Earthquake - Knowledge

1330: 1370:(USGS) estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the United States Geological Survey. A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case. 1123: 1185:, an increase in fluid pressure reduces the normal stress acting on the fault plane that holds it in place, and fluids can exert a lubricating effect. As thermal overpressurization may provide positive feedback between slip and strength fall at the fault plane, a common opinion is that it may enhance the faulting process instability. After the mainshock, the pressure gradient between the fault plane and the neighboring rock causes a fluid flow that increases pore pressure in the surrounding fracture networks; such an increase may trigger new faulting processes by reactivating adjacent faults, giving rise to aftershocks. Analogously, artificial pore pressure increase, by fluid injection in Earth's crust, may 2319:

different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, and loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who can protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake and help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown to be more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, recently observed in the

946: 693: 1238: 1934:. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometres (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600–800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them. 145: 117: 1814: 5963: 5816: 685: 5862: 5775: 5763: 101: 1726: 5874: 5925: 5850: 5751: 1698: 5898: 5951: 5939: 5975: 1887: 5886: 851:

descending into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet that can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 °C (572 °F) flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes. The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults (which may break in a single rupture) are approximately 1,000 km (620 mi). Examples are the earthquakes in

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controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault, however, is not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees. Thus, the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can reach 50–100 km (31–62 mi) (such as in

1358:; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. This is an example of the 1008: 5987: 5787: 2118: 45: 1505:

calculated using different methods. The magnitude of an earthquake is a single value that describes the size of the earthquake at its source. Intensity is the measure of shaking at different locations around the earthquake. Intensity values vary from place to place, depending on the distance from the earthquake and the underlying rock or soil makeup.

802:. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and, therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the 2035:. Earthquake forecasting is concerned with the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazards, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades. For well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated. 907:. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres (3.7 mi). 1349:

It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur very frequently around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile,

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as it adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region as the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude, however, they can still be powerful enough to cause even more damage to buildings that were already previously damaged from the mainshock. If an aftershock is larger

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Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern. Earthquake clustering has been observed, for example,

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During an earthquake, high temperatures can develop at the fault plane, increasing pore pressure and consequently vaporization of the groundwater already contained within the rock. In the coseismic phase, such an increase can significantly affect slip evolution and speed, in the post-seismic phase it

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A tectonic earthquake begins as an area of initial slip on the fault surface that forms the focus. Once the rupture has been initiated, it begins to propagate away from the focus, spreading out along the fault surface. Lateral propagation will continue until either the rupture reaches a barrier, such

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principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of

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This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The most important parameter

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Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the

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Physical damage from an earthquake will vary depending on the intensity of shaking in a given area and the type of population. Underserved and developing communities frequently experience more severe impacts (and longer lasting) from a seismic event compared to well-developed communities. Impacts

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The shaking of the earth is a common phenomenon that has been experienced by humans from the earliest of times. Before the development of strong-motion accelerometers, the intensity of a seismic event was estimated based on the observed effects. Magnitude and intensity are not directly related and

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For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a roughly thirty-fold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 32 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 1,000 times more energy than a 5.0

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In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress levels in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike-slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the

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of Miletus (625–547 BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic

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With these impacts and others, the aftermath may bring disease, a lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks and depression to survivors, and higher insurance premiums. Recovery times will vary based on the level of damage and the socioeconomic status of the impacted

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The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate in the Ring of Fire at depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km (43 mi) are classified as "shallow-focus" earthquakes, while those with a focal depth between 70 and 300 km (43 and

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and where movement on them involves a vertical component. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are

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The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The

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Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurement could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the

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Melgar, Diego; Taymaz, Tuncay; Ganas, Athanassios; Crowell, Brendan; Öcalan, Taylan; Kahraman, Metin; Tsironi, Varvara; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Irmak, Tahir Serkan; Eken, Tuna; Erman, Ceyhun; Özkan, Berkan; Dogan, Ali Hasan; Altuntaş, Cemali (2023).

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and heavy items that could injure someone, locating shutoffs for utilities, and being educated about what to do when the shaking starts. For areas near large bodies of water, earthquake preparedness encompasses the possibility of a tsunami caused by a large earthquake.

1520:) have retained a key feature, where each unit represents a ten-fold difference in the amplitude of the ground shaking and a 32-fold difference in energy. Subsequent scales are also adjusted to have approximately the same numeric value within the limits of the scale. 1414:, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Activities both above ground and below may change the stresses and strains on the crust, including building reservoirs, extracting resources such as coal or oil, and injecting fluids underground for waste disposal or 1765:

Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the

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On average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P- and S-wave times 8. Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analysis of seismograms, the Earth's core was located in 1913 by

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Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several meters in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as

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An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. Rapid changes of stress between rocks, and the stress from the original earthquake are the main causes of these aftershocks, along with the crust around the ruptured

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and upwards by the ground surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood because it is difficult either to recreate such rapid movements in a laboratory or to record seismic waves close to a nucleation zone due to strong ground motion.

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that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes.

2323:, it is also believed to be important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate the reactions to support constructive problem-solving and reflection. 2041:

have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.

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material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example, in the

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but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the

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is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Cañete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the

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principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass "escapes" in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass, and thus, the overburden equals the

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Sibson, R.H. (2002) "Geology of the crustal earthquake source" International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Volume 1, Part 1, p. 455, eds. W H K Lee, H Kanamori, P C Jennings, and C. Kisslinger, Academic Press,

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S-waves and later arriving surface waves do most of the damage compared to P-waves. P-waves squeeze and expand the material in the same direction they are traveling, whereas S-waves shake the ground up and down and back and forth.

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are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake

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Goenjian, Najarian; Pynoos, Steinberg; Manoukian, Tavosian; Fairbanks, AM; Manoukian, G; Tavosian, A; Fairbanks, LA (1994). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia".

813:, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the 583:

to design structures that withstand shaking. The cultural impact of earthquakes spans myths, religious beliefs, and modern media, reflecting their profound influence on human societies. Similar seismic phenomena, known as

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stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble.

1666:(F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions. 2083:

is part of a mobile laboratory that supports the procedures leading to the seismic assessment of masonry buildings and the planning of retrofitting operations on them. It has been applied to assess buildings in

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Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.

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as the end of a fault segment, or a region on the fault where there is insufficient stress to allow continued rupture. For larger earthquakes, the depth extent of rupture will be constrained downwards by the

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is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings, bridges, tunnels, roadways, and other structures, and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by

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Although the mass media commonly reports earthquake magnitudes as "Richter magnitude" or "Richter scale", standard practice by most seismological authorities is to express an earthquake's strength on the

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ruptures are known to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. These have so far all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of damage caused by the

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are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental

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Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-kilometre-long (25,000 mi), horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the

3964: 2248:. Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in 498:, from those so weak they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The 1901:

or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the

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of future earthquakes within stated limits. Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by

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Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create

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by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is the main shock, so none has a notably higher magnitude than another. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at

1164:, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighboring coast, as in the 5136: 3990: 958:

direction of the force that "pushes" the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (

541:, landslides, and other seismic events. The frequency, type, and size of earthquakes in an area define its seismic activity, reflecting the average rate of seismic energy release. 5100:

Wang, Gao; Shinfuku, Zhang; Zhao, Shen; Zhang, H; Zhao, C; Shen, Y (2000). "Longitudinal Study of Earthquake-Related PTSD in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China".

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Earthquakes can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel is attempting rescue work.

817:. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake 4331: 4402: 4459: 5766: 5444: 4352: 1585:

of the medium. In the Earth's interior, the shock- or P-waves travel much faster than the S-waves (approx. relation 1.7:1). The differences in travel time from the

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motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and the effects of seismic energy focalization owing to the typical geometrical setting of such deposits.

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Sibson, R.H. (1973). "Interactions between Temperature and Pore-Fluid Pressure during Earthquake Faulting and a Mechanism for Partial or Total Stress Relief".

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should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by

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Hjaltadóttir S., 2010, "Use of relatively located microearthquakes to map fault patterns and estimate the thickness of the brittle crust in Southwest Iceland"

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to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of earthquakes and structures within the Earth. Also, the depth of the

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Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of

927:) including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for about 90% of the total seismic moment released worldwide. 696:

Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.

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sequence because, after the main event, pore pressure increase slowly propagates into the surrounding fracture network. From the point of view of the

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Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water—including when an earthquake

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Floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.

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may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 to 700 km (190 to 430 mi)). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as

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is any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by the rupture of geological

3823: 3706: 2549: 3636: 3480: 2948: 2394: – university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data 5841: 4139: 3864: 2464: 2162:, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife 513:

is used to describe any seismic event that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activities, such as

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Sibson, R.H. (1982). "Fault Zone Models, Heat Flow, and the Depth Distribution of Earthquakes in the Continental Crust of the United States".

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and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any that are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.

4530: 4484: 4276: 3189:"Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials" 1577:

of the seismic waves through solid rock ranges from approx. 3 km/s (1.9 mi/s) up to 13 km/s (8.1 mi/s), depending on the

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movements along faults, including normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip faults, with energy release and rupture dynamics governed by the

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in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, India, Nepal, and Japan. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being

4172: 2001:, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month. Popular belief holds earthquakes are preceded by 6830: 4191: 3792: 2585: 2371: 1085:. Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by 798:

along the fault surface that increases the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities, which leads to a form of

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earthquakes occur anywhere on the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a

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Klose, Christian D. (July 2012). "Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake".

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in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth."

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and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the

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in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century.

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magnitude earthquake. An 8.6-magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs of the size used in

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Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754

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Schorlemmer, D.; Wiemer, S.; Wyss, M. (2005). "Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes".

1686: 986: 923:. Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent boundaries, are associated with the most powerful earthquakes (called 4451: 3035: 2201:

who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.

1242: 5191:(2004). "Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue". 4356: 3658: 3397: 1967:, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly five million people. 1321:

in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.

2505: 2450: 2182:, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge. 552:

in Chile, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude. Earthquakes result in various effects, such as ground shaking and

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was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The

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than the mainshock, the aftershock is redesignated as the mainshock and the original main shock is redesignated as a

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In modern popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as

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Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C. (October 26, 1989). "A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes".

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Every earthquake produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities:

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Salvaneschi, P.; Cadei, M.; Lazzari, M. (1996). "Applying AI to Structural Safety Monitoring and Evaluation".

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strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences.

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As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle.

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growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available

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Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003,

3771: 3683: 3615: 1805:, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves. 7248: 6927: 6668: 5354: 4696: 4559: 3059: 2723: 2190: 1426:, and studies point to the state's oil industry as the cause of other earthquakes in the past century. A 1064: 648: 592:, have been observed on other celestial bodies, indicating the universality of such events beyond Earth. 249: 31: 7258: 6816: 6268: 5713: 5411: 4753: 4378:"On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995,1998 (updated 2003)" 3703: 2332: 2295: 1002: 868: 807: 3640: 2556: 6571: 5966: 5556: 4596: 3476: 3017:

Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249

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The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of California's

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ruptures travel at unusually low velocities. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the

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at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.

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at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.

446: 427: 387: 4430: 4131: 3818: 3559: 6647: 6637: 6509: 6499: 6329: 6067: 5865: 5696: 2315:, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent. 2241: 1517: 1493: 1447: 1419: 880: 856: 822: 724: 717: 666:

of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The

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of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The

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Liu, ChiChing; Linde, Alan T.; Sacks, I. Selwyn (2009). "Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons".

4534: 4480: 4268: 3105:"Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye" 2134:

activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes.

6487: 6462: 6402: 6082: 6023: 5546: 4995: 3564: 3247:"Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review" 2877:

Wyss, M. (1979). "Estimating expectable maximum magnitude of earthquakes from fault dimensions".

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can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes.

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scale, which is based on the actual energy released by an earthquake, the static seismic moment.

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Efforts to manage earthquake risks involve prediction, forecasting, and preparedness, including

6750: 6561: 6375: 6211: 6186: 6037: 6016: 5908: 3796: 3061: 2581: 2057: 2028: 2014: 1818: 1802: 1779: 1706: 1674: 1477: 1473: 1142: 990: 888: 826: 814: 729: 580: 569: 392: 359: 5031: 4929: 4187: 3904: 2607: 945: 6437: 6246: 5754: 5568: 4403:"Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey" 4096: 3914: 2424: 2320: 2254: 2221: 2178:

was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a

2032: 1986: 1981: 1734: 1318: 1138: 1032: 924: 900: 876: 843: 799: 737: 415: 343: 216: 196: 191: 186: 5019: 3363: 2197:

who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth and is guarded by the god

7253: 7243: 6898: 6790: 6642: 6599: 6492: 6417: 5800: 5603: 5496: 5267: 5054:

JM Appel. A Comparative Seismology. Weber Studies (first publication), Volume 18, Number 2.

4805: 4061: 4004: 3923: 3832: 3518: 3298: 3258: 3199: 3161: 3116: 2981: 2886: 2826: 2757: 2400: 2070: 2066: 2062: 1931: 1582: 1574: 1374: 1220: 1131: 863:, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the 733: 679: 439: 422: 377: 211: 128: 5361:

Geller, Robert J.; Jackson, David D.; Kagan, Yan Y.; Mulargia, Francesco (14 March 1997),

4771: 4381: 4243: 2657: 2228:). Earthquakes form part of the picture through which Jesus portrays the beginning of the 720:, which killed between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century. 692: 8: 7263: 6808: 6566: 6556: 6112: 6097: 6057: 6030: 5805: 5795: 4999: 1759: 1657: 1465: 1427: 1382: 1294: 1182: 920: 277: 154: 55: 5607: 5500: 5393: 5271: 4809: 4065: 4008: 3927: 3836: 3522: 3421: 3349: 3302: 3262: 3203: 3165: 3120: 2985: 2890: 2830: 2761: 1754:, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce 1602:

Upper crust soils and unconsolidated sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second

1381:. Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries too, such as along the 1219:

in Parkfield, California where a long-term research study is being conducted around the

6517: 6226: 6009: 5928: 5635: 5436: 5414:"Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization" 5412:

International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30 May 2011),

5385: 5289: 4831: 4104: 4077: 4051: 3960: 3856: 3322: 3215: 3134: 2997: 2850: 2775: 2307: 2186: 2002: 1405: 1186: 1161: 904: 818: 254: 221: 181: 5469: 5311: 4621: 3450: 1081:. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the 7207: 6917: 6851: 6614: 6360: 6251: 6221: 6072: 5627: 5619: 5580: 5512: 5473: 5440: 5389: 5327: 5296: 5208: 5159: 5117: 5082: 5035: 5020: 4935: 4908: 4835: 4823: 4718: 4081: 3848: 3534: 3314: 3138: 3075: 2842: 2779: 2698: 2613: 2486: 2284: 2209: 1791: 1308:, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or 1237: 1023:

186 mi) are commonly termed "mid-focus" or "intermediate-depth" earthquakes. In

935: 864: 795: 767: 553: 538: 3936: 3909: 3860: 3326: 2533:

Pressler, Margaret Webb (14 April 2010). "More earthquakes than usual? Not really".

60:. In particular, tone switches from too scientific to encyclopedic between sections. 7139: 7133: 6935: 6839: 6664: 6551: 6442: 6407: 6382: 6241: 6062: 5639: 5611: 5576: 5504: 5465: 5428: 5377: 5317: 5275: 5226: 5200: 5188: 5151: 5109: 5074: 4898: 4858: 4813: 4794:"Probabilities of Earthquake Occurrences along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone" 4225: 4214:"The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences" 4069: 4012: 3931: 3840: 3654: 3526: 3306: 3266: 3219: 3207: 3169: 3124: 3001: 2989: 2894: 2854: 2834: 2765: 2724:"Reports and publications | Seismicity | Icelandic Meteorological office" 1755: 1280: 1048: 916: 803: 576: 226: 5889: 5381: 3727: 3060:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Science of Earthquakes (2003).

1456:

The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the

7038: 6780: 6604: 6522: 6457: 6452: 6350: 6216: 6087: 5942: 5258:

Allen, Clarence R. (December 1976), "Responsibilities in earthquake prediction",

5027: 4677: 3905: 3892: 3754: 3710: 3598: 3590: 3542: 3310: 3031: 2415: 2391: 2365: 2276: 2271: 2171: 2147: 2135: 2121:

An image from a 1557 book depicting an earthquake in Italy in the 4th century BCE

1859:

Collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings

1854: 1742: 1423: 1298: 1268: 1259: 1157: 1070: 939: 837: 787: 640: 534: 244: 206: 116: 67: 5551: 5508: 5113: 3271: 3246: 2633:

Vassiliou, Marius; Kanamori, Hiroo (1982). "The Energy Release in Earthquakes".

1813: 1525: 1422:

is thought to have been caused by disposing wastewater from oil production into

144: 6991: 6907: 6727: 6619: 6536: 6340: 6102: 6092: 5978: 5155: 3389: 3129: 3104: 2213: 1898: 1730: 1641: 1496:

are based on the observed effects and are related to the intensity of shaking.

1484:(total rupture area, average slip of the fault, and rigidity of the rock). The 1481: 1411: 1114:(S-wave) velocity of the surrounding rock. There are a few exceptions to this: 847: 791: 6657: 5204: 4229: 4073: 3908:; Wilson, Miles; Gluyas, Jon G.; Julian, Bruce R.; Davies, Richard J. (2018). 7237: 7202: 7000: 6755: 6594: 6472: 6467: 6422: 6191: 5623: 5235:

Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families

4827: 3768:"Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?" 3538: 2311:(2015), among other works. Jacob M. Appel's widely anthologized short story, 2217: 2205: 2198: 2100: 2080: 1994: 1960: 1558: 1480:

not only measures the amplitude of the shock but also takes into account the

1461: 1378: 1028: 950: 810: 777: 643:

but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts,

522: 5962: 5815: 4754:

International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection 2011

4213: 2337:

Phenomena similar to earthquakes have been observed in other planets (e.g.,

716:

hillsides—and many victims were killed when these structures collapsed. The

7197: 7119: 7114: 6947: 6912: 6860: 6775: 6770: 6760: 6740: 6427: 6370: 6201: 5918: 5861: 5774: 5665: 5631: 5516: 5279: 5230: 5212: 5184: 5163: 5121: 4505: 3852: 3844: 3530: 3318: 3173: 2846: 2225: 1998: 1717:

The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following:

1554: 1435: 1393: 1086: 1012: 978: 884: 772: 684: 609: 491: 292: 109: 100: 5827: 5762: 5086: 5078: 4818: 4793: 4561:

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85

2912: 1725: 1253:

and the aftershocks (which continued to occur after the period shown here)

1069:

Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by

7212: 7098: 7031: 7010: 7005: 6883: 6785: 6482: 6365: 6304: 5873: 3986: 3211: 2770: 2359: 2301: 2229: 2079:

may help to assess buildings and plan precautionary operations. The Igor

2020: 1850:

Loss of critical community services including hospitals, police, and fire

1697: 1469: 1040: 605: 487: 320: 287: 5924: 5849: 5750: 5615: 2838: 1171: 108:

occur mostly along tectonic plate boundaries, especially on the Pacific

6589: 6477: 6289: 6284: 6206: 6196: 6077: 5822: 5742: 5487:

Wood, H.O.; Gutenberg, B. (6 September 1935), "Earthquake prediction",

4902: 4016: 3289:

Nur, A; Booker, J.R. (1972). "Aftershocks Caused by Pore Fluid Flow?".

2289: 2126: 2024: 1990: 1956: 1796:

Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated

1590: 1451: 1313: 1286: 1232: 1207: 1178: 1146: 1024: 667: 652: 589: 526: 503: 402: 282: 171: 5659: 5331: 4955: 4862: 1110:

In most cases, the rupture speed approaches, but does not exceed, the

7222: 7217: 7165: 7080: 7075: 7070: 6873: 6868: 6765: 6745: 6631: 6447: 6432: 6048: 5990: 5790: 2993: 2345: 2339: 1873: 1751: 1678: 1586: 1562: 1418:. Most of these earthquakes have small magnitudes. The 5.7 magnitude 1264: 1134:

at supershear speeds; more than 50,000 people died in both countries.

1090: 783: 708:, China. More than 830,000 people died. Most houses in the area were 656: 585: 561: 530: 272: 166: 161: 105: 5432: 5322: 4983: 4173:"USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002)" 2796: 2264:(1999). A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella, 700:

One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the

7172: 7160: 7065: 6965: 6795: 6682: 6412: 6387: 6314: 6231: 5897: 5135:

Goenjian, Steinberg; Najarian, Fairbanks; Tashjian, Pynoos (2000).

4626: 2175: 1964: 1797: 1415: 1389: 1342: 1304:

Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in what has been called an

1007: 748: 644: 565: 518: 397: 5950: 5938: 4056: 2117: 1301:, showing the most recorded activity in the area since the 1970s. 7155: 7129: 7090: 7026: 6957: 6878: 6735: 6707: 6392: 6319: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6002: 5974: 5351:

The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science From Lisbon to Richter

4452:"The wicked problem of earthquake hazard in developing countries" 2194: 2179: 1925: 1886: 1767: 1710: 1578: 1548: 1541: 1410:

While most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's

1078: 1044: 709: 705: 557: 5885: 5357:; 2012) 348 pages; explores both scientific and popular coverage 5063: 2150:, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggle of the god 1605:

Upper crust solid rock: 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) per second

6717: 6712: 6702: 6692: 6624: 6397: 6345: 6155: 5998: 5914: 5837: 5653: 5458:

International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology

3895:." Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science. 3611: 2130: 2093: 2089: 2085: 1913: 1702: 1351: 1338: 1337:

and tsunami took almost 100,000 lives on December 28, 1908, in

1111: 1052: 842:

There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an

806:. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic 744:

is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.

514: 302: 297: 5738: 5456:

Kanamori, Hiroo (2003), "Earthquake Prediction: An Overview",

3724:"Earthquake Facts and Statistics: Are earthquakes increasing?" 1039:. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted 760: 6986: 6940: 6170: 4408:. California Department of Conservation. 2002. Archived from 3067:

Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science

2163: 2159: 2155: 1947: 1203: 1074: 899:

Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being

736:, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been 713: 601: 483: 5986: 5786: 3346:"What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?" 1993:

concerned with the specification of the time, location, and

659:

is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

486:'s surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the 7123: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6125: 3985: 3637:"USGS Earthquake statistics table based on data since 1900" 2151: 2099:

Individuals can also take preparedness steps like securing

1959:

in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flooding if the

1775: 1267:. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced 6838: 5360: 4651: 3029: 2651: 2418: – study of how tectonic faults influence earthquakes 529:

or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the

5313:

Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales.

2280:

depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995.

1621:

Light sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second

790:. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and 651:. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its 5134: 3713:, USGS Science of Changing World. Retrieved 30 May 2014. 3101: 2899:

10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<336:EMEMOE>2.0.CO;2

1836:

Damage to critical infrastructure (short and long-term)

1392:

such as Mexico City, Tokyo, and Tehran in areas of high

4848: 4299:"Magnitude 8.0 – SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS Earthquake Details" 2270:, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. 915:

Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being

4887:. Vol. 1: A–G. Routledge. 2003. pp. 358–364. 3070:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 2447:"USGS: Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900" 1624:

Earths crust: 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) per second

1350:

Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, the

5099: 3366:. United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009. 2816: 1608:

Lower crust: 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) per second

1172:

Co-seismic overpressuring and effect of pore pressure

5225: 4328:"Earth's gravity offers earlier earthquake warnings" 2938:"M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005" 2483:

Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time

2420:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2396:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1438:, though the link has not been conclusively proved. 4353:"Gravity shifts could sound early earthquake alarm" 1905:were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself. 1486:

Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

5288: 4427:"Historic Earthquakes – 1964 Anchorage Earthquake" 3953:"Study Links 2011 Quake to Technique at Oil Wells" 3390:"The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Experiment" 3014: 1839:Roads, bridges, and public transportation networks 993:), making the most powerful earthquakes possible. 4897: 4557: 4533:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 4531:"The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906" 4429:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 4211: 3795:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3770:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3726:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 3682:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 2656:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 2632: 2555:. Journal of Geophysical Research. Archived from 2537:. Washington Post: Washington Post. pp. C10. 2427: – Vertical shift of land in plate tectonics 1611:Deep mantle: 13 km (8.1 mi) per second. 604:resulting from a sudden release of energy in the 533:. Earthquakes are primarily caused by geological 7235: 5260:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 4927: 3996:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 3244: 3062:"5. Earthquake Physics and Fault-System Science" 3030:Watson, John; Watson, Kathie (January 7, 1998). 2971: 2680:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2652:Spence, William; S.A. Sipkin; G.L. Choy (1989). 2138:called earthquakes "underground thunderstorms". 548:in China, with over 830,000 fatalities, and the 5309: 5183: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4159: 3991:"A Century of Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma?" 3824:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2212:refers to earthquakes occurring both after the 1669:Standard reporting of earthquakes includes its 1627:Deep mantle: 7 km (4.3 mi) per second 1510:first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes 1293:. In August 2012, a swarm of earthquakes shook 600:An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of 544:Significant historical earthquakes include the 5566: 4934:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 179–. 4558:Noson, L.L.; Qamar, A.; Thorsen, G.W. (1988). 6824: 5681: 5593: 5486: 5022:Science in popular culture: a reference guide 4659: 3501: 3416: 3414: 2748:Stern, Robert J. (2002), "Subduction zones", 1720: 1709:, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. A 949:Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the 525:. The initial point of rupture is called the 447: 5695: 5004: 3910:"Global review of human-induced earthquakes" 3655:"Seismicity and earthquake hazard in the UK" 3240: 3238: 3236: 3186: 3095: 2793:"Instrumental California Earthquake Catalog" 2379: 2065:to improve their resistance to earthquakes. 66:. There might be a discussion about this on 4885:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 4097:"Possible Link Between Dam and China Quake" 2612:. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. 2609:The Physics of Rock Failure and Earthquakes 2500: 2498: 2372:European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre 2125:From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher 1441: 688:Earthquakes (M6.0+) since 1900 through 2017 564:. Earthquakes' occurrence is influenced by 6831: 6817: 5688: 5674: 4921: 4296: 4094: 3477:"Quake 'swarm' shakes Southern California" 3411: 2605: 2547: 2528: 2526: 1499: 1145:has been attributed to the effects of the 454: 440: 5569:"Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes" 5321: 5017: 4982:, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), 4817: 4791: 4055: 3935: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3288: 3270: 3233: 3128: 2769: 2550:"The Energy Release in Great Earthquakes" 2412:) – International scientific society 2141: 1651: 1569: 1271:adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. 1117: 1031:descends beneath another tectonic plate, 612:. Earthquakes may also be referred to as 86:Learn how and when to remove this message 5567:Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David (2009). 5455: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4749: 4553: 4551: 3950: 3757:, Australian Geographic, March 14, 2011. 3180: 2532: 2495: 2467:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 2465:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths" 2362: – Belt of Eurasian mountain ranges 2116: 1912: 1897:Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging 1885: 1842:Water, power, sewer and gas interruption 1812: 1724: 1696: 1328: 1312:of the previous earthquakes. Similar to 1236: 1121: 1006: 944: 759: 691: 683: 482: – is the shaking of the 115: 99: 4567:. Washington State Earthquake Hazards. 4095:LaFraniere, Sharon (February 5, 2009). 3816: 3704:Are Earthquakes Really on the Increase? 2965: 2913:"Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog" 2523: 1963:formed by the earthquake, known as the 1631: 1430:paper suggested that the 8.0 magnitude 794:only if there are no irregularities or 732:(27 March 1964), which was centered in 704:, which occurred on 23 January 1556 in 14: 7236: 5310:Chung, D.H.; Bernreuter, D.L. (1980), 4680:. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey. 4664: 4658:, p. 2070), who in turn followed 4303:Global Earthquake Epicenters with Maps 4269:"Newsela | The science of earthquakes" 3333: 3284: 3282: 3151: 3145: 3055: 3053: 2945:National Earthquake Information Center 2677: 2381:Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen 2023:is usually considered to be a type of 6812: 5669: 5257: 4869: 4689: 4655: 4622:"Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat" 4548: 4129: 4111:from the original on January 27, 2018 4041: 3748:The 10 biggest earthquakes in history 2747: 2654:"Measuring the Size of an Earthquake" 2645: 2599: 2235: 1399: 1377:, which for the most part bounds the 1011:Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the 930: 5291:Earthquakes and geological discovery 5286: 5193:Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2876: 1785: 1758:. The ground-shaking is measured by 1058: 509:In its most general sense, the word 38: 27:Sudden movement of the Earth's crust 4768:"Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities" 4508:. United States Geological Survey. 3614:. United States Geological Survey. 3483:from the original on 27 August 2012 3453:. United States Geological Survey. 3279: 3187:Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). 3050: 3038:from the original on March 26, 2009 3034:. United States Geological Survey. 2584:. United States Geological Survey. 2508:. United States Geological Survey. 2326: 2287:someday, as depicted in the novels 2112: 1713:overwhelms the ships in the harbor. 1243:Central Italy earthquakes of August 1152: 1096: 24: 5526: 4731:from the original on March 3, 2024 4692:"Quake myths rely on cloudy facts" 4244:"Speed of Sound through the Earth" 4212:Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011). 4188:"USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" 4023:from the original on July 23, 2020 3967:from the original on July 23, 2020 3951:Fountain, Henry (March 28, 2013). 3451:"Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone" 3370:from the original on April 3, 2009 3245:Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021). 2261:Aftershock: Earthquake in New York 971: 740:; however, of these ten, only the 25: 7275: 5706:Offshore geotechnical engineering 5647: 5450:from the original on 17 July 2021 5363:"Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted" 4593:"Notes on Historical Earthquakes" 3511:Journal of Archaeological Science 3502:Amos Nur; Cline, Eric H. (2000). 2158:of mischief and strife, murdered 1705:in ruins and in flames after the 1083:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 910: 673: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5923: 5913: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5814: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5737: 4130:Earle, Steven (September 2015). 3793:"Visual Glossary – Ring of Fire" 3680:"Common Myths about Earthquakes" 3474: 3229:from the original on 2019-05-02. 2954:from the original on 25 May 2017 2579: 2406:Seismological Society of America 2343:on Mars) and on the Moon (e.g., 1808: 1701:1755 copper engraving depicting 1531: 1434:was induced by loading from the 894: 470: – also called a 143: 43: 5338:from the original on 2020-01-22 5295:, Scientific American Library, 5219: 5177: 5128: 5093: 5057: 5048: 4989: 4972: 4948: 4891: 4842: 4792:Pailoplee, Santi (2017-03-13). 4785: 4759: 4743: 4724:United States Geological Survey 4711: 4683: 4645: 4634:from the original on 2008-11-22 4614: 4585: 4574:from the original on 2020-02-04 4523: 4512:from the original on 2010-09-05 4498: 4487:from the original on 2018-03-21 4473: 4462:from the original on 2022-11-03 4444: 4419: 4395: 4370: 4345: 4334:from the original on 2016-11-23 4320: 4309:from the original on 2013-05-14 4290: 4279:from the original on 2017-03-01 4261: 4250:from the original on 2010-11-25 4236: 4205: 4194:from the original on 2017-07-31 4165: 4153: 4142:from the original on 2022-10-21 4123: 4088: 4035: 3979: 3944: 3937:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008 3898: 3878: 3867:from the original on 2013-09-03 3810: 3785: 3760: 3741: 3716: 3697: 3672: 3661:from the original on 2010-11-06 3647: 3629: 3618:from the original on 2011-05-13 3604: 3583: 3572:from the original on 2019-10-16 3552: 3495: 3468: 3457:from the original on 2008-05-13 3443: 3432:from the original on 2015-08-23 3400:from the original on 2022-10-24 3382: 3356: 3023: 3008: 2930: 2919:from the original on 2011-07-19 2905: 2870: 2861: 2810: 2785: 2741: 2730:from the original on 2008-04-14 2716: 2707: 2690: 2671: 2588:from the original on 2011-06-07 2512:from the original on 2021-04-20 2045: 1673:, date and time of occurrence, 1490:Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale 1368:United States Geological Survey 1199:Tidal triggering of earthquakes 1192: 1149:developed in such earthquakes. 1130:ruptured along segments of the 1104:brittle-ductile transition zone 630:non-earthquake seismic rumbling 5018:Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). 4719:"Is there earthquake weather?" 4690:Lafee, Scott (April 9, 2010). 4506:"Natural Hazards – Landslides" 4483:. Nctsn.org. 30 January 2018. 3601:). BBC News. October 31, 2002. 2626: 2573: 2541: 2475: 2457: 2439: 2008: 1989:is a branch of the science of 1226: 1027:zones, where older and colder 1015:metropolis, after the shallow 831: 635:In its most general sense, an 595: 120:Global plate tectonic movement 13: 1: 6356:Mechanically stabilized earth 5656:of the U.S. Geological Survey 5575:(2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole: 5573:Natural Hazards and Disasters 5470:10.1016/s0074-6142(03)80186-9 5382:10.1126/science.275.5306.1616 4380:. Abag.ca.gov. Archived from 2481:Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005). 2432: 2387:Injection-induced earthquakes 2107: 2031:is often differentiated from 1975: 1970: 1903:1906 San Francisco earthquake 1892:1906 San Francisco earthquake 1867: 1821:, which collapsed during the 1128:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes 755: 7193:Potentially hazardous object 6108:Hydraulic conductivity tests 5557:Resources in other libraries 5460:, International Geophysics, 4132:"11.3 Measuring Earthquakes" 4044:Environmental Earth Sciences 3612:"Earthquake Hazards Program" 3311:10.1126/science.175.4024.885 2274:'s short fiction collection 1919:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1516:in 1935. Subsequent scales ( 1324: 1183:Mohr-Coulomb strength theory 1017:1986 San Salvador earthquake 742:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 7: 6669:Stress distribution in soil 5509:10.1126/science.82.2123.219 5355:University of Chicago Press 5114:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260 4984:The Oxford Bible Commentary 4697:The San Diego Union-Tribune 4660:Wood & Gutenberg (1935) 4160:Chung & Bernreuter 1980 3272:10.3390/geosciences11030119 3032:"Volcanoes and Earthquakes" 3015:Foxworthy and Hill (1982). 2352: 1213: 1073:faults and the movement of 1065:Volcano tectonic earthquake 494:. Earthquakes can range in 32:Earthquake (disambiguation) 10: 7280: 5819:Pore pressure measurement 5654:Earthquake Hazards Program 5249: 5156:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911 4960:World History Encyclopedia 4654:, p. 1616, following 4232:– via Springer Link. 4177:Earthquake Hazards Program 3591:Italy's earthquake history 3130:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387 2333:Quake (natural phenomenon) 2330: 2049: 2039:Earthquake warning systems 2012: 1979: 1945: 1923: 1908: 1871: 1789: 1721:Shaking and ground rupture 1692: 1689:("Fukushima") earthquake. 1655: 1544:(shock- or pressure waves) 1445: 1403: 1278: 1230: 1196: 1062: 1003:Depth of focus (tectonics) 1000: 953:, northwest of Los Angeles 835: 677: 560:. Earthquakes can trigger 352:Coordinating Committee for 29: 7185: 7148: 7107: 7089: 7058: 7051: 7019: 6985: 6978: 6956: 6926: 6892: 6859: 6850: 6726: 6681: 6580: 6572:Preconsolidation pressure 6544: 6535: 6508: 6328: 6277: 6264: 6179: 6133: 6124: 6047: 5967:Standard penetration test 5725: 5712: 5703: 5552:Resources in your library 5205:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006 4928:George E. Dimock (1990). 4597:British Geological Survey 4230:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2 4074:10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7 3886:Global urban seismic risk 1941: 1833:Injuries and loss of life 1823:1856 Heraklion earthquake 1593:can be computed roughly. 1388:With the rapid growth of 1291:Yellowstone National Park 1274: 712:—dwellings carved out of 383:Adams–Williamson equation 6068:California bearing ratio 5866:Rotary-pressure sounding 5697:Geotechnical engineering 4931:The Unity of the Odyssey 2313:A Comparative Seismology 2005:, in the early morning. 1881: 1750:, the distance from the 1518:seismic magnitude scales 1494:Mercalli intensity scale 1472:at great distances. The 1448:Seismic magnitude scales 1442:Measurement and location 1420:2011 Oklahoma earthquake 996: 823:elastic potential energy 718:1976 Tangshan earthquake 550:1960 Valdivia earthquake 331:Seismic intensity scales 326:Seismic magnitude scales 6488:Geosynthetic clay liner 6463:Expanded clay aggregate 6083:Proctor compaction test 6024:Crosshole sonic logging 6010:Nuclear densometer test 5767:Geo-electrical sounding 5287:Bolt, Bruce A. (1993), 4185:A copy can be found at 3989:; Page, Morgan (2015). 3817:Jackson, James (2006). 3426:Encyclopedia Britannica 3364:"Repeating Earthquakes" 2795:. WGCEP. Archived from 2506:"Cool Earthquake Facts" 2267:The Earthquake in Chile 2077:Artificial intelligence 2052:Earthquake preparedness 1514:Charles Francis Richter 1500:Intensity and magnitude 1468:and can be recorded by 1458:Richter magnitude scale 1432:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1166:1896 Sanriku earthquake 725:1960 Chilean earthquake 702:1556 Shaanxi earthquake 546:1556 Shaanxi earthquake 6751:Earthquake engineering 6562:Lateral earth pressure 6187:Hydraulic conductivity 6038:Wave equation analysis 6017:Exploration geophysics 5909:Deformation monitoring 5878:Rotary weight sounding 5280:10.1785/BSSA0660062069 4481:"Earthquake Resources" 4179:. USGS. Archived from 3845:10.1098/rsta.2006.1805 3531:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431 3422:"Aftershock | geology" 3174:10.1038/physci243066a0 2635:Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am 2380: 2250:Short Walk to Daylight 2142:Mythology and religion 2122: 2058:earthquake engineering 2029:earthquake forecasting 2015:Earthquake forecasting 1955:The terrain below the 1921: 1894: 1825: 1803:1964 Alaska earthquake 1780:nuclear power stations 1738: 1714: 1707:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1675:geographic coordinates 1652:Location and reporting 1570:Speed of seismic waves 1478:moment magnitude scale 1474:surface wave magnitude 1346: 1254: 1143:2001 Kunlun earthquake 1135: 1118:Supershear earthquakes 1033:deep-focus earthquakes 1019: 954: 925:megathrust earthquakes 827:Earth's deep interior. 815:elastic-rebound theory 780: 764:Three types of faults: 738:megathrust earthquakes 730:Good Friday earthquake 697: 689: 581:earthquake engineering 570:elastic-rebound theory 393:Earthquake engineering 121: 113: 5929:Settlement recordings 5854:Rock control drilling 5755:Cone penetration test 5079:10.1176/ajp.151.6.895 4819:10.1515/geo-2017-0004 4752:, p. 1205. See also 4671:Earthquake Prediction 4456:www.preventionweb.net 4246:. Hypertextbook.com. 4218:Journal of Seismology 3915:Earth-Science Reviews 3198:. 111, B10308 (B10). 2867:Geoscience Australia. 2750:Reviews of Geophysics 2425:Vertical displacement 2321:2010 Haiti earthquake 2246:San Francisco in 1906 2120: 2033:earthquake prediction 1987:Earthquake prediction 1982:Earthquake prediction 1946:Further information: 1916: 1889: 1872:Further information: 1845:Communication systems 1816: 1729:Damaged buildings in 1728: 1700: 1664:Flinn–Engdahl regions 1360:Gutenberg–Richter law 1332: 1319:North Anatolian Fault 1310:stress redistribution 1240: 1139:Supershear earthquake 1125: 1010: 948: 877:North Anatolian Fault 844:interplate earthquake 763: 695: 687: 416:Earth Sciences Portal 388:Flinn–Engdahl regions 354:Earthquake Prediction 119: 103: 6791:Agricultural science 6493:Cellular confinement 5660:IRIS Seismic Monitor 5421:Annals of Geophysics 3657:. Quakes.bgs.ac.uk. 3212:10.1029/2006JB004396 2771:10.1029/2001RG000108 2471:on November 1, 2009. 2401:Lists of earthquakes 2071:Emergency management 2067:Earthquake insurance 2063:seismic retrofitting 1632:Seismic wave arrival 1575:Propagation velocity 1375:Pacific Ring of Fire 1221:Parkfield earthquake 1132:East Anatolian Fault 1037:Wadati–Benioff zones 734:Prince William Sound 680:Lists of earthquakes 577:seismic retrofitting 378:Shear wave splitting 56:confusing or unclear 30:For other uses, see 6683:Numerical analysis 6567:Overburden pressure 6557:Pore water pressure 6337:Shoring structures 6212:Reynolds' dilatancy 6113:Water content tests 6098:Triaxial shear test 6058:Soil classification 6031:Pile integrity test 5616:10.1038/nature08042 5608:2009Natur.459..833L 5501:1935Sci....82..219W 5272:1976BuSSA..66.2069A 4810:2017OGeo....9....4P 4066:2012EES....66.1439K 4009:2015BuSSA.105.2863H 3928:2018ESRv..178..438F 3906:Fougler, Gillian R. 3837:2006RSPTA.364.1911J 3831:(1845): 1911–1925. 3560:"Earthquake Storms" 3523:2000JArSc..27...43N 3394:earthquake.usgs.gov 3303:1972Sci...175..885N 3263:2021Geosc..11..119G 3204:2006JGRB..11110308R 3166:1973NPhS..243...66S 3121:2023Seism...2..387M 2986:1989Natur.341..733G 2947:. 17 October 2005. 2891:1979Geo.....7..336W 2839:10.1038/nature04094 2831:2005Natur.437..539S 2762:2002RvGeo..40.1012S 2606:Ohnaka, M. (2013). 1917:The tsunami of the 1760:ground acceleration 1658:Earthquake location 1464:travel through the 1428:Columbia University 1383:Himalayan Mountains 1295:Southern California 921:convergent boundary 800:stick-slip behavior 278:Epicentral distance 64:clarify the article 7249:Geological hazards 6844:list by death toll 6658:Slab stabilisation 6638:Stability analysis 4676:2009-10-07 at the 4652:Geller et al. 1997 4105:The New York Times 4101:The New York Times 4017:10.1785/0120150109 3961:The New York Times 3957:The New York Times 3891:2011-09-20 at the 3753:2013-09-30 at the 3709:2014-06-30 at the 3597:2004-07-09 at the 2582:"How Much Bigger?" 2453:on April 14, 2016. 2296:Goodbye California 2236:In popular culture 2187:Japanese mythology 2123: 2003:earthquake weather 1922: 1895: 1826: 1739: 1715: 1406:Induced seismicity 1400:Induced seismicity 1347: 1335:Messina earthquake 1255: 1162:tsunami earthquake 1136: 1020: 968:fault dimensions. 955: 936:Strike-slip faults 931:Strike-slip faults 905:divergent boundary 781: 698: 690: 255:Induced seismicity 202:Remotely triggered 122: 114: 7259:Natural disasters 7231: 7230: 7208:Geomagnetic storm 7181: 7180: 7047: 7046: 6974: 6973: 6918:Soil liquefaction 6840:Natural disasters 6806: 6805: 6677: 6676: 6653:Sliding criterion 6615:Response spectrum 6531: 6530: 6361:Pressure grouting 6260: 6259: 6120: 6119: 6073:Direct shear test 5779:Permeability test 5662:– IRIS Consortium 5602:(7248): 833–836. 5586:978-0-495-31667-1 5533:Library resources 5495:(2123): 219–320, 5479:978-0-12-440658-2 5349:Deborah R. Coen. 5302:978-0-7167-5040-6 5041:978-0-313-31822-1 4941:978-0-87023-721-8 4914:978-1-156-78621-5 4899:Sturluson, Snorri 4863:10.1109/64.511774 3297:(4024): 885–887. 3081:978-0-309-06562-7 2980:(6244): 733–737. 2915:. Globalcmt.org. 2825:(7058): 539–542. 2703:978-0-12-440652-0 2619:978-1-107-35533-0 2378:), also known as 2285:San Andreas Fault 2220:, 54) and at his 2056:The objective of 1819:Għajn Ħadid Tower 1792:Soil liquefaction 1786:Soil liquefaction 1551:(both body waves) 1512:was developed by 1241:Magnitude of the 1206:may trigger some 1187:induce seismicity 1059:Volcanic activity 865:San Andreas Fault 628:is also used for 554:soil liquefaction 539:volcanic activity 464: 463: 96: 95: 88: 16:(Redirected from 7271: 7140:Tropical cyclone 7134:Tornado outbreak 7056: 7055: 6983: 6982: 6936:Pyroclastic flow 6928:Volcano eruption 6857: 6856: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6665:Bearing capacity 6552:Effective stress 6542: 6541: 6443:Land reclamation 6383:Land development 6278:Natural features 6275: 6274: 6242:Specific storage 6131: 6130: 6063:Atterberg limits 6001: 5989: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5927: 5917: 5902:Screw plate test 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5818: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5723: 5722: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5643: 5590: 5577:Cengage Learning 5519: 5482: 5451: 5449: 5418: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5392:, archived from 5367: 5346:, NUREG/CR-1457. 5345: 5344: 5343: 5325: 5305: 5294: 5282: 5266:(6): 2069–2074, 5243: 5242: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5166:. Archived from 5141: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5108:(8): 1260–1266. 5097: 5091: 5090: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5015: 5002: 4993: 4987: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4867: 4866: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4821: 4798:Open Geosciences 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4770:. Archived from 4763: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4687: 4681: 4668: 4662: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4599:. Archived from 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4458:. 7 March 2018. 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4355:. 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Archived from 2443: 2421: 2411: 2397: 2383: 2377: 2368: – Sunquake 2327:Outside of earth 2210:Matthew's Gospel 2113:Historical views 1899:electrical power 1756:wave propagation 1526:moment magnitude 1466:Earth's interior 1306:earthquake storm 1281:Earthquake swarm 1177:can control the 1153:Slow earthquakes 1097:Rupture dynamics 1049:phase transition 664:seismic activity 500:seismic activity 456: 449: 442: 227:Earthquake swarm 147: 124: 123: 91: 84: 80: 77: 71: 47: 46: 39: 21: 18:Seismic activity 7279: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7177: 7144: 7108:Cyclonic storms 7103: 7085: 7043: 7039:Limnic eruption 7015: 6989: 6970: 6958:Natural erosion 6952: 6922: 6896: 6888: 6846: 6837: 6807: 6802: 6781:Earth materials 6722: 6684: 6673: 6582: 6576: 6527: 6504: 6458:Earth structure 6453:Erosion control 6351:Ground freezing 6341:Retaining walls 6324: 6266: 6256: 6217:Angle of repose 6175: 6116: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6003:Visible bedrock 5955:Simple sounding 5943:Shear vane test 5719:instrumentation 5718: 5716: 5708: 5699: 5694: 5650: 5587: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5527:Further reading 5524: 5523: 5480: 5447: 5433:10.4401/ag-5350 5416: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5365: 5341: 5339: 5323:10.2172/5073993 5303: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5224: 5220: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5144:Am J Psychiatry 5139: 5133: 5129: 5102:Am J Psychiatry 5098: 5094: 5067:Am J Psychiatry 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5028:Greenwood Press 5016: 5005: 4994: 4990: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4896: 4892: 4883:"Earthquakes". 4882: 4881: 4870: 4847: 4843: 4790: 4786: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4688: 4684: 4678:Wayback Machine 4669: 4665: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4093: 4089: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 3987:Hough, Susan E. 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3949: 3945: 3903: 3899: 3893:Wayback Machine 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3755:Wayback Machine 3746: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3711:Wayback Machine 3702: 3698: 3689: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3599:Wayback Machine 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3287: 3280: 3243: 3234: 3226: 3196:J. Geophys. Res 3191: 3185: 3181: 3150: 3146: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3058: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3009: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2726:. En.vedur.is. 2722: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2695: 2691: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2646: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2589: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2531: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2419: 2416:Seismotectonics 2409: 2395: 2392:IRIS Consortium 2375: 2366:Helioseismology 2355: 2335: 2329: 2277:After the Quake 2272:Haruki Murakami 2255:The Ragged Edge 2238: 2193:(鯰) is a giant 2172:Greek mythology 2148:Norse mythology 2144: 2136:Pliny the Elder 2115: 2110: 2054: 2048: 2017: 2011: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1950: 1944: 1928: 1911: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1855:property damage 1811: 1794: 1788: 1778:, bridges, and 1723: 1695: 1687:2011 Tohoku-Oki 1660: 1654: 1634: 1572: 1534: 1502: 1454: 1446:Main articles: 1444: 1424:injection wells 1412:tectonic plates 1408: 1402: 1327: 1299:Imperial Valley 1283: 1277: 1235: 1229: 1216: 1201: 1195: 1174: 1158:Slow earthquake 1155: 1120: 1099: 1067: 1061: 1005: 999: 974: 972:Energy released 933: 913: 897: 840: 838:Fault (geology) 834: 775: 770: 765: 758: 682: 676: 598: 460: 408: 407: 373: 365: 364: 356: 353: 346: 336: 335: 316: 308: 307: 268: 267:Characteristics 260: 259: 240: 232: 231: 157: 92: 81: 75: 72: 61: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7053: 7052:Meteorological 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6908:Seismic hazard 6904: 6902: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6836: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6728:Related fields 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6648:Classification 6645: 6640: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6620:Seismic hazard 6617: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6334: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6272: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6247:Shear strength 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6222:Friction angle 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6103:Oedometer test 6100: 6095: 6093:Sieve analysis 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5994: 5993: 5982: 5981: 5979:Total sounding 5970: 5969: 5958: 5957: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5905: 5904: 5893: 5892: 5881: 5880: 5869: 5868: 5857: 5856: 5845: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5769: 5758: 5757: 5746: 5745: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5720: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5648:External links 5646: 5645: 5644: 5591: 5585: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5484: 5478: 5453: 5427:(4): 315–391, 5409: 5399:on 12 May 2019 5376:(5306): 1616, 5358: 5347: 5307: 5301: 5284: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5218: 5199:(3): 473–489. 5176: 5173:on 2017-08-10. 5150:(6): 911–916. 5127: 5092: 5073:(6): 895–901. 5056: 5047: 5040: 5003: 4988: 4971: 4947: 4940: 4920: 4913: 4890: 4868: 4841: 4784: 4758: 4742: 4710: 4682: 4663: 4644: 4630:. 2003-08-03. 4613: 4584: 4547: 4522: 4497: 4472: 4443: 4418: 4415:on 2009-10-09. 4394: 4369: 4344: 4319: 4289: 4260: 4235: 4224:(2): 411–427. 4204: 4183:on 2016-05-04. 4164: 4152: 4122: 4087: 4034: 3978: 3943: 3897: 3877: 3809: 3784: 3759: 3740: 3715: 3696: 3671: 3646: 3628: 3603: 3582: 3551: 3548:on 2009-03-25. 3494: 3467: 3442: 3410: 3381: 3355: 3352:on 2009-05-11. 3332: 3278: 3232: 3179: 3160:(126): 66–68. 3154:Nat. Phys. Sci 3144: 3094: 3080: 3049: 3022: 3007: 2964: 2929: 2904: 2885:(7): 336–340. 2869: 2860: 2809: 2784: 2740: 2715: 2706: 2689: 2670: 2644: 2625: 2618: 2598: 2572: 2540: 2522: 2494: 2474: 2456: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2413: 2403: 2398: 2389: 2384: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2331:Main article: 2328: 2325: 2237: 2234: 2214:death of Jesus 2143: 2140: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2050:Main article: 2047: 2044: 2013:Main article: 2010: 2007: 1980:Main article: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1943: 1940: 1924:Main article: 1910: 1907: 1883: 1880: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1810: 1807: 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1743:ground rupture 1737:, January 2010 1731:Port-au-Prince 1722: 1719: 1694: 1691: 1656:Main article: 1653: 1650: 1642:Beno Gutenberg 1633: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1552: 1545: 1533: 1530: 1501: 1498: 1482:seismic moment 1443: 1440: 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1326: 1323: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1231:Main article: 1228: 1225: 1215: 1212: 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1173: 1170: 1154: 1151: 1119: 1116: 1098: 1095: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1001:Main article: 998: 995: 973: 970: 932: 929: 912: 911:Reverse faults 909: 896: 893: 861:Sumatra (2004) 836:Main article: 833: 830: 757: 754: 678:Main article: 675: 674:Major examples 672: 655:or focus. The 597: 594: 537:, but also by 462: 461: 459: 458: 451: 444: 436: 433: 432: 431: 430: 428:Related topics 425: 419: 418: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 350: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 247: 245:Fault movement 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 153: 152: 149: 148: 140: 139: 133: 132: 94: 93: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7276: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Meteor shower 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 7001:Coastal flood 6999: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Geomorphology 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6600:Consolidation 6598: 6596: 6595:Frost heaving 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473:Geosynthetics 6471: 6469: 6468:Crushed stone 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6423:Cut-and-cover 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6263: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192:Water content 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6046: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5890:Sample series 5887: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5714:Investigation 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464:: 1205–1216, 5463: 5459: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227:Schechter, DS 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4978:Allison, D., 4975: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4774:on 2017-02-18 4773: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4751: 4750:Kanamori 2003 4746: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4603:on 2011-05-16 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4570: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4552: 4537:on 2017-02-11 4536: 4532: 4526: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4433:on 2011-06-23 4432: 4428: 4422: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4384:on 2009-09-21 4383: 4379: 4373: 4359:on 2016-11-24 4358: 4354: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3799:on 2006-08-28 3798: 3794: 3788: 3774:on 2006-09-25 3773: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3744: 3730:on 2006-08-12 3729: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3686:on 2006-09-25 3685: 3681: 3675: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2799:on 2011-07-25 2798: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2686:(1): 151–163. 2685: 2681: 2674: 2660:on 2009-09-01 2659: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2562:on 2010-07-23 2558: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2492: 2491:0-8065-2558-4 2488: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:Matthew 27:51 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:New Testament 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2154:. When Loki, 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2105: 2102: 2101:water heaters 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2081:expert system 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999:seismologists 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961:landslide dam 1958: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1932:occurs at sea 1927: 1920: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1890:Fires of the 1888: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829:may include: 1824: 1820: 1817:Ruins of the 1815: 1809:Human impacts 1806: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616:S-waves speed 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:Surface waves 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1540:Longitudinal 1539: 1538: 1537: 1532:Seismic waves 1529: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:Seismic waves 1459: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1379:Pacific Plate 1376: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1047:undergoing a 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:oceanic crust 1026: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 982: 980: 969: 966: 961: 952: 951:Carrizo Plain 947: 943: 941: 937: 928: 926: 922: 919:such as at a 918: 908: 906: 902: 895:Normal faults 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 853:Alaska (1957) 849: 845: 839: 829: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:seismic waves 809: 805: 804:stored energy 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 774: 769: 762: 753: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 694: 686: 681: 671: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 649:nuclear tests 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:seismic waves 608:that creates 607: 603: 593: 591: 587: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:nuclear tests 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:seismic waves 490:that creates 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 457: 452: 450: 445: 443: 438: 437: 435: 434: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 369: 368: 361: 358: 355: 349: 348: 345: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 312: 311: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 293:Seismic waves 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 236: 235: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 156: 151: 150: 146: 142: 141: 138: 135: 134: 130: 126: 125: 118: 111: 107: 102: 98: 90: 87: 79: 69: 68:the talk page 65: 59: 57: 52:This article 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7198:Impact event 7186:Astronomical 7120:Thunderstorm 7115:Bomb cyclone 6979:Hydrological 6948:Volcanic ash 6913:Seismic risk 6893: 6861:Mass wasting 6776:Biogeography 6771:Hydrogeology 6761:Soil science 6741:Geochemistry 6609: 6500:Infiltration 6428:Cut and fill 6371:Soil nailing 6237:Permeability 6202:Bulk density 5919:Inclinometer 5842:Ram sounding 5727: 5599: 5595: 5572: 5547:Online books 5537: 5492: 5488: 5461: 5457: 5424: 5420: 5401:, retrieved 5394:the original 5373: 5369: 5350: 5340:, retrieved 5312: 5290: 5263: 5259: 5238: 5234: 5221: 5196: 5192: 5189:Schechter, D 5179: 5168:the original 5147: 5143: 5130: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5026:. Westport: 5021: 4991: 4979: 4974: 4963:. Retrieved 4959: 4950: 4930: 4923: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4857:(4): 24–34. 4854: 4850: 4844: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4776:. Retrieved 4772:the original 4761: 4745: 4733:. Retrieved 4722: 4713: 4701:. Retrieved 4695: 4685: 4666: 4647: 4636:. Retrieved 4625: 4616: 4605:. Retrieved 4601:the original 4587: 4576:. Retrieved 4560: 4539:. Retrieved 4535:the original 4525: 4514:. Retrieved 4500: 4489:. Retrieved 4475: 4464:. Retrieved 4455: 4446: 4435:. Retrieved 4431:the original 4421: 4410:the original 4397: 4386:. Retrieved 4382:the original 4372: 4361:. Retrieved 4357:the original 4347: 4336:. Retrieved 4322: 4311:. Retrieved 4302: 4292: 4281:. Retrieved 4272: 4263: 4252:. Retrieved 4238: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4196:. Retrieved 4181:the original 4176: 4167: 4162:, p. 1. 4155: 4144:. Retrieved 4135: 4125: 4113:. Retrieved 4100: 4090: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4025:. Retrieved 4000: 3994: 3981: 3969:. Retrieved 3956: 3946: 3919: 3913: 3900: 3880: 3869:. Retrieved 3828: 3822: 3812: 3801:. Retrieved 3797:the original 3787: 3776:. Retrieved 3772:the original 3762: 3743: 3732:. Retrieved 3728:the original 3718: 3699: 3688:. Retrieved 3684:the original 3674: 3663:. Retrieved 3649: 3641:the original 3631: 3620:. Retrieved 3606: 3585: 3574:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3543:the original 3517:(1): 43–63. 3514: 3510: 3497: 3485:. Retrieved 3475:Duke, Alan. 3470: 3459:. Retrieved 3445: 3434:. Retrieved 3425: 3402:. Retrieved 3393: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3358: 3350:the original 3294: 3290: 3254: 3250: 3195: 3182: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3112: 3108: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3066: 3040:. Retrieved 3025: 3016: 3010: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2956:. Retrieved 2932: 2921:. Retrieved 2907: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2863: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2801:. Retrieved 2797:the original 2787: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2732:. Retrieved 2718: 2709: 2692: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2662:. Retrieved 2658:the original 2647: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2608: 2601: 2590:. Retrieved 2575: 2564:. 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Retrieved 2482: 2477: 2469:the original 2459: 2451:the original 2441: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2305:(2009), and 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2275: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2242:Kobe in 1995 2239: 2226:Matthew 28:2 2222:resurrection 2203: 2184: 2169: 2145: 2124: 2098: 2075: 2055: 2046:Preparedness 2037: 2018: 1985: 1954: 1951: 1936: 1929: 1896: 1877: 1862: 1827: 1795: 1772: 1764: 1741:Shaking and 1740: 1716: 1683: 1668: 1661: 1646: 1638: 1635: 1615: 1614: 1597:P-wave speed 1596: 1595: 1573: 1535: 1522: 1507: 1503: 1470:seismometers 1455: 1436:Zipingpu Dam 1409: 1394:seismic risk 1387: 1372: 1364: 1348: 1305: 1303: 1284: 1256: 1251:January 2017 1247:October 2016 1217: 1202: 1193:Tidal forces 1175: 1156: 1137: 1109: 1100: 1087:seismometers 1068: 1021: 1013:San Salvador 991:Alaska, 1964 983: 979:World War II 975: 964: 959: 956: 934: 914: 898: 885:Denali Fault 857:Chile (1960) 841: 792:aseismically 782: 746: 722: 699: 663: 661: 636: 634: 625: 621: 617: 613: 599: 574: 543: 510: 508: 499: 479: 475: 471: 467: 465: 372:Other topics 177:Blind thrust 136: 110:Ring of Fire 97: 82: 76:October 2022 73: 62:Please help 53: 36: 7254:Lithosphere 7244:Earthquakes 7213:Solar flare 7099:Megadrought 7059:Temperature 7032:Megatsunami 7011:Storm surge 7006:Flash flood 6884:Debris flow 6786:Archaeology 6510:Foundations 6483:Geomembrane 6366:Slurry wall 6305:Water table 6269:Interaction 6265:Structures 6252:Sensitivity 6049:Laboratory 5538:Earthquakes 5403:29 December 4980:56. Matthew 4851:IEEE Expert 4656:Allen (1976 4273:newsela.com 3922:: 438–514. 3251:Geosciences 2360:Alpide belt 2308:San Andreas 2230:end of time 2021:forecasting 2009:Forecasting 1864:community. 1547:Transverse 1390:mega-cities 1356:exponential 1314:aftershocks 1287:aftershocks 1269:fault plane 1260:fault plane 1227:Aftershocks 1055:structure. 1041:lithosphere 987:Japan, 2011 887:in Alaska ( 883:), and the 879:in Turkey ( 832:Fault types 788:fault plane 768:Strike-slip 624:. 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