Powered exoskeleton

361:

exoskeletons involved in clinical activities, or in general, used in any hospital/clinic. Additionally, the recovery exoskeletons are normally classified in the medical class. Furthermore, the research class comprises the exoskeletons that are nowadays in their research development phase. The industrial class, as its name suggests, encompasses those exoskeletons made specifically for industrial activities. These exoskeletons are characterized for being used by people without any pathology seeking the avoidance of long-term physical damages. This description also applies to military exoskeletons. The civilian class is for the recovery or performance exoskeletons made for people to use in their homes or public spaces, aiding in tasks that people cannot perform as easily alone. Finally, there is a class for exoskeletons in which the applications do not fit into any of the previous classes.

295: 326: 313: 338:

exoskeletons made to assist all the limbs, or most of the body. The upper body refers to the exoskeletons made for the upper limbs, and involving the chest, head, back, and/or shoulders. The lower body category refers to the exoskeletons made for the lower limbs: thighs, lower legs, and/or hips. Moreover, there are classes for specific limbs and specific joints. These classes include exoskeletons designed for the knee, ankle, hand, arm, foot, etc. Additionally, there is a special class for any other exoskeleton that is not included in the previous classes.

263:. Legged locomotion systems were developed first, with the goal of assisting in the rehabilitation of paraplegics. In the course of developing active exoskeletons, the Institute also developed theory to aid in the analysis and control of the human gait. Some of this work informed the development of modern high-performance humanoid robots. In 1972, an active exoskeleton for rehabilitation of paraplegics that was pneumatically powered and electronically programmed was tested at Belgrade Orthopedic Clinic. 438: 4651: 52: 370: 5234: 5246: 4534: 4059: 1702: 349:

apply energy. The energy needed to perform the movement is supplied by an external source. On the other hand, the passive class comprises exoskeletons that need the user to perform the movement to work; these exoskeletons do not have power sources. Thus, the user has to perform the movement, and while doing it, the exoskeleton facilitates the movement.

744: 252:

suit was slow compared to a suit constructed of a single layer, and bugs caused "violent and uncontrollable motion by the machine" when moving both legs simultaneously. Hardiman's slow walking speed of 0.76 metres per second (2.5 ft/s) further limited practical uses, and the project was not successful.

248:. The suit was powered by hydraulics and electricity and amplified the wearer's strength by a factor of 25, so that lifting 110 kilograms (240 lb) would feel like lifting 4.5 kilograms (10 lb). A feature called force feedback enabled the wearer to feel the forces and objects being manipulated. 687:. According to Sarcos, the company has solved some of these issues related to battery technology, particularly consumption, reducing the amount of power required to operate its Guardian XO to under 500 watts (0.67 hp) and enabling its batteries to be "hot-swapped" without powering down the unit. 337:

Exoskeletons are not only designed for specific body parts; the exoskeletons may be designed more generally for only one hand, a leg, or even the complete body. Thus, the separation of the classes demonstrates the most common body parts exoskeletons can be built for. The full-body class refers to the

845:

Humans exhibit a wide range of physical size differences in both skeletal lengths and limb and torso girth, so exoskeletons must either be adaptable or fitted to individual users. In military applications, it may be possible to address this by requiring the user to be of an approved physical size in

352:

The powered technologies are separated into four main classes, with one specific class for hybrid and one for any other non-common power technology. The four main classes comprise the electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators as the active action, and the mechanical systems as the passive action.

251:

The Hardiman had major limitations, including its 680-kilogram (1,500 lb) weight. It was also designed as a master-slave system: the operator was in a master suit surrounded by the exterior slave suit, which performed work in response to the operator's movements. The response time for the slave

832:

A successful exoskeleton should assist its user, for example by reducing the energy required to perform a task. Individual variations in the nature, range and force of movements make it difficult for a standardized device to provide the appropriate amount of assistance at the right time. Algorithms

540:

features powered hip and knee motion to enable those with lower limb disabilities, including paraplegia as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI), to perform self-initiated standing, walking, and stair ascending and descending. ReStore, a simpler system by the same manufacturer, attaches to a single

360:

The last category comprises the application area for which the exoskeleton was made. Each exoskeleton may belong to one or more class. The military class comprises any exoskeleton used for any activity involving an army, navy, airforce, or any other military branch. The medical class comprises the

348:

The action category describes the type of help the exoskeleton gives the user, dividing exoskeletons into active and passive action. The active class comprises exoskeletons that give “active” aid to the user; in other words, these exoskeletons perform the movements without the need for the user to

333:

The general categorization suggests several feasible exoskeleton categories. Such categories have general classes, due to the wide quantity of exoskeletons in existence, and are the structure, the body part focused on, the action, the power technology, the purpose, and the application area varying

461:

full-body, powered exoskeleton prototype, which was hydraulically actuated and consumed 6,800 watts of power. By 2010, DARPA and Sarcos had more than halved that, to 3,000 watts, but still required the exoskeleton to be tethered to the power source. Nowadays, the Sarcos Guardian XO is powered by

280:, and Heinlein's description of mobile infantry power suits inspired Reed to design a supportive exoskeleton. In 2001, Reed began working full-time on the project, and in 2005 he wore the 12th prototype in the Saint Patrick's Day Dash foot race in Seattle, Washington. Reed claims to have set the 228:

The earliest-known exoskeleton-like device was an apparatus for assisting movement developed in 1890 by Russian engineer Nicholas Yagin. It used energy stored in compressed gas bags to assist in movement, although it was passive and required human power. In 1917, United States inventor Leslie C.

518:

has developed a draft risk assessment for exoskeletons and their use. The safety assessment is based on diverse experience including machine safety, personal protective equipment and risk analysis of physical stresses at work. The exoskeletons available on the market often fail to give adequate

574:

In 2018, Spanish exoskeleton provider Gogoa Mobility was the first European company to get a CE approval for their powered lower body HANK exoskeleton for medical use. The CE approval covered the use of HANK for rehabilitation due to Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Acquired Brain Damage (ABD) &

509:

For its application in the broadest sense, industrial exoskeletons must be lightweight, comfortable, safe, and minimally disruptive to the environment. For some applications, single-joint exoskeletons (i.e. intended to assist only the limb involved in specific tasks) are more appropriate than

414:

is intended to activate the recovery of muscle work. In addition powered exoskeletons can improve the quality of life of individuals who have lost the use of their legs by enabling system-assisted walking. Exoskeletons—that may be called "step rehabilitation robots"—may also help with the

409:

are even suitable for lesion heights above T12 in order to promote the patient's own activity to such an extent that the therapeutical mobilization can be successful. In contrast to an orthosis, an exoskeleton takes over a large part of the active muscle work, while an

846:

order to be issued an exoskeleton. Physical body size restrictions already occur in the military for jobs such as aircraft pilots, due to the problems of fitting seats and controls to very large and very small people. For soft exoskeletons, this is less of a problem.

284:

for walking in robot suits by completing the 4.8-kilometre (3 mi) race at an average speed of 4 kilometres per hour (2.5 mph). The Lifesuit prototype 14 can walk 1.6 km (1 mi) on a full charge and lift 92 kg (203 lb) for the wearer.

428:

has developed two general purpose powered exoskeletons, CAPIO and VI-Bot. These are primarily being used for teleoperation. Exoskeleton technology is also being developed to enhance precision during surgery, and to help nurses move and carry heavy patients.

858:(CDC) has called for research to address the potential dangers and benefits of the technology, noting potential new risk factors for workers such as lack of mobility to avoid a falling object, and potential falls due to a shift in center of gravity. 662:

Mobility aids are frequently abandoned for lack of usability. Major measures of usability include whether the device reduces the energy consumed during motion, and whether it is safe to use. Some design issues faced by engineers are listed below.

356:

The exoskeleton’s purpose defines what the exoskeleton will be used for. This category has only two classes: recovery and performance. The recovery exoskeletons are used for rehabilitation; the performance exoskeletons are used for assistance.

490:

Passive exoskeleton technology is increasingly being used in the automotive industry, with the goal of reducing worker injury (especially in the shoulders and spine) and reducing errors due to fatigue. They are also being examined for use in

570:

has developed a series of ergonomic exoskeletons for robotic teleoperation, including the EXARM, X-Arm-2 and SAM exoskeletons. The target application is telemanipulation of astronaut-like robots, operating in a remote harsh

609:

company in 2018. Designed for lifting and holding loads weighing up to 60 kg (130 lb) and collecting information about the environment using sensors. More than 20 exoskeletons have been tested and are used at the

273:

In 1986, an exoskeleton called the Lifesuit was designed by Monty Reed, a US Army Ranger who had broken his back in a parachute accident. While recovering in the hospital, he read Robert Heinlein's science fiction novel

515: 423:

or during aging. Several prototype exoskeletons are under development. The Ekso GT, made by Ekso Bionics, is the first exoskeleton to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for stroke patients. The

616:

introduced a passive spring-loaded exoskeleton called the Comau MATE which provides antigravitational support to the user. The exosuit supports the upper arms and spine to help facilitate work and reduce physical

2467:

Voilqué, Anthony; Masood, Jawad; Fauroux, J.C.; Sabourin, Laurent; Guezet, Olivier (March 25, 2019). "Industrial Exoskeleton Technology: Classification, Structural Analysis, and Structural Complexity Indicator".

393:, an exoskeleton can be an additional option for the supply of aids if the structural and functional properties of the neuromuscular and skeletal system are too limited to be able to achieve mobilization with an 513:

The biomechanical efficacy of exoskeletons in industrial applications is however still largely unknown. Companies have to conduct a risk assessment for workplaces at which exoskeletons are to be used. The

510:

full-body powered suits. Full-body powered exoskeletons have been developed to assist with heavy loads in the industrial setting, and for specialized applications such as nuclear power plant maintenance.

270:(LANL) proposed an exoskeleton called Pitman, a powered suit of armor for infantrymen. The design included brain-scanning sensors in the helmet and was considered too futuristic; it was never built. 813:

flexibility is another challenge since the spine is effectively a stack of limited-motion ball joints. There is no simple combination of external single-axis hinges that can easily match the full

466:

exoskeleton project was put on hold. A variety of "slimmed-down" exoskeletons have been developed for use on the battlefield, aimed at decreasing fatigue and increasing productivity. For example,

1197:

Bosch, Tim; van Eck, Jennifer; Knitel, Karlijn; de Looze, Michiel (1 May 2016). "The effects of a passive exoskeleton on muscle activity, discomfort and endurance time in forward bending work".

304: 587:

has unveiled a full-body, powered exoskeleton, the Guardian XO, which can lift up to 200 pounds (91 kg). Their "Alpha" version was demonstrated at the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show with

3877:"Anthropometric Cockpit Compatibility Assessment of US Army Aircraft for Large and Small Personnel Wearing a Cold Weather, Armored Vest, Chemical Defense Protective Clothing Configuration" 581:

Wandercraft produces Atalante, the first powered exoskeleton to allow users to walk hands-free, unlike most powered medical exoskeleton that require the simultaneous use of crutches.

675:. This is a particular issue if the exoskeleton is intended to be worn "in the field", i.e. outside a context in which the exoskeleton can be tethered to external power sources via 885:: an international competition in which people with physical disabilities compete against each other to complete everyday tasks using state-of-the-art technical assistance systems. 2811: 1140: 401:, exoskeletons are interesting as an alternative to an orthosis under this criterion for lesion heights above the thoracic vertebra (T12). In patients with incomplete paraplegia 345:, also called exo-suits, are instead made with materials that allow free movement of the structural components. Exo-suits are often made with, yet not restricted to, textiles. 3132: 719:. However, steel is heavy and the powered exoskeleton must work harder to overcome its own weight, reducing efficiency. Aluminium alloys are lightweight, but fail through 642:(BLEEX) consisted of mechanical metal leg braces, a power unit, and a backpack-like frame to carry a heavy load. The technology developed for BLEEX led to SuitX's Phoenix. 220:

and improve existing muscle functions. Currently, there are products that can help humans reduce their energy consumption by as much as 60 percent while carrying things.

550:

SuitX's Phoenix is a modular, light and cheap exoskeleton, powered by a battery backpack that allows paraplegics to walk at up to 1.8 kilometres per hour (1.1 mph).

341:

Rigid exoskeletons are those whose structural components attached to the user’s body are made with hard materials. Such materials include metals, plastics, fibers, etc.

3081: 2785: 621:. MATE’s spring-loaded actuation box stores energy through an advanced mechanism during the extension phase, and then returns it to the user during the flexion phase. 3986: 2730: 2969: 557:

is a wearable robot that comes in multiple configurations. HAL is currently in use in Japanese and US hospitals and was given global safety certification in 2013.

2339: 1595: 1199: 563:'s Walking Assist Device is a partial exoskeleton to help those with difficulties walking unsupported. It was given pre-market notification by the FDA in 2019. 173:

aims to sense and synchronize with the user's intended motion and relay the signal to motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton also protects the user's

2756: 547:'s EskoGT is a hydraulically powered exoskeleton system allowing paraplegics to stand and walk with crutches or a walker. It was approved by the FDA in 2019. 3574: 1744:"Establishing Prognosis and Maximizing Functional Outcomes After Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Current and Future Directions in Rehabilitation Management" 454: 735:

have considerably higher strength per weight. "Soft" exoskeletons that attach motors and control devices to flexible clothing are also under development.

528:

Japet Exoskeleton is a powered lower-back exoskeleton for work and industry based on established passive braces. It is intended to reduce lumbar pressure.

3187: 649:, WALL-X was shown in 2013 to reduce the metabolic cost of normal walking. This result was achieved by optimizing the controls based on the study of the 3601: 4640: 2601: 425: 534:'s Indego Exoskeleton is an FDA-Cleared, electrically powered support system for legs that helps spinal cord injury patients and stroke patients walk. 3469: 2919: 1440: 821:. Because accurate alignment is challenging, devices often include the ability to compensate for misalignment with additional degrees of freedom. 4123: 635:(HULC) was abandoned after tests showed that wearing the suit caused users to expend significantly more energy during controlled treadmill walks. 3824: 755:

also face the challenge of being lightweight, yet powerful. Technologies used include pneumatic activators, hydraulic cylinders, and electronic

866: 4030: 3055: 2944: 449:) launched the Warrior Web program in September 2011 and has developed and funded several prototypes, including a "soft exosuit" developed by 862: 3652: 3770: 895: 3381: 3182: 2070: 1830: 1567: 3913: 855: 3707:

Näf, Matthias B.; Koopman, Axel S.; Baltrusch, Saskia; Rodriguez-Guerrero, Carlos; Vanderborght, Bram; Lefeber, Dirk (June 21, 2018).

3001: 2286: 1857: 4005: 3520: 3329:

Näf, Matthias B.; Junius, Karen; Rossini, Marco; Rodriguez-Guerrero, Carlos; Vanderborght, Bram; Lefeber, Dirk (September 1, 2018).

2837: 1946: 445:

Developing a full-body suit that meets the needs of soldiers has proven challenging. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (

2259: 2121: 833:

to tune control parameters to automatically optimize the energy cost of walking are under development. Direct feedback between the

1319: 212:, although it does provide mechanical benefits and protection to the user. This also explains the difference of an exoskeleton to 3883: 3415: 2205: 1078: 4388: 482:

Exoskeletons are being developed to help firefighters and other rescue workers to climb stairs while carrying heavy equipment.

5219: 4979: 4063: 1676:

de la Tejera, Javier A.; Bustamante-Bello, Rogelio; Ramirez-Mendoza, Ricardo A.; Izquierdo-Reyes, Javier (24 December 2020).

976: 1356: 4900: 3238: 639: 217: 2179: 4477: 4116: 931: 470:'s ONYX suit aims to support soldiers in performing tasks that are "knee-intensive", such as crossing difficult terrain. 2892: 1487: 4572: 4236: 3627:

Ferris, Daniel P.; Schlink, Bryan R.; Young, Aaron J. (2019-01-01), "Robotics: Exoskeletons", in Narayan, Roger (ed.),

3215: 2485: 1052: 2628: 3636: 3391: 2440: 1637: 1123: 1020: 3908: 3027: 4348: 2865: 760: 2367: 575:

Neurodegenerative Illnesses. In Feb 2020, their knee specific exoskeleton called Belk also received a CE approval.

233:

acting in parallel to the wearer's movements. This system was able to supplement human power with external power.

948: 1243: 4109: 3331:"Misalignment Compensation for Full Human-Exoskeleton Kinematic Compatibility: State of the Art and Evaluation" 799:, with the center of rotation inside the body. Since no two individuals are exactly alike, fully mimicking the 267: 3265:

Malcolm, Philippe; Derave, Wim; Galle, Samuel; De Clercq, Dirk; Aegerter, Christof Markus (13 February 2013).

1974: 1139:

Koopman, Axel S.; Kingma, Idsart; Faber, Gert S.; de Looze, Michiel P.; van Dieën, Jaap H. (23 January 2019).

236:

In the 1960s, the first true 'mobile machines' integrated with human movements began to appear. A suit called

5302: 4895: 4538: 4504: 3961: 2313: 1004: 3796: 1800: 5282: 5171: 2509:

Looze, Michiel P. de; Bosch, Tim; Krause, Frank; Stadler, Konrad S.; O’Sullivan, Leonard W. (May 3, 2016).

1721:"Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon" 1503: 837:

and motorized prosthetics ("neuro-embodied design") has also been implemented in a few high-profile cases.

764: 632: 1917: 1720: 5307: 5272: 5045: 4989: 2419:

Spada, Stefania; Ghibaudo, Lidia; Gilotta, Silvia; Gastaldi, Laura; Cavatorta, Maria Pia (1 July 2018).

294: 5292: 5209: 4605: 4509: 4445: 1572: 803:

of a joint movement is not possible. Instead, the exoskeleton joint is commonly modeled as a series of

688: 245: 3211:"UC Berkeley researchers developing robotic exoskeleton that can enhance human strength and endurance" 2575: 1620:

Monty K Reed (October 10, 2014). "LIFESUIT Exoskeleton Gives the Gift of Walking so They Shall Walk".

519:

consideration to safety aspects, in some cases despite claims to the contrary by their manufacturers.

5287: 5197: 4492: 4452: 3107: 2146: 1886: 918:(1959) is credited with introducing the concept of futuristic military armor. Other examples include 3494: 3210: 2656:"Subjective assessment of a lumbar exoskeleton's impact on lower back pain in a real work situation" 1408:"A survey in the different designs and control systems of powered-exoskeleton for lower extremities" 1407: 1141:"Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks" 462:

lithium-ion batteries and is applicable for military logistics applications. In 2019, the US Army's

4283: 4268: 4246: 3243: 2022: 38: 2421:"Analysis of Exoskeleton Introduction in Industrial Reality: Main Issues and EAWS Risk Assessment" 2001: 4846: 4841: 4457: 4430: 3679: 3548: 3267:"A Simple Exoskeleton That Assists Plantarflexion Can Reduce the Metabolic Cost of Human Walking" 3082:"Guardian XO Alpha: Up Close and Personal with the Sarcos Robotics Full-Body Powered Exoskeleton" 981: 325: 256: 45: 17: 4091: 216:, as orthosis mainly aims to promote progressively increased muscle work and, in the best case, 5040: 4565: 4467: 4462: 4435: 4074: 1320:"Final Report On Hardiman I Prototype For Machine Augmentation Of Human Strength And Endurance" 2510: 260: 165:

movement with increased strength and endurance. The exoskeleton is designed to provide better

5151: 5005: 4615: 4393: 4256: 4132: 2842: 1434: 952: 854:

While exoskeletons can reduce the stress of manual labor, they may also pose dangers. The US

796: 780: 771:

braided pneumatic actuator or McKibben air muscle, is also used to enhance tactile feedback.

695:

and inability to modulate power smoothly, as well as the periodic need to replenish volatile

567: 554: 377: 2231: 255:

At about the same time, early active exoskeletons and humanoid robots were developed at the

5297: 5101: 5025: 4790: 4750: 4600: 4440: 4403: 4383: 3907:

Zingman, Alissa; Earnest, G. Scott; Lowe, Brian D.; Branche, Christine M. (June 15, 2017).

3342: 3278: 2812:"Through the Help of a Robotic Exoskeleton, a Collegeville Man Gets a Chance to Walk Again" 2667: 2654:

Moulart, Mélissa; Olivier, Nicolas; Giovanelli, Yonnel; Marin, Frédéric (1 November 2022).

2511:"Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load" 1382: 1028:, experimental quadrupedal vehicle; also known as the "Cybernetic Anthropomorphous Machine" 999: 834: 229:

Kelley developed what he called a pedomotor, which operated on steam power with artificial

1675: 671:

One of the biggest problems facing engineers and designers of powered exoskeletons is the

8: 5277: 5250: 5055: 4755: 4595: 4497: 4472: 4300: 4178: 4173: 4153: 4085: 1862: 957: 190: 3987:"18 suits of power armor from science fiction you don't want to meet on the battlefield" 3825:"Open-source bionic leg: First-of-its-kind platform aims to rapidly advance prosthetics" 3575:"ReWalk Robotics shows off a soft exosuit designed to bring mobility to stroke patients" 3346: 3282: 2671: 2394: 5161: 5136: 5126: 5091: 5035: 5015: 4962: 4935: 4873: 4785: 4719: 4620: 4514: 4216: 3876: 3743: 3708: 3301: 3266: 2711: 2698: 2655: 2556: 2491: 1781: 1643: 1497: 1357:"Do You Even Lift, Bro? Hardiman Was GE's Muscular Take On The Human-Machine Interface" 1330: 1271: 1179: 915: 870: 800: 450: 420: 402: 398: 390: 312: 138: 60: 1458: 984: – Articulated pressure resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver 5238: 5202: 5131: 5060: 4947: 4733: 4635: 4610: 4558: 4315: 4211: 4193: 3748: 3730: 3632: 3443: 3387: 3360: 3306: 2715: 2703: 2685: 2548: 2540: 2495: 2481: 2446: 2436: 2420: 1773: 1765: 1760: 1743: 1633: 1523: 1518: 1275: 1263: 1224: 1216: 1171: 1163: 1119: 1103: 910: 276: 31: 3935: 1785: 1647: 1183: 516:

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance

5187: 5065: 5050: 4925: 4917: 4836: 4795: 4780: 4728: 4630: 4482: 4398: 4358: 4080: 3801: 3738: 3720: 3350: 3296: 3286: 2974: 2693: 2675: 2560: 2530: 2522: 2477: 2473: 2428: 2264: 2044: 1801:"Spinal Cord Injury Medicine. 3. Rehabilitation Phase After Acute Sinap CordInjury" 1755: 1689: 1678:"Systematic Review of Exoskeletons towards a General Categorization Model Proposal" 1625: 1422: 1255: 1208: 1159: 1155: 1111: 942: 810: 720: 646: 342: 241: 2680: 2526: 2427:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 602. pp. 236–244. 1104:"Wearable Robotics, Industrial Robots and Construction Worker's Safety and Health" 787:

is a design issue for traditional "hard" robots. Several human joints such as the

5096: 5081: 4984: 4974: 4966: 4831: 4704: 4682: 4672: 4333: 4278: 4221: 4206: 3850: 3291: 2432: 2236: 2151: 1212: 901: 814: 732: 716: 684: 588: 531: 474:'s group has identified that exoskeletons can reduce a soldier's response times. 467: 463: 373: 166: 3709:"Passive Back Support Exoskeleton Improves Range of Motion Using Flexible Beams" 1115: 1110:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 595. pp. 31–36. 703:

have been used in some prototypes but also suffer from several safety problems.

683:

would require frequent replacement or recharging, and may risk explosion due to

5214: 5030: 5020: 4942: 4885: 4826: 4765: 4760: 4745: 4677: 4487: 4353: 4295: 4273: 3420: 3183:"Feature: Can we build an 'Iron Man' suit that gives soldiers a robotic boost?" 2314:"Auberon exoskeleton takes the strain out of firefighting in towering infernos" 1979: 1706: 965: 502:

exoskeletons for upper-limb for assisting shoulder flexion-extension movements;

170: 162: 142: 56: 4096: 3680:"Glove powered by soft robotics to interact with virtual reality environments" 1629: 1305: 5266: 5166: 5121: 4805: 4800: 4775: 4770: 4519: 4288: 4241: 4163: 3734: 3725: 3364: 3002:"Roam Robotics Announces $ 2500 Soft Exoskeleton For Skiers and Snowboarders" 2689: 2606: 2544: 2450: 2232:"Power-multiplying exoskeletons are slimming down for use on the battlefield" 1951: 1769: 1290: 1267: 1220: 1167: 1025: 951:, among other factions, are know to use different kinds of Power Armour, the 936: 784: 700: 594:

ExoMed's ExoHeaver is electrically powered exoskeleton, designed for Russian

471: 2095: 1975:"Wearable exoskeleton lets researchers in Russia control a robot in Germany" 1426: 1259: 743: 4930: 4905: 4890: 4863: 4853: 4714: 4625: 4423: 4338: 4251: 3752: 3684: 3310: 2707: 2552: 1947:"Demo: The Ekso GT Robotic Exoskeleton for Paraplegics and Stroke Patients" 1858:"One step at a time: Rehabilitation robots that will keep 'elderly' mobile" 1777: 1228: 1175: 927: 905: 728: 680: 672: 650: 544: 303: 281: 4031:"We unbox the $ 200 'power armor' Fallout 76 version so you don't have to" 4952: 4878: 4868: 4858: 4821: 4738: 4699: 4650: 4418: 4413: 4305: 4183: 4168: 4158: 4069: 3771:"Forget Iron Man: skintight suits are the future of robotic exoskeletons" 3657: 2731:"Innovation Factory: How Parker Hannifin Pumps Out Breakthrough Products" 2372: 818: 676: 4101: 2260:"Lockheed Martin shows off Orlando-built exoskeleton tech for U.S. Army" 1694: 1677: 1415:

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Biomechanics, Rational Publication

541:

leg to assist with gait retraining, and was approved by the FDA in 2019.

369: 51: 4378: 4263: 3602:"Military exoskeletons uncovered: Ironman suits a concrete possibility" 3579: 3108:"Delta reveals exoskeletons, free Wi-Fi and a binge button at CES 2020" 2970:"Gogoa Mobility Robots announces CE Mark Approval for HANK Exoskeleton" 2340:"Passive Exoskeletons Establish A Foothold In Automotive Manufacturing" 987: 961: 919: 824:

Soft exoskeletons bend with the body and address some of these issues.

756: 724: 711:

Early exoskeletons used inexpensive and easy-to-mold materials such as

692: 158: 154: 146: 131: 3355: 3330: 3133:"«Норникель» выпустит интеллектуальную версию экзоскелета - Норникель" 2535: 578:

Roam Robotics produces a soft exoskeleton for skiers and snowboarders.

44:"Exosuit" redirects here. For a brand of atmospheric diving suit, see 5116: 5010: 4709: 4408: 4226: 3706: 3519:

Frumento, Christopher; Messier, Ethan; Montero, Victor (2010-03-02).

3056:"Sarcos offers fully mobile, insanely strong industrial exoskeletons" 2757:"Exoskeleton Device Donated to San Diego VA Will Help Rehabbing Vets" 1014: 882: 599: 492: 437: 411: 406: 394: 230: 213: 135: 4092:

Video and abstract about the GAIT Robotic Orthosis (via IEEE Xplore)

1718: 208:

for movements, adding more stress and making the user more prone to

5156: 5106: 4581: 4325: 4310: 4231: 3909:"Exoskeletons in Construction: Will they reduce or create hazards?" 3032: 2870: 2602:"Panasonic's robotic exoskeletons could help nuclear plant workers" 2576:"Battery-powered, full-body exoskeleton lets users lift 200 pounds" 1835: 923: 792: 752: 606: 505:

exoskeletons for lumbar support for assisting manual lifting tasks.

237: 201: 174: 3328: 37:"Mobile suit" redirects here. For the fictional mecha robots, see 27:

Wearable machine meant to enhance a person's strength and mobility

5086: 4667: 4201: 993: 618: 209: 193:, and stabilizes movements when lifting and holding heavy items. 127: 5141: 4692: 4687: 4058: 2344: 2287:"Leia Stirling leads study on exoskeletons and decision making" 1545: 602: 595: 584: 537: 458: 416: 205: 4070:

Video, images and articles about the Bleex exoskeleton project

3156: 990: – Corrective medical device worn around a patient's back 908:, miners, astronauts and colonists. The science fiction novel 691:

offer high energy output, but problems include exhaust fumes,

5111: 4659: 3028:"Wandercraft's exoskeleton was made to help paraplegics walk" 2920:"Honda's exoskeleton is one (assisted) step closer to launch" 2653: 1705:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

1701: 1568:"Man's dream is that Lifesuit will help paralyzed walk again" 1009: 804: 712: 613: 560: 446: 186: 178: 150: 2466: 2418: 2206:"SOCOM's Iron Man Must Die, So Iron Man Spinoffs Might Live" 1831:"Robotic exoskeletons are changing lives in surprising ways" 865:

has not prepared any safety standards for exoskeletons. The

389:

In medical application, e.g. with complete paraplegia after

5146: 4550: 4075:

University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)—Exo Arm Project

3264: 2838:"This $ 40,000 Robotic Exoskeleton Lets the Paralyzed Walk" 2045:"Hand-mounted exoskeleton system helps surgeons get a grip" 1891: 873:

was working on standards to be released beginning in 2019.

696: 182: 4088:, the world's first exoskeleton weight-lifting competition 3416:"Preventing Thermal Runaway in Electric Vehicle Batteries" 2180:"SOCOM Tests Sarcos Exoskeleton (No, It Isn't 'Iron Man')" 1622:

IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC 2014)

1196: 1138: 3906: 3854: 2786:"Bionic exoskeleton could transform lives of paraplegics" 2470:

2019 Wearable Robotics Association Conference (WearRAcon)

1596:"Paralyzed Man Walks Again: Thanks to LIFESUIT prototype" 788: 380:

powered exoskeleton suit, commercially available in Japan

3470:"HULC Robotic Exoskeleton Powered by Hydrogen Fuel Cell" 3386:. National Academies Press. 31 August 2004. p. 40. 1742:

Burns, Anthony S.; Ditunno, John F. (15 December 2001).

1108:

Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems

2508: 1799:

Kirshblum, Steven C.; Priebe, Michael M. (March 2007).

1288:

Yagin, Nicholas. "Apparatus for Facilitating Walking".

807:

with one degree of freedom for each axis of rotations.

759:. Elastic actuators are being investigated to simulate 4006:"Fallout 4 14.5 inch power armour figurine costs £279" 3518: 1707:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

679:, thus having to rely solely on onboard power supply. 3414:

Liebscher, Alysha; Gayman, Gary (December 26, 2018).

3239:"UC Berkeley exoskeleton helps the paralyzed to walk" 3237:

Affairs, Public; Berkeley, U. C. (February 4, 2016).

1294:

filed February 11, 1890 and issued November 18, 1890.

840: 30:"Battlesuit" redirects here. For the board game, see 3444:"Exoskeleton Suit Problems That Need To Be Overcome" 2122:"Ekso Selected to Participate in Warrior Web Task B" 996: – Application of natural systems to technology 3797:"Exoskeletons Don't Come One-Size-Fits-All ... Yet" 3188:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

2893:"Japan's Robot Suit Gets Global Safety Certificate" 3626: 2866:"The Cyborgs Among Us: Exoskeletons Go Mainstream" 1079:"Industrial Exoskeletons: What You're Not Hearing" 498:These systems can be divided into two categories: 426:German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence 3962:"Fallout Power Armor helmet recalled due to mold" 3875:Cote, David O.; Schopper, Aaron W. (1984-07-01). 2425:Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors 1546:"Giving the Gift of Walking – a 501 C3 nonprofit" 1406:Baldovino, Renann; Jamisola, Rodrigo Jr. (2017). 1405: 1383:"Exoskeletons for Human Performance Augmentation" 763:in human limbs and provide touch perception. The 5264: 2368:"Checking Out Ford's Factory Floor Exoskeletons" 657: 3521:"History and Future of Rehabilitation Robotics" 3413: 3236: 3106:German, Kent; Collins, Katie (7 January 2020). 1798: 1017: – Motion picture camera stabilizer mounts 827: 4097:SARCOS Military Humanoid Exoskeleton (YouTube) 1918:"Patients Walk Again with the HAL Exoskeleton" 1459:"When Were Active Exoskeletons Actually Born?" 1452: 1450: 904:books and media as the standard equipment for 867:International Organization for Standardization 4566: 4117: 3441: 3105: 2025:. Robotics Innovation Center—DFKI. 2010-12-31 2004:. Robotics Innovation Center—DFKI. 2013-12-31 1940: 1938: 1885:Moore, Elizabeth Armstrong (March 15, 2011). 1309:filed April 24, 1917 and issued July 1, 1919. 1076: 863:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 625: 457:. In the early 2000s, DARPA funded the first 3874: 1994: 1887:"HAL-5: The exoskeleton robot 'to suit you'" 1741: 1619: 1457:Vukobratovic, Miomir K. (February 7, 2017). 1456: 1439:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 896:List of films featuring powered exoskeletons 161:technologies, while allowing for sufficient 3383:Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors 2995: 2993: 1447: 1244:"Exoskeletons: a review of recent progress" 329:General model to classify the exoskeletons 4573: 4559: 4533: 4124: 4110: 4028: 3914:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3653:"Robotic Fingers Are Learning How to Feel" 3376: 3374: 2779: 2777: 2462: 2460: 2291:Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology 2178:Freedberg, Sydney J Jr. (March 18, 2019). 1944: 1935: 1719:James W. Rowland, Gregory W. J. Hawryluk. 1046: 1044: 1042: 856:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4131: 3848: 3742: 3724: 3354: 3300: 3290: 2728: 2722: 2697: 2679: 2635:. Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung 2534: 2177: 2119: 2100:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 1759: 1693: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 869:published a safety standard in 2014, and 130:that is wearable over all or part of the 3959: 3882:. Defense Technical Information Center. 3851:"Exoskeletons promise superhuman powers" 3764: 3762: 3180: 3174: 2999: 2990: 2899:. Agence France-Presse. 27 February 2013 2835: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2071:"Exoskeletons await in work/care closet" 2068: 1972: 1945:Strickland, Eliza (September 30, 2016). 1911: 1909: 1492:. Issue 1527: New Scientist. p. 31. 1050: 742: 436: 368: 324: 204:and relies completely on the user's own 50: 4003: 3794: 3467: 3371: 3079: 2863: 2783: 2774: 2754: 2599: 2457: 2337: 2257: 1565: 1039: 889: 397:. In patients with complete paraplegia 14: 5265: 4389:Differential technological development 3984: 3650: 3629:Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering 3572: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3053: 2917: 2809: 2573: 2365: 2311: 2042: 1828: 1654: 1354: 4980:Simultaneous localization and mapping 4554: 4105: 3822: 3768: 3759: 3546: 3181:Cornwall, Warren (October 15, 2015). 2229: 2203: 2166: 2145:Kusek, Kristen (September 11, 2014). 2144: 1915: 1906: 1884: 1517:Pope, Gregory T. (December 1, 1992). 1485: 1241: 1051:Ferguson, Alan (September 23, 2018). 900:Powered exoskeletons are featured in 768: 653:of the human-exoskeleton interaction. 259:in Yugoslavia by a team led by Prof. 196:A powered exoskeleton differs from a 3985:Liptak, Andrew (December 10, 2017). 3208: 3025: 2836:Brewster, Signe (February 1, 2016). 1973:Dormehli, Luke (November 15, 2016). 1829:Ashley, Steven (February 21, 2017). 1593: 1516: 1489:Armour-suited warriors of the future 1327:Defense Technical Information Center 1101: 1053:"Exoskeletons and injury prevention" 926:suit, the robot exoskeleton used by 849: 774: 640:Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton 441:Exoskeleton being developed by DARPA 4478:Future-oriented technology analysis 3468:Kantola, Kevin (January 26, 2010). 3317: 3080:Maronov, Bobby (10 December 2019). 2113: 1594:Reed, Monty K. (January 21, 2011). 964:franchise and the Exoskeleton from 24: 4237:High-temperature superconductivity 3889:from the original on March 2, 2016 3216:University of California, Berkeley 2918:Davies, Chris (January 10, 2019). 2784:Fanning, Paul (October 11, 2012). 2338:Marinov, Borislav (May 15, 2019). 2258:Santana, Marco (January 4, 2019). 2043:Franco, Michael (March 15, 2017). 1916:Osbun, Ashley (February 8, 2019). 1380: 841:Adaptation to user size variations 25: 5319: 4051: 3026:Dent, Steve (27 September 2017). 2864:Maloney, Dan (January 28, 2019). 1329:. August 30, 1971. Archived from 320: 200:, as the latter has no intrinsic 5244: 5233: 5232: 4649: 4532: 4349:Self-reconfiguring modular robot 4057: 3849:Wakefield, Jane (July 8, 2018). 3795:Collins, Steve (June 22, 2017). 3528:Worchetser Polytechnic Institute 3000:Ackerman, Evan (March 6, 2018). 2729:Alexander, Dan (15 April 2015). 2574:Haridy, Rich (January 3, 2019). 1761:10.1097/00007632-200112151-00023 1700: 1355:Keller, Mike (August 25, 2016). 1303:Kelley, C. Leslie. "Pedomotor". 1083:Occupational Health & Safety 311: 302: 293: 5245: 4022: 4004:Matulef, Jeffrey (2016-01-23). 3997: 3978: 3953: 3928: 3900: 3868: 3842: 3816: 3788: 3700: 3672: 3651:Siegel, R. P. (April 8, 2019). 3644: 3620: 3594: 3573:Heater, Brian (July 18, 2017). 3566: 3547:Kerns, Jeff (January 8, 2015). 3540: 3512: 3487: 3461: 3435: 3407: 3258: 3230: 3202: 3149: 3125: 3099: 3073: 3054:Salter, Jim (22 January 2020). 3047: 3019: 2962: 2937: 2911: 2885: 2857: 2829: 2803: 2755:Freeman, Danny (July 1, 2019). 2748: 2647: 2621: 2593: 2567: 2502: 2412: 2387: 2366:Stuart, S. C. (June 18, 2018). 2359: 2331: 2312:Ridden, Paul (April 18, 2018). 2305: 2279: 2251: 2223: 2197: 2138: 2088: 2062: 2036: 2015: 1966: 1878: 1850: 1822: 1792: 1735: 1712: 1613: 1587: 1566:Richman, Dan (March 11, 2005). 1559: 1538: 1510: 1479: 1399: 1374: 1348: 876: 666: 364: 4242:High-temperature superfluidity 4029:Machkovech, Sam (2018-11-13). 3960:Gonzalez, Oscar (2019-09-25). 3769:Davis, Steve (June 26, 2016). 3631:, Elsevier, pp. 645–651, 3549:"The Rise of the Exoskeletons" 2478:10.1109/WEARRACON.2019.8719395 2069:Gilhooly, Rob (17 June 2012). 1312: 1297: 1282: 1235: 1190: 1160:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033 1132: 1095: 1070: 268:Los Alamos National Laboratory 13: 1: 4505:Technology in science fiction 3495:"Hydrogen Storage Challenges" 3442:Yellow Magpie (May 1, 2013). 3209:Yang, Sarah (March 3, 2004). 2681:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11420 2600:Hornyak, Tim (June 2, 2014). 2527:10.1080/00140139.2015.1081988 2230:Adams, Eric (June 28, 2018). 1548:. They Shall Walk. 2013-01-24 1032: 1005:List of emerging technologies 658:Limitations and design issues 4580: 3713:Frontiers in Robotics and AI 3292:10.1371/journal.pone.0056137 2810:Jacobs, Melissa (May 2019). 2433:10.1007/978-3-319-60825-9_26 2395:"Exoskeletons for Logistics" 2204:Egozi, Arie (May 24, 2019). 1242:Bogue, Robert (2022-06-30). 1213:10.1016/j.apergo.2015.12.003 1077:Blake McGowan (2019-10-01). 977:Affusto d'assalto/bari mount 828:Power control and modulation 738: 633:Human Universal Load Carrier 7: 4990:Vision-guided robot systems 3829:University of Michigan News 3823:Arbor, Ann (June 5, 2019). 1805:Spinal Cord Injury Medicine 1725:JNS Journal of Neurosurgery 1116:10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_4 1102:Li, R.M.; Ng, P.L. (2018). 970: 706: 522: 485: 477: 432: 141:and powered by a system of 10: 5324: 5210:Technological unemployment 4510:Technology readiness level 4446:Technological unemployment 4084:Issue 13.01, January 2005— 1624:. IEEE. pp. 382–385. 1573:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1486:Hecht, Jeff (1986-09-25). 893: 689:Internal combustion engine 626:Projects on hold/abandoned 384: 223: 43: 36: 29: 5228: 5198:Workplace robotics safety 5180: 5074: 4998: 4961: 4916: 4814: 4658: 4647: 4588: 4528: 4493:Technological singularity 4453:Technological convergence 4371: 4324: 4269:Multi-function structures 4192: 4146: 4139: 3335:Applied Mechanics Reviews 1922:Electronic Component News 1866:. Reuters. April 12, 2017 1630:10.1109/GHTC.2014.6970309 4284:Molecular nanotechnology 4247:Linear acetylenic carbon 3726:10.3389/frobt.2018.00072 3244:University of California 2126:Robotics Business Review 2120:RBR Staff (2015-02-21). 1502:: CS1 maint: location ( 266:In 1985, an engineer at 39:Gundam (fictional robot) 5046:Human–robot interaction 4458:Technological evolution 4431:Exploratory engineering 1260:10.1108/IR-04-2022-0105 1148:Journal of Biomechanics 982:Atmospheric diving suit 289:Some exoskeleton models 257:Mihajlo Pupin Institute 46:Atmospheric diving suit 4468:Technology forecasting 4463:Technological paradigm 4436:Proactionary principle 2147:"The $ 3 million suit" 2075:The Japan Times Online 1429:(inactive 2024-06-09). 1057:Safety+Health Magazine 797:ball and socket joints 748: 442: 381: 330: 63: 5152:Starship Technologies 4394:Disruptive innovation 4257:Metamaterial cloaking 4133:Emerging technologies 2949:European Space Agency 2945:"The ESA Exoskeleton" 2843:MIT Technology Review 1427:10.24243/JMEB/1.4.192 1306:U.S. patent 1,308,675 746: 568:European Space Agency 440: 378:Hybrid Assistive Limb 372: 334:from one to another. 328: 54: 5303:Robotic exoskeletons 5102:Energid Technologies 4441:Technological change 4384:Collingridge dilemma 4066:at Wikimedia Commons 4064:Powered exoskeletons 1000:Future Force Warrior 890:Fictional depictions 835:human nervous system 761:control of stiffness 747:Pneumatic air muscle 415:rehabilitation from 240:was co-developed by 157:or a combination of 5283:Industrial robotics 5193:Powered exoskeleton 4498:Technology scouting 4473:Accelerating change 4344:Powered exoskeleton 4301:Programmable matter 4179:Smart manufacturing 4174:Molecular assembler 4154:3D microfabrication 3347:2018ApMRv..70e0802N 3283:2013PLoSO...856137M 2672:2022Heliy...811420M 1863:The Express Tribune 1695:10.3390/app11010076 1466:Robotics Laboratory 1291:U.S. patent 440,684 861:As of 2018, the US 261:Miomir Vukobratović 198:passive exoskeleton 169:tolerance, and its 68:powered exoskeleton 55:An exhibit of the " 5308:Russian inventions 5273:1890 introductions 5162:Universal Robotics 5137:Intuitive Surgical 5127:Harvest Automation 5092:Barrett Technology 4874:Robotic spacecraft 4720:Audio-Animatronics 4515:Technology roadmap 4217:Conductive polymer 3608:. January 29, 2012 3086:Exoskeleton Report 2472:. pp. 13–20. 1200:Applied Ergonomics 916:Robert A. Heinlein 871:ASTM International 801:degrees of freedom 749: 631:Lockheed Martin's 451:Harvard University 443: 421:spinal cord injury 391:spinal cord injury 382: 331: 139:structural support 124:augmented mobility 64: 61:United States Army 59:" designed by the 5293:Military robotics 5260: 5259: 5203:Robotic tech vest 5132:Honeybee Robotics 4948:Electric unicycle 4901:remotely-operated 4548: 4547: 4367: 4366: 4316:Synthetic diamond 4212:Artificial muscle 4194:Materials science 4062:Media related to 3936:"About CYBATHLON" 3474:Hydrogen Cars Now 3356:10.1115/1.4042523 2978:. 22 October 2018 2293:. October 4, 2018 1524:Discover Magazine 911:Starship Troopers 850:Health and safety 775:Joint flexibility 343:Soft exoskeletons 277:Starship Troopers 32:Battlesuit (game) 16:(Redirected from 5315: 5288:Medical robotics 5248: 5247: 5236: 5235: 5220:Fictional robots 5188:Critique of work 4837:Unmanned vehicle 4653: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4536: 4535: 4483:Horizon scanning 4399:Ephemeralization 4359:Uncrewed vehicle 4279:Carbon nanotubes 4144: 4143: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4061: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3775:The Conversation 3766: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3728: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3326: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3294: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3137:www.nornickel.ru 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2975:Business Insider 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2701: 2683: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2538: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2265:Orlando Sentinel 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2210:Breaking Defense 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2184:Breaking Defense 2175: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2009: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1763: 1754:(24S): S137-45. 1739: 1733: 1732: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1682:Applied Sciences 1673: 1652: 1651: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1493: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1430: 1412: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1324: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1248:Industrial Robot 1239: 1233: 1232: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1145: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1048: 944:Warhammer 40,000 770: 733:carbon nanotubes 647:Ghent University 315: 306: 297: 242:General Electric 108:cybernetic armor 104:robot armor suit 21: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5224: 5176: 5097:Boston Dynamics 5082:Amazon Robotics 5070: 4994: 4985:Visual odometry 4975:Motion planning 4957: 4912: 4832:Continuum robot 4815:Classifications 4810: 4673:Anthropomorphic 4654: 4645: 4641:AI competitions 4584: 4579: 4549: 4544: 4524: 4363: 4320: 4222:Femtotechnology 4207:Amorphous metal 4188: 4135: 4130: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4002: 3998: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3767: 3760: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3606:Army Technology 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3327: 3318: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2998: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2816:Main Line Today 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2761:NBC 7 San Diego 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2727: 2723: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2568: 2507: 2503: 2488: 2465: 2458: 2443: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2237:Popular Science 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2176: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2152:Harvard Gazette 2143: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1943: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1797: 1793: 1740: 1736: 1717: 1713: 1674: 1655: 1640: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1600:They Shall Walk 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1515: 1511: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1432: 1431: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1336:on July 6, 2019 1333: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1240: 1236: 1195: 1191: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1040: 1035: 973: 902:science fiction 898: 892: 879: 852: 843: 830: 815:range of motion 777: 741: 717:aluminium alloy 709: 685:thermal runaway 669: 660: 645:A project from 628: 589:Delta Air Lines 532:Parker Hannifin 525: 488: 480: 468:Lockheed Martin 435: 387: 374:Steve Jurvetson 367: 323: 316: 307: 298: 246:US Armed Forces 226: 167:mechanical load 143:electric motors 96:high-tech armor 84:cybernetic suit 70:(also known as 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5321: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5242: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215:Terrainability 5212: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4834: 4829: 4827:Cloud robotics 4824: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4354:Swarm robotics 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4296:Picotechnology 4293: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4274:Nanotechnology 4271: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4053: 4052:External links 4050: 4047: 4046: 4021: 3996: 3977: 3952: 3927: 3899: 3867: 3841: 3815: 3787: 3758: 3699: 3688:. May 30, 2017 3671: 3643: 3637: 3619: 3593: 3565: 3553:Machine Design 3539: 3511: 3486: 3460: 3434: 3421:Machine Design 3406: 3392: 3370: 3316: 3257: 3229: 3201: 3173: 3148: 3124: 3098: 3072: 3046: 3018: 2989: 2961: 2936: 2910: 2884: 2856: 2828: 2802: 2773: 2747: 2721: 2666:(11): e11420. 2646: 2629:"Exoskeletons" 2620: 2592: 2566: 2521:(5): 671–681. 2501: 2487:97815386-80568 2486: 2456: 2441: 2411: 2386: 2358: 2330: 2304: 2278: 2250: 2222: 2196: 2165: 2137: 2112: 2087: 2061: 2035: 2014: 1993: 1980:Digital Trends 1965: 1934: 1905: 1877: 1849: 1821: 1791: 1734: 1711: 1653: 1638: 1612: 1586: 1558: 1537: 1509: 1478: 1446: 1421:(4): 103–115. 1398: 1381:Bellis, Mary. 1373: 1347: 1311: 1296: 1281: 1254:(5): 813–818. 1234: 1189: 1131: 1124: 1094: 1069: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 991: 985: 979: 972: 969: 966:S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 894:Main article: 891: 888: 887: 886: 878: 875: 851: 848: 842: 839: 829: 826: 776: 773: 740: 737: 708: 705: 701:Hydrogen cells 668: 665: 659: 656: 655: 654: 643: 636: 627: 624: 623: 622: 611: 592: 582: 579: 576: 572: 564: 558: 551: 548: 542: 535: 529: 524: 521: 507: 506: 503: 487: 484: 479: 476: 455:Wyss Institute 434: 431: 386: 383: 366: 363: 322: 321:Classification 319: 318: 317: 310: 308: 301: 299: 292: 290: 225: 222: 171:control system 126:) is a mobile 57:Future Soldier 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5320: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5252: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Wolf Robotics 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Foster-Miller 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Developmental 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4806:Soft robotics 4804: 4802: 4801:BEAM robotics 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4756:Entertainment 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589:Main articles 4587: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4541: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4520:Transhumanism 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4289:Nanomaterials 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252:Metamaterials 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4164:3D publishing 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147:Manufacturing 4145: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3638:9780128051443 3634: 3630: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3449: 3448:Yellow Magpie 3445: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3395: 3393:9780309165761 3389: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3341:(5): 050802. 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3277:(2): e56137. 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3007: 3006:IEEE Spectrum 3003: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2609: 2608: 2607:Computerworld 2603: 2596: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2442:9783319608242 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2101: 2097: 2096:"Warrior Web" 2091: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2024: 2018: 2003: 1997: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1954: 1953: 1952:IEEE Spectrum 1948: 1941: 1939: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1825: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639:9781479971930 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1547: 1541: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519:"Power Suits" 1513: 1505: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1467: 1460: 1453: 1451: 1442: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1315: 1307: 1300: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1127: 1125:9783319603834 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1084: 1080: 1073: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1027: 1026:Walking Truck 1024: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 968: 967: 963: 960: 959: 954: 950: 949:Space Marines 946: 945: 940: 938: 933: 930:to fight the 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912: 907: 906:space marines 903: 897: 884: 881: 880: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 847: 838: 836: 825: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785:human anatomy 782: 772: 766: 762: 758: 754: 745: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681:Battery packs 678: 674: 664: 652: 648: 644: 641: 637: 634: 630: 629: 620: 615: 612: 608: 604: 601: 597: 593: 590: 586: 583: 580: 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 559: 556: 552: 549: 546: 543: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 526: 520: 517: 511: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 494: 483: 475: 473: 472:Leia Stirling 469: 465: 460: 456: 452: 448: 439: 430: 427: 422: 418: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 379: 375: 371: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 344: 339: 335: 327: 314: 309: 305: 300: 296: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 271: 269: 264: 262: 258: 253: 249: 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:robotic armor 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 76:powered armor 73: 69: 62: 58: 53: 47: 40: 33: 19: 5249: 5237: 5192: 5006:Evolutionary 4953:Robotic fins 4906:Robotic fish 4891:Telerobotics 4864:Nanorobotics 4854:Mobile robot 4791:Food service 4786:Agricultural 4636:Competitions 4621:Hall of Fame 4537: 4424:Robot ethics 4343: 4339:Nanorobotics 4306:Quantum dots 4079: 4038:. Retrieved 4035:Ars Technica 4034: 4024: 4013:. Retrieved 4009: 3999: 3990: 3980: 3969:. Retrieved 3965: 3955: 3943:. Retrieved 3939: 3930: 3918:. Retrieved 3912: 3902: 3891:. Retrieved 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3844: 3832:. Retrieved 3828: 3818: 3806:. Retrieved 3800: 3790: 3778:. Retrieved 3774: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3690:. Retrieved 3685:ScienceDaily 3683: 3674: 3662:. Retrieved 3656: 3646: 3628: 3622: 3610:. Retrieved 3605: 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3578: 3568: 3556:. Retrieved 3552: 3542: 3531:. Retrieved 3527: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3498: 3489: 3477:. Retrieved 3473: 3463: 3451:. Retrieved 3447: 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3419: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3382: 3338: 3334: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3248:. Retrieved 3242: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3214: 3204: 3192:. Retrieved 3186: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3160: 3157:"Comau MATE" 3151: 3140:. Retrieved 3136: 3127: 3115:. Retrieved 3111: 3101: 3089:. Retrieved 3085: 3075: 3063:. Retrieved 3060:Ars Technica 3059: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3031: 3021: 3009:. Retrieved 3005: 2980:. Retrieved 2973: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2948: 2939: 2927:. Retrieved 2923: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2897:IndustryWeek 2896: 2887: 2875:. Retrieved 2869: 2859: 2847:. Retrieved 2841: 2831: 2819:. Retrieved 2815: 2805: 2793:. Retrieved 2789: 2764:. Retrieved 2760: 2750: 2738:. Retrieved 2734: 2724: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2632: 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2605: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2579: 2569: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2469: 2424: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2398: 2389: 2377:. Retrieved 2371: 2361: 2349:. Retrieved 2343: 2333: 2321:. Retrieved 2317: 2307: 2295:. Retrieved 2290: 2281: 2269:. Retrieved 2263: 2253: 2241:. Retrieved 2235: 2225: 2213:. Retrieved 2209: 2199: 2187:. Retrieved 2183: 2156:. Retrieved 2150: 2140: 2129:. Retrieved 2125: 2115: 2103:. Retrieved 2099: 2090: 2078:. Retrieved 2074: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2048: 2038: 2027:. Retrieved 2017: 2006:. Retrieved 1996: 1984:. Retrieved 1978: 1968: 1956:. Retrieved 1950: 1925:. Retrieved 1921: 1896:. Retrieved 1890: 1880: 1868:. Retrieved 1861: 1852: 1840:. Retrieved 1834: 1824: 1812:. Retrieved 1808: 1804: 1794: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1685: 1681: 1621: 1615: 1603:. Retrieved 1599: 1589: 1577:. Retrieved 1571: 1561: 1550:. Retrieved 1540: 1528:. Retrieved 1522: 1512: 1488: 1481: 1469:. Retrieved 1465: 1435:cite journal 1418: 1414: 1401: 1390:. Retrieved 1386: 1376: 1364:. Retrieved 1360: 1350: 1338:. Retrieved 1331:the original 1326: 1314: 1299: 1284: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1151: 1147: 1134: 1107: 1097: 1086:. Retrieved 1082: 1072: 1060:. Retrieved 1056: 956: 955:used in the 943: 935: 928:Ellen Ripley 909: 899: 877:Major events 860: 853: 844: 831: 823: 809: 778: 750: 729:carbon fiber 710: 677:power cables 673:power supply 670: 667:Power supply 661: 651:biomechanics 571:environment. 553:Cyberdyne's 545:Ekso Bionics 512: 508: 497: 489: 481: 444: 388: 365:Applications 359: 355: 351: 347: 340: 336: 332: 282:speed record 275: 272: 265: 254: 250: 235: 227: 197: 195: 134:, providing 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80:powered suit 79: 75: 71: 67: 65: 5298:Prosthetics 5026:Open-source 4879:Space probe 4869:Necrobotics 4859:Microbotics 4822:Biorobotics 4751:Educational 4734:Articulated 4715:Animatronic 4700:Claytronics 4488:Moore's law 4419:Neuroethics 4414:Cyberethics 4184:Utility fog 4169:Claytronics 4159:3D printing 3945:1 September 3658:Design News 3399:18 February 2373:PC Magazine 1207:: 212–217. 1062:October 19, 953:Power Armor 819:human spine 781:flexibility 757:servomotors 610:enterprise. 88:robot armor 72:power armor 5278:Body armor 5267:Categories 5066:Ubiquitous 5056:Perceptual 4963:Navigation 4918:Locomotion 4896:Underwater 4781:Disability 4729:Industrial 4379:Automation 4264:Metal foam 4040:2020-10-30 4015:2020-10-30 3971:2020-10-30 3893:2016-02-20 3580:TechCrunch 3533:2016-02-20 3499:Energy.gov 3142:2022-10-06 2903:25 October 2536:10344/5646 2515:Ergonomics 2404:16 January 2131:2018-09-04 2029:2016-02-08 2008:2016-02-08 1552:2016-02-20 1392:2016-02-20 1361:GE Reports 1154:: 97–103. 1088:2018-10-10 1033:References 988:Back brace 962:video game 920:Tony Stark 765:air muscle 725:Fiberglass 693:waste heat 403:(ASIA B-D) 159:cybernetic 155:hydraulics 147:pneumatics 132:human body 92:robot suit 5117:Figure AI 5075:Companies 5051:Paradigms 5036:Adaptable 5016:Simulator 4710:Automaton 4705:Companion 4616:Geography 4409:Bioethics 4227:Fullerene 4010:Eurogamer 3991:The Verge 3940:CYBATHLON 3735:2296-9144 3365:0003-6900 2924:SlashGear 2716:253449651 2690:2405-8440 2580:New Atlas 2545:0014-0139 2496:169037039 2451:2194-5357 2318:New Atlas 2189:March 10, 2080:21 August 2049:New Atlas 1770:0362-2436 1688:(1): 76. 1498:cite book 1387:ThoughtCo 1276:248640941 1268:0143-991X 1221:0003-6870 1168:0021-9290 1015:Steadicam 934:queen in 932:Xenomorph 883:Cybathlon 793:shoulders 753:actuators 739:Actuators 723:quickly. 600:palladium 493:logistics 407:orthotics 231:ligaments 214:orthotics 136:ergonomic 5239:Category 5157:Symbotic 5107:FarmWise 5061:Situated 5031:Software 4999:Research 4943:Climbing 4766:Military 4761:Juggling 4746:Domestic 4678:Humanoid 4601:Glossary 4582:Robotics 4334:Domotics 4326:Robotics 4311:Silicene 4232:Graphene 3884:Archived 3753:33500951 3311:23418524 3271:PLOS ONE 3166:March 3, 3033:Engadget 2982:5 August 2871:Hackaday 2708:36425419 2553:26444053 2297:July 24, 2023:"VI-Bot" 1836:NBC News 1814:6 August 1786:30220082 1778:11805621 1648:35922757 1229:26851481 1184:54484633 1176:30514627 971:See also 924:Iron Man 707:Skeleton 607:smelting 523:Products 486:Industry 478:Civilian 433:Military 412:orthosis 399:(ASIA A) 395:orthosis 244:and the 238:Hardiman 202:actuator 191:overload 189:against 175:shoulder 120:exoframe 116:hardsuit 5251:Outline 5181:Related 5172:Yaskawa 5087:Anybots 4967:mapping 4936:Hexapod 4931:Walking 4776:Service 4771:Medical 4683:Android 4668:Aerobot 4611:History 4596:Outline 4202:Aerogel 4086:Ironmen 3920:July 8, 3860:July 8, 3834:July 8, 3808:July 8, 3780:July 7, 3744:7805753 3692:July 6, 3664:July 6, 3612:July 6, 3586:July 6, 3558:July 6, 3504:July 7, 3479:July 5, 3453:July 5, 3427:July 5, 3343:Bibcode 3302:3571952 3279:Bibcode 3250:July 5, 3222:July 4, 3194:July 5, 3117:6 April 3091:6 April 3065:6 April 3039:4 March 3011:July 6, 2954:July 5, 2929:July 5, 2877:July 7, 2849:July 7, 2821:July 5, 2795:July 5, 2790:Eureka! 2766:July 5, 2740:21 June 2699:9678677 2668:Bibcode 2660:Heliyon 2639:15 June 2613:July 5, 2585:July 4, 2561:1135619 2379:July 5, 2351:July 5, 2323:July 4, 2271:July 4, 2243:July 4, 2215:July 4, 2158:July 5, 2105:July 4, 2054:July 4, 2002:"Capio" 1986:July 4, 1958:July 4, 1927:July 5, 1898:July 4, 1870:July 4, 1842:July 4, 1731:: 2, 6. 1605:July 4, 1579:July 4, 1530:July 4, 1471:June 8, 1366:July 6, 1340:July 5, 994:Bionics 958:Fallout 817:of the 721:fatigue 619:fatigue 385:Medical 376:with a 224:History 210:fatigue 206:muscles 128:machine 112:exosuit 18:Exosuit 5142:IRobot 4926:Tracks 4847:ground 4842:aerial 4796:Retail 4693:Gynoid 4688:Cyborg 4626:Ethics 4404:Ethics 4372:Topics 4140:Fields 3751: 3741: 3733: 3719:: 72. 3635: 3390: 3363: 3309: 3299: 2735:Forbes 2714: 2706: 2696: 2688: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2494: 2484: 2449: 2439: 2345:Forbes 1784: 1776: 1768: 1646: 1636: 1274: 1266: 1227: 1219: 1182: 1174: 1166: 1122: 937:Aliens 811:Spinal 805:hinges 769:a.k.a. 751:Joint 603:mining 596:nickel 585:Sarcos 538:ReWalk 459:Sarcos 417:stroke 218:regain 151:levers 5112:FANUC 5021:Suite 4886:Swarm 4660:Types 4606:Index 4081:Wired 3887:(PDF) 3880:(PDF) 3802:Wired 3524:(PDF) 3161:Comau 2712:S2CID 2557:S2CID 2492:S2CID 1782:S2CID 1748:Spine 1644:S2CID 1462:(PDF) 1411:(PDF) 1334:(PDF) 1323:(PDF) 1272:S2CID 1180:S2CID 1144:(PDF) 1021:TAWIS 1010:Mecha 713:steel 697:fuels 614:Comau 561:Honda 464:TALOS 447:DARPA 187:thigh 179:waist 5147:KUKA 5011:Kits 4965:and 4631:Laws 4539:List 3966:CNET 3947:2020 3922:2017 3862:2019 3836:2019 3810:2019 3782:2019 3749:PMID 3731:ISSN 3694:2019 3666:2019 3633:ISBN 3614:2019 3588:2019 3560:2019 3506:2019 3481:2019 3455:2019 3429:2019 3401:2016 3388:ISBN 3361:ISSN 3307:PMID 3252:2019 3224:2019 3196:2019 3168:2022 3119:2021 3112:CNET 3093:2021 3067:2021 3041:2020 3013:2019 2984:2020 2956:2019 2931:2019 2905:2017 2879:2019 2851:2019 2823:2019 2797:2019 2768:2019 2742:2017 2704:PMID 2686:ISSN 2641:2020 2615:2019 2587:2019 2549:PMID 2541:ISSN 2482:ISBN 2447:ISSN 2437:ISBN 2406:2020 2381:2019 2353:2019 2325:2019 2299:2019 2273:2019 2245:2017 2217:2019 2191:2021 2160:2019 2107:2019 2082:2013 2056:2019 1988:2019 1960:2019 1929:2019 1900:2019 1892:CNET 1872:2019 1844:2019 1816:2021 1774:PMID 1766:ISSN 1634:ISBN 1607:2019 1581:2019 1532:2019 1504:link 1473:2019 1441:link 1368:2019 1342:2019 1264:ISSN 1225:PMID 1217:ISSN 1172:PMID 1164:ISSN 1120:ISBN 1064:2018 947:the 795:are 791:and 789:hips 779:The 731:and 715:and 638:The 605:and 598:and 566:The 185:and 183:back 163:limb 4739:arm 3855:BBC 3739:PMC 3721:doi 3351:doi 3297:PMC 3287:doi 2694:PMC 2676:doi 2633:IFA 2531:hdl 2523:doi 2474:doi 2429:doi 2399:VIL 1756:doi 1690:doi 1626:doi 1423:doi 1256:doi 1209:doi 1156:doi 1112:doi 941:in 922:'s 914:by 783:of 555:HAL 453:'s 122:or 5269:: 4033:. 4008:. 3989:. 3964:. 3938:. 3911:. 3853:. 3827:. 3799:. 3773:. 3761:^ 3747:. 3737:. 3729:. 3715:. 3711:. 3682:. 3655:. 3604:. 3577:. 3551:. 3526:. 3497:. 3472:. 3446:. 3418:. 3373:^ 3359:. 3349:. 3339:70 3337:. 3333:. 3319:^ 3305:. 3295:. 3285:. 3273:. 3269:. 3241:. 3213:. 3185:. 3159:. 3135:. 3110:. 3084:. 3058:. 3030:. 3004:. 2992:^ 2972:. 2947:. 2922:. 2895:. 2868:. 2840:. 2814:. 2788:. 2776:^ 2759:. 2733:. 2710:. 2702:. 2692:. 2684:. 2674:. 2662:. 2658:. 2631:. 2604:. 2578:. 2555:. 2547:. 2539:. 2529:. 2519:59 2517:. 2513:. 2490:. 2480:. 2459:^ 2445:. 2435:. 2423:. 2397:. 2370:. 2342:. 2316:. 2289:. 2262:. 2234:. 2208:. 2182:. 2168:^ 2149:. 2124:. 2098:. 2073:. 2047:. 1977:. 1949:. 1937:^ 1920:. 1908:^ 1889:. 1860:. 1833:. 1809:88 1807:. 1803:. 1780:. 1772:. 1764:. 1752:26 1750:. 1746:. 1729:25 1727:. 1723:. 1686:11 1684:. 1680:. 1656:^ 1642:. 1632:. 1598:. 1570:. 1521:. 1500:}} 1496:{{ 1464:. 1449:^ 1437:}} 1433:{{ 1417:. 1413:. 1385:. 1359:. 1325:. 1270:. 1262:. 1252:49 1250:. 1246:. 1223:. 1215:. 1205:54 1203:. 1178:. 1170:. 1162:. 1152:83 1150:. 1146:. 1118:. 1106:. 1081:. 1055:. 1041:^ 767:, 727:, 699:. 495:. 419:, 405:, 181:, 177:, 153:, 149:, 145:, 118:, 114:, 110:, 106:, 102:, 98:, 94:, 90:, 86:, 82:, 78:, 74:, 66:A 4574:e 4567:t 4560:v 4125:e 4118:t 4111:v 4043:. 4018:. 3993:. 3974:. 3949:. 3924:. 3896:. 3864:. 3838:. 3812:. 3784:. 3755:. 3723:: 3717:5 3696:. 3668:. 3616:. 3590:. 3562:. 3536:. 3508:. 3483:. 3457:. 3431:. 3403:. 3367:. 3353:: 3345:: 3313:. 3289:: 3281:: 3275:8 3254:. 3226:. 3198:. 3170:. 3145:. 3121:. 3095:. 3069:. 3043:. 3015:. 2986:. 2958:. 2933:. 2907:. 2881:. 2853:. 2825:. 2799:. 2770:. 2744:. 2718:. 2678:: 2670:: 2664:8 2643:. 2617:. 2589:. 2563:. 2533:: 2525:: 2498:. 2476:: 2453:. 2431:: 2408:. 2383:. 2355:. 2327:. 2301:. 2275:. 2247:. 2219:. 2193:. 2162:. 2134:. 2109:. 2084:. 2058:. 2032:. 2011:. 1990:. 1962:. 1931:. 1902:. 1874:. 1846:. 1818:. 1788:. 1758:: 1709:. 1698:. 1692:: 1650:. 1628:: 1609:. 1583:. 1555:. 1534:. 1506:) 1475:. 1443:) 1425:: 1419:1 1395:. 1370:. 1344:. 1278:. 1258:: 1231:. 1211:: 1186:. 1158:: 1128:. 1114:: 1091:. 1066:. 939:, 591:. 48:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.