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legislation the sub-discipline spread throughout
Australia concentrating initially on shipwrecks due to on-going funding by both the States and the Commonwealth under their shipwreck legislation. Studies now include as an element of underwater archaeology, as a whole, the study of submerged indigenous sites. Nautical Archaeology, (the specialised study of boat and ship construction) is also practised in the region. Often the sites or relics studied in Australia as in the rest of the world are not inundated. The study of historic submerged aircraft, better known as a sub-discipline of
121:, which studies the past through any submerged remains be they of maritime interest or not. An example from the prehistoric era would be the remains of submerged settlements or deposits now lying under water despite having been dry land when sea levels were lower. The study of submerged aircraft lost in lakes, rivers or in the sea is an example from the historical, industrial or modern era. Another example are the remains of discovered and potential medieval bridges connecting the islands on the lake with the mainland. Many specialist sub-disciplines within the broader maritime and
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1280:, seaborne trade increased significantly throughout the region. Though sailing was the safest, fastest, and most efficient method of transportation in the ancient world, some fractional percentage of voyages ended in shipwreck. With the significantly increased sea traffic during the Roman era came a corresponding increase in shipwrecks. These wrecks and their cargo remains offer glimpses through time of the economy, culture, and politics of the ancient world. Particularly useful to archaeologists are studies of
900:
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helmet diving gear was developed, allowing divers to stay underwater for extended periods through a constant air supply pumped down from the surface through a hose. Nevertheless, the widespread utilisation of diving gear for archaeological purposes had to wait until the 20th century, when archaeologists began to appreciate the wealth of material that could be found under the water. This century also saw further advances in technology, most important being the invention of the
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environments, whether on land in the form of peat bogs and wells, or underwater are particularly important for the survival of organic material, such as wood, leather, fabric and horn. Cold and absence of light also aid survival of artifacts, because there is little energy available for either organic activity or chemical reactions. Salt water provides for greater organic activity than freshwater, and in particular, the
274:. Comparative evidence shows that all iron and steel ships, especially those in a highly oxygenated environment, continue to degrade and will continue to do so until only their engines and other machinery project much above the sea-floor. Where it remains even after the passage of time, the iron or steel hull is often fragile with no remaining metal within the layer of concretion and corrosion products.
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171:. Others value an integrated approach, stressing that nautical activity has economic and social links to communities on land and that archaeology is archaeology no matter where the study is conducted. All that is required is the mastering of skills specific to the environment in which the work occurs.
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commenced in the 1970s with the advent of Jeremy Green due to concerns expressed by academics and politicians with the rampant destruction of the Dutch and
British East India ships lost on the west coast. As Commonwealth legislation was enacted and enforced after 1976 and as States enacted their own
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Not all maritime sites are underwater. There are many structures at the margin of land and water that provide evidence of the human societies of the past. Some are deliberately created for access - such as bridges and walkways. Other structures remain from exploitation of resources, such as dams and
209:
were able to establish colonies on other continents. Wars were fought at sea over the control of important resources. The material cultural remains that are discovered by maritime archaeologists along former trade routes can be combined with historical documents and material cultural remains found on
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to explore and retrieve material from the lake, although they decided to keep the blueprint of the exact mechanism secret. The following three centuries saw the gradual extension of diving time through the use of bells and submersing barrels filled with air. In the 19th century, the standard copper
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in 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of water. The shipwreck lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the
Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). Large pipelines can crush sites and render some of their remnants inaccessible as pipe is
288:
Some wrecks, lost to natural obstacles to navigation, are at risk of being smashed by subsequent wrecks sunk by the same hazard, or are deliberately destroyed because they present a hazard to navigation. Even in deep water, commercial activities such as pipe-laying operations and deep sea trawling
269:
does not occur, appears strong and relatively intact, though indications are that it has already incurred irreversible degradation of her steel and iron hull. As such degradation inevitably continues, data will be forever lost, objects' context will be destroyed and the bulk of the wreck will over
515:
now form important archaeological sites that are being protected, managed and conserved. As with shipwrecks, archaeological research can follow multiple themes, including evidence of the final catastrophe, the structures and landscape before the catastrophe and the culture and economy of which it
248:
Saltwater is particularly inimical to iron artefacts including metal shipwrecks, and sea organisms will readily consume organic material such as wooden shipwrecks. On the other hand, out of all the thousands of potential archaeological sites destroyed or grossly eroded by such natural processes,
322:
The wrecks, and other archaeological sites that have been preserved have generally survived because the dynamic nature of the sea bed can result in artifacts becoming rapidly buried in sediments. These sediments then provide an anaerobic environment which protects from further degradation. Wet
244:
There are significant differences in the survival of archaeological material depending on whether a site is wet or dry, on the nature of the chemical environment, on the presence of biological organisms and on the dynamic forces present. Thus rocky coastlines, especially in shallow water, are
163:
on land. However, as with terrestrial archaeology, what survives to be investigated by modern archaeologists can often be a tiny fraction of the material originally deposited. A feature of maritime archaeology is that despite all the material that is lost, there are occasional rare examples of
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break up, how does a ship sink to the bottom, and how do the remains of the ship, cargo and the surrounding environment evolve over time? The second tier studies the ship as a machine, both in itself and in a military or economic system. The third tier consists of the archaeology of maritime
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is also practised in the region. In some states maritime and underwater archaeology is practised out of
Museums and in others out of cultural heritage management units, and all practitioners operate under the aegis of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA).
412:
preservation or to provide for satisfactory conservation on recovery. Even the cost of proper and complete archaeological investigation may be too great to enable this to occur within a timescale that ensures that an archaeological record is made before data is inevitably lost.
591:(SSDE or SSBA), which is safer but more expensive, and airline, or hookah equipment, a basic form of surface supplied equipment with limited depth applications. Both open circuit and rebreather scuba have been used, depending on which is best suited to the site.
768:
fish traps. Nautical remains include early harbours and places where ships were built or repaired. At the end of their life, ships were often beached. Valuable or easily accessed timber has often been salvaged leaving just a few frames and bottom planking.
931:, trade and shipboard societies are studied. Some consider this to be the most important tier. Ships and boats are not necessarily wrecked: some are deliberately abandoned, scuttled or beached. Many such abandoned vessels have been extensively salvaged.
371:
While preservation in situ is not assured, material that has survived underwater and is then recovered to land is typically in an unstable state and can only be preserved using highly specialised conservation processes. While the wooden structure of
398:
preservation, or recovery and conservation on land is the preferable option; or to face the fact that preservation in any form, other than as an archaeological record is not feasible. A site that has been discovered has typically been subjected to
403:
of the very factors that caused its survival in the first place, for example, when a covering of sediment has been removed by storms or the action of man. Active monitoring and deliberate protection may mitigate further rapid destruction making
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contained a staggering collection of marble and bronze statues including the
Antikythera Youth. Discovered in 1900 by Greek sponge divers, the ship probably sank in the 1st century BC and may have been dispatched by the Roman general,
179:
Before the industrial era, travel by water was often easier than over land. As a result, marine channels, navigable rivers and sea crossings formed the trade routes of historic and ancient civilisations. For example, the
516:
formed a part. Unlike the wrecking of a ship, the destruction of a town by a seismic event can take place over many years and there may be evidence for several phases of damage, sometimes with rebuilding in between.
245:
typically inimical to the survival of artifacts, which can be dispersed, smashed or ground by the effect of currents and surf, possibly (but not always) leaving an artifact pattern but little if any wreck structure.
382:
provides an example of a relatively recent (metal) wreck for which extensive conservation has been necessary to preserve the hull. While the hull remains intact, its machinery remains inoperable. The engine of
721:, using techniques developed for the purpose to make the most effective use of time on site, which was restricted to 3 shifts of 12 minute each per day on site. The site of the wreck of the USS Monitor is near
100:
as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains, be they vessels, shore-side facilities, port-related structures, cargoes,
116:
As with archaeology as a whole, maritime archaeology can be practised within the historical, industrial, or prehistoric periods. An associated discipline, and again one that lies within archaeology itself, is
188:
spread around its coasts. The historic record as well as the remains of harbours, ships and cargoes, testify to the volume of trade that crossed it. Later, nations with a strong maritime culture such as the
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Bodies of water, fresh and saline, have been important sources of food for people for as long as we have existed. It should be no surprise that ancient villages were located at the water's edge. Since the
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that was recovered in 1985 from a saline environment after over a century underwater is presently considered somewhat anomalous, in that after two decades of treatment it can now be turned over by hand.
368:
was subject to salvage from the sixteenth century and later, but a very large amount of material, buried in the sediments, remained to be found by maritime archaeologists of the twentieth century.
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The
Exosuit, a relatively lightweight and low powered Atmospheic diving suit intended for marine research. was first used in 2014 at the Bluewater and Antikythera underwater research expeditions.
1452:
1974:
Benjamin, J. and MacKintosh, R. (2016) ‘Regulating
Scientific Diving and Underwater Archaeology: legal and historical considerations: REGULATING SCIENTIFIC DIVING AND UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY’,
167:
There are those in the archaeology community who see maritime archaeology as a separate discipline with its own concerns (such as shipwrecks) and requiring the specialized skills of the
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and are constructed of hollowed out logs or sewn planks. Vessels have been discovered where they have been preserved in sediments underwater or in waterlogged land sites, such as the
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Site survey and mapping, and recording of artifact positioning relative to a datum. This may be done manually or with the aid of high resolution multibeam sonar and photogrammetry
152:) where objects are lost or thrown off structures over extended periods of time. This fact has led to shipwrecks often being described in the media and in popular accounts as '
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have been discovered in the
Mediterranean, constructed of edge joined planks. This shipbuilding technology continued through the classical period. The 2023 announcement of the
583:, the latter of whom would go on to use the technology for underwater excavation by 1948. Modern archaeologists use two kinds of equipment to provide breathing gas underwater:
85:
A maritime archaeologist with the
Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program in St. Augustine, Florida, recording the ship's bell discovered on the 18th century "Storm Wreck."
471:
sites off the coast of western Europe such as the Grotto
Cosquer can be reached only by diving, because the cave entrances are underwater, though the upper portions of the
643:
can be useful if the current removes the lifted material before it settles, but must be used with discretion as artifacts may be entrained in the flow if it is too strong.
210:
land to understand the economic, social and political environment of the past. Of late maritime archaeologists have been examining the submerged cultural remains of
136:, and thus represent a moment in time rather than a slow deposition of material accumulated over a period of years, as is the case with port-related structures (such as
285:
preservation, for example, but deterioration of the vessel progressed at such a rate that the rescue of her turret was undertaken lest nothing be saved from the wreck.
756:. When it was realised that recovering the whole vessel was not economically viable, work was done by saturation divers to recover the propeller, engine and turret.
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Extensive research has been carried out on the Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines of Turkey. Complete excavations have been performed on several wrecks from the
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dropped from the ocean surface to the substrate thousands of feet below. Trawl nets snag and tear superstructures and separate artifacts from their context.
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preservation an option, but long-term survival can never be guaranteed. For very many sites, the costs are too great for either active measures to ensure
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Ships wrecked in the sea have probably not survived, although remains of cargo (particularly bronze material) have been discovered, such as those at the
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was announced by NOAA on February 11, 2011, the 188th anniversary of her sinking. The wreck is the first discovery of a wrecked Nantucket whaling ship.
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Archaeological sites can also be found on the foreshore today that would have been on dry land when they were constructed. An example of such a site is
1412:
1702:"From acoustics to underwater archaeology: Deep investigation of a shallow lake using high-resolution hydroacoustics—The case of Lake Lednica, Poland"
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922:
The archaeology of shipwrecks can be divided into a three-tier hierarchy, of which the first tier considers the wrecking process itself: how does a
558:, Italy. Just a few decades later, in 1535, the same site saw the first use of a sophisticated breathing apparatus for archaeological purposes, when
1324:), Italy. In the cases of Antikythera and Riace, however, the artifacts were recovered without the direct participation of maritime archaeologists.
1316:, believed to be an astronomical calculator. Further examples of fabulous works of art recovered from the sea floor are the two "bronzi" found in
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969:. A close collection of artefacts on the sea bed may imply that artefacts were from a ship, even if there are no remains of the actual vessel.
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Of the many examples where the sea bed provides an extremely hostile environment for submerged evidence of history, one of the most notable,
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events have at times caused submergence of human settlements. The remains of such catastrophes exist all over the world, and sites such as
1432:
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1335:) show other interesting elements of ancient life. The Sarno projects suggests that on the Tyrrhenian shore there were little towns with
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Nine historic trade ships carrying ceramics dating back to the 10th century until the 19th century were excavated under Swedish engineer
314:, a Swedish warship that foundered and sank on its maiden voyage in 1628. It was salvaged in 1961 and is now on permanent display at the
1768:
McCarthy, M., 2000, Iron and steamship archaeology : success and failure of the SS Xantho. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
333:, lives only in salt water, so some of the best preservation in the absence of sediments has been found in the cold, dark waters of the
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The depth of sites can vary within the range of ocean depth, but most sites that are accessible to diving work are relatively shallow.
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1598:– Iron-hulled steamship, lost in 1872 off Western Australia. Its historic engine was raised in 1985 and can now be turned over by hand
5678:
4723:
1741:
Withgott, Jay, Scott Brennan, J. 2007. Environment: the science behind the stories. 2nd ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
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1025:(NOAA). The identity of the ship was not immediately known so it was called the "Shark Island Whaler"; the ship's identification as
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occasionally sites survive with exceptional preservation of a related collection of artifacts. An example of such a collection is
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substantial survival, from which a great deal can be learned, due to the difficulties often experienced in accessing the sites.
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1732:
Delgado, J. P., (ed.). 1997. British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, British Museum Press, London
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UK resource, with access to information on more than 45,000 wrecks, mapped thematically for a wide variety of search criteria
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962:. These may be an evolution from boats made of sewn hides, but it is highly unlikely that hide boats could have survived.
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2111:
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1284:, the ceramic shipping containers used in the Mediterranean region from the 15th century BC through the Medieval period.
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Position fixing of the site datum. Various methods were used historically, but DGPS is relatively accurate and available.
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Archaeological material in the sea or in other underwater environments is typically subject to different factors than
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4995:
2141:"Lost & Found: In Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: The Possible Wreck Site of the Nantucket Whaleship
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464:) submerged a great deal of human activity that had been gathered round what had been an enormous, fresh-water lake.
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While the land surface is continuously reused by societies, the sea bed was largely inaccessible until the advent of
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1787:"Underwater Power Tools for In Situ Preservation, Cleaning and Consolidation of Submerged Archaeological Remains"
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1276:. After the 2nd century BC, the Roman fleet ruled the Mediterranean and actively suppressed piracy. During this
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Therefore, a great deal of the record of human activity throughout the Ice Age is now to be found under water.
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1564:– A racing sailboat which sank in 1930 near Miami, Florida, United States - and one of the sites in the
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Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P., 1991, Archaeology, theories, methods and practice. Thames and Hudson, NY.
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In addition to many discoveries in the sea, some wrecks have been examined in lakes. Most notable are
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Staniforth, M., & Nash, M., (eds.) Underwater Archaeology: Australian Approaches. Springer, NY
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have operated in much earlier times, but much of the material was beyond the reach of anyone. Thus
33:
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and other shipwreck sites occasionally yield objects of unique artistic value. For instance, the
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Nash, M., (ed), 2007 Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia. University of Western Australia Press.
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2268:"MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AND SHIPWRECK CERAMICS IN MALAYSIA | Department of Museums Malaysia"
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587:, which allows for greater mobility but limits the time the diver can spend in the water, and
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1871:"Challenges Facing the State Management of Historic Shipwrecks in English Territorial Waters"
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Maritime archaeological studies in Italy illuminate the naval and maritime activities of the
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Janowski, Lukasz; Kubacka, Maria; Pydyn, Andrzej; Popek, Mateusz; Gajewski, Lukasz (2021).
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1312:, to carry booty back to Rome. The sponge divers also recovered from the wreck the famous
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at a depth of about 110 metres (360 ft) has been partially excavated by divers using
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1558:– the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, lost off Charleston, South Carolina, in 1864
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An example of maritime archaeology in the Pacific Ocean is the discovery of the wreck of
559:
1903:"Guglielmo's Secret: The Enigma of the First Diving Bell Used in Underwater Archaeology"
1785:
Scalercio, Emiliano; Sangiovanni, Francesco; Gallo, Alessandro; Barbieri, Loris (2021).
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area, maritime archaeologists have investigated several ancient cultures. Notable early
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The sea floor elsewhere in the Mediterranean holds countless archaeological sites. In
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and the individual artifacts have been undergoing conservation since their recovery,
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has been extensively studied. Other finds are consistent with some passages of the
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255:. Survival in this instance is largely due to the remains being buried in sediment
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2304:"THE WANLI SHIPWRECK AND ITS CERAMIC CARGO | Department of Museums Malaysia"
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1639:"Maritime, Offshore and Logistics Degree & Training Programs - EduMaritime"
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Ironclad; The Epic Battle, Calamitous Loss, and Historic Recovery of the USS
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281:, having been found in the 1970s, was subjected to a program of attempted
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2340:"MYSTERIES OF MALAYSIAN SHIPWRECKS | Department of Museums Malaysia"
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The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
1681:
Muckelroy, K., "Maritime archaeology.", Cambridge University Press, 1978.
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427:
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315:
309:
275:
194:
97:
5830:
3887:
1803:
1786:
304:
5327:
5158:
5017:
5005:
4917:
4826:
4415:
4167:
3835:
3810:
3789:
3731:
3593:
3566:
3282:
3162:
2858:
2790:
2233:"CNN - Rare Ming dynasty ceramics found in shipwrecks - Sept. 24, 1996"
1718:
1701:
1605:
1580:
1537:
1521:
1474:
1469:
1453:
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
1356:
1300:
1277:
940:
674:
to record state of site in detail, stratigraphy, and for dive planning.
508:
504:
338:
266:
5082:
105:
and submerged landscapes. A specialty within maritime archaeology is
5337:
5250:
4266:
4224:
4197:
4007:
3952:
3936:
3794:
3634:
3588:
3513:
3488:
3455:
3309:
3252:
3227:
2846:
2805:
2435:
1883:
1595:
1336:
1258:
1227:
1223:
993:
710:
584:
572:
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512:
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384:
349:
293:
250:
235:
129:
3106:
1109:
794:
81:
5485:
3987:
3982:
3850:
3805:
3726:
3614:
3609:
3578:
3335:
3292:
3257:
3222:
3170:
2601:
2409:
2251:
1540:
sewn plank boats dated by radiocarbon to between 1890 BC to 1700 BC
1496:
1485:
Interactive 3D model of an ancient Roman shipwreck found in Croatia
1344:
1321:
1288:
1219:
772:
667:
video recordings by each diver keep continuous record of work done.
551:
468:
457:
324:
202:
106:
3932:
1382:, which appears to have been in use during the first century AD).
660:
Relatively recent developments, mainly for special circumstances:
5770:
5217:
4713:
4605:
4002:
3972:
3927:
3912:
3897:
3892:
3845:
3815:
3538:
3345:
3340:
3277:
3217:
3180:
2667:
2489:
1784:
1332:
1281:
1234:. The crew of the U.S. Navy deep submergence research submarine
1231:
915:
911:
500:
435:
431:
394:
A challenge for the modern archaeologist is to consider whether
259:
198:
149:
141:
2396:
980:
is considered the earliest deep-sea shipwreck to be discovered.
5821:
5466:
5287:
4271:
4177:
4022:
3977:
3922:
3882:
3866:
3840:
3784:
3629:
3556:
3460:
3428:
3418:
3366:
3267:
3200:
1638:
1584:
1363:
1348:
1340:
2494:
636:
to remove silt lifted by fanning, to be deposited downcurrent.
4182:
4172:
4017:
3997:
3942:
3902:
3876:
3820:
3319:
2181:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011-02-11
2015:. Rebreather Forum 4 – via Global Underwater Explorers.
1375:
1328:
1317:
1309:
1296:
714:
472:
219:
215:
211:
206:
2459:
1620:– Blackbeard's flagship, 18th century frigate, Beaufort, NC.
1552:– Dutch East Indies ship, lost in 1629 off Western Australia
1458:
460:
is now, collapsed under the pressure of rising water in the
3779:
3438:
3423:
3403:
3304:
3185:
1292:
1235:
923:
137:
1573:– A 5th century BC boat discovered off the coast of Israel
546:. The first known use of the method comes from 1446, when
3413:
2337:
2301:
2265:
1699:
1546:– French explorer La Salle's ship, lost in 1686 off Texas
997:
Try pot from a 19th-century whaling ship that wrecked on
1752:"BBC World Service - Documentaries - What Lies Beneath"
16:
Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea
1009:
Divers explored a wreck site at Pearl and Hermes atoll
446:
sea level has risen as much as 400 feet (120 m).
270:
centuries completely deteriorate on the floor of the
225:
3670:
585:
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)
184:
was known to the Romans as the inner sea because the
2648:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
2112:"The Exosuit: What Tony Stark Would Wear Underwater"
1511:
c 80-50 BC, includes the astronomical computer, the
1490:
1238:
discovered the sites in 1997. In 1999 a team led by
947:
Examples of sewn-plank boats include those found at
2134:
2132:
1583:sunk of the coast of La Madrague de Giens, east of
1343:. In the same area, the submerged town of Puteoli (
495:
imagery using a Humminbird 981c Side Imaging system
1413:Australasian Underwater Cultural Heritage Database
430:objects and sites that are, because of changes in
1663:. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2008
1433:Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP)
983:
5857:
2179:Discovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands"
2175:"Lost Whaling Shipwreck with Link to Melville's
2129:
289:can place a wreck at risk. Such a wreck is the
128:Maritime archaeological sites often result from
2436:"Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology"
2397:"Shipwrecks in the seas of Britain and Ireland"
1023:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2024:
2022:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1896:
1894:
3122:
2510:
1976:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1949:
1242:and Harvard University archaeology Professor
725:at 230 feet (70 m) depth at coordinates
2067:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2014
939:The earliest boats discovered date from the
550:explored and attempted to lift the ships of
2359:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2323:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2287:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2019:
1989:
1950:Feulner, Mark A.; Arnold, J. Barto (2005).
1891:
1592:discovered at Leamington Wharf, Union Canal
1138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
823:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
594:
337:in North America and in the (low salinity)
174:
5664:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
5611:International Congress of Maritime Museums
5591:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
4883:
3129:
3115:
2517:
2503:
2138:
2055:
2053:
1480:Maritime Heritage Trail - Battle of Saipan
1351:) contains the "portus Julius" created by
452:The flooding of the area now known as the
5724:
5679:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
2167:
2087:"Getting a Clear View of the USS Monitor"
1918:
1882:
1802:
1791:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
1717:
1611:Condura Croatica – 11th century, port of
1459:Submerged historic and pre-historic sites
1202:Learn how and when to remove this message
1151:"Mediterranean" maritime archaeology
887:Learn how and when to remove this message
421:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2338:19 October 2022 - 6:39 am (2014-03-22).
2302:19 October 2022 - 6:39 am (2014-03-22).
2266:19 October 2022 - 6:38 am (2014-03-22).
2139:Kelly, Gleason; Raupp, Jason T. (2010).
1004:
992:
927:cultures, in which nautical technology,
898:
762:
601:Underwater archaeology § Techniques
519:
491:in 160 ft (49 m) of fresh water seen on
482:
303:
229:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
5649:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
2471:
2104:
2050:
778:
181:
5858:
5601:European Association of Archaeologists
2008:
1226:ships of c. 750 BC that foundered off
945:discovery of a canoe near St Botolphs.
5723:
4882:
4857:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
4815:
4685:
4684:
4067:
3669:
3148:
3136:
3110:
2498:
2474:"1300 BC - The Dover Bronze Age Boat"
2012:Use Of CCRs In Malta Shipwreck Diving
1900:
1868:
1099:
358:remotely operated underwater vehicles
2414:The Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1954:. AltaMira Press. pp. 271–279.
1136:adding citations to reliable sources
1103:
821:adding citations to reliable sources
788:
123:underwater archaeological categories
18:
5596:Archaeological Institute of America
1978:, 45(1), pp. 153–169. Available at
1418:Maritime archaeology of East Africa
1095:(early 17th century), found in 2003
972:Late Bronze Age ships, such as the
530:Archaeological diving is a type of
234:The final phases of the salvage of
226:Preservation of material underwater
13:
2009:Gambin, Timmy (20–22 April 2023).
1943:
1502:
1017:, discovered in 2008 by a team of
654:Artifact recovery and conservation
416:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5887:
5606:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
4996:Coastal defence and fortification
4371:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
3671:Navigation, and ports and harbors
2486:ULIXES la guida dei Campi Flegrei
2464:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2389:
1491:Coastal and foreshore archaeology
1448:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
1391:Maritime archaeology in Australia
1021:working on an expedition for the
701:
589:Surface-supplied diving equipment
478:
360:(ROVs) in the twentieth century.
5840:
5706:
5631:Society for American Archaeology
4865:
4798:
4667:
4050:
3652:
3089:
3079:
3078:
2468:Affiliated with Texas University
1530:– 19th century clipper, Scotland
1108:
793:
456:(when a land bridge, where the
23:
5063:Phoenician discovery of America
2524:
2376:
2367:
2331:
2295:
2259:
2239:
2225:
2206:
2192:
2079:
1968:
1920:10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000060
1862:
1840:
1811:
1778:
1566:Florida Maritime Heritage Trail
1400:underwater aviation archaeology
4755:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2472:Parfitt, Keith (24 May 2007).
1819:"Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck"
1762:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1649:
1631:
984:Maritime archaeology by region
775:, a Bronze Age timber circle.
125:have emerged in recent years.
1:
5674:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
4349:Phoenician maritime expansion
2061:"New technology: The Exosuit"
1624:
1089:(AD 960- 1127), found in 2001
934:
836:"archaeology" shipwrecks
426:Maritime archaeology studies
5616:Nautical Archaeology Society
2663:electrical resistance survey
2423:"Research & Archaeology"
1901:Eliav, Joseph (2015-01-01).
1423:Nautical Archaeology Society
1385:
1355:in 37 BC, later sunk due to
475:themselves are not flooded.
7:
5669:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
5046:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
4852:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
4709:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
4068:
3149:
2036:. New York: Koehler Books.
2028:
1661:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
1406:
1291:'s pleasure barges in Lake
1083:(circa 1830), found in 2001
1077:(circa 1550), found in 1998
1071:(circa 1370), found in 1996
1065:(circa 1400), found in 1996
1059:(circa 1540), found in 1995
1053:(circa 1380), found in 1995
1047:(circa 1460), found in 1995
489:Lake Murray, South Carolina
109:archaeology, which studies
10:
5892:
5525:Phoenician Ship Expedition
4816:
4366:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
4359:Circumnavigation of Africa
2552:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1608:shipwreck, 14th century BC
1428:Maritime Archaeology Trust
988:
955:which is now displayed at
782:
665:First person point of view
598:
523:
5838:
5730:
5719:
5704:
5639:
5581:
5384:
5368:
5116:
5051:Samothrace temple complex
4986:
4941:
4900:
4893:
4889:
4878:
4863:
4822:
4811:
4796:
4694:
4680:
4665:
4618:
4571:
4424:
4391:
4384:
4322:
4123:
4080:
4076:
4063:
4048:
3767:
3680:
3676:
3665:
3650:
3602:
3537:
3474:
3359:
3328:
3161:
3157:
3144:
3074:
3026:
2921:
2814:
2758:
2707:
2698:
2633:Philosophy of archaeology
2620:
2532:
2452:Western Australian Museum
2215:History hunter underwater
1246:investigated the wrecks.
960:The Dover Bronze Age Boat
785:Archaeology of shipwrecks
222:and other Asian nations.
96:) is a discipline within
4339:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
2427:St Augustine Light House
1353:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1230:with cargoes of wine in
696:Atmospheric diving suits
595:Equipment and procedures
175:Integrating land and sea
169:underwater archaeologist
5621:RPM Nautical Foundation
5358:Surviving ancient ships
5277:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1984:10.1111/1095-9270.12141
1590:Nineteenth century boat
1536:– site of discovery of
1528:City of Adelaide (1864)
1438:RPM Nautical Foundation
1272:, Greek colonists, and
1222:shipwrecks include two
910:was found in 2014 near
487:Submerged bridge under
53:more precise citations.
5871:Underwater archaeology
5654:Giza Solar boat museum
5108:Underwater exploration
5103:Underwater archaeology
5068:Pre-Columbian theories
4923:John Sinclair Morrison
4884:Research and education
4334:Austronesian Expansion
2448:"Maritime Archaeology"
1848:"Mardi Gras Shipwreck"
1657:"MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY"
1327:Recent studies in the
1010:
1002:
919:
713:ship off the coast of
544:underwater archaeology
496:
422:Prehistoric landscapes
319:
241:
119:underwater archaeology
86:
5725:Legend and literature
5683:Viking ship museums:
5659:Grand Egyptian Museum
5419:Austronesian replicas
5394:Heyerdahl expeditions
5304:Caligula's Giant Ship
5164:Dover Bronze Age Boat
3826:Berenice Troglodytica
2643:Archaeological ethics
2638:Archaeological diving
2628:Archaeological theory
2065:Return to Antikythera
2029:Clancy, Paul (2013).
1869:Meara, Hefin (2020).
1562:Half Moon (shipwreck)
1524:shipwreck, c. 1200 BC
1513:Antikythera mechanism
1339:, similar to ancient
1314:Antikythera mechanism
1019:marine archaeologists
1008:
999:French Frigate Shoals
996:
953:Dover Bronze Age Boat
902:
763:Coastal and foreshore
744:35.00167°N 75.40639°W
599:Further information:
581:Jacques-Yves Cousteau
548:Leon Battista Alberti
526:Archaeological diving
520:Archaeological diving
486:
307:
233:
84:
5866:Maritime archaeology
5626:Sea Research Society
5028:Maritime archaeology
4837:Ameinias the Phocian
4832:Mediterranean piracy
2582:Augustus Pitt Rivers
2577:William Henry Holmes
2542:Archaeological sites
2091:sanctuaries.noaa.gov
1952:Maritime Archaeology
1875:Internet Archaeology
1823:Nautilus Productions
1618:Queen Anne's Revenge
1571:Ma'agan Michael Ship
1443:Sea Research Society
1396:aviation archaeology
1378:(like the so-called
1132:improve this section
817:improve this section
779:Ships and shipwrecks
719:rebreather equipment
534:used as a method of
499:Throughout history,
240:on October 11, 1982.
90:Maritime archaeology
4719:Maritime Jade Route
3872:Kaveri Poompattinam
2572:John Lloyd Stephens
2562:Heinrich Schliemann
2478:Current Archaeology
2212:Rodrigo, Jennifer.
1804:10.3390/jmse9060676
1643:www.edumaritime.net
749:35.00167; -75.40639
740: /
560:Guglielmo de Lorena
5267:Bajo de la Campana
4969:Peter Throckmorton
4954:Jean-Yves Empereur
4928:William L. Rodgers
4749:Maritime Silk Road
3096:History portal
2658:geophysical survey
2149:Historic Nantucket
1719:10.1111/arcm.12663
1579:c 75-60 BC, Roman
1100:Mediterranean area
1011:
1003:
974:Uluburun Shipwreck
920:
905:Russian submarine
684:Diving rebreathers
497:
438:, now underwater.
320:
242:
94:marine archaeology
87:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5715:
5714:
5702:
5701:
5322:Madrague de Giens
5041:Temple of Isthmia
5037:Maritime temples
5023:Marine navigation
4982:
4981:
4974:Shelley Wachsmann
4964:J. Richard Steffy
4874:
4873:
4807:
4806:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:
4614:
4613:
4344:Ocean exploration
4059:
4058:
4046:
4045:
3705:Rutter (nautical)
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3504:Mortise and tenon
3138:Ancient seafaring
3104:
3103:
3022:
3021:
3004:Pseudoarchaeology
2621:Method and theory
2220:New Straits Times
2043:978-1-938467-11-0
1961:978-0-7591-0078-7
1577:Madrague de Giens
1550:Batavia shipwreck
1372:Caesarea Maritima
1305:Antikythera wreck
1212:
1211:
1204:
1186:
897:
896:
889:
871:
690:Saturation diving
631:Hydraulic powered
619:Manual excavation
564:Frances de Marchi
532:scientific diving
462:Mediterranean Sea
182:Mediterranean Sea
111:ship construction
79:
78:
71:
5883:
5876:Maritime history
5844:
5843:
5738:Ark of bulrushes
5721:
5720:
5710:
5709:
5348:Oldest surviving
5058:Nusantao network
4933:Chester G. Starr
4898:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4842:Cilician pirates
4813:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4739:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
4734:Iron Age Britain
4682:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4389:
4388:
4078:
4077:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4053:
3968:Ptolemais Theron
3678:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3248:Single-outrigger
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3081:
2929:Archaeoastronomy
2896:Paleoethnobotany
2705:
2704:
2607:Alfred V. Kidder
2592:Mortimer Wheeler
2519:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2481:
2467:
2466:. 28 April 2020.
2455:
2443:
2430:
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2312:
2311:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2247:"Race for Ruins"
2243:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:"Sten Sjöstrand"
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1922:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:10.11141/ia.54.3
1866:
1860:
1859:
1854:. Archived from
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1825:. Archived from
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1712:(5): 1059–1080.
1697:
1691:
1688:
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1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1144:
1112:
1104:
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885:
881:
878:
872:
870:
829:
797:
789:
755:
754:
752:
751:
750:
745:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
552:Emperor Caligula
345:was preserved).
134:seismic activity
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5726:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5641:
5635:
5583:
5582:Institutes and
5577:
5532:Viking replicas
5473:Balangay Voyage
5386:
5380:
5364:
5119:
5112:
4988:
4978:
4937:
4885:
4870:
4866:
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4610:
4567:
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4318:
4119:
4072:
4055:
4051:
4042:
3918:Mueang Phra Rot
3772:
3763:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3598:
3572:Triangular sail
3533:
3470:
3444:Sail components
3355:
3324:
3298:Tessarakonteres
3153:
3140:
3135:
3105:
3100:
3090:
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3018:
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2832:Archaeogenetics
2810:
2754:
2700:Sub-disciplines
2694:
2690:Post-excavation
2685:Lithic analysis
2616:
2587:Flinders Petrie
2528:
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2300:
2296:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2137:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2027:
2020:
2007:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1899:
1892:
1867:
1863:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1783:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1544:Belle shipwreck
1505:
1503:Ships and boats
1493:
1461:
1409:
1388:
1368:Herod the Great
1244:Lawrence Stager
1208:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1145:
1143:
1129:
1113:
1102:
1087:Tanjong Simpang
1038:South China Sea
1001:(Pacific Ocean)
991:
986:
967:Salcombe B site
937:
893:
882:
876:
873:
830:
828:
814:
798:
787:
781:
765:
748:
746:
742:
739:
734:
731:
729:
727:
726:
709:The wreck of a
704:
634:suction dredges
626:airlift dredges
603:
597:
528:
522:
493:side-scan sonar
481:
424:
419:
417:Submerged sites
354:scuba equipment
228:
177:
92:(also known as
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5889:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5835:
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5827:
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5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5789:
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5774:
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5755:
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5703:
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5608:
5603:
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5587:
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5578:
5576:
5575:
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5568:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5507:Mediterranean
5505:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5470:
5463:
5460:Alingano Maisu
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5403:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5309:De Meern ships
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5179:Cape Gelidonya
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4942:Archaeologists
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:David Blackman
4904:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4847:Jewish pirates
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4795:
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4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4746:
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4736:
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4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
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4633:
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4620:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Lake Trasimene
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:Mediterranean:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3737:Maritime pilot
3734:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3700:Portolan chart
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
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3569:
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3529:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
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3472:
3471:
3469:
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3463:
3458:
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3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Oared warships
3270:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:Assyriologists
3056:
3049:Archaeologists
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2901:Zooarchaeology
2898:
2893:
2891:Geoarchaeology
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2852:Paleopathology
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2827:Bioarchaeology
2824:
2818:
2816:
2815:Methodological
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2695:
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2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
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2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Dorothy Garrod
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Antiquarianism
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2391:
2390:External links
2388:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2330:
2294:
2258:
2255:. 19 May 2002.
2238:
2224:
2205:
2191:
2166:
2128:
2103:
2078:
2049:
2042:
2018:
1988:
1967:
1960:
1942:
1890:
1861:
1858:on 2015-05-16.
1839:
1810:
1777:
1761:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1648:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1518:Cape Gelidonya
1515:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Bouldnor Cliff
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1387:
1384:
1240:Robert Ballard
1210:
1209:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1034:Sten Sjöstrand
990:
987:
985:
982:
978:Orca Shipwreck
936:
933:
895:
894:
801:
799:
792:
783:Main article:
780:
777:
764:
761:
703:
702:Depth of sites
700:
699:
698:
693:
687:
681:
675:
672:photogrammetry
668:
658:
657:
651:
646:
645:
644:
637:
628:
622:
610:
607:
596:
593:
566:used an early
524:Main article:
521:
518:
480:
479:Historic sites
477:
423:
420:
418:
415:
330:Teredo navalis
298:Gulf of Mexico
272:Atlantic Ocean
227:
224:
191:United Kingdom
176:
173:
77:
76:
59:September 2009
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5888:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5808:Metamorphoses
5805:
5803:
5801:
5800:The Histories
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5778:The Histories
5775:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5722:
5718:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5493:Marumaru Atua
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5453:Samudra Raksa
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:Te Au o Tonga
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Blackfriars I
5297:
5295:
5294:Arles Rhône 3
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
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5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
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5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
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5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
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5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Thalassocracy
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5083:Shell middens
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5033:Naval warfare
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Lionel Casson
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4877:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4814:
4810:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Incense trade
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4648:South America
4646:
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4617:
4607:
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4596:Sailing ships
4594:
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4591:Oared vessels
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4137:
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4131:Ancient Egypt
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:Civilizations
4122:
4116:
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3499:Clinker built
3497:
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3484:Boat building
3482:
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3233:Navis lusoria
3231:
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3207:
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3097:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Egyptologists
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Phenomenology
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
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2909:
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2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:Environmental
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Computational
2872:
2870:
2869:Archaeogaming
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
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2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Post-Medieval
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Protohistoric
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:Chronological
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
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2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Richard Hoare
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
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2500:
2497:
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2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2401:Shipwrecks UK
2398:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2341:
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2326:
2320:
2305:
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2234:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1829:on 2015-06-13
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1774:0-306-46365-2
1771:
1765:
1757:
1756:www.bbc.co.uk
1753:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
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1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:North Ferriby
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1495:
1494:
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1471:
1468:
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1397:
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1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Mediterranean
1206:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153: –
1152:
1148:
1147:Find sources:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1117:This section
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1000:
995:
981:
979:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
958:
954:
950:
949:North Ferriby
946:
942:
932:
930:
929:naval warfare
925:
917:
913:
909:
908:
901:
891:
888:
880:
869:
866:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838: –
837:
833:
832:Find sources:
826:
822:
818:
812:
811:
807:
802:This section
800:
796:
791:
790:
786:
776:
774:
769:
760:
757:
753:
724:
723:Cape Hatteras
720:
716:
712:
707:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
655:
652:
650:
647:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
627:
623:
620:
617:
616:
614:
611:
608:
605:
604:
602:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
490:
485:
476:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
445:
439:
437:
433:
429:
428:prehistorical
414:
411:
407:
402:
397:
392:
389:
388:
381:
380:
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
318:in Stockholm.
317:
313:
312:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
286:
284:
280:
279:
273:
268:
264:
263:
256:
254:
253:
246:
239:
238:
232:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
172:
170:
165:
162:
157:
155:
154:time capsules
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:or sometimes
131:
126:
124:
120:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:human remains
99:
95:
91:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5829:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5786:On the Ocean
5784:
5777:
5769:
5766:Literature:
5554:
5536:
5517:
5510:
5500:Aotearoa One
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5410:
5406:
5398:
5385:Experimental
5353:Museum ships
5320:
5313:
5286:
5258:Phoenician:
5249:
5244:Leontophoros
5242:
5206:Butuan boats
5201:Pontian boat
5139:Dufuna canoe
5078:Shipbuilding
5027:
4989:and theories
4959:Boris Rankov
4753:
4686:Economy and
4586:Incendiaries
4433:
4220:Indus Valley
4188:Tarumanagara
4115:Ubaid period
4033:Wadi al-Jarf
3948:Ostia Antica
3552:Fore-and-aft
3519:Shipbuilding
3494:Carvel built
3476:Construction
3434:Steering oar
3315:Sailing ship
3238:Obelisk ship
3196:Dugout canoe
2978:
2934:Archaeometry
2908:Experimental
2842:Near Eastern
2801:Near Eastern
2796:Mesopotamian
2750:Contemporary
2567:Arthur Evans
2484:Port Julius
2477:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2378:
2369:
2344:. Retrieved
2342:. Jmm.gov.my
2333:
2308:. Retrieved
2306:. Jmm.gov.my
2297:
2272:. Retrieved
2270:. Jmm.gov.my
2261:
2250:
2241:
2227:
2213:
2208:
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2176:
2169:
2155:(3): 13–17.
2152:
2148:
2143:Two Brothers
2142:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2071:21 September
2069:. Retrieved
2064:
2034:
2030:
2011:
1975:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1913:(1): 60–69.
1910:
1906:
1874:
1864:
1856:the original
1851:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1822:
1813:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1709:
1706:Archaeometry
1705:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1613:Nin, Croatia
1389:
1361:
1331:river (near
1326:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1213:
1198:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1146:
1130:Please help
1118:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1045:Royal Nanhai
1044:
1031:
1027:Two Brothers
1026:
1015:Two Brothers
1014:
1012:
971:
964:
957:Dover Museum
938:
921:
906:
883:
874:
864:
857:
850:
843:
831:
815:Please help
803:
770:
766:
758:
708:
705:
678:360° cameras
659:
641:sand blowers
577:Émile Gagnan
529:
498:
467:Significant
466:
451:
448:
444:last ice age
440:
425:
409:
405:
395:
393:
386:
378:
373:
370:
365:
347:
342:
328:
321:
310:
296:sunk in the
290:
287:
282:
277:
261:
257:
251:
247:
243:
236:
186:Roman empire
178:
166:
158:
127:
115:
93:
89:
88:
65:
56:
37:
5793:Argonautica
5780:(Herodotus)
5743:Flood myths
5640:Museums and
5584:conferences
5549:Vital Alsar
5387:archaeology
5196:Austronesia
5189:Hjortspring
5184:Rochelongue
5134:Pesse canoe
5088:Ship burial
5073:Sea Peoples
5006:Lighthouses
5001:Grave goods
4949:George Bass
4729:Spice trade
4326:exploration
4148:Philippines
4143:Austronesia
4136:Old Kingdom
4013:Trincomalee
3963:Prosphorion
3908:Myos Hormos
3752:Micronesian
3743:By region:
3715:Lighthouses
3523:By region:
3288:Quinquereme
3213:Kunlun ship
3206:Penteconter
3191:Dragon boat
3014:Transgender
2939:Battlefield
2715:Prehistoric
2675:Burnt layer
2612:George Bass
2526:Archaeology
2222:. 7/12/2004
1581:merchantman
1509:Antikythera
1370:'s port at
1347:, close to
1255:Hellenistic
747: /
568:diving bell
401:disturbance
335:Great Lakes
316:Vasa Museum
308:The bow of
195:Netherlands
98:archaeology
51:introducing
5860:Categories
5802:(Polybius)
5446:Hawaiʻiloa
5328:Nemi ships
5213:Black Sea
5159:Khufu ship
5120:and relics
5018:Marine art
5011:Alexandria
4918:Fik Meijer
4901:Historians
4788:Indo-Roman
4601:Greek navy
4503:Salamis II
4493:Hellespont
4453:Artemisium
4443:Nile Delta
4406:Achaemenid
4299:Achaemenid
4168:Langkasuka
4163:Micronesia
4081:Prehistory
4008:Sounagoura
3836:Chittagong
3811:Barbarikon
3790:Alexandria
3732:Pilot boat
3682:Navigation
3514:Sewn-plank
3509:Lashed-lug
3387:Figurehead
3360:Components
3329:Propulsion
3283:Quadrireme
3264:Polyremes
3243:Outriggers
3037:by country
2969:Industrial
2964:Indigenous
2913:Underwater
2859:Calceology
2781:Australian
2759:Geographic
2745:Historical
2680:Excavation
2346:2022-10-18
2310:2022-10-18
2274:2022-10-18
2185:2011-02-13
1833:2015-04-15
1797:(6): 676.
1625:References
1606:Bronze Age
1538:Bronze Age
1522:Bronze Age
1475:Port Royal
1470:Alexandria
1380:Jesus boat
1357:bradyseism
1337:palafittes
1301:Nemi ships
1278:Pax Romana
1224:Phoenician
1162:newspapers
941:Bronze Age
935:Bronze Age
847:newspapers
735:75°24′23″W
711:Phoenician
613:Excavation
540:excavation
509:Port Royal
505:Alexandria
350:submarines
339:Baltic Sea
291:Mardi Gras
267:concretion
130:shipwrecks
34:references
5815:Geography
5753:Gilgamesh
5642:memorials
5566:Viracocha
5479:Faʻafaite
5432:Sarimanok
5338:Yassi Ada
5251:Syracusia
5174:Canaanite
5149:Moor Sand
4619:By region
4581:Grappling
4553:Naulochus
4543:Myonessus
4498:Echinades
4483:Arginusae
4478:Cynossema
4463:Naupactus
4458:Eurymedon
4292:Classical
4267:Phoenicia
4262:Mycenaean
4225:Tamilakam
4208:Polynesia
4198:Srivijaya
3993:Satingpra
3953:Palembang
3937:Cattigara
3879:(Kadaram)
3862:Jambukola
3856:Guangzhou
3797:(Podouke)
3795:Arikamedu
3757:Polynesia
3690:Celestial
3603:Armaments
3589:Spritsail
3547:Crab claw
3489:Careening
3456:Sternpost
3310:Reed boat
3253:Catamaran
3228:Multihull
2974:Landscape
2847:Osteology
2730:Classical
2177:Moby-Dick
2161:0439-2248
1937:111073448
1929:1758-1206
1596:SS Xantho
1386:Australia
1270:Etruscans
1265:periods.
1259:Byzantine
1251:Classical
1192:July 2023
1119:does not
903:Wreck of
877:July 2023
804:does not
649:Recording
639:Silt and
556:Lake Nemi
513:Mary Rose
454:Black Sea
379:Holland 1
374:Mary Rose
366:Mary Rose
362:Salvagers
294:shipwreck
276:USS
260:RMS
252:Mary Rose
237:Mary Rose
161:artifacts
113:and use.
5831:Tākitimu
5734:Legend:
5692:Roskilde
5571:Tangaroa
5512:Olympias
5486:Gaualofa
5425:Hōkūleʻa
5400:Kon-Tiki
5233:Ashkelon
5169:Uluburun
5128:Earliest
4894:Scholars
4776:shipping
4576:Boarding
4488:Mytilene
4473:Syracuse
4438:Alashiya
4401:Egyptian
4385:Military
4376:Timeline
4354:Sardinia
4277:Carthage
4193:Kalingga
4153:Sa Huỳnh
4088:Timeline
4038:Zanzibar
3988:Sarapion
3983:Rhacotis
3913:Martaban
3858:(Canton)
3851:Godavaya
3846:Giao Chỉ
3816:Barygaza
3806:Avalites
3727:Piloting
3615:Catapult
3610:Ballista
3584:Mast-aft
3397:Planking
3336:Paddling
3293:Hexareme
3258:Trimaran
3223:Longship
3171:Balangay
3084:Category
3066:Journals
2984:Mortuary
2979:Maritime
2954:Funerary
2949:Feminist
2944:Conflict
2922:Thematic
2837:Medieval
2791:Egyptian
2786:Oceanian
2771:American
2735:Medieval
2725:Biblical
2602:Max Uhle
2355:cite web
2319:cite web
2283:cite web
2252:Newsweek
1602:Uluburun
1497:Seahenge
1407:See also
1345:Pozzuoli
1322:Calabria
1289:Caligula
1282:amphoras
1232:amphoras
1220:Iron Age
1063:Longquan
951:and the
773:Seahenge
732:35°0′6″N
573:aqualung
469:cave art
458:Bosporus
385:SS
325:shipworm
203:Portugal
107:nautical
5771:Odyssey
5748:Genesis
5545:Others
5344:Lists:
5333:Marausa
5283:Roman:
5273:Punic:
5238:Kyrenia
5229:Greek:
5225:Marsala
5218:Sinop D
5093:Tacking
4827:History
4714:Meluhha
4704:Fishing
4699:Whaling
4606:Ramming
4528:Aegates
4523:Drepana
4518:Ecnomus
4448:Salamis
4436:
4426:Battles
4304:Nabatea
4287:Archaic
4257:Nuragic
4247:Somalia
4098:Oceania
4093:Britain
4070:History
4003:Socotra
3973:Qandala
3958:Piraeus
3928:Muziris
3898:Madurai
3893:Manthai
3831:Canopus
3801:Arsinoe
3773:harbors
3722:History
3710:Coastal
3640:Sambuca
3625:Dolphin
3539:Rigging
3351:Poling
3341:Sailing
3278:Trireme
3218:Liburna
3181:Coracle
3151:Vessels
3044:Periods
2879:Virtual
2864:Digital
2766:African
2668:Sondage
2534:History
2490:Puteoli
2121:6 April
2116:Gizmodo
2033:Monitor
1852:uwf.edu
1604:– Late
1520:– Late
1333:Pompeii
1263:Ottoman
1214:In the
1176:scholar
1140:removed
1125:sources
1075:Singtai
1069:Turiang
1051:Nanyang
1036:in the
989:Pacific
916:Estonia
912:Hiiumaa
861:scholar
825:removed
810:sources
624:Use of
501:seismic
436:geology
432:climate
410:in situ
406:in situ
396:in-situ
341:(where
283:in situ
278:Monitor
262:Titanic
199:Denmark
150:jetties
142:wharves
47:improve
5822:Aeneid
5538:Viking
5519:Regina
5288:Alkedo
5144:Abydos
5118:Wrecks
4987:Topics
4817:Piracy
4771:Greece
4631:Odisha
4563:Actium
4558:Mycale
4393:Navies
4282:Greece
4272:Olmecs
4240:Pandya
4215:Minoan
4178:Champa
4158:Lapita
4103:Remote
4023:Tyndis
3978:Quilon
3923:Muscat
3888:Lothal
3883:Korkai
3867:Jeddah
3841:Essina
3785:Adulis
3695:Charts
3630:Harpax
3620:Corvus
3594:Square
3562:Settee
3557:Lateen
3466:Tiller
3461:Strake
3429:Rudder
3419:Paddle
3367:Anchor
3346:Towing
3268:Bireme
3201:Galley
3176:Bangka
3033:Sites
2959:Gender
2822:Aerial
2806:Nubian
2653:Survey
2410:"Home"
2159:
2096:1 June
2040:
1958:
1935:
1927:
1877:(54).
1772:
1667:17 Jan
1585:Toulon
1556:Hunley
1364:Israel
1349:Naples
1341:Venice
1299:. The
1274:Romans
1261:, and
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1081:Desaru
1057:Xuande
863:
856:
849:
842:
834:
670:Daily
536:survey
387:Xantho
193:, the
36:, but
5758:Greek
5561:Abora
5555:Ivlia
5467:Saina
5411:Ra II
5369:Sites
5154:Dokos
4766:Egypt
4688:trade
4653:Rafts
4638:Japan
4626:India
4538:Chios
4508:Mylae
4468:Olpae
4416:Roman
4411:Greek
4309:Aksum
4235:Chera
4230:Chola
4203:Sunda
4183:Kutai
4173:Kedah
4018:Tulum
3998:Sidon
3943:Opone
3933:Óc Eo
3903:Malao
3877:Kedah
3821:Basra
3769:Ports
3747:Inuit
3567:Tanja
3527:Egypt
3377:Cabin
3320:Tomol
3163:Types
3027:Lists
3009:Queer
2989:Music
2776:Asian
2460:"INA"
1933:S2CID
1376:Bible
1329:Sarno
1318:Riace
1310:Sulla
1297:Italy
1183:JSTOR
1169:books
1093:Wanli
907:Akula
868:JSTOR
854:books
715:Malta
473:caves
220:Korea
216:India
212:China
207:Spain
146:docks
138:piers
5687:Oslo
5409:and
5315:Isis
5262:Gozo
4783:Rome
4761:Maya
4643:Rome
4548:Nile
4314:Rome
4252:Maya
4108:Near
4028:Tyre
3780:Aden
3579:Junk
3451:Stem
3439:Sail
3424:Rope
3409:Mast
3404:Keel
3392:Hull
3382:Deck
3305:Raft
3186:Dhow
2994:Nazi
2440:Home
2431:(US)
2418:(US)
2361:link
2325:link
2289:link
2157:ISSN
2123:2015
2098:2024
2073:2016
2038:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1925:ISSN
1770:ISBN
1669:2013
1293:Nemi
1236:NR-1
1228:Gaza
1155:news
1123:any
1121:cite
924:ship
840:news
808:any
806:cite
579:and
562:and
538:and
511:and
434:and
356:and
343:Vasa
311:Vasa
205:and
148:and
4724:Tin
3771:and
3635:Ram
3414:Oar
3372:Bow
2488:at
1980:doi
1915:doi
1879:doi
1799:doi
1714:doi
1134:by
819:by
575:by
554:in
542:in
218:,
214:,
201:,
156:'.
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5407:Ra
5376:H3
5130::
2476:.
2462:.
2450:.
2438:.
2425:.
2412:.
2399:.
2357:}}
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2321:}}
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2218:,
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2151:.
2147:.
2131:^
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2089:.
2063:.
2052:^
2021:^
1991:^
1931:.
1923:.
1911:85
1909:.
1905:.
1893:^
1873:.
1850:.
1821:.
1793:.
1789:.
1754:.
1710:63
1708:.
1704:.
1659:.
1641:.
1398:,
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1359:.
1295:,
1257:,
1253:,
1040:.
914:,
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327:,
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3123:t
3116:v
2518:e
2511:t
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2454:.
2442:.
2429:.
2416:.
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2363:)
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2125:.
2100:.
2075:.
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1986:.
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1173:·
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