2036:
project, researchers work to develop records of the language - these records could be field notes and audio or video recordings. To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind.
1745:
and their use and transformation of social space. Before that, Indonesianist Joseph
Errington, making use of earlier work by Indonesianists not necessarily concerned with language issues per se, brought linguistic anthropological methods (and
2041:
was one of the first anthropologists involved in language documentation within North
America and he supported the development of three key materials: 1) grammars, 2) texts, and 3) dictionaries. This is now known as the Boasian Trilogy.
1382:
reflected Hymes' vision of a future where language would be studied in the context of the situation and relative to the community speaking it. This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording.
1513:
a modern, Catholic identity, based not on hed but on save, an identity linked with the will and the skill to cooperate. In later work, Kulick demonstrates that certain loud speech performances in Brazil called um escândalo, Brazilian
2428:
Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2006. PLENARY ADDRESS: Found in translating: Reflexive language across time and texts in Bosavi, PNG. Twelve Annual
Conference on Language, Interaction, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles,
1418:. Hymes had hoped that this paradigm would link linguistic anthropology more to anthropology. However, Hymes' ambition backfired as the second paradigm marked a distancing of the sub-discipline from the rest of anthropology.
1394:
on the other. Hymes criticized folklorists' fixation on oral texts rather than the verbal artistry of performance. At the same time, he criticized the cognitivist shift in linguistics heralded by the pioneering work of
1568:(the process by which infants, children, and foreigners become members of a community, learning to participate in its culture), using linguistic and other ethnographic methods. They discovered that the processes of
2053:
While the field of linguistics has also been focused on the study of the linguistic structures of endangered languages, anthropologists also contribute to this field through their emphasize on
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markers—and new ways of speaking about time. And they have struggled with and largely resisted those parts of the Bible that speak of being able to know the inner states of others (e.g. the
1884:
Ibrahim, Awad. 2014. The
Rhizome of Blackness: A Critical Ethnography of Hip-Hop Culture, Language, Identity, and the Politics of Becoming. 1 edition. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
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In a final example of this third paradigm, a group of linguistic anthropologists have done very creative work on the idea of social space. Duranti published a groundbreaking article on
1725:
has posited that heritage language ideologies are "somewhat fluid sets of understandings, justifications, beliefs, and judgments that linguistic minorities hold about their languages."
1330:, with a particular focus on indigenous languages of native North American tribes. It is also the paradigm most focused on linguistics. Linguistic themes include the following:
1730:
arguably a fledgling line of language ideology research, this work is poised to contribute to the understanding of how ideologies of language operate in a variety of settings.
1451:
Furthermore, similar to how the second paradigm used new technology in its studies, the third paradigm heavily includes use of video documentation to support research.
1750:
theory) to bear on the notion of the exemplary center, the center of political and ritual power from which emanated exemplary behavior. Errington demonstrated how the
1509:
is associated with one identity: not only local but "Backward" and also an identity based on the display of hed (personal autonomy). To speak Tok Pisin is to
1890:
Smalls, Krystal. 2018. "Fighting Words: Antiblackness and
Discursive Violence in an American High School." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 23(3):356-383.
2335:
Wortham, Stanton. 2006. Learning identity: The joint emergence of social identification and academic learning. New York, NY, US: Cambridge
University Press.
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course taught at
Swathmore College, Pennsylvania. The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.
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Linguistic anthropology explores how language shapes communication, forms social identity and group membership, organizes large-scale cultural beliefs and
1887:
Rosa, Jonathan. 2019. Looking like a
Language, Sounding like a Race: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and the Learning of Latinidad. Oxford University Press.
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The third paradigm, the study of anthropological issues through linguistic means, is an affluent area of study for current linguistic anthropologists.
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Wilce, James M. 2006. Magical Laments and Anthropological Reflections: The Production and Circulation of Anthropological Text as Ritual Activity.
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1899:
Wirtz, Kristina. 2011. "Cuban Performances of Blackness as the Timeless Past Still Among Us." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 21(S1):E11-E34.
1944:
Jacobs-Huey, Lanita. 2006. From the Kitchen to the Parlor: Language and Becoming in African American Women's Hair Care. Oxford University Press.
1832:
Alim, H. Samy, John R. Rickford, and Arnetha F. Ball. 2016. Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas about Race. Oxford University Press.
1548:(among many others) have contributed to understandings of identity as "intersubjectivity" by examining the ways it is discursively constructed.
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institutional 'orders of interactionality,' historically contingent yet structured. Within such large-scale, macrosocial orders, in-effect
1576:, but that children acquire language and culture together in what amounts to an integrated process. Ochs and Schieffelin demonstrated that
2351:
Ochs, Elinor, and Bambi Schieffelin. 1984. Language Acquisition and Socialization: Three Developmental Stories and Their Implications. In
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understandings of the socio-historical context of language endangerment, but also of language revitalization and reclamation projects.
2980:
1322:
The first paradigm, anthropological linguistics, is devoted to themes unique to the sub-discipline. This area includes documentation of
1505:, the widely circulating official language of New Guinea. ("indexical" points to meanings beyond the immediate context.) To speak the
2308:
Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. 2005. Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7(4–5), 585–614.
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2087:
1838:. 2001. "The Whiteness of Nerds: Superstandard English and Racial Markedness." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11 (1): 84–100.
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attention to the effects of cultural assimilation resulting in the spread of one dominant language in situations of colonialism.
727:
1642:
opened the way, there has been an increase in the work done by linguistic anthropologists on the major anthropological theme of
2727:
2001:, and Joshua Raclaw. 2014. Queer Excursions: Retheorizing Binaries in Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Oxford University Press.
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GarcĂa-Sánchez, Inmaculada M. 2014. Language and Muslim Immigrant Childhoods: The Politics of Belonging. John Wiley & Sons.
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Lee, Benjamin. 1997. Talking Heads: Language, Metalanguage, and the Semiotics of Subjectivity. Durham: Duke University Press.
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1932:
Fader, Ayala. 2009. Mitzvah Girls: Bringing Up the Next Generation of Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn. Princeton University Press.
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Silverstein, Michael. 1985. Language and the Culture of Gender: At the Intersection of Structure, Usage, and Ideology. In
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the use of language. Ochs and Schieffelin uncovered how, through naturally occurring stories told during dinners in white
2770:"Ways of Talking (and Acting) About Language Reclamation: An Ethnographic Perspective on Learning Lenape in Pennsylvania"
2286:
Kulick, Don, and Charles H. Klein. 2003. Scandalous Acts: The Politics of Shame among Brazilian Travesti Prostitutes. In
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752:
644:
1858:. 2018. Talking Indian: Identity and Language Revitalization in the Chickasaw Renaissance. University of Arizona Press.
1929:'Why be normal?': Language and Identity Practices in a Community of Nerd Girls". Language in Society. 28 (2): 207–210.
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2747:
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Spears, Arthur Kean. 1999. Race and Ideology: Language, Symbolism, and Popular Culture. Wayne State University Press.
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and indexicality that seem to cause the ritual to create its own sacred space through what appears, often, to be the
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2277:. K. Basso and H.A. Selby, eds. Pp. 11–56. Albuquerque: School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press.
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notions about the nature of language in the world." Silverstein has demonstrated that these ideologies are not mere
1896:
Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2013. Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class. Waveland Press.
1915:
Nakassis, Constantine V. 2016. Doing Style: Youth and Mass Mediation in South India. University of Chicago Press.
1861:
Dick, H. 2011. "Making Immigrants Illegal in Small-Town USA." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 21(S1):E35-E55.
1781:(or underground ceremonial space) forms the dominant model for all Tewa speech can be seen as a direct parallel.
1099:
1969:
Kulick, Don. 1997. "The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes." American Anthropologist 99 (3): 574–85.
1497:. He explored how the use of two languages with and around children in Gapun village: the traditional language (
1941:, and Mary Bucholtz. 1995. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge.
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Shankar, Shalini. 2008. Desi Land: Teen Culture, Class, and Success in Silicon Valley. Duke University Press.
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Livia, Anna, and Kira Hall. 1997. Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Oxford University Press.
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Gaudio, Rudolf Pell. 2011. Allah Made Us: Sexual Outlaws in an Islamic African City. John Wiley & Sons.
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1501:), not spoken anywhere but in their own village and thus primordially "indexical" of Gapuner identity, and
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330:
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Leonard, Wesley Y. (2012-09-10). "Reframing language reclamation programmes for everybody's empowerment".
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Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village
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among multicultural groups in India. British linguist David Crystal has contributed to investigations of
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283:
2502:. B.B. Schieffelin, K.A. Woolard, and P. Kroskrity, eds. Pp. 103–122. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Hill, Jane H. 1998. "Language, Race, and White Public Space." American Anthropologist 100 (3): 680–89.
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Ochs, Elinor, and Carolyn Taylor. 2001. The “Father Knows Best” Dynamic in Dinnertime Narratives. In
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Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village
2097:
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Fox, Aaron A. 2004. Real Country: Music and Language in Working-Class Culture. Duke University Press.
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has done so in relation to identity, for example, in a series of settings, first in a village called
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Hymes had many revolutionary contributions to linguistic anthropology, the first of which was a new
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Kockelman, Paul. 2004. Stance and Subjectivity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 14(2), 127–150.
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1985:. 2014. Homegirls: Language and Cultural Practice Among Latina Youth Gangs. John Wiley & Sons.
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Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2002. Marking time: The dichotomizing discourse of multiple temporalities.
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Kroskrity, Paul V. 1998. Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of Linguistic Ideology. In
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community she studies. Pastors have introduced new ways of conveying knowledge, new linguistic
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Contemporary linguistic anthropology continues research in all three paradigms described above:
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Kulick, Don. 2000. "Gay and Lesbian Language." Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (1): 243–85.
1852:. 2010. White Kids: Language, Race, and Styles of Youth Identity. Cambridge University Press.
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that have set the standard for approaching linguistic anthropology. The first, now known as "
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Benveniste, Emile. 1971. Problems in general linguistics. Miami: University of Miami Press.
1982:
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Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In
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but actually influence the evolution of linguistic structures, including the dropping of "
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Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2000. Introducing Kaluli Literacy: A Chronology of Influences. In
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Schieffelin, Bambi B. 1995. Creating evidence: Making sense of written words in Bosavi.
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Ochs and Schieffelin demonstrated that members of all societies socialize children both
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A great deal of work in linguistic anthropology investigates questions of sociocultural
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Duranti, Alessandro. 2003. Language as Culture in U.S. Anthropology: Three Paradigms.
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Discourse, Ideology and Heritage Language Socialization: Micro and Macro Perspectives
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Duranti, Alessandro. 1992. "Language and Bodies in Social Space: Samoan Greetings."
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Recognition Struggles and Social Movements: Contested Identities, Agency and Power
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through their involvement in language documentation and revitalization projects.
2020:
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2651:. Austin, Peter., Sallabank, Julia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011.
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1406:. Unlike the first paradigm, which focused on linguistic tools like measuring of
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1362:, signals a more anthropological focus on the study. This term was preferred by
2355:. R. Shweder and R.A. LeVine, eds. Pp. 276–320. New York: Cambridge University.
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More recently, a new line of ideology work is beginning to enter the field of
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Third paradigm: anthropological issues studied via linguistic methods and data
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2400:. P. Kroskrity, ed. Pp. 293–327. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
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The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children
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Kulick, Don. 2008. "Gender Politics." Men and Masculinities 11 (2): 186–92.
2438:
Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In
2251:. D. Hymes, ed. Pp. 79–141. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2011:
1988:
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investigated local varieties of English in South Asia, the ways in which
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Schieffelin's more recent research has uncovered the socializing role of
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805:
607:
475:
232:
105:
72:
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Structure and Style in Javanese: A Semiotic View of Linguistic Etiquette
2476:. E. Mertz and R. Parmentier, eds. Pp. 219–259. Orlando: Academic Press.
2768:
Hornberger, Nancy H.; De Korne, Haley; Weinberg, Miranda (2016-01-02).
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1994:
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Linguistic anthropology emerged from the development of three distinct
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The second paradigm can be marked by reversing the words. Going from
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487:
2290:. B. Hobson, ed. Pp. 215–238. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1991:. 1995. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescents. Longman.
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In Vain I Tried to Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics
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and has grown over the past century to encompass most aspects of
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Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives
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This paradigm developed in critical dialogue with the fields of
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study of how language influences social life. It is a branch of
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Ethnographic contributions to the study of endangered languages
2021:
Endangered languages: language documentation and revitalization
1878:. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Wiley-Blackwell.
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1611:
1288:, and develops a common cultural representation of natural and
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Rumsey, Alan. 1990. "Word, meaning, and linguistic ideology."
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Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages
2362:. A. Duranti, ed. Pp. 431–449. Oxford. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
1758:
1490:
2924:
The matrix of language: Contemporary linguistic anthropology
1797:-conferring influence on any particular event of discursive
1399:, arguing for an ethnographic focus on language in use.
3001:
https://webtv.univ-rouen.fr/permalink/c1253a18f7e5ecnge8dp/
2967:– downloadable publications of authors cited in the article
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Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology
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of textual and nontextual metricalizations, synchronized."
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linguistically and discursively. Linguistic anthropologist
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Granadillo, Tania Orcutt-Gachiri, Heidi A., 1970- (2011).
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The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels
2182:"The Contribution of Folklore to Sociolinguistic Research"
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Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of
1634:
In a third example of the current (third) paradigm, since
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Salzmann, Zdenek, James Stanlaw and Nobuko Adachi. 2012.
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and socialization do not occur apart from the process of
2996:
The Jurgen Trabant Wilhelm von Humboldt Lectures (7hrs)
39:
2694:
Woodbury, Anthony C. (2011), "Language documentation",
1603:, both mothers and fathers participated in replicating
1777:'s argument that speech forms originating in the Tewa
2621:'Cultural' Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus."
2247:
Hymes, Dell. 1981 Breakthrough into Performance. In
2226:
Bauman, Richard. 1977. "Verbal Art as Performance."
2922:Brenneis, Donald; and Ronald K. S. Macaulay. 1996.
1556:In a series of studies, linguistic anthropologists
2910:Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings
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2422:
2408:
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2353:Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion
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2730:, in Austin, Peter K.; Sallabank, Julia (eds.),
2698:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–186,
2608:
2489:. A. Duranti, ed. Pp. 73–94. Malden: Blackwell.
2432:
2419:
2403:
2374:
2280:
1708:
2945:Language and social context: Selected readings
2732:The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages
2696:The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages
2649:The Cambridge handbook of endangered languages
2511:
2267:
2083:List of important publications in anthropology
1469:The study of identity through linguistic means
1273:that originated from the endeavor to document
2774:Journal of Language, Identity & Education
2538:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2148:About the Society for Linguistic Anthropology
1243:
774:
2874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2485:Woolard, Kathryn A. 2004. Codeswitching. In
1614:and other fairly new Bosavi converts in the
16:Study of how language influences social life
2605:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
2574:
2570:. New York & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
1312:First paradigm: anthropological linguistics
2878:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2153:
2146:Society for Linguistic Anthropology. n.d.
2125:
1817:
1650:", sometimes defined as "shared bodies of
1250:
1236:
781:
767:
2348:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2254:
1806:'hypertrophic' set of parallel orders of
1295:
2933:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2728:"Revitalization of endangered languages"
2693:
2559:
2500:Language ideologies: Practice and theory
2369:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2264:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2241:
1350:Second paradigm: linguistic anthropology
2814:
1919:
1564:addressed the anthropological topic of
3008:
2919:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2725:
2445:
1431:investigations of personal and social
2220:
2179:
1826:
2487:Companion to Linguistic Anthropology
2134:Companion to Linguistic Anthropology
1699:English functions as a lingua franca
1670:usage. Woolard, in her overview of "
1616:Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea
1454:
1140:Conservative and innovative language
2965:Society for Linguistic Anthropology
2073:Evolutionary psychology of language
1326:that have been seen as at-risk for
13:
2889:
2140:
1765:. And, even though it pertains to
1427:linguistic tools. Themes include:
14:
3032:
2971:Alessandro Duranti's publications
2958:
2938:Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader
2912:. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
2515:Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon
2360:Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader
2131:Duranti, Alessandro (ed.), 2004:
1721:. Specifically, applied linguist
1693:'. For instance, Indian linguist
1466:Study of language through context
1366:, who was also responsible, with
2986:Bambi Schieffelin's publications
2952:Language, culture, & society
2186:The Journal of American Folklore
1551:
1220:
38:
2936:Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2001.
2846:. University of Arizona Press.
2835:
2808:
2761:
2719:
2687:
2641:
2628:
2595:
2532:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2390:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2005:
1953:10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.243
1733:
2905:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
2545:. Cambridge University Press.
2518:. Hong Kong University Press.
2173:
1525:In addition, scholars such as
1477:Identity and intersubjectivity
1447:interactions among individuals
728:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
2786:10.1080/15348458.2016.1113135
2601:Errington, J. Joseph. 1988.
2590:10.1525/aa.1992.94.3.02a00070
2461:10.1525/aa.1990.92.2.02a00060
2236:10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030
2119:
2113:World Oral Literature Project
1793:come to exert a structuring,
1629:
2943:Giglioli, Pier Paolo. 1972.
2740:10.1017/cbo9780511975981.015
2704:10.1017/cbo9780511975981.009
2617:Silverstein, Michael. 2004.
2365:Schieffelin, Bambi B. 1990.
1709:Heritage language ideologies
1691:English as a global language
1080:Functional discourse grammar
946:Ethnography of communication
7:
2947:. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
2929:Duranti, Alessandro. 1997.
2060:
1356:anthropological linguistics
1318:Anthropological linguistics
1306:anthropological linguistics
1200:Second-language acquisition
10:
3037:
2991:James Wilce's publications
2976:Joel Kuipers' publications
2893:
2565:Guardado, Martin. 2018. "
2009:
1975:Manalansan, Martin F. IV.
1626:, chapter 2, verses 6–8).
1463:Documentation of languages
1338:Typological classification
1315:
878:Syntax–semantics interface
748:List of indigenous peoples
2981:Elinor Ochs' publications
2915:Bonvillain, Nancy. 1993.
2908:Blount, Ben G. ed. 1995.
2098:Sociocultural linguistics
1870:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.680
1844:10.1525/jlin.2001.11.1.84
1773:rather than Indonesians,
1190:Philosophy of linguistics
1090:Interactional linguistics
493:Cross-cultural comparison
2940:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2137:, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
1964:10.1177/1097184X08315098
1903:
1334:Grammatical description,
665:Historical particularism
2931:Linguistic Anthropology
2901:Ahearn, Laura M. 2011.
2726:Hinton, Leanne (2011),
2582:American Anthropologist
2512:Braj B. Kachru (2005).
2453:American Anthropologist
2275:Meaning in Anthropology
2228:American Anthropologist
2150:(accessed 7 July 2010).
1818:Race, class, and gender
1380:linguistic anthropology
1360:linguistic anthropology
1263:Linguistic anthropology
498:Participant observation
2679:: CS1 maint: others (
2539:David Crystal (2014).
2034:language documentation
1925:Bucholtz, Mary. 1999.
1296:Historical development
1027:Theoretical frameworks
981:Philosophy of language
961:History of linguistics
640:Cross-cultural studies
2829:10.1558/genl.v6i2.339
2416:43(Supplement):S5-17.
2108:Sociology of language
2093:Semiotic anthropology
2078:Linguistic insecurity
1983:Mendoza-Denton, Norma
1687:language endangerment
1344:Linguistic relativity
921:Conversation analysis
2926:. Boulder: Westview.
2636:Current Anthropology
2623:Current Anthropology
2414:Current Anthropology
2344:Ochs, Elinor. 1988.
2180:Hymes, Dell (1971).
2168:Current Anthropology
2026:Endangered languages
1920:Gender and sexuality
1574:language acquisition
1390:on the one hand and
1275:endangered languages
1165:Internet linguistics
1075:Construction grammar
733:Anthropology by year
670:Boasian anthropology
645:Cultural materialism
630:Actor–network theory
228:Paleoanthropological
3021:Applied linguistics
2817:Gender and Language
2398:Regimes of Language
2260:Kulick, Don. 1992.
1656:false consciousness
1648:language ideologies
1640:Michael Silverstein
1601:Southern California
1100:Systemic functional
895:Applied linguistics
837:General linguistics
685:Performance studies
578:Kinship and descent
518:Cultural relativism
168:Paleoethnobotanical
143:Ethnoarchaeological
1827:Race and ethnicity
1719:heritage languages
1370:, for the idea of
1279:language structure
1205:Theory of language
1175:Origin of language
1130:Autonomy of syntax
1085:Grammaticalization
931:Discourse analysis
926:Corpus linguistics
705:Post-structuralism
464:Research framework
2954:. Westview Press.
2552:978-1-107-43181-2
2525:978-962-209-665-3
1562:Bambi Schieffelin
1455:Areas of interest
1267:interdisciplinary
1260:
1259:
1048:Distributionalism
991:Psycholinguistics
791:
790:
690:Political economy
513:Thick description
310:Political economy
173:Zooarchaeological
133:Bioarchaeological
3028:
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2638:. 47(6):891–914.
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2103:Sociolinguistics
2068:Ethnolinguistics
1978:
1928:
1805:
1683:language contact
1666:" from everyday
1646:,—in this case "
1527:Émile Benveniste
1495:Papua New Guinea
1443:construction of
1404:unit of analysis
1252:
1245:
1238:
1224:
1170:LGBT linguistics
1160:Internationalism
1135:Compositionality
996:Sociolinguistics
971:Neurolinguistics
966:Interlinguistics
951:Ethnomethodology
793:
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193:Anthrozoological
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2008:
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1723:Martin Guardado
1717:in relation to
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1546:Stanton Wortham
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906:Anthropological
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695:Practice theory
635:Alliance theory
625:
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612:Postcolonialism
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421:Anthropological
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3016:Anthropology
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2088:Miyako Inoue
2055:ethnographic
2052:
2048:
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2031:
2024:
2015:
2012:Ethnopoetics
2006:Ethnopoetics
1989:Rampton, Ben
1876:Hill, Jane H
1821:
1783:
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1734:Social space
1712:
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1609:
1597:middle class
1592:
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1538:Benjamin Lee
1524:
1515:
1493:in northern
1480:
1472:
1458:
1450:
1425:
1416:ethnopoetics
1401:
1397:Noam Chomsky
1385:
1379:
1378:. The term
1368:John Gumperz
1359:
1355:
1353:
1321:
1299:
1283:
1271:anthropology
1262:
1261:
1058:Glossematics
1038:Constituency
1010:interpreting
848:Lexicography
738:Bibliography
680:Interpretive
655:Diffusionism
624:Key theories
610: /
540:Key concepts
451:Sociological
431:Ethnological
413:
218:Neurological
203:Evolutionary
148:Experiential
87:
32:Anthropology
1995:Zimman, Lal
1799:interaction
1789:centers of
1769:Indians in
1715:linguistics
1695:Braj Kachru
1652:commonsense
1638:'s student
1558:Elinor Ochs
1520:performance
1392:linguistics
1372:ethnography
1210:Terminology
1185:Orthography
1105:Usage-based
1006:Translating
901:Acquisition
806:Linguistics
608:Colonialism
551:Development
508:Reflexivity
476:Ethnography
426:Descriptive
284:Development
223:Nutritional
198:Biocultural
123:Battlefield
3010:Categories
2755:2019-10-08
2385:Pragmatics
2120:References
2039:Franz Boas
1939:Hall, Kira
1644:ideologies
1630:Ideologies
1487:Don Kulick
1439:ideologies
1433:identities
1364:Dell Hymes
1328:extinction
1286:ideologies
1180:Orismology
1065:Functional
1053:Generative
1043:Dependency
863:Pragmatics
853:Morphology
843:Diachronic
588:Prehistory
441:Historical
414:Linguistic
326:Historical
294:Ecological
186:Biological
88:Linguistic
78:Biological
2870:cite book
2862:769275666
2802:146277852
2794:1534-8458
2675:cite book
2667:939637358
2206:0021-8715
1808:iconicity
1763:Indonesia
1743:greetings
1620:epistemic
1582:universal
1578:baby talk
1535:Kira Hall
1503:Tok Pisin
1445:narrative
1412:morphemes
1324:languages
1302:paradigms
1281:and use.
1155:Iconicity
1150:Etymology
1070:Cognitive
1033:Formalist
986:Phonetics
976:Philology
868:Semantics
858:Phonology
561:Evolution
556:Ethnicity
488:Ethnology
366:Political
274:Cognitive
213:Molecular
2061:See also
1791:semiosis
1752:Javanese
1748:semiotic
1727:Guardado
1516:travesti
1483:identity
1408:phonemes
1388:folklore
956:Forensic
936:Distance
883:Typology
798:a series
796:Part of
743:Journals
660:Feminism
446:Semiotic
386:Symbolic
381:Religion
316:Feminist
304:Economic
254:Cultural
208:Forensic
163:Maritime
158:Forensic
153:Feminist
128:Biblical
118:Aviation
83:Cultural
24:a series
22:Part of
1771:Arizona
1755:priyayi
1689:, and '
1668:English
1662:" and "
1612:pastors
1593:through
1580:is not
1437:shared
1265:is the
911:Applied
821:History
816:Outline
598:Society
546:Culture
361:Musical
356:Museums
351:Medical
336:Kinship
289:Digital
264:Applied
56:History
51:Outline
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1124:Topics
873:Syntax
573:Gender
503:Holism
401:Visual
376:Public
279:Cyborg
249:Social
113:Aerial
93:Social
2798:S2CID
2429:2006.
2210:JSTOR
2032:In a
1904:Class
1812:magic
1795:value
1759:Sumba
1511:index
1499:Taiap
1491:Gapun
826:Index
722:Lists
603:Value
481:cyber
396:Urban
346:Media
341:Legal
67:Types
2880:link
2876:link
2858:OCLC
2848:ISBN
2790:ISSN
2744:ISBN
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