Roman Empire - Knowledge

138: 4327: 2981: 2275: 1202: 4561: 5629: 5995: 1982: 2193: 5413: 5886: 3072: 3470: 4416: 3266: 6774: 6320: 7145: 1779: 1487: 5868: 6115: 2554: 4031: 2347: 5848: 3602: 31597: 31463: 30622: 30555: 30424: 29807: 29409: 5551: 5898: 1180: 5745: 4133: 916: 7338: 6205: 3389: 2697: 2202: 1158: 2028: 3791: 5928: 4106: 4666: 1672: 6988: 4769: 1319: 2460: 4991: 1136: 87: 7154: 5560: 3587: 1973: 1495: 5677: 108: 6754: 5478:, clothing worn by both soldiers and bureaucrats became highly decorated with geometrical patterns, stylized plant motifs, and in more elaborate examples, human or animal figures. Courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes. The militarization of Roman society, and the waning of urban life, affected fashion: heavy military-style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers, and the toga was abandoned, replaced by the pallium as a garment embodying social unity. 2831: 4677:) to citizens who registered for it (about 200,000–250,000 adult males in Rome). The dole cost at least 15% of state revenues, but improved living conditions among the lower classes, and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on estates. The grain dole also had symbolic value: it affirmed the emperor's position as universal benefactor, and the right of citizens to share in "the fruits of conquest". The 2425:. Generally, slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians, with a minority of foreigners (including both slaves and freedmen) estimated at 5% of the total in the capital at its peak, where their number was largest. Foreign slaves had higher mortality and lower birth rates than natives, and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions. The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was seventeen and a half years (17.2 for males; 17.9 for females). 7086: 5266: 1114: 28847: 3257: 1841: 24052: 5134:

in his opulent box; senators and equestrians in reserved advantageous seats; women seated at a remove from the action; slaves given the worst places, and everybody else in-between. The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering, but the emperor had the final say. Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest, and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest, most notoriously at the

4205: 2996: 5218:, with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day. Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics, wall paintings, lamps, and in graffiti. Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves, convicts, or free volunteers. Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters, whose training was costly and time-consuming. By contrast, 28836: 4485: 6277: 2776: 7125:: Theodosius I made multiple laws and acted against alternate forms of Christianity, and heretics were persecuted and killed by both the government and the church throughout Late Antiquity. Non-Christians were not persecuted until the 6th century. Rome's original religious hierarchy and ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. 3719:, the system of banks throughout the Empire permitted the exchange of large sums without physically transferring coins, in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash. Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire, in 33 AD; generally, available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers. The central government itself did not borrow money, and without 7324: 7310: 2263:

when her father died she became legally emancipated. This arrangement was a factor in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed compared to many other cultures up to the modern period: although she had to answer to her father in legal matters, she was free of his direct scrutiny in daily life, and her husband had no legal power over her. Although it was a point of pride to be a "one-man woman" (

2927:. By the 4th century, the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings, no longer responding to individual petitions. Although the Senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor, it retained its symbolic political centrality. The Senate legitimated the emperor's rule, and the emperor employed senators as legates ( 4055:; urban crafts and services; agriculture; and mining. Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries, where conditions were notoriously brutal. In practice, there was little division of labour between slave and free, and most workers were illiterate and without special skills. The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture: in Italian industrial farming ( 5142: 1230:("Roman Peace"). The cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced. Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent and put down "mercilessly and swiftly". The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs. The 7434:–an arrangement that periodically returned until the two halves were permanently divided in 395. Although the halves were independent in practice, the Romans continued to consider the Roman Empire to be a single undivided state with two co-equal emperors until the fall of the western half in 476/480. Although emperors at times governed from other cities (notably 7118:, "In most areas, polytheists were not molested, and apart from a few ugly incidents of local violence, Jewish communities also enjoyed a century of stable, even privileged, existence". There were anti-pagan laws, but they were not generally enforced; through the 6th century, centers of paganism existed in Athens, Gaza, Alexandria, and elsewhere. 881: 2097:, both upward and downward, to a greater extent than all other well-documented ancient societies. Women, freedmen, and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them. Social life, particularly for those whose personal resources were limited, was further fostered by a proliferation of 7070:. He supported the Church financially and made laws that favored it, but the new religion was already successful, having moved from less than 50,000 to over a million adherents between 150 and 250. Constantine and his successors banned public sacrifice while tolerating other traditional practices. Constantine never engaged in a 5801:. Geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire. In North Africa, a particularly rich source of mosaics, homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates, hunting, agriculture, and local wildlife. Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present-day Turkey (particularly the ( 3879: 3351:. Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite. The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law, replacing local law codes that had applied to non-citizens. Diocletian's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the 3436:, customs and tolls on trade, including among provinces. Towards the end of his reign, Augustus instituted a 4% tax on the sale of slaves, which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers, who responded by raising their prices. An owner who manumitted a slave paid a "freedom tax", calculated at 5% of value. An 6102:, technically free but little better than slaves. "Stars", however, could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity, and mingled socially and often sexually with the elite. Performers supported each other by forming guilds, and several memorials for theatre members survive. Theatre and dance were often condemned by 2659:). Maintaining one's rank required massive personal expenditures. Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire, as the ranks of the town councils became depleted, those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged to return to their hometowns, in an effort to sustain civic life. 9559:

The patrician Orestes had married the daughter of Count Romulus, of Petovio in Noricum: the name of Augustus, notwithstanding the jealousy of power, was known at Aquileia as a familiar surname; and the appellations of the two great founders, of the city and of the monarchy, were thus strangely united

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but concedes this still does not adequately explain it, as Greek was "high" against Latins "Super-high". Latin experienced a period of spreading from the second century BCE, and especially in the western provinces, but not as much in the eastern provinces. In the east, Greek was always the dominant

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in three steps: making a register of cities, taking a census, and surveying the land. Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths, real estate transactions, taxes, and juridical proceedings. In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the central government sent out around 160 officials annually to

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in 9 AD, the number of legions was increased from 25 to around 30. The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century, and under 400,000 in the 2nd, "significantly smaller" than the collective armed forces of the conquered territories. No more than 2% of adult males living in the Empire served in

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defended the homeland against a specific threat. The Romans expanded their war machine by "organizing the communities that they conquered in Italy into a system that generated huge reservoirs of manpower for their army". By Imperial times, military service was a full-time career. The pervasiveness of

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were the members of the three higher "orders", along with certain military officers. The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority affirmed, particularly within the justice system. Sentencing depended on the

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but more concentrated in some Greek areas. Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces. Although slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries, it remained an integral part of Roman society until gradually

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they honoured. As the Romans extended their territories, their general policy was to promote stability among diverse peoples by absorbing local deities and cults rather than eradicating them, building temples that framed local theology within Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record

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built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today. The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events, which both enhanced their status and drained their resources. The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society: the emperor

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banker received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term, and lent money to third parties. The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending, both as creditors and borrowers. The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party, without cash

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or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors, but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire. A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian. The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men

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The republic (they repeat that name without a blush) might safely confide in the civil and military virtues of Odoacer; and they humbly request, that the emperor would invest him with the title of Patrician, and the administration of the diocese of Italy. ...His vanity was gratified by the title of

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made Constantinople a second and new capital of the empire ("Second Rome" or "New Rome"). For a time, mostly over the course of the later decades of the fourth century, Rome continued to hold greater symbolic status on account of its greater antiquity as imperial capital. From at least 361 onwards,

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for luxury consumers included fine pottery, silver and bronze vessels and implements, and glassware. Pottery manufacturing was economically important, as were the glass and metalworking industries. Imports stimulated new regional centres of production. Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the

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tailored city planning and architecture to imperial ideals, while expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence. In areas inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples, forums, monumental fountains, and amphitheatres, often

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required that both spouses be free citizens. A soldier, for instance, was banned from marrying while in service, but if he formed a long-term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces, he could marry her legally after he was discharged, and any children they had would be considered

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Augustus' programme of urban renewal, and the growth of Rome's population to as many as one million, was accompanied by nostalgia for rural life. Poetry idealized the lives of farmers and shepherds. Interior decorating often featured painted gardens, fountains, landscapes, vegetative ornament, and

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of the Republic, legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups, and for hunting down fugitive slaves. Over time slaves gained increased legal protection, including the right to file complaints

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were slaves, making Rome one of five historical "slave societies" in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy. Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility. In

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in which the woman was subject to her husband's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era, and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage. Technically she remained under her father's legal authority, even though she moved into her husband's home, but

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was the distinctive national garment of the male citizen, but it was heavy and impractical, worn mainly for conducting political or court business and religious rites. It was a "vast expanse" of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance. The drapery

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In a status-conscious society like that of the Romans, clothing and personal adornment indicated the etiquette of interacting with the wearer. Wearing the correct clothing reflected a society in good order. There is little direct evidence of how Romans dressed in daily life, since portraiture may

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was in place: a married woman could have sex only with her husband, but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute or person of marginalized status. Childbearing was encouraged: a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal

2271:, nor to speedy remarriage after being widowed or divorced. Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will. A mother's right to own and dispose of property, including setting the terms of her will, gave her enormous influence over her sons into adulthood. 10776:

Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période

6381:). Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning to express cultural achievement. Young Roman men often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy, mostly to Athens. The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training. On the Hellenistic model, Vespasian 6068:

was "one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity", and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre. Although certain dances were seen at times as non-Roman or unmanly, dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome. Ecstatic dancing was a

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in the Empire killed millions. The Roman population was unhealthy. About 20 percent—a large percentage by ancient standards—lived in cities, Rome being the largest. The cities were a "demographic sink": the death rate exceeded the birth rate and constant immigration was necessary to maintain the

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over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire, but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces. Most parts of the Eastern Empire already had well-established law codes and juridical procedures. Generally, it was Roman policy to respect the

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The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy- and decision-making, but in the early Principate, he was expected to be accessible and deal personally with official business and petitions. A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually. The Julio-Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of

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Rochette (1997, 2010, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2007), J. N. Adams (2003), Kearsley and Evans (2001), Binder (2000: 21–48), Rizakis (1995, 2008), Holford-Strevens (1993), Petersmann (1992), Dubuisson (1981, 1992a, 1992b), Millar (2006a: 84–93), Mullen (2011), Garcea (2019), Fournet (2019), Rapp (2019),

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Formal education was available only to families who could pay for it; lack of state support contributed to low literacy. Primary education in reading, writing, and arithmetic might take place at home if parents hired or bought a teacher. Other children attended "public" schools organized by a

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The three major elements of the Imperial state were the central government, the military, and the provincial government. The military established control of a territory through war, but after a city or people was brought under treaty, the mission turned to policing: protecting Roman citizens,

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Latin and Greek's mutual linguistic and cultural influence is a complex topic. Latin words incorporated into Greek were very common by the early imperial era, especially for military, administration, and trade and commerce matters. Greek grammar, literature, poetry and philosophy shaped Latin

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says "The main desire of the Roman government was to make itself understood". At the start of the Empire, knowledge of Greek was useful to pass as educated nobility and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military, government, or law. Bilingual inscriptions indicate the everyday

137: 13183: 1865:, to defend Latin against the stronger cultural influence of Greek. Over time Latin usage was used to project power and a higher social class. Most of the emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a "rule" that first started during the 4480:, competitions for artists, speakers, and athletes, as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art—were financed by private individuals, whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges. 3489:

The Empire is best thought of as a network of regional economies, based on a form of "political capitalism" in which the state regulated commerce to assure its own revenues. Economic growth, though not comparable to modern economies, was greater than that of most other societies prior to

2252:) for life. Children most often took the father's name, with some exceptions. Women could own property, enter contracts, and engage in business. Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works, an indication they could hold considerable fortunes. 10621:"page 37. According to Pei & Gaeng (1976: 76–81), the decisive moment came with the Islamic conquest of North Africa and Iberia, which was followed by numerous raids on land and by sea. All this had the effect of disrupting connections between the western Romance-speaking regions. 3498:

that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization, particularly in north Africa. Some cities were known for particular industries. The scale of urban building indicates a significant construction industry. Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of

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and a tax on their land, construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity. Tax obligations were determined by the census: each head of household provided a headcount of his household, as well as an accounting of his property. A major source of indirect-tax revenue was the

3011:, the Roman army comprised professional soldiers who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves. The transition to a professional military began during the late Republic and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism, under which an army of 6433: 3909:). Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as major rivers. Transport by water was preferred where possible, as moving commodities by land was more difficult. Vehicles, wheels, and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers. 5455:, with length differing by wearer. The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural, dull shades; finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen. A man of the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( 3754:—such as reductions in long-distance trade, disruption of mining operations, and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies—greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector. Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or 5602:

was adopted for conquering generals. Imperial portrait sculptures may model a mature head atop a youthful nude or semi-nude body with perfect musculature. Clothed in the toga or military regalia, the body communicates rank or role, not individual characteristics.

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Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline. Most often, because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture, produce—cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit—were considered more civilized foods than meat. The

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or "grammarian" taught mainly Greek and Latin literature, with history, geography, philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text. With the rise of Augustus, contemporary Latin authors such as Virgil and Livy also became part of the curriculum. The

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Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws, could collect their own taxes locally, and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation. Legal privileges and relative independence incentivized compliance. Roman government was thus

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have been found buried at the site of racetracks, and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery. Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship, but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise.

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is a related technique in which flat stone, usually coloured marble, is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed. This more difficult technique became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century (e.g. the

2384:) that he could use, depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave. Within a household or workplace, a hierarchy of slaves might exist, with one slave acting as the master of others. Talented slaves might accumulate a large enough 4732:

contributed to disease. Land and sea connections facilitated and sped the transfer of infectious diseases across the empire's territories. The rich were not immune; only two of emperor Marcus Aurelius's fourteen children are known to have reached adulthood.

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Modern scholars often date the end of the "classical" or "unified" Roman Empire in AD 395. This is a modern convention, as the Empire continued to be seen as a single state even after the supposed "split" of 395, which was in fact one of many splits since

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Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth, which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government. An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the "super-rich", but in the later period, the

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of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine to offer prayers and

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The public baths served hygienic, social and cultural functions. Bathing was the focus of daily socializing. Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures, with amenities that might include an

888: 6367:) as it was a mode of expression that distinguished those who held social power. The ancient model of rhetorical training—"restraint, coolness under pressure, modesty, and good humour"—endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal. 6412:. The ideal woman in Augustan love poetry was educated and well-versed in the arts. Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders. An educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household. 6374:

could mean both "unable to read and write" and "lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication". Higher education promoted career advancement. Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture imbued with Greek educational ideals

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and other Christians adopted Latin and Greek literature, philosophy and science in biblical interpretation. As the Western Roman Empire declined, reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy, although it continued in the

2923:), a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron; public banquets hosted at the palace; and religious ceremonies. The common people who lacked this access could manifest their approval or displeasure as a group at 935:

until the 3rd century BC. Thus, it was an "empire" (a great power) long before it had an emperor. The Republic was not a nation-state in the modern sense, but a network of self-ruled towns (with varying degrees of independence from the

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During the period of republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive, war captives were a main source of slaves. The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war, and the

6883:, became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity. Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult, extending as far as 6134:

range from 5 to over 30%. The Roman obsession with documents and inscriptions indicates the value placed on the written word. Laws and edicts were posted as well as read out. Illiterate Roman subjects could have a government scribe

3503:, and the Empire was highly monetized. Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity, transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly, and trade routes connected regional economies. The 9598:

sole emperor, and by the statues erected to his honor in the several quarters of Rome; ...He entertained a friendly, though ambiguous, correspondence with the patrician Odoacer; and he gratefully accepted the Imperial ensigns.

885: 6189:. Commercial book production was established by the late Republic, and by the 1st century certain neighbourhoods of Rome and Western provincial cities were known for their bookshops. The quality of editing varied wildly, and 2474:

in allowing freed slaves to become citizens; any future children of a freedman were born free, with full rights of citizenship. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed active political freedom

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The city was viewed as fostering civilization by being "properly designed, ordered, and adorned". Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome, supported public displays of art that expressed imperial ideology, and

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limited their participation by law. The rise of successful freedmen—through political influence or wealth—is a characteristic of early Imperial society. The prosperity of a high-achieving group of freedmen is attested by

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Christians of the 4th century believed the conversion of Constantine showed that Christianity had triumphed over paganism (in Heaven) and little further action besides such rhetoric was necessary. Thus, their focus was

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As the republican principle of citizens' equality under the law faded, the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours

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above all) in conjunction with the Senate. The 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval, which ultimately led to rule by emperors. The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of

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theatre, which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation, risqué language and sex scenes, action sequences, and political satire, along with dance, juggling, acrobatics, tightrope walking, striptease, and

2602:(193–235), Italians made up less than half the Senate. During the 3rd century, domicile at Rome became impractical, and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( 7494:) since it managed to retake Constantinople. Whether there was an interregnum at all is debatable given that the crusaders envisioned the Latin Empire to be the same empire as its predecessor (and not a new state). 3440:

of 5% was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone outside their immediate family. Revenues from the estate tax and from an auction tax went towards the veterans' pension fund

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of the Mediterranean during the time of the Empire. Following Diocletian's reforms in the 3rd century CE, there was a decline in the knowledge of Greek in the west. Spoken Latin later fragmented into the incipient

1869:. Different emperors up until Justinian would attempt to require the use of Latin in various sections of the administration but there is no evidence that a linguistic imperialism existed during the early Empire. 2882:) signified the deceased emperor's deification. The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of powers from several republican offices. The emperor made himself the central religious authority as 6953:

was checked, first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order, and then by banning druidism altogether. However, Celtic traditions were reinterpreted within the context of Imperial theology, and a new

3420:; they might be temporary. Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military, and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty. In-kind taxes were accepted from less- 6312:(homeborn slave children) might share in-home or public schooling. Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12, but classes were not segregated by grade or age. Most schools employed 5938:

In Roman tradition, borrowed from the Greeks, literary theatre was performed by all-male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions to portray emotion. Female roles were played by men in

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City planning and urban lifestyles was influenced by the Greeks early on, and in the Eastern Empire, Roman rule shaped the development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character. Cities such as

15419: 2489:. He could not marry a woman from a senatorial family, nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself, but during the early Empire, freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so much so that 1041:, the first epoch of Roman imperial history. Although the republic stood in name, Augustus had all meaningful authority. During his 40-year rule, a new constitutional order emerged so that, upon his death, 6246:) expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century, giving rise to "consumer literature" for entertainment. Illustrated books, including erotica, were popular, but are poorly represented by extant fragments. 1626:. This claim of universal dominion was renewed when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century. In addition to annexing large regions, the Romans directly altered their geography, for example 10168:

Nocchi Macedo(2019), Pellizzari (2019), Rhoby (2019), Ghiretti (1996), García Domingo (1983), Zgusta (1980), Kaimio (1979a, 1979b), Hahn (1906), Mullen and James (2012), Stein (1915: 132–186) as cited in

3674:("money") and were used only on the frontiers. Romans in the first and second centuries counted coins, rather than weighing them—an indication that the coin was valued on its face. This tendency towards 3222:

Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances. Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era, to avoid provincial governors and

3326:("regional tradition" or "law of the land") and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability. The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying 2240:

Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens, but did not vote, hold political office, or serve in the military. A mother's citizen status determined that of her children, as indicated by the phrase

23928: 5168:. Racing was perilous, but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well-compensated athletes. Circuses were designed to ensure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( 4697:

The public has long since cast off its cares: the people that once bestowed commands, consulships, legions and all else, now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things: bread and circuses.

4266:. The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a route of more than 336 km. Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine 9166: 7848:

were centers of religion, trade (including import/export), and industrial production, walled for the purposes of defence, but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year-round.

6060:, a long tubular metal wind instrument, was used for military signals and on parade. These instruments spread throughout the provinces and are widely depicted in Roman art. The hydraulic pipe organ 2039:

The Empire was remarkably multicultural, with "astonishing cohesive capacity" to create shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples. Public monuments and communal spaces open to all—such as

3920:". These roads were primarily built for military purposes, but also served commercial ends. The in-kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel, animals, or vehicles for the 2594:, with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France; men from the Greek-speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian. The first senator from the easternmost province, 2173:

extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire. This legal egalitarianism required a far-reaching revision of existing laws that distinguished between citizens and non-citizens.

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rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people, "to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death, by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory". Some Romans such as

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inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the most populous unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent

2447:, by contrast, were "homegrown" slaves born to female slaves within the household, estate or farm. Although they had no special legal status, an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his 3682:

of Roman coinage in the later Empire. The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration. The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the

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were recruited from among the non-citizens. Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength, they were paid less than the legionaries, and after 25 years of service were rewarded with

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sees them as "primarily tradesmen and/or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low- or medium-quality woolen textiles and clothing, including felt and its products".

5066:

Under Augustus, public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius, this had expanded to 135. Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade (

2948:

heir. The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape. No emperor could hope to survive without the allegiance of the

2900:

advisors that included not only senators and equestrians, but trusted slaves and freedmen. After Nero, the influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion, and the emperor's council (

9486:

Odoacer, who dethroned the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476, used neither the imperial insignia nor the colour purple; they were used exclusively by the emperor in Byzantium.

30402: 9560:

in the last of their successors", "The life of this inoffensive youth was spared by the generous clemency of Odoacer; who dismissed him, with his whole family, from the Imperial palace.

5287:, "play, game, sport, training", had a wide range of meanings such as "word play", "theatrical performance", "board game", "primary school", and even "gladiator training school" (as in 2495: 4744:. A good indicator of nutrition and disease burden is average height: the average Roman was shorter in stature than the population of pre-Roman Italian societies and medieval Europe. 13560: 5459:) woven vertically: the wider the stripe, the higher the wearer's status. Other garments could be layered over the tunic. Common male attire also included cloaks and in some regions 3237:). Because Roman government officials were few, a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity. 33483: 33478: 2645:

The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the early Empire. Roman aristocracy was based on competition, and unlike later

10203: 5222:

were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training, often unarmed, and with no expectation of survival; physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate

13192:, p. 179, The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus: Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition, 6294:). Parents were expected to act as role models, and working parents passed their skills to their children, who might also enter apprenticeships. Young children were attended by a 6145:

declared "if all seas were ink, all reeds were pen, all skies parchment, and all men scribes, they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government's concerns".

8713:

After the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Osmanli Turks called their empire the Empire of Rum (Rome).

4326: 2615:, the political career track, but equestrians often possessed greater wealth and political power. Membership in the equestrian order was based on property; in Rome's early days, 2161:, "Latin right"), but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by non-citizens. Free people not considered citizens, but living within the Roman world, were 30103: 6743: 2485:): the two continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other. A freedman was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods, but could play a 14105:

Hong, S.; Candelone, J.-P.; Patterson, C. C.; Boutron, C. F. (1996). "History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice".

8498: 3556:) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking. "There can be little doubt that the lower classes of ... provincial towns of the Roman Empire enjoyed a high 3517:

vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product during the Principate. In the sample years of 14, 100, and 150 AD, estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380

25646: 7015:

throughout the Empire and beyond. Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic, with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials.

6966:

posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and granting of special exemptions. Tertullian noted that Judaism, unlike Christianity, was considered a

6151:

was necessary for commerce. Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers; some were highly educated. Graffiti and low-quality inscriptions with misspellings and

4064:

Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment. Both textiles and finished garments were traded and products were often named for peoples or towns, like a

15163: 7486:(a Byzantine/Roman successor state). Nicaea is usually considered the "legitimate" continuation of the Roman Empire during the "interregnum" 1204–1261 (over its rivals in 2380:, but their unions were sometimes recognized. Technically, a slave could not own property, but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual fund ( 884: 17724:

Kraus, T.J. (2000). "(Il)literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt: Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times".

6221:) associated with the villa lifestyle. Significant collections might attract "in-house" scholars, and an individual benefactor might endow a community with a library (as 4681:, public facilities, and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower-class Romans, and kept social unrest in check. The satirist 2338:

and industry, such as milling and mining, relied on the exploitation of slaves. Outside Italy, slaves were on average an estimated 10 to 20% of the population, sparse in

14196: 7939:"This mentality," notes John T. Koch, "lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible"; entry on "Interpretatio romana," in 5885: 3810:

The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula (silver, copper, lead, iron and gold); Gaul (gold, silver, iron); Britain (mainly iron, lead, tin), the

3087:

Through his military reforms, which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty, Augustus regularized the legion. A legion was organized into ten

2565:"Senator" was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an 2274: 5610:, which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with realistic painting. Marble portrait sculpture were painted, but traces have rarely survived. 2980: 7246:

with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire, which was aborted by his death. In the medieval West, "Roman" came to mean the church and the Catholic Pope. The Greek form

6316:. For the socially ambitious, education in Greek as well as Latin was necessary. Schools became more numerous during the Empire, increasing educational opportunities. 4591:), but it was not a place to retreat from public life. Although some neighbourhoods show a higher concentration of such houses, they were not segregated enclaves. The 3201:. A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed, but he could delegate various duties. His staff, however, was minimal: his official attendants ( 1896:

The dominance of Latin and Greek among the literate elite obscure the continuity of other spoken languages within the Empire. Latin, referred to in its spoken form as

439: 425: 400: 8649: 8253:

As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome

3114:: nine cohorts, ostensibly to maintain the public peace, which were garrisoned in Italy. Better paid than the legionaries, the Praetorians served only sixteen years. 5722:. In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs, wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and theatre, landscapes and gardens, 12680: 6385:

of grammar, Latin and Greek rhetoric, and philosophy at Rome, and gave secondary teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties. In the Eastern Empire,

4456:) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana. Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries were encouraged to "inculcate the habits of peacetime". As the classicist 13171: 5245:

were critical of the brutal spectacles, but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter—an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the

15428:, p. 191, reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies. 6363:("speaking ability, eloquence") was considered the "glue" of civilized society. Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge (though it required a command of the 4728:

population. Average lifespan is estimated at the mid-twenties, and perhaps more than half of children died before reaching adulthood. Dense urban populations and

33346: 7283: 4673:

Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic, when the state began to provide a grain dole (

4181:

were among the first large and lasting bridges, built from stone (and in most cases concrete) with the arch as the basic structure. The largest Roman bridge was

2653:

brought distinction and privileges, but also responsibilities. In antiquity, a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works, events, and services (

2334:

urban settings, slaves might be professionals such as teachers, physicians, chefs, and accountants; the majority of slaves provided trained or unskilled labour.

33488: 21621: 10777:

gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.

1355: 4882:) furnished with couches. By the late Republic, women dined, reclined, and drank wine along with men. The poet Martial describes a dinner, beginning with the 29326: 23646: 9433: 7465:, to which the new senate was largely identical. By 450, Constantinople was much grander in size and adornment than Rome and unquestionably senior in status. 2451:

faced social disapproval, as they were considered part of the family household and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family.

9720:

Moretti, G (1993), "The Other World and the 'Antipodes': The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance", in de Gruyter, Walter (ed.),

1944:

for inscriptions, an exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military. The last reference to Gaulish was between 560 and 575. The emergent

33336: 23478: 17313: 8095: 5847: 5005:

complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for "bread and circuses", he was referring to the state-provided grain dole and the

1201: 4270:, and to a technological standard not equalled until modern times. The Romans also used aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire. 3852:. At its peak around the mid-2nd century, the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t, five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of 30812: 30728: 9584: 7689:

the offspring of citizens—in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship. The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by

6941:

and public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, which conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "

4640:

animals, rendered accurately enough to be identified by species. On a more practical level, the central government took an active interest in supporting

1861:, started with the advent of Latin literature. Due to the flexible language policy of the Empire, a natural competition of language emerged that spurred 20342:

Edmondson, J.C. (1996). "Dynamic Arenas: Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire".

9643: 6298:, usually a Greek slave or former slave, who kept the child safe, taught self-discipline and public behaviour, attended class and helped with tutoring. 5639:

Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly, though often in damaged or fragmentary condition, including freestanding statuary in marble, bronze and

3231:, whose authority was originally "extra-judicial and extra-constitutional", managed both state-owned property and the personal property of the emperor ( 33463: 33211: 11592:

Taylor, Timothy (2010). "Believing the ancients: Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia".

9546: 5867: 2888:, and centralized the right to declare war, ratify treaties, and negotiate with foreign leaders. While these functions were clearly defined during the 14907:

Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007). "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications".

5257:, however, offers "detailed, indeed luxuriant, descriptions of bodily suffering", and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction. 30606: 26914: 25639: 9509: 6334:

into adulthood, and began to learn leadership roles through mentoring from a senior family member or family friend. Higher education was provided by

4654:

that sustained urban life. Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres. Agricultural techniques such as

19492: 5368:

originally was an exercise field where young men learned horsemanship and warfare. Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime. According to

4560: 5384:. Women were encouraged to maintain health through activities such as playing ball, swimming, walking, or reading aloud (as a breathing exercise). 1550:

sole emperor and placing himself as Zeno's nominal subordinate. In reality, Italy was ruled by Odoacer alone. The Eastern Roman Empire, called the

14662: 4958:

as an ideal. Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished and trade routes were disrupted; the Church formally discouraged

33503: 33473: 27906: 24068: 3133:

of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic, Hispanic or Germanic areas. Several aspects of training and equipment derived from the Celts.

2958:, a monetary reward. In theory, the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor, but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians. 3527:

is estimated as 40 to 66% higher than in the rest of the Empire, due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income.

33351: 30955: 30817: 30130: 30078: 10608: 6899:

the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local gods. By the height of the Empire, numerous

5658:

are characteristic of the 2nd to 4th centuries. Sarcophagus relief has been called the "richest single source of Roman iconography", depicting

4630:

The villa by contrast was an escape from the city, and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances intellectual and artistic interests (

4557:, but in the late 4th century, individual tubs began to replace communal bathing. Christians were advised to go to the baths only for hygiene. 3129:

there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries—thus, around 125,000 men, implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments. The

1644:, a "global map of the known world" was displayed for the first time in public at Rome, coinciding with the creation of the most comprehensive 24503: 23552: 16642: 6851:, state religion adapted to support the new regime. Augustus justified one-man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform. 1373:

was tumultuous; an emperor's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution and, following its collapse, the Empire was engulfed by the

33376: 27938: 21508: 19400:

Thompson, Glen L. (2005). "Constantius II and the First Removal of the Altar of Victory". In Jean-Jacques Aubert; Zsuzsanna Varhelyi (eds.).

19017:. See, for instance, the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess 7074:, there were no "pagan martyrs" during his reign, and people who had not converted to Christianity remained in important positions at court. 18305: 10346: 4636:) with an appreciation of nature and agriculture. Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista, carefully framed by the architectural design. 1640:, though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century, when Roman control in Europe, Africa, and Asia was strengthened. Under 33523: 32721: 28569: 27921: 25632: 23782: 22050: 21482:

The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD, in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire

15948: 13548: 7384: 1664:) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of the Empire. Geography alongside meticulous written records were central concerns of 8211:

Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople

7652:

It has been called a state of bilingualism but that's only true of the educated and so Bruno Rochette suggests it's more appropriate as a

6159: 3370:

The pervasiveness of Roman law throughout Western Europe enormously influenced the Western legal tradition, reflected by continued use of

2757:, especially if they declined to fulfil religious responsibilities, and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of 1420:

reorganised and restored much of it in 285. Diocletian's reign brought the empire's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of

31632: 30822: 28883: 22092: 22080: 19532:

Salzman, Michele Renee (1993). "The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the 'Theodosian Code".

9133: 9090: 7711: 5897: 5590:

Portraiture, which survives mainly in sculpture, was the most copious form of imperial art. Portraits during the Augustan period utilize

5215: 3530:

Economic dynamism resulted in social mobility. Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society, wealth requirements for

5531:

in their homes. Despite the value placed on art, even famous artists were of low social status, partly as they worked with their hands.

2649:, a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands. Admission to the higher 31365: 31345: 28533: 27463: 22139: 13678: 7023:

in AD 64, the emperor attempted to deflect blame from himself onto the Christians. A major persecution occurred under the emperor

6949:), and subversive activity. Thus, sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists. In Gaul, the power of the 6680:

quality. A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century, with the

5172:), which were nonetheless frequent and satisfying to the crowd. The races retained a magical aura through their early association with 29281: 9914: 33291: 31433: 30478: 28667: 19271: 12410: 6739: 5441: 5417: 4051:

Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories: domestic, with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs;

3178: 2566: 9269: 2804:

was necessary to maintain order, collect information, and extract revenue. The Romans often exploited internal political divisions.

32565: 30611: 28574: 23471: 22055: 21170: 13960: 9619: 8580: 6483:

in Latin verse. Ovid's erotic poetry was enormously popular, but ran afoul of Augustan morality, contributing to his exile. Ovid's

2975: 2406:

against their masters. A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution, as

2066:

and social power. From the perspective of the lower classes, a peak was merely added to the social pyramid. Personal relationships—

782: 17600:

Musicians and Musical Instruments in Roman and Early Byzantine Mosaics of the Land of Israel: Sources, Precursors and Significance

8482: 5451:

Ordinary clothing was dark or colourful. The basic garment for all Romans, regardless of gender or wealth, was the simple sleeved

3926:, the state mail and transport service established by Augustus. Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve 2370:. A slave could not as a matter of law be raped; a slave's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the 1981: 32205: 31021: 30515: 28139: 25997: 24103: 23427: 22065: 20049:

A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature

15202: 6731: 2587:, but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate. A senator could be removed for violating moral standards. 2415: 23580: 7531:'Exalted State of Rome'). In this sense, it could be argued that a "Roman" Empire survived until the early 20th century. 6040:

was integral to almost every social occasion. Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos. Various woodwinds and

5711: 955:, meaning "command" (typically in a military sense). Occasionally, successful consuls or generals were given the honorary title 33453: 32653: 31355: 27351: 23752: 23372: 22060: 21794: 19592:

Demarsin, Koen (2011). "'Paganism' in Late Antiquity: Thematic studies Introduction". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

9018: 7121:

According to recent Jewish scholarship, toleration of the Jews was maintained under Christian emperors. This did not extend to

5994: 1633: 1444: 871: 667: 17798: 15797: 14149: 13180:, pp. 177–179, Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt, where the climate preserved the papyri.. 10750:

And coming to Clermont he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatæ in the Gallic tongue,

4918:. Luxury ingredients were imported from the far reaches of empire. A book-length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to 33508: 33231: 30882: 30601: 28817: 27980: 26907: 25456: 24838: 23342: 22167: 21694: 21414: 21372: 21287: 21265: 21243: 21220: 21198: 21164: 21078: 21041: 21019: 20993: 20955: 20929: 20910: 20818: 20799: 20777: 20718: 20672: 20653: 20634: 20615: 20596: 20534: 20512: 20487: 20461: 20439: 20420: 20401: 20382: 20360: 20332: 20313: 20291: 20269: 20243: 20213: 20194: 20160: 20138: 20119: 20097: 20078: 20056: 20013: 19965: 19920: 19837: 19798: 19773: 19684: 19601: 19576: 19417: 19391: 19363: 18928: 18299: 17388: 16974: 16662: 15858: 15531: 15363: 15061: 15036: 14879: 14797: 14736: 14714: 14389: 14350: 14045: 13841: 13766: 13594: 13524: 13024: 12910: 12482: 12284: 12060: 11909: 11853: 11789: 10928: 10907: 10846: 10769: 10602: 10488: 10439: 10340: 10291: 10252: 10189: 10152: 9740: 9479: 9407: 9379: 9314: 8938: 8890: 8706: 8492: 8438: 8399: 8360: 8318: 8307:

Maxwell, Kathleen (2016). "Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches".

8276: 8234: 8204: 8162: 8120: 8074: 7998: 7977: 7275: 5727: 5718:. Much of what is known of Roman painting is from the interior decoration of private homes, particularly as preserved by the 5707: 3830:—took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century, when the instability of the Empire disrupted production. 3822:(gold, silver); and Asia Minor (gold, silver, iron, tin). Intensive large-scale mining—of alluvial deposits, and by means of 2737:

Execution, which was an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic, could be quick and relatively painless for

2155:). The legal status of free persons was further defined by their citizenship. Most citizens held limited rights (such as the 2117:): professional and trade guilds, veterans' groups, religious sodalities, drinking and dining clubs, performing troupes, and 1627: 1350:

in 180 marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron", a comment which has led some historians, notably

822: 10445: 10297: 10258: 8444: 8405: 8366: 8324: 8282: 8240: 8168: 8126: 8080: 7631:

Bang, Peter Fibiger (2011), "The King of Kings: Universal Hegemony, Imperial Power, and a New Comparative History of Rome",

5412: 2363: 33513: 33458: 31303: 28614: 27889: 27697: 26299: 26017: 23967: 23532: 23432: 23307: 22460: 9056: 8621: 4359:

administered at the local level with police and firefighting services. A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the

1855:

There was never a legal requirement for Latin in the Empire, but it represented a certain status. High standards of Latin,

491: 25362: 15566:

Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (1 April 2005). "The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia".

9932:

Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G. (2017). "A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements".

6830:

to the family's domestic deities. Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The

3948:

was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day. Carts were usually pulled by mules, travelling about 4 mph.

2800:

agricultural fields, and religious sites. The Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to rule through force alone.

1702: 33448: 33443: 32147: 31350: 31254: 30493: 27943: 27806: 26970: 26812: 26555: 26503: 23464: 22013: 21125: 14855:

Crow, J. (2007). "Earth, walls and water in Late Antique Constantinople". In Lavan, L.; Zanini, E.; Sarantis, A. (eds.).

9875:

Goldsmith, Raymond W. (2005). "An Estimate of the Size And Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire".

7356: 6855:

now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional

5719: 5189: 4753: 2192: 12143:, for instance, held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were "open" seats 3404:. The typical tax rate for individuals ranged from 2 to 5%. The tax code was "bewildering" in its complicated system of 2304:) between a male citizen and a married woman, or between a married woman and any man other than her husband. That is, a 32001: 28662: 28247: 27874: 27707: 27468: 26694: 26365: 25508: 24508: 23508: 21684: 16487:

Studia Patristica: Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003

12674: 8139:

Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople

7778: 6937:, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice, practiced in addition to one's 6669: 6592: 6447: 537: 23589: 6331: 5117:

Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world. The Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the

4284:, a form of central heating. The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later 3469: 3071: 33396: 31360: 30750: 27894: 27869: 27712: 26806: 26414: 24152: 23352: 22112: 21679: 21674: 21650: 21501: 21309: 21084: 20974: 19880: 19472: 19104: 19075: 17356: 16949: 16723: 15323: 14081: 14063: 13973: 13619: 12750: 12633: 12500: 12117: 12000: 11884: 11673: 11421: 11369: 10871: 10685:

Curchin, Leonard A. (1995). "Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain".

10647: 10110: 9143: 9110: 9066: 9032: 8994: 8822: 7735:

The relation of the equestrian order to the "public horse" and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations (such as the

5519:—is often analysed for historical or ideological significance. In the private sphere, artistic objects were made for 5471:

considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians, in contrast to the toga, and for educated people.

5372:, conservative Romans disapproved of Greek-style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake, and condemned 4190: 23828: 23772: 6185:—pages bound to a spine—was still a novelty in the 1st century, but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the 4246:, reflects the administrative importance placed on the water supply. Masonry channels carried water along a precise 4044:

Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in Rome and 85 in Pompeii. Professional associations or trade guilds (

3265: 33433: 33226: 32587: 32132: 31727: 31385: 31292: 30252: 28266: 27547: 27433: 26900: 25655: 24036: 23818: 23367: 22040: 21689: 21616: 19714: 19638: 14728: 2801: 2770: 1532: 1524: 1512: 1480: 1303: 223: 23456: 10748:

Veniens vero Arvernos, delubrum illud, quod Gallica lingua Vasso Galatæ vocant, incendit, diruit, atque subvertit.

5640: 4610: 33498: 33326: 33261: 32306: 32157: 31760: 31625: 31112: 30463: 30088: 29230: 28876: 28390: 28302: 28149: 28144: 27975: 27843: 26824: 25134: 23810: 23805: 21633: 21566: 21431: 21007: 9709: 4415: 4052: 2433:

brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves. Slaves were also traded in markets and sometimes sold by

86: 29151: 24296: 17305: 11543: 10789:

Guiter, Henri (1995). "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania". In Bochnakowa, Anna; Widlak, Stanislan (eds.).

9427: 5837:

was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC, and by the 3rd century, Egypt and the

5237:

Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the "theatre of life and death" difficult to understand.

2583:

at Rome. Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600-member body by appointment. A senator's son belonged to the

1435:. Confident that he fixed the disorder plaguing Rome, he abdicated along with his co-emperor, but the Tetrarchy 33493: 32517: 31944: 31777: 31715: 31102: 30509: 30488: 28338: 27926: 27403: 26800: 26704: 26648: 25806: 24093: 23913: 23607: 22387: 22312: 22070: 20107: 18119: 18113: 9342: 8226:

Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527–554

6942: 6848: 6167: 5491: 3106: 3097: 1608:

in history, with contiguous territories throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Latin phrase

1589: 1577: 1459:

dynasties, the empire was divided along an east–west axis, with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome.

985: 814: 707: 31403: 27106: 20728:

Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (2012). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna".

16200:

D'Ambra, Eva (2007). "Racing with Death: Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy".

14224:

De Callataÿ, François (2015). "The Graeco-Roman economy in the super long-run: Lead, copper, and shipwrecks".

13630:

Middle and Lower Class Housing in Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Preliminary Survey," In Neue Forschung in Pompeji

9576: 8310:

Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches

6790:

The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success to their collective piety (

5149:, from a dining room in present-day Libya, depicts a series of arena scenes: from top, musicians; gladiators; 3564:

captured about 20% of income. The "vast majority" produced more than half of the total income, but lived near

33468: 32670: 32152: 32061: 31446: 31428: 31076: 30108: 28589: 28420: 28307: 27838: 27833: 26689: 26623: 26422: 26154: 26077: 25928: 25572: 23737: 22883: 20765: 17559:

Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (2010). "The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period".

9244: 8789:

Frontiers in the Roman World: Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire

5508: 5193: 2688:

of certain senators and their immediate family, including women. "Grades" of equestrian status proliferated.

1817: 1725: 190: 31: 23542: 11721:

Gamauf, Richard (2009). "Slaves doing business: The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household".

10171: 9635: 9535: 8016:"The So-Called Division of the Roman Empire in AD 395: Notes on a Persistent Theme in Modern Historiography" 6773: 6401:(1st–3rd century AD) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social, educational, and esthetic values. 5126: 3970:

Roman provinces traded among themselves, but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as

3336:

regarded as common and customary. If provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom, Roman courts heard

2295: 988:

by a faction that opposed his concentration of power. This faction was driven from Rome and defeated at the

33281: 33266: 33161: 31370: 30967: 30586: 30525: 30355: 30165: 28348: 28287: 28272: 28124: 27985: 27438: 27304: 25567: 25451: 24098: 24016: 23874: 23742: 23722: 23654: 22723: 22327: 21779: 21494: 21470: 20924:. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (5–7 July 2007). Brill. 19068:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

16102: 9505: 7715: 6992: 6959: 6852: 6525: 4954:. Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food, and adopted 3401: 3152:. Another duty was protecting maritime trade against pirates. It patrolled the Mediterranean, parts of the 2857: 2407: 2268: 2130: 2098: 2059: 973: 142:

Roman territorial evolution from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire

17: 7250:

remained attached to the Greek-speaking Christian population of the Byzantine Empire and is still used by

6962:

established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman-provincial identity. The monotheistic rigour of

5647:

from public buildings and monuments. Niches in amphitheatres were originally filled with statues, as were

3538:. Prestige could be obtained through investing one's wealth in grand estates or townhouses, luxury items, 32687: 32198: 32111: 32106: 31722: 31423: 30800: 30703: 30242: 30001: 28692: 28410: 28256: 28038: 27948: 27848: 27734: 27702: 27387: 26818: 26770: 26461: 25948: 25577: 24614: 24119: 23504: 23422: 23347: 23106: 22162: 22045: 21591: 19789:

Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane J.; Neuschel, Kristen B.; Accampo, Elinor Ann (2010).

19507: 14150:"Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by greek and roman civilizations" 13832:

Scheidel, Walter (2009). "The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires". In Scheidel, Walter (ed.).

13272:

Politics and Culture in International History from the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age

7811:

is an elusive topic in scholarship, since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters. Historian

7243: 6250: 5122: 4641: 4348: 3751: 3504: 3352: 2668:("worth, esteem") that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as 2595: 2422: 2335: 2044: 1593: 1436: 1374: 858: 683: 606: 580: 556: 23833: 21455: 11263:

Woodhull, Margaret L. (2004). "Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire: The Case of Salvia Postuma".

8933:, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider (2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 148–158, 8337:

Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople

8268:

Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary

7575:

evolved into formal titles, the former denoting the heir and the latter the monarch. In some languages,

7242:

established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire. He even launched an

6141:) read or write their official documents for them. The military produced extensive written records. The 4613:. The houses were located on busy public roads, and ground-level spaces were often rented out as shops ( 3105:, has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280. After Germanic tribes wiped out three legions in the 2443: 1908:. References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages, particularly in Egypt with 32558: 32281: 32167: 32162: 31618: 31279: 30542: 30385: 30257: 30147: 28905: 28869: 28747: 28375: 28195: 28102: 28075: 28010: 27884: 27418: 27344: 26764: 26758: 26709: 26699: 26129: 26114: 25977: 24041: 23727: 23382: 23046: 22938: 22708: 22480: 22302: 22210: 22075: 22018: 20279: 19873:

The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. Atlantic America, 1492–1800

14654: 7874:

Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises:

7134: 6617: 5527:, domestic use, and commerce. The wealthy advertised their appreciation of culture through artwork and 4786:

could be used for rudimentary cookery. Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars, inns, and food stalls (

4729: 4554: 4255: 4144: 4119: 3961: 3815: 3691: 2825: 2507: 1778: 1555: 1263: 826: 746: 730: 23792: 10586:

A linguistic analysis of a collection of late Latin documents composed in Ravenna between A.D. 445–700

7062:

condemned the diverse religions practiced throughout the Empire as "pagan". In the early 4th century,

6450:, along with that of the Republic, has been viewed as the "Golden Age" of Latin literature, embodying 6319: 5294: 5108:) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres, or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an 4847:(pottage) was considered the food of the Romans, and could be elaborated to produce dishes similar to 4159:. Some Roman structures still stand today, due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and 3844:

to be extracted on a proto-industrial scale. The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500

33206: 33166: 32607: 32137: 31891: 31852: 31512: 31441: 31016: 30872: 30805: 30031: 29974: 28777: 28543: 28466: 28430: 27448: 27413: 27408: 26876: 26159: 25535: 24683: 24247: 24021: 23777: 23402: 22495: 22450: 22377: 22297: 22245: 22235: 22187: 21534: 19958:

Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France

19571:. Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge University Press. pp. 634, 640, 651. 13285: 8671: 7703: 7012: 6856: 6652: 6271: 6119: 6114: 5798: 5788: 5524: 5407: 5337: 5249:

in the arena. Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed-up form of

5185: 5130: 5076:, which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue, and stadium. Greek-style athletics included 4662:

were disseminated throughout the Empire, and new crops were introduced from one province to another.

4602: 4542: 3724: 3371: 3219:, both civil and military, usually of equestrian rank; and friends who accompanied him unofficially. 2892:, the emperor's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical, culminating in the 2541: 2515: 2481: 2067: 1828:

Latin and Greek were the main languages of the Empire, but the Empire was deliberately multilingual.

1251: 1058:

were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it

864: 806: 652: 296: 30933: 23641: 21445: 19402:

A Tall Order: Writing the Social History of the Ancient World – Essays in honor of William V. Harris

7144: 5594:, evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism. Republican portraits were characterized by 4189:, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built. The Romans built many 2553: 33518: 33306: 33034: 32796: 32756: 32746: 32694: 31553: 31273: 31058: 30765: 30292: 30287: 30093: 29824: 29374: 29027: 28892: 28792: 28782: 28762: 28732: 28687: 28385: 28227: 28159: 28129: 28109: 27990: 27666: 27631: 27428: 26782: 26134: 25987: 25923: 25493: 25468: 25318: 24977: 24972: 24078: 23984: 23717: 23694: 23003: 22913: 22422: 22402: 22397: 22382: 22335: 22275: 22230: 22032: 20223: 12391:"The Associative Order: Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire" 7517: 7379: 7052: 6721: 6336: 5932: 5671: 5623: 5393: 4826: 4707: 4469: 4061:), these may have been mostly slaves, but elsewhere slave farm labour was probably less important. 4030: 3860:

around 800 AD. As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production, lead pollution in the

3609: 3383: 2945: 2684: 2664: 2376: 2346: 2245: 2086:, however, it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen, or an 2079: 2063: 1486: 1468: 1425: 818: 802: 754: 738: 210: 31160: 15029:

Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes

14259:

Settle, D. M.; Patterson, C. C. (1980). "Lead in albacore: Guide to lead pollution in Americans".

10815:

Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies

9780: 5973:

was played without masks, and encouraged stylistic realism. Female roles were performed by women.

4553:

heating: the floors were suspended over hot-air channels. Public baths were part of urban culture

3455:

of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire.

2358:

Laws pertaining to slavery were "extremely intricate". Slaves were considered property and had no

33528: 33438: 33084: 32992: 32291: 32286: 32142: 31800: 31502: 31375: 31031: 30979: 30682: 30473: 30380: 30267: 29902: 29253: 28672: 28435: 28292: 28262: 28237: 28154: 28114: 28053: 27952: 27717: 27687: 27055: 26870: 26545: 26437: 26399: 25894: 25824: 25560: 25441: 24982: 24935: 24878: 24577: 24521: 24269: 24088: 24083: 23537: 23513: 23412: 23392: 23332: 23322: 23312: 22718: 22407: 22307: 22287: 22202: 22192: 21897: 21837: 21817: 21529: 20787: 20174: 19554: 19488: 19379: 17896: 16466: 15913: 11486:, noting that custom "allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change"; 10320: 9302: 7361: 7351: 7211: 7115: 7067: 7000: 6977: 6576: 6295: 5918: 5042: 4426:, England: architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction. 4372: 4321: 4186: 3344: 3017: 2528:) is translated variously and inexactly into English as "class, order, rank". One purpose of the 2430: 2324: 2169: 1945: 1929: 1877: 1660: 1612:("empire without end") expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire. In 1605: 1464: 920: 798: 699: 31418: 29842: 23762: 19005:

Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus

18289: 12277:

The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire

10830: 8094:

Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

6288:

Traditional Roman education was moral and practical. Stories were meant to instil Roman values (

3690:, and regulation of the banking system was minimal. Banks of classical antiquity typically kept 1964:, as were several now-extinct languages in Anatolia, are attested in Imperial-era inscriptions. 33256: 33246: 32835: 32766: 32751: 32232: 32191: 31966: 31795: 31540: 31408: 31053: 30862: 30857: 30787: 30677: 30520: 30392: 30125: 29555: 29506: 29449: 29394: 29248: 28370: 28358: 28134: 28119: 27811: 27453: 26830: 26776: 26724: 26714: 26550: 26493: 26164: 25582: 25483: 25478: 25166: 25114: 25034: 24967: 24871: 24856: 24749: 24516: 24470: 24311: 24198: 23594: 23417: 23407: 23357: 23337: 23151: 23126: 23091: 22973: 22698: 22345: 22107: 21638: 20894: 20857:

Millar, Fergus (2012). "Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status".

14635:

Lechtman, H. N.; Hobbs, L. W. (1987). "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution".

13959:

Hirt, Alfred M. (2020). "Gold and Silver Mining in the Roman Empire". In Butcher, Kevin (ed.).

13512: 12902: 12341: 7907:

Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii: Antonio Varone,

7491: 7231: 7227: 7163: 7111: 7008: 6880: 6563: 6118:

Pride in literacy was displayed through emblems of reading and writing, as in this portrait of

6082: 5357:

as a form of gambling was disapproved of, but was a popular pastime during the festival of the

5077: 4870:

Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes, for whom the evening meal (

4098:

were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into

3781: 3224: 3088: 2075: 1995: 1933: 1829: 1576:

in an attempt to claim a connection to the former Empire. His claim was soon recognized by the

1567: 1231: 723: 480: 272: 23869: 23757: 23747: 20186: 16654: 12050: 8882: 8874: 6215:

Collectors amassed personal libraries, and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure (

5703: 4890:, beans, greens, a chicken, and leftover ham, followed by a dessert of fruit and wine. Roman " 3601: 2362:. They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens, 2343:

ceasing in the 6th and 7th centuries with the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy.

1479:, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 after making Christianity the 1004:

between them, but this did not last long. Octavian's forces defeated those of Mark Antony and

33428: 33366: 33341: 33271: 32954: 32682: 32455: 32413: 32383: 32046: 31911: 31531: 31413: 31087: 31063: 30918: 30397: 30282: 30180: 30155: 29747: 29626: 29580: 29511: 29476: 28677: 28604: 28584: 28498: 28447: 28205: 28185: 27995: 27589: 27557: 27443: 27423: 27337: 27222: 26794: 26638: 26590: 26576: 26404: 26144: 26057: 26007: 25686: 25669: 25513: 25473: 25286: 25161: 24225: 24215: 24174: 24145: 23387: 23317: 23141: 22893: 22693: 22688: 22485: 22392: 22317: 22280: 22265: 22240: 22220: 22122: 18976:

Harland, P. (2003). "Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life: Associations in Roman Asia".

18723:

Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire

17378: 12523:

Coleman, K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments".

7747: 7453: 6973: 6895: 6616:

is a primary source for imperial biography. Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are

6490: 6137: 6023: 5922: 5814: 5464: 4876:) had important social functions. Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( 4763: 4759: 4385:. With its public gardens, the Campus was among the most attractive places in Rome to visit. 4267: 4168: 4019: 4001: 3849: 3772:

and monetary reforms, the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness.

3716: 3524: 3491: 3318: 3212: 2865: 2655: 2182: 2022: 1949: 1452: 1440: 830: 778: 656: 29712: 29220: 25401: 16477:

Llewelyn, S.R.; Nobbs, A.M. (2002). "The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri".

13647: 12894: 10822: 9772: 7741:) is complex, but those who participated in the latter seem, for instance, to have been the 3140:

not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions but also in the protection of the

33361: 33116: 33029: 33007: 32930: 32926: 32855: 32771: 32716: 32711: 32534: 32378: 32267: 32101: 32096: 32036: 31971: 31876: 31507: 31380: 31320: 31173: 31107: 30950: 30938: 30782: 30591: 30350: 30345: 30247: 30207: 30011: 29907: 29897: 29890: 29444: 28528: 28343: 28232: 28210: 27864: 27762: 27646: 27514: 26842: 26719: 26658: 26643: 26566: 26530: 26486: 26476: 26254: 26226: 26032: 25876: 25774: 25718: 25606: 25436: 25406: 25281: 25212: 25183: 25102: 24436: 24274: 24264: 24073: 23684: 23603: 23518: 23397: 23362: 23051: 22918: 22818: 22743: 22608: 22571: 21947: 21611: 20301: 20044: 19456: 19224: 14624: 14268: 14164: 14114: 11817:

Abusch, Ra'anan (2003). "Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire".

9903: 9020:

Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce:

8181:

the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century

7431: 7427: 7374: 7262: 7079: 6980:

in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power (see

6955: 6900: 6709: 6676:

In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin, the literary esthetic of late antiquity has a

6596: 6394: 6171: 6045: 6010: 5754: 5633: 5607: 5373: 5283: 5081: 5072:) that ended at the venue. Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the 4595:

was meant to be visible and accessible. The atrium served as a reception hall in which the

4152: 3965: 3883: 3624:

The early Empire was monetized to a near-universal extent, using money as a way to express

3613: 3560:

not equaled again in Western Europe until the 19th century". Households in the top 1.5% of

3500: 3141: 2985: 2591: 2007: 1796: 1599: 1508: 1472: 810: 715: 695: 472: 418: 61: 30537: 25386: 23041: 19675:

Sáry, Pál (2019). "Remarks on the Edict of Thessalonica of 380". In Vojtech Vladár (ed.).

19275: 12390: 9261: 8866: 8595: 5744: 2466:

for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women, probably his wife and daughter

8: 33386: 33251: 33121: 32911: 32840: 32597: 32570: 32553: 32541: 32363: 32319: 32066: 31996: 31939: 31856: 31682: 31569: 31497: 31325: 31315: 31286: 31154: 30987: 30928: 30498: 30407: 30307: 30297: 30237: 30232: 30227: 30217: 30212: 30197: 30192: 30113: 29969: 29847: 29792: 29717: 29141: 29105: 28812: 28802: 28757: 28523: 28488: 28483: 28200: 27821: 27757: 27677: 27258: 27203: 27117: 27024: 27002: 26864: 26595: 26498: 26481: 26471: 26326: 26249: 26072: 26067: 26002: 25902: 25812: 25298: 25178: 25144: 25046: 24866: 24861: 24673: 24392: 24328: 24203: 24188: 23857: 23658: 23631: 23327: 23176: 22978: 22848: 22798: 22117: 21714: 21155: 19677:

Perpauca Terrena Blande Honori dedicata pocta Petrovi Blahovi K Nedožitým 80. Narodeninám

12743:

Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire

11872: 11497:

Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian

11186: 11144: 9773: 7526: 7487: 7315: 7279: 7258: 7223: 7102: 7075: 7028: 6928: 6876: 6725: 6644: 6502: 6498: 6313: 6240:

Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups. Public readings (

5858: 5749: 5699: 5659: 5581: 5381: 5331: 5254: 5223: 5154: 4565: 4221: 3861: 3561: 3478: 3363: 3186: 2967: 2750: 2540:

in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian. Outside Rome, cities or colonies were led by

2311: 1953: 1645: 1623: 1456: 1398: 1331: 940:) and provinces administered by military commanders. It was governed by annually elected 794: 541: 218: 206: 25014: 25004: 21142: 21102:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?" 14272: 14168: 14118: 9611: 8699:

Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships

6204: 6026:

and dance existed in Rome from earliest times. Music was customary at funerals, and the

5161: 4254:

alone. It was then collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains, baths,

4132: 3388: 2753:. In the early Empire, those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as 2696: 33106: 33022: 33012: 32845: 32808: 32738: 32677: 32660: 32614: 32524: 32438: 32252: 32172: 32076: 31860: 31812: 31807: 31710: 31700: 31657: 31649: 31266: 30923: 30723: 30708: 30503: 30458: 30453: 30302: 29852: 29464: 28787: 28772: 28752: 28609: 28550: 28503: 28425: 28282: 28252: 28242: 28217: 28190: 28097: 28090: 28026: 27782: 27777: 27494: 26966: 26788: 26684: 26679: 26674: 26653: 26618: 26613: 26571: 26535: 26394: 26289: 26211: 26184: 26124: 26027: 26012: 25850: 25830: 25411: 25391: 25374: 25325: 25190: 24999: 24950: 24883: 24801: 24742: 24737: 24732: 24688: 24658: 24550: 24448: 24316: 24291: 24031: 23888: 23697: 23688: 23377: 23101: 22908: 22763: 22703: 22623: 22566: 22430: 21666: 21645: 21029: 21003: 20882: 20874: 20845: 20753: 20745: 20694: 20572: 20564: 20476: 20471: 20449: 20001: 19706: 19630: 19461: 19252: 19173: 19138: 19130: 19048: 18638: 18630: 17511: 17453: 17421: 17089: 16750: 16623: 16588: 16553: 16485:

Hildebrandt, Henrik (2006). "Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia – Fact or Fiction?".

15466: 15458: 15316:

Roman Art in the Private Sphere: Architecture and Décor of the Domus, Villa, and Insula

15244: 15194: 15186: 14924: 14777: 14769: 14694: 14534: 14315: 14241: 14188: 14130: 14014: 14006: 13941: 13933: 13670: 13136: 13128: 13100: 13092: 12548: 12540: 12209: 11942: 11738: 11619: 11601: 11477: 11466: 11318: 10702: 10195: 10008: 9983: 9949: 9888: 9367: 9192: 8641: 8555: 7915:

with aggressive messages: Phang, "Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy," p. 300.

7898:

posed the question as "what good would 'posted edicts' do in a world of low literacy?'.

7676: 7658: 7295: 7287: 7219: 7040: 7020: 6861: 6735: 6664: 6655:, Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective. In the late 4th century, 6608: 6529: 6253:. The emperor Julian banned Christians from teaching the classical curriculum, but the 5954: 5945: 5242: 5073: 4931: 4686: 4659: 4587:

was a privately owned single-family house, and might be furnished with a private bath (

4419: 4366: 4297: 4289: 4182: 3827: 3811: 3755: 3699: 3557: 3300: 3228: 3102: 3076: 2941: 2809: 2639: 2163: 2027: 1721:– was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. 1528: 1421: 1309: 1299: 1267: 1103: 1001: 989: 981: 838: 23016: 17494:

Franklin, James L. (1987). "Pantomimists at Pompeii: Actius Anicetus and His Troupe".

14725:

International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM 2008

11211:

The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.–A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army

10823: 9210: 7768:), were atypically wealthy cities, and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual. 7230:; upon Charles' death, Palaiologos reclaimed the title and on his death granted it to 6643:

From the 2nd to the 4th centuries, Christian authors were in active dialogue with the

5550: 3790: 2201: 1179: 1157: 915: 33236: 33138: 33126: 33111: 33091: 33002: 32949: 32921: 32903: 32706: 32582: 32575: 32388: 32336: 32314: 32242: 32051: 32026: 32006: 31986: 31976: 31866: 31848: 31817: 31750: 31667: 31641: 31186: 30847: 30795: 30777: 30718: 30340: 30277: 30272: 30202: 30098: 30058: 30053: 30036: 30006: 29672: 29616: 29610: 29459: 29436: 29258: 29188: 29146: 28737: 28727: 28599: 28513: 28478: 28405: 28395: 28173: 28043: 27957: 27787: 27767: 27741: 27729: 27524: 27519: 27504: 27499: 27484: 27249: 27239: 26633: 26628: 26561: 26520: 26514: 26355: 26274: 26269: 26264: 26259: 26062: 26042: 25992: 25982: 25963: 25520: 25416: 25352: 25347: 25276: 25173: 24888: 24816: 24811: 24653: 24582: 24565: 24560: 24555: 24355: 24306: 23977: 23847: 23527: 23011: 22863: 22618: 22578: 22556: 21764: 21410: 21368: 21305: 21283: 21275: 21261: 21239: 21232: 21216: 21194: 21160: 21117: 21074: 21037: 21015: 20989: 20970: 20951: 20944: 20925: 20906: 20886: 20814: 20795: 20773: 20757: 20714: 20706: 20668: 20649: 20630: 20611: 20592: 20584: 20576: 20544: 20530: 20522: 20508: 20483: 20457: 20435: 20416: 20397: 20378: 20356: 20328: 20309: 20287: 20265: 20253: 20239: 20209: 20190: 20179: 20156: 20134: 20115: 20093: 20074: 20052: 20009: 19961: 19916: 19876: 19833: 19794: 19769: 19680: 19597: 19572: 19468: 19413: 19387: 19359: 19256: 19142: 19100: 19071: 19052: 19031:

Momigliano, Arnaldo (1986). "The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State".

18978:(originally published in) Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte) 18924: 18642: 18295: 18161: 17476: 17384: 17352: 17093: 16970: 16945: 16719: 16658: 16627: 16592: 16307: 15854: 15846: 15527: 15470: 15359: 15319: 15248: 15057: 15032: 14928: 14875: 14793: 14781: 14732: 14710: 14698: 14385: 14346: 14284: 14245: 14180: 14134: 14077: 14059: 14041: 14033: 14018: 13969: 13945: 13925: 13837: 13762: 13674: 13615: 13590: 13520: 13140: 13104: 13020: 12906: 12895: 12746: 12629: 12552: 12496: 12478: 12280: 12113: 12056: 11996: 11905: 11880: 11849: 11785: 11742: 11669: 11623: 11417: 11365: 11322: 10924: 10903: 10877: 10867: 10842: 10799:

Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania

10765: 10643: 10598: 10484: 10435: 10336: 10287: 10248: 10199: 10185: 10148: 10106: 10013: 9953: 9736: 9475: 9403: 9375: 9310: 9139: 9106: 9062: 9028: 8990: 8934: 8886: 8818: 8702: 8547: 8488: 8434: 8395: 8356: 8314: 8272: 8230: 8200: 8158: 8116: 8070: 8027: 7994: 7973: 7707: 7690: 7207: 7191: 7032: 6934: 6693: 6581: 6222: 6142: 6103: 6070: 5927: 5540: 5496: 5238: 5060: 5011: 4951: 4935: 4715: 4501: 4273: 4123: 3940:) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the 3857: 3853: 3695: 3443: 3357: 3333: 3274: 3194: 3122: 2758: 2646: 2471: 2438: 2394: 2367: 2144: 2134: 2048: 1961: 1941: 1890: 1801: 1733: 1676: 1390: 1386: 1366: 932: 790: 770: 671: 610: 545: 511: 487: 33381: 15198: 14538: 14192: 12745:. Vol. 2. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–22, especially 4, 20. 10509: 8530:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". 7745:

who were accorded the high-status (and quite limited) seating at the theatre by the

5931:

All-male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance, on a mosaic from the

5098:) and a form of "water ballet", were presented in engineered pools. State-supported 4665: 4465: 4105: 2286:

As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order,

2062:. The civil war preceding Augustus caused upheaval, but did not effect an immediate 1671: 264: 32997: 32987: 32813: 32761: 32665: 32529: 32418: 32368: 32346: 32341: 32272: 32041: 31956: 31901: 31871: 31822: 31782: 31765: 31755: 31690: 31662: 31492: 31227: 30943: 30687: 30596: 30317: 30312: 30120: 30063: 30046: 30016: 29947: 29722: 29501: 29379: 29306: 29126: 29002: 28807: 28629: 28579: 28560: 28555: 28508: 28415: 28353: 28333: 28321: 28277: 28080: 28060: 28048: 27911: 27792: 27509: 27372: 27364: 27299: 26850: 26432: 26427: 26350: 26284: 26279: 26149: 26119: 26087: 25943: 25888: 25867: 25845: 25624: 25369: 25156: 25151: 25107: 25094: 25024: 24992: 24987: 24851: 24846: 24828: 24789: 24722: 24705: 24646: 24636: 24631: 24572: 24528: 24498: 24458: 24441: 24424: 24387: 24138: 24026: 23962: 23896: 23627: 23561: 23492: 23486: 23076: 23036: 22968: 22903: 22828: 22823: 22595: 22518: 22465: 22260: 22255: 22144: 22003: 21952: 21912: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21862: 21784: 21731: 21724: 21709: 21704: 21628: 21556: 21450: 21349: 21297: 21150: 21109: 21066: 21058: 20866: 20837: 20737: 20556: 20032: 19405: 19333: 19294: 19244: 19185: 19154: 19122: 19040: 18916: 18913:

Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire

18874: 18622: 17733: 17687: 17568: 17503: 17445: 17413: 17081: 16650: 16615: 16580: 16545: 15976:

Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph

15583: 15575: 15450: 15236: 15178: 14991:

Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC–AD 250

14916: 14761: 14686: 14526: 14311: 14302:

Patterson, C. C. (1972). "Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times".

14276: 14233: 14172: 14122: 13998: 13917: 13735:

Kessler, David; Temin, Peter (2010). "Money and Prices in the Early Roman Empire".

13662: 13120: 13084: 13049: 12950:

Hekster, Olivier J. (2007). "Fighting for Rome: The Emperor as a Military Leader".

12532: 12402: 12201: 11934: 11730: 11611: 11482:

The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome

11458: 11310: 10834: 10694: 10590: 10328: 10177: 10003: 9995: 9941: 9884: 9395: 8878: 8733: 8633: 8539: 7571: 7483: 7458: 7122: 7044: 7004: 6938: 6651:

was one of the earliest prose authors with a distinctly Christian voice. After the

6603: 6421: 6398: 6324: 6259: 6194: 6041: 5769: 5768:, and are found on floors and other architectural features. The most common is the 5424:

show the subject in clothing with symbolic value, and surviving textiles are rare.

5399: 5270: 5246: 5206:, "services, offerings, benefactions", initially distinct from the festival games ( 5110: 4939: 4651: 4382: 4334: 4127: 3864:

quadrupled over prehistoric levels during the Imperial era and dropped thereafter.

3833: 3823: 3785: 3731: 3707: 3616:, one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins, gradually transforming into an 3514: 3393: 3111: 3037: 3032: 2949: 2909: 2884: 2849: 2511: 2434: 2087: 2003: 1921: 1905: 1901: 1737: 1551: 1536: 1520: 1460: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1018: 1009: 969: 941: 897: 774: 762: 750: 734: 679: 626: 622: 614: 532: 507: 495: 476: 432: 291: 73: 31179: 31048: 27879: 20665:

Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities

20608:

Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate

17572: 14176: 11480:(2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". 10049:

Hadrian's Wall AD 122–410, which was, of course, at the bottom of Hadrian's garden

9243:, translated by Cary, E. (Loeb Classical Library edition, 1927 ed.), p. 7426:

In 286, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two administrative units–

7170: 6987: 5979: 5364:

After adolescence, most physical training for males was of a military nature. The

4768: 4736:

The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as

3343:

In the West, law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis, and

2944:

to the emperor. Most emperors chose a successor, usually a close family member or

2745:

might suffer the kinds of torturous death previously reserved for slaves, such as

2700:

Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena (3rd-century mosaic from Tunisia)

2392:

for services rendered. Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law (

1873: 1318: 33371: 33311: 33196: 33044: 33039: 33017: 32937: 32891: 32648: 32602: 32500: 32477: 32460: 32433: 32218: 32081: 32056: 31844: 31827: 31672: 30908: 30262: 30222: 30160: 29263: 29198: 29052: 28717: 28707: 28702: 28697: 28594: 28518: 28380: 27899: 27797: 27682: 27582: 27489: 27316: 27285: 27280: 27270: 26980: 26373: 26341: 26336: 26316: 26179: 26139: 26109: 26092: 26052: 26037: 26022: 25953: 25938: 25855: 25835: 25708: 25587: 25555: 25428: 25396: 25379: 25335: 25330: 25308: 25303: 25261: 25254: 25229: 25089: 25084: 24925: 24806: 24700: 24695: 24663: 24488: 24478: 24372: 24365: 24360: 24345: 24301: 24183: 24169: 23994: 23842: 23787: 23672: 23663: 23635: 23575: 23171: 22983: 22963: 22923: 22858: 22808: 22803: 22678: 22628: 22536: 22370: 22350: 22270: 21719: 21544: 21253: 20920:

Naerebout, Frederick G. (2009). "Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents".

20898: 18102: 15676: 14126: 13643: 13508: 11314: 10916: 10895: 10481:

Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship

10429: 10281: 10242: 8981: 8428: 8389: 8350: 8308: 8266: 8224: 8194: 8152: 8110: 8064: 7613: 6981: 6835: 6834:

was structured around religious observances; as many as 135 days were devoted to

6780: 6571: 6494: 5940: 5875: 5829: 5823: 5802: 5765: 5691: 5619: 5528: 5504: 5440:

stripe representing inviolability, was worn by children who had not come of age,

5380:. The "Bikini Girls" mosaic shows young women engaging in routines comparable to 5250: 5227: 5085: 5068: 5046: 4990: 4711: 4433: 4243: 3922: 3873: 3735: 3711: 3654: 3649: 3437: 3405: 3337: 3016:

military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of

2971: 2905: 2599: 2459: 2305: 2231: 2218: 2094: 1957: 1909: 1857: 1370: 1287: 1259: 1207: 1061: 1055: 834: 30960: 26231: 25009: 23943: 23702: 19695:"The Status of the Jews in Roman Legislation: The Reign of Justinian 527-565 Ce" 17049:. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas. Harvard University Press. p. 189. 5797:

mosaics share many themes with painting, and in some cases use almost identical

3903:

The Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean, which they called "our sea" (

3715:

changing hands. Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked

3642:) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century, though the silver 3160:. Nevertheless, the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch. 2916:. The women of the emperor's family often intervened directly in his decisions. 1823: 1572: 1135: 116: Roman Empire in AD 117 at its greatest territorial extent, at the time of 33401: 33321: 33276: 33216: 33181: 32973: 32886: 32791: 32699: 32490: 32324: 32247: 32031: 32021: 32016: 32011: 31991: 31981: 31896: 31839: 31732: 31695: 31214: 31148: 30903: 30662: 30530: 30335: 30330: 30041: 29994: 29912: 29857: 29585: 29491: 29454: 29301: 29163: 28997: 28850: 28797: 28767: 28712: 28619: 28493: 28440: 28400: 28070: 28065: 27916: 27816: 27772: 27724: 27672: 27626: 27594: 27552: 27529: 27254: 26856: 26752: 26746: 26346: 26321: 26194: 26189: 26174: 26169: 26104: 26099: 26082: 26047: 25840: 25818: 25762: 25701: 25530: 25525: 25488: 25463: 25446: 25357: 25342: 25313: 25271: 25119: 25079: 25074: 25029: 24955: 24915: 24905: 24895: 24710: 24589: 24483: 24350: 24232: 23884: 23878: 23860: 23813: 23705: 23680: 23557: 23547: 23226: 22868: 22603: 22551: 22523: 22470: 22455: 22435: 22250: 22225: 22182: 22172: 21998: 21972: 21902: 21887: 21852: 21812: 21573: 21402: 21062: 20939: 20828:

Marshall, Anthony J. (1976). "Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome".

20682: 20500: 20257: 20231: 20170: 19853: 19558: 19434: 19289:

Frend, W. H. C. (1959). "The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire".

19018: 18760:

The Politics of Latin Literature: Writing, Identity, and Empire in Ancient Rome

18755: 17404:

Fantham, R. Elaine (1989). "Mime: The Missing Link in Roman Literary History".

16699:

Torelli, M. (1988). "Piazza Armerina: Note di iconologia". In Rizza, G. (ed.).

16451: 15164:"The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath: Recent Approaches and Future Directions" 14530: 14379: 13714: 13703: 13666: 13582: 13549:"GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies (1–1820 AD). A Revision of the Estimates" 13544: 13540: 12621: 11519: 11488: 11290: 11139: 10394: 10332: 8802: 8527: 8015: 7837: 7620: 7565: 7482:. The city remained under foreign rule until 1261, when it was captured by the 7475: 7329: 7291: 7235: 7090: 7059: 6968: 6866: 6831: 6480: 6364: 6254: 6230: 6229:). Imperial libraries were open to users on a limited basis, and represented a 6177:

Books were expensive, since each copy had to be written out on a papyrus roll (

6035: 5794: 5516: 5512: 5365: 5016: 4981: 4947: 4741: 4546: 4423: 4390: 4360: 4229: 4160: 4014: 3957: 3841: 3768: 3703: 3577: 3452: 3409: 3174: 3169: 2936:

The practical source of an emperor's power and authority was the military. The

2834: 2611: 2580: 2256: 2140: 2118: 1917: 1637: 1563: 1547: 1448: 1402: 1283: 1224:

The 200 years that began with Augustus's rule is traditionally regarded as the

1185: 928: 910: 893: 719: 675: 464: 459:

ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The

405: 371: 367: 185: 162: 95: 21101: 21051:

Rochette, Bruno (2012). "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire".

19566: 18974:; "Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam"), Baghdad, 1955–1983; 18847:

van Dam, Harm-Jan (2008). "Wandering Woods Again: From Poliziano to Grotius".

17085: 16619: 16584: 15579: 15240: 14920: 14237: 11734: 11615: 11362:

Roman Marriage: 'Iusti Coniuges' from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian

11295:

Pandora's Daughters: The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity

9945: 4109:

Recreation of a deer hunt inspired by hunting scenes represented in Roman art.

3803: 3694:

than the full total of customers' deposits. A typical bank had fairly limited

3586: 1880:, many Roman citizens would have lacked a knowledge of Latin. The wide use of 1760:, to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the 33422: 33356: 33241: 33156: 33101: 32961: 32881: 32776: 32626: 32619: 32512: 32465: 32358: 32214: 32127: 31926: 31562: 31247: 31207: 31193: 30852: 30667: 30442: 29989: 29984: 29957: 29885: 29782: 29316: 29238: 28987: 28967: 28930: 28722: 28363: 27933: 27621: 27599: 27458: 27162: 27158: 26991: 26540: 26378: 25882: 25756: 25728: 25611: 25498: 25293: 25266: 25239: 25217: 25195: 24962: 24945: 24930: 24774: 24727: 24715: 24641: 24533: 24407: 24402: 24377: 24259: 24006: 23972: 23864: 23613: 23566: 23523: 22758: 22728: 22643: 22177: 22154: 21967: 21822: 21807: 21754: 21561: 21382: 21333: 21121: 20227: 20148: 20066: 19562: 19438: 19337: 19235:

Smallwood, E.M. (1956). "'Domitian's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism".

19209: 15438: 14677:

Sarton, George (1936). "The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World".

13929: 13111:

Connolly, Peter; Van Driel-Murray, Carol (1991). "The Roman Cavalry Saddle".

12738: 11988: 10838: 10098: 9572: 9531: 9501: 9257: 8701:. Bloomsbury Studies in Military History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37. 8576: 8551: 8031: 7986: 7895: 7862: 7608: 7552: 7343: 7238:, who based their state on the Byzantine model, took Constantinople in 1453, 7203: 7063: 6927:. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or cult only, 6924: 6803: 6760: 6659:

produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the

6485: 6473: 6441: 6382: 6304: 6198: 6131: 5648: 5599: 5559: 5463:. In the 2nd century, emperors and elite men are often portrayed wearing the 5437: 5403: 5318: 5314: 5146: 5104: 5059:). The races retained religious significance in connection with agriculture, 5024: 4911: 4655: 4597: 4522: 4457: 4247: 4234: 4178: 4065: 3971: 3797: 3581: 3464: 3285: 3130: 3051: 2861: 2821: 2670: 2630: 2291: 2102: 2040: 1932:, Libyco-Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions into the 2nd century. In 1885: 1804:, which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever-present 1765: 1753: 1752:

river system, which snaked across the fertile, flat lands of Europe from the

1394: 1351: 1330:

into Roman territory. Historically, this event marked the transition between

977: 875: 842: 837:, descend from Roman law. Rome's republican institutions have influenced the 618: 287: 32183: 31200: 29523: 25039: 25019: 23714: 23443: 21465: 20370: 19189: 19149:

Sainte-Croix, G.E.M de (1963). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?".

18832:

McNelis, Charles (2007). "Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature".

18000:, p. 253, citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger, 17807:, p. 101, see also p. 87 on "the government's obsessive documentation". 17737: 16739:

Hanson, Ann Ellis (1991). "The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome".

15492:

Köhne, Eckhart (2000). "Bread and Circuses: The Politics of Entertainment".

14280: 13648:"The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire" 10881: 9135:

Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana

7777:

This practice was established in the Republic; see for instance the case of

7461:

in Constantinople enjoyed the same status and privileges as senators of the

6869:

of every individual. Upon death, an emperor could be made a state divinity (

5676: 4000:), slaves, ore and manufactured metal objects, fibres and textiles, timber, 3367:, to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards. 3023:

The primary mission of the military of the early empire was to preserve the

3003:(ruled 117–138) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 AD 1972: 1515:

in the early 5th century. The Romans fought off all invaders, most famously

107: 33391: 33191: 33096: 32942: 32916: 32825: 32507: 32495: 32443: 32403: 32398: 32257: 32086: 31916: 31787: 31308: 30998: 30992: 30898: 30893: 30832: 30713: 29942: 29917: 29869: 29862: 29787: 29702: 29338: 29273: 29131: 29069: 28992: 28950: 28840: 28647: 28452: 28222: 27826: 27692: 27616: 27295: 25913: 25748: 25503: 25244: 25234: 25200: 25129: 25124: 25051: 24823: 24784: 24779: 24759: 24754: 24626: 24619: 24609: 24604: 24599: 24493: 24412: 24397: 24333: 23989: 23892: 23823: 23767: 23676: 23623: 23585: 23571: 23236: 23096: 22541: 22490: 22445: 22440: 22292: 22102: 21988: 21932: 21927: 21699: 21517: 21208: 21186: 20284:

The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration

19356:

Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom

19298: 18920: 18719:

The wide-ranging 21st-century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes

15820:

Food and the Memory: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooker

14436: 14184: 12965:

Roth, J. (1994). "The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion".

12076: 11217: 10791:

Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii

10584: 10385: 10017: 9999: 9728: 9472:

Transcultural approaches to the concept of imperial rule in the Middle Ages

7912: 7737: 7544: 7479: 7462: 7267: 7218:(Constantinople having been the second), in accordance with the concept of 7195: 7181: 7094: 6920: 6888: 6677: 6427: 6405: 6242: 6056: 5984: 5966: 5834: 5782: 5739: 5576: 5298: 5289: 5274: 5226:. These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of 5177: 5165: 5028: 5020: 4985: 4804: 4776: 4674: 4493: 4412:. Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic coastal cities. 4285: 4259: 4209: 4194: 4164: 3978:. Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the 3975: 3905: 3878: 3747: 3742:, under the pressures of meeting military payrolls. Sudden inflation under 3687: 3683: 3428: 3421: 2908:. Though the Senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the 2830: 2529: 2402: 2359: 2287: 1897: 1790:

adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire. Borders (

1770: 1494: 1476: 1382: 1013: 945: 937: 729:

Due to the Empire's extent and endurance, its institutions and culture had

515: 460: 240: 127: 31233: 27082: 26892: 21354: 21337: 21052: 20236:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337

20036: 19409: 19158: 14288: 13587:

Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History

12406: 11877:

Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire

11495:: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome". 11449:

McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery".

10594: 10181: 10147:(Repr. with corr ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 60. 8484:

The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)

7886:

sees them as gymnasts, while Torelli thinks they are dancers at the games.

7629:, on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine, 6753: 6437: 4499:

In the city of Rome, most people lived in multistory apartment buildings (

4018:, ivory, pearls, and gemstones. Though most provinces could produce wine, 3617: 1431:

Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by a separate

544:

provinces, governed by proconsuls who were appointed by lot annually, and

33331: 33079: 33074: 33066: 33051: 32876: 32781: 32592: 32428: 32393: 32373: 32353: 32331: 32296: 32071: 31949: 31934: 31906: 31742: 31547: 31130: 31069: 30888: 30842: 30827: 30755: 30483: 29962: 29767: 29662: 29469: 29205: 29136: 29042: 28960: 28945: 28742: 28682: 28652: 28005: 27636: 27124: 27012: 26962: 26924: 26466: 26331: 25222: 25207: 25056: 24769: 24678: 24668: 24594: 24242: 24237: 24001: 23902: 23852: 23800: 23732: 23668: 23031: 22653: 22475: 22365: 21759: 19915:. Vol. 3. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1246, 1405–1408. 18787:

Learned Girls and Male Persuasion: Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy

17829:

Phang, Sara Elise (2011). "Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy".

17522:

Starks, John H. Jr. (2008). "Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions".

17212: 17042: 15818:

Kaufman, Cathy K. "Remembrance of Meals Past: Cooking by Apicius' Book".

14986: 13962:

Debasement. Manipulation of Coin Standards in Pre-Modern Monetary Systems

13402: 13193: 12105: 9722:

The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European Images of the Americas

9236: 8955:"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika" 8906: 7370: 7199: 7153: 7085: 7031:

took place at Lugdunum, the Gallo-Roman religious capital. A letter from

6808: 6625: 6477: 6290: 5818: 5715: 5655: 5265: 4963: 4843: 4813: 4646: 4579: 4394: 4263: 4172: 4005: 3983: 3913: 3892: 3720: 3565: 3474: 3424:

areas, particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps.

3328: 3198: 3101:); the exact size of the Imperial legion, which was likely determined by 2746: 2569:. A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million 2558: 2398:) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will. 2389: 2371: 2339: 2330: 2279: 2214: 2157: 1884:

was what enabled the spread of Christianity and reflects its role as the

1881: 1761: 1650: 1343: 1335: 993: 786: 499: 31585: 29642: 19749:

Schilling, Robert (1992). "The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion".

19710: 19694: 19634: 18233: 15884: 15882: 14038:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

13906:"Mining in the Later Roman Empire and beyond: Continuity or Disruption?" 11819:

The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite

9758:

The Roman Self in Late Antiquity: Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul

9022:

Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum

7563:

did not acquire the meaning of "ruler" until the late 1st century. Both

6815:

Roman religion was practical and contractual, based on the principle of

6524:

The mid-1st through mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the "

4950:

by Roman Christianity, while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of

4048:) are attested for a wide range of occupations, some quite specialized. 3416:. Taxes might be specific to a province, or kinds of properties such as 2463: 1800:) patrolled. The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable. 1523:

of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself.

32862: 32850: 32820: 32786: 32726: 32408: 31834: 31082: 30913: 30772: 30760: 30672: 30581: 30170: 29922: 29590: 29565: 29544: 29486: 29348: 29321: 29037: 28917: 28000: 27609: 25249: 25066: 24940: 24900: 24833: 23709: 23599: 23256: 23196: 23161: 22953: 22888: 22878: 22773: 22658: 22546: 22129: 22097: 21842: 21769: 21601: 21596: 20849: 20698: 19618: 18613:

Saller, R. P. (2012). "Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers".

18201: 17649:

Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the

17457: 17425: 16911: 16536:

McDaniel, Walton Brooks (1906). "Some Passages concerning Ball-Games".

16412: 16065:

Body and Mind: Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance

15588: 14773: 14611:

Collegia Centonariorum: The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West

14439:, "Land Transport in Roman Italy: Costs, Practice and the Economy", in 14010: 11510: 9423: 8924: 8645: 8559: 7876:

Lee, H. (1984). "Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina".

7604: 7503:

Abbreviated "HS". Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces.

7435: 7215: 7048: 6822: 6821:, "I give that you might give". Religion depended on knowledge and the 6798: 6701: 6648: 6506: 6451: 6404:

Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be

6393:) was unusual in offering a Latin education, and became famous for its 6209: 6190: 5591: 5500: 5468: 5467:, an originally Greek mantle; women are also portrayed in the pallium. 5377: 5358: 5350: 5326: 5310: 5231: 5135: 5089: 4922:, a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with " 4878: 4772: 4619:). In addition to a kitchen garden—windowboxes might substitute in the 4605:

every morning. It was a centre of family religious rites, containing a

4538: 4440: 4309: 4198: 4057: 3997: 3927: 3837: 3763: 3679: 3675: 3634: 3535: 3519: 3305: 3137: 3064: 3024: 3012: 3008: 2889: 2875: 2870: 2620:

who qualified, and in 14 AD, a thousand equestrians were registered at

2486: 2230:

Bronze statuette (1st century AD) of a young woman reading, based on a

2093:

The blurring of the Republic's more rigid hierarchies led to increased

1866: 1714: 1680: 1417: 1226: 1113: 1094: 1068: 1038: 641: 560: 359: 30837: 21486: 21070: 20903:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

20878: 20749: 20568: 19134: 18634: 17515: 16557: 15462: 15190: 15079:

Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems

14707:

Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: From Tradition to Project

13937: 13905: 13132: 13096: 12783: 12544: 12213: 12192:

MacMullen, Ramsay (1966). "Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire".

11946: 11470: 10706: 4855:. Urban populations and the military preferred bread. By the reign of 4505:) that were often squalid firetraps. Public facilities—such as baths ( 33296: 33133: 32868: 32830: 32423: 32237: 31881: 31092: 31005: 30021: 29979: 29952: 29762: 29707: 29691: 29549: 29389: 29343: 29268: 29243: 29210: 29064: 29007: 28982: 27174: 27144: 25733: 25139: 24910: 24794: 24764: 24545: 24419: 24210: 23795: 23286: 23281: 23241: 23166: 23136: 23116: 22993: 22933: 22843: 22793: 22788: 22713: 22673: 22561: 22531: 22340: 22215: 22008: 21892: 21867: 21746: 19384:

The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000

18190: 16538:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

16319: 15879: 15793: 14606: 13197: 11782:

Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order

11010:

Imperial Ideals in the Roman West: Representation, Circulation, Power

10638:

Miles, Richard (2000). "Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power".

7926: 7858: 7812: 7653: 7443: 7414: 7239: 6817: 6685: 6613: 6537: 6093: 6063: 5838: 5487: 5444:, and state priests. Only the emperor could wear an all-purple toga ( 5322: 5150: 5118: 5094: 5038: 4915: 4895: 4887: 4864: 4720: 4624: 4571:

Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses: a townhouse (

4550: 4534: 4526: 4517: 4363:, an open area outside the city centre: the Altar of Augustan Peace ( 4330: 4293: 4281: 4239: 4175:

are considered the most advanced built until the early 19th century.

4137: 4099: 4086: 4036: 3987: 3979: 3548: 3427:

The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals, who paid a

3256: 3246: 3203: 3157: 2954: 2937: 2731: 2571: 2479:), including the right to vote. His former master became his patron ( 2107: 1805: 1757: 1741: 1697:), encompassing 5 million km. The traditional population estimate of 1559: 1432: 1362: 1255: 1029: 1005: 968:

Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts, conspiracies, and

957: 758: 742: 503: 250: 31610: 28861: 24051: 20841: 19305: 17449: 17417: 15894: 14765: 14148:

Hong, S; Candelone, J. P.; Patterson, C. C.; Boutron, C. F. (1994).

14002: 13775: 12077:"Decurio | Military Officer, Legionary & Centurion | Britannica" 10103:

A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)

8928: 8637: 8543: 7680:, a foreign or non-Roman woman In the form of legal marriage called 7633:

The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

2952:

and the legions. To secure their loyalty, several emperors paid the

2244:("children born of two Roman citizens"). A Roman woman kept her own 1451:

as the new capital of the Eastern Empire. During the decades of the

559:

saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the

33286: 32982: 32803: 32631: 32546: 32485: 32448: 32091: 31886: 31240: 29742: 29737: 29605: 29560: 29481: 29369: 29364: 29333: 29090: 29047: 29012: 28977: 28925: 28657: 28642: 28637: 28538: 27572: 27567: 27168: 27153: 27149: 27133: 27099: 27087: 27075: 27050: 26451: 25933: 25738: 25681: 24540: 24323: 24281: 24220: 24011: 23838: 23651: 23618: 23246: 23231: 23221: 23206: 23121: 23111: 23081: 23071: 23066: 23056: 22958: 22873: 22753: 22738: 22668: 22648: 22638: 22633: 22613: 22412: 21993: 21957: 21847: 21774: 21606: 21481: 20870: 20741: 20560: 19248: 19126: 19044: 18875:"The City of God | Summary, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" 18626: 17899:(1991). "Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion". 17507: 16549: 16204:. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. pp. 348–349. 16006: 15994: 15454: 15182: 14690: 14517:

Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire".

13921: 13706:(1981). "The Theology of Victory at Rome: Approaches and Problem". 13124: 13088: 12608: 12536: 12205: 12140: 11938: 11502: 11462: 11123:

Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe

10821:

Adams, J. N. (2007). "V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".

10698: 10640:

Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

7829: 7782: 7611:, however, distinguished between the secular and eternal "Rome" in 7540: 7098: 7036: 7024: 6827: 6705: 6697: 6629: 6621: 6567: 6234: 6162:, and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with 6152: 6148: 5988: 5904: 5706:

models and techniques. Examples of Roman paintings can be found in

5682: 5651:. Temples housed cult images of deities, often by famed sculptors. 5475: 5369: 5293:). Activities for children and young people in the Empire included 5173: 4995: 4959: 4907: 4856: 4809: 4724: 4606: 4477: 4204: 3759: 3743: 3644: 3495: 3233: 3153: 3092: 2995: 2893: 2609:

Senators were the traditional governing class who rose through the

2546: 1999: 1893:

in the 7th century CE following the collapse of the Empire's west.

1641: 1406: 1378: 1347: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1024: 997: 951: 846: 630: 595: 525: 519: 468: 29687: 21407:

The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States

21113: 20792:

Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture: The Allure of the Classical

19013:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire

16023: 16021: 15407: 13989:

Wilson, Andrew (2002). "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy".

13533: 12139:, p. 88, The standard complement of 600 was flexible; twenty 11606: 11544:"Fecunditas, Sterilitas, and the Politics of Reproduction at Rome" 8954: 7761: 7177: 6355:

was a teacher of oratory or public speaking. The art of speaking (

6086: 4740:(2nd century). Views on nutrition were influenced by beliefs like 3494:. Territorial conquests permitted a large-scale reorganization of 2621: 33201: 33056: 32968: 31961: 31772: 31525: 30972: 30468: 30360: 29757: 29727: 29682: 29667: 29652: 29647: 29600: 29570: 29293: 29100: 29095: 29032: 28972: 28935: 27604: 27329: 27227: 27192: 27186: 27180: 27070: 27038: 27017: 25713: 25674: 24453: 24382: 24338: 24193: 23266: 23261: 23251: 23216: 23211: 23201: 23146: 23131: 22948: 22943: 22928: 22898: 22853: 22833: 22813: 22768: 22500: 22355: 22134: 21942: 21937: 21827: 20547:(1999). "Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves". 20375:

Life, Death and Representation: Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi

18332: 18245: 18071: 15385: 15383: 15381: 15379: 15377: 15375: 13875: 13834:

Rome and China. Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires

13477: 13414: 13045: 12994: 12992: 11341: 7833: 7639: 7580: 7448: 7439: 7247: 7016: 6963: 6916: 6660: 6628:. Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer 6585: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6518: 6514: 6386: 6377: 6098: 6050: 6015: 5854: 5775: 5686: 5460: 5033: 5002: 4955: 4923: 4919: 4903: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4834: 4788: 4783: 4682: 4615: 4521:) delivering fresh water, and large-scale entertainments such as 4507: 4446: 4408: 4398: 4277: 4251: 4081: 4076:). Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents, by 4009: 3819: 3806:, Spain, one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire 3663: 3594: 3509: 3482: 3417: 3309: 3290: 3281: 3216: 3126: 3056: 3043: 3000: 2989: 2929: 2635: 2490: 2414:

in the late 1st century prompted legislation that prohibited the

2300: 2267:) who had married only once, there was little stigma attached to 2222: 2113: 2052: 2032: 1937: 1925: 1845: 1787: 1718: 1540: 1475:, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. 1279: 1163: 711: 549: 235: 24254: 21338:"The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress" 18534: 17306:"Antioch and the Bath of Apolausis – History of the excavations" 17247: 12475:

Murder Was Not a Crime: Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic

9858: 9856: 8151:

Price, Jonathan J.; Finkelberg, Margalit; Shahar, Yuval (2022).

7911:("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2002). Soldiers sometimes inscribed 6891:. Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason. 6802:). The archaic religion believed to have come from the earliest 5694:) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio 5376:. Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers, and a rare few as 4484: 4406:

on or near the sites of preexisting walled settlements known as

1067:("ruler of the provinces"), and – especially in relation to the 33221: 31576: 31221: 31042: 30026: 29932: 29777: 29732: 29677: 29637: 29621: 29595: 29539: 29384: 29311: 29215: 29183: 29173: 29121: 29022: 28955: 28297: 26221: 24286: 24161: 23276: 23156: 23086: 23026: 23021: 22988: 22748: 22733: 22683: 22663: 22085: 21962: 21857: 21324: 21319: 21143:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices" 20505:

The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order

18915:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Limited. p. 22. 18291:

Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion

18049: 16508:(reprint ed.). Clarendon Press. 1985 . pp. 1048–1049. 16018: 15982: 14967: 12250: 10380: 9714:

Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire

9058:

Italy: the absolute center of the Republic and the Roman Empire

7607:(348–413) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry. 7585: 7257:

The Roman Empire's control of the Italian Peninsula influenced

7251: 7190:

Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire's successor. The

6904: 6884: 6792: 6764: 6744:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

6656: 6637: 6633: 6558: 6510: 6468: 6459: 6455: 6409: 6390: 6342: 6276: 6074: 5761: 5644: 5595: 5197: 4943: 4891: 4863:

as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories, and added

4798: 4402: 4377: 4305: 4301: 4217: 4213: 3932: 3845: 3413: 3396:, a religious monument that housed the treasury in ancient Rome 3277: 3208: 3149: 3079:

in Rome, showing the building of a fort and the reception of a

2795:

for vendor stalls, and a semicircular space for public speaking

2784: 2780: 2775: 2718:

judgment of the presiding official as to the relative "worth" (

2411: 2351: 1991: 1913: 1849: 1749: 1687: 1655: 1618: 1613: 1516: 1275: 1141: 703: 691: 584: 363: 117: 18320: 17618: 17235: 17223: 15494:

Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome

15372: 15005: 14322: 13296: 13075:

Connolly, Peter (1986). "A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle".

12989: 12333:

Liebeschuetz, Wolfgang (2001). "The End of the Ancient City".

11925:

Harper, James (1972). "Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome".

11397:

Thomas, Yan (1991). "The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law".

10813:

Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area".

10537: 10483:. Cambridge (GB): Cambridge University Press. pp. 329ff. 9323: 8865:

Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).

7513: 7039:, describes his persecution and executions of Christians. The 2919:

Access to the emperor might be gained at the daily reception (

1840: 1293: 965:, since this title was always bestowed to the early emperors. 594:), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under 548:

provinces, which belonged to the emperor but were governed by

33186: 33176: 33171: 32643: 32638: 29937: 29927: 29772: 29752: 29697: 29657: 29631: 29575: 29074: 27577: 27360: 27033: 26199: 25723: 25696: 24920: 23061: 22783: 22510: 21802: 20646:

Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome

18447: 17744: 17630: 16779:

Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity

16393: 14961:

Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius

14147: 14104: 13253: 13251: 12919: 12279:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–215. 12256: 12232: 11690: 11399:

A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints

11271: 11155: 11028: 10390: 9853: 8787:

Hekster, Olivier; Kaizer, Ted (16–19 April 2009). "Preface".

7765: 7366: 7071: 6950: 6912: 6871: 6533: 6226: 6217: 6182: 6163: 6028: 6000: 5520: 5452: 5211: 4737: 4693:) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty: 4644:. Producing food was the priority of land use. Larger farms ( 4632: 4573: 4452: 4354: 3992: 3887: 3848:. Copper and lead production levels were unmatched until the 3667: 3625: 3543: 3348: 3347:

may have been a novelty of the Roman era, particularly among

3295: 3145: 3080: 2625: 2298:

was criminalized, and defined broadly as an illicit sex act (

2031:

A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from

1912:, and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube. Roman 1745: 1490:

The Roman Empire by 476, noting western and eastern divisions

1271: 1258:

emerged as victor. Vespasian became the founder of the brief

1119: 766: 181: 20071:

Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire

19113:

Barnes, T. D. (2012). "Legislation against the Christians".

18558: 18083: 18059: 17535: 17533: 15689:

The Loaded Table: Representation of Food in Roman Literature

15354:

Jashemski, Wilhelmina Feemster; Meyer, Frederick G. (2002).

14470: 14420: 14418: 14416: 13885: 13017:

Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War

12771: 12161: 11846:

Africa in Europe: Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion

10713: 10564: 10554: 10552: 9828: 9826: 9343:"Diocletian - Reorganization, Tetrarchy, Edict | Britannica" 8813:

Eder, W. (1993). "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link".

8295:

It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire

7930:

at Najaran was possibly known later as the "Kaaba of Najran"

7909:

Erotica Pompeiana: Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii

7373:"), the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire; see also 7082:, but met Christian resistance and lack of popular support. 6976:

resulted from political as well as religious conflicts; the

6237:

crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous.

6233:. Books considered subversive might be publicly burned, and 5662:

or Jewish/Christian imagery as well as the deceased's life.

5176:

rituals: circus images were considered protective or lucky,

5141: 1928:

in assuring the correct understanding of laws and oaths. In

1558:, the last Roman emperor. He died in battle in 1453 against 1502: 892:

Animated overview of the Roman territorial history from the

33316: 29534: 29193: 29178: 29158: 29059: 28940: 28085: 27562: 27029: 25691: 23271: 22838: 22778: 22360: 21736: 20131:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192

20023:

Adams, J. N. (2003). "'Romanitas' and the Latin Language".

19938:

Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968

18546: 18522: 18486: 17977: 17975: 17606: 17181: 17053: 16851: 16038: 16036: 15659: 15657: 14888: 14827:

The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World

13717:(1981). "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology". 13424: 13220: 13147: 12977: 12454: 9402:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 670–678. 8672:"Imperial Rome vs. Provincial Rome: What's The Difference?" 7623:(1981), "The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology", 7591: 6908: 6840: 6606:

became the most familiar version in modern-era literature.

6599: 6541: 6463: 6432: 6078: 5428: 5354: 5306: 5051: 4977: 4899: 4872: 4817: 4782:

Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens, though a charcoal

4473: 4258:, or industrial sites. The main aqueducts in Rome were the 4156: 4148: 4080:(clothing dealers), or peddled by itinerant merchants. The 4034:

Workers at a cloth-processing shop, in a painting from the

3629: 3513:), throughout the province, and across provincial borders. 3227:

exploiting local populations for personal gain. Equestrian

3189:; or governors, usually of equestrian rank, who held their 3182: 2912:, equestrians played an increasingly important role in the 2845: 2790: 2374:. Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called 2083: 1369:

was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire. The

1247: 976:) while greatly extending its power beyond Italy. In 44 BC 927:

Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the

687: 154: 24130: 21475: 20986:

The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World

20394:

The Greek achievement: the Foundation of the Western World

19788: 19095:

Frend, W.H.C. (2006). "Persecutions: Genesis and Legacy".

18380: 17286: 17264: 17262: 16995: 16883: 16881: 15867: 15615: 15101: 13329: 13284: 13248: 13056: 12862: 12759: 12110:

Provincial at Rome: and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC – AD 14

11702: 11090: 9965: 9963: 8864: 8109:

Classen, Albrecht (2010). "The changing shape of Europe".

5184:

The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with

5121:, became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome. Many 4068:. Better ready-to-wear was exported by local businessmen ( 3746:

damaged the credit market. In the mid-200s, the supply of

3355:

included two major compilations of law in four years, the

1808:

threat, is the primary surviving monument of this effort.

1622:, limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by 1498:

The administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395 AD

486:

By 100 BC, Rome had expanded its rule to most of the

29168: 21832: 20006:

A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions

19729: 19658: 19656: 19596:(volume 7; illustrated ed.). Brill. p. liv–lv. 19208: 19097:

Cambridge History of Christianity: Origins to Constantine

18855: 18476: 18474: 18459: 18437: 18435: 18408: 18356: 17924: 17861: 17530: 17215:(2011). "Myth and Death: Roman Mythological Sarcophagi". 15700: 15648:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

15526:. Princeton University Press. pp. 10, 30–31, 67–91. 14572: 14545: 14413: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13374: 13372: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13274:(2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers. pp. 208–220. 13210: 13208: 13206: 12874: 12220: 12052:

Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE

11645: 11559: 11557: 10549: 9984:"Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire" 9895: 9823: 9811: 9283: 8846: 8622:"Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation" 7512:

The Ottomans sometimes called their state the "Empire of

6812:, "the way of the ancestors", central to Roman identity. 6280:

A teacher with two students, as a third arrives with his

5960:

More popular than literary theatre was the genre-defying

4824:) and kitchen staff, or banquets hosted by social clubs ( 2628:

alone. Equestrians rose through a military career track (

2329:

At the time of Augustus, as many as 35% of the people in

1713:. Each of the three largest cities in the Empire – Rome, 797:. Rome's architectural tradition served as the basis for 33484:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

33479:

States and territories established in the 1st century BC

20946:

Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire

20922:

Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire

19950:

Thomas Jefferson, the Classical World, and Early America

19913:

Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America

19875:. Vol. 1. Yale University Press. pp. 432–435. 19324:

Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".

19099:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 510. 18970:جواد علي, المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام (Jawad Ali, 18661: 18368: 17972: 17579: 16033: 15654: 15395: 15337: 15335: 15267: 14562: 14560: 14458: 14446: 14359: 13110: 12834: 12824: 12822: 12807: 12795: 12173: 12151: 12149: 11798: 11102: 10283:

Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis

10173:

Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis

9799: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8459: 6032:, a woodwind instrument, was played at sacrifices. Song 5606:

Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the

4816:

appeared only at dinner parties in wealthy homes with a

3340:, and the emperor held final decision-making authority. 2940:

were paid by the Imperial treasury, and swore an annual

2590:

In the time of Nero, senators were still primarily from

2441:

and self-enslavement among the poor were other sources.

471:'s assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The 33301: 21234:

The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity

19445:. Vol. 13. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. 18582: 18570: 17849: 17765:

Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate

17328: 17274: 17259: 17193: 17142: 17115: 16921: 16878: 16841: 16839: 16797:

Bieber, Margarete (1959). "Roman Men in Greek Himation

16755: 16432: 15826: 15627: 15140: 14498: 14056:

Iron for the Eagles. The Iron Industry of Roman Britain

13517:

The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World

12897:

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: The History of the World

12590: 11749: 11078: 11016: 10460: 10323:. In Rosenstein, Nathan; Morstein-Marx, Robert (eds.). 10176:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 10124: 10079: 10055: 9960: 9787: 9448: 9266:

The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire

3930:, and tended to grow into villages or trading posts. A 3652:. The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze 3648:, worth four sesterces, was also used beginning in the 2290:

attempted to regulate conduct as a means of promoting "

1658:. When Augustus died, the account of his achievements ( 1527:

place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476, when

19815:

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19653: 19557:(1998). "Christianization and religious conflict". In 19176:(1952). "The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again". 19148: 18892: 18701: 18673: 18649: 18471: 18432: 18344: 18269: 17837: 17783:

Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds

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Rome and the Mysterious Orient: Three Plays by Plautus

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the father's legal status determined the child's, but

5949:). Roman literary theatre tradition is represented in 5374:

Nero's efforts to encourage Greek-style athletic games

4886:("tasting" or "appetizer") salad. The main course was 4276:(or "double glazing") was used in the construction of 3400:

Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5% of its

3284:, 1st century AD, depicting two different men wearing 29425: 20685:(1960). "The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire". 18809: 18766: 17023: 16133: 15955: 15332: 14557: 13290:

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11228: 11051:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123, 176, 183. 10961: 10825:

The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600

10725: 10525: 9843: 9841: 9682: 9658: 8748: 8150: 7078:

attempted to revive traditional public sacrifice and

5833:) that was a major trade good in 1st-century Europe. 4136:

The Flavian Amphitheatre, more commonly known as the

3173:

govern outside Italy. Among these officials were the

2904:) became subject to official appointment for greater 904: 490:

and beyond. However, it was severely destabilized by

25654: 21147:

Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West

20222: 20169: 19311: 19090: 18594: 18510: 18498: 18420: 18257: 17810: 17364: 16983: 16893: 16836: 15900: 15279: 14584: 14488: 13781: 13507: 11430: 10497: 8352:

Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity

7559:, which further linked the title with his position. 7452:

capital of the entire Roman Empire. In 330, Emperor

7305: 6440:, Romania (the ancient colony Tomis), commemorating 5987:

that contained no spoken dialogue but rather a sung

5432:

became more intricate and structured over time. The

2536:

to which an individual belonged. Two of the highest

2278:

Dressing of a priestess or bride, Roman fresco from

27844:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

19223: 18937: 16781:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 57–58. 14752:Smith, Norman (1970). "The Roman Dams of Subiaco". 13836:. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–207 (205). 13802: 12931: 12901:(3rd ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 12578: 11953: 11666:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

11297:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 140–141. 10997:. University of California Press. pp. 107–111. 10921:

An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

9760:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 73, 203. 9543:

History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire

9496: 9494: 7764:), and Patavium, in the Celtic north of Italy (now 7298:, but regarded the emperor as a figure of tyranny. 6454:. The three most influential Classical Latin poets— 5164:. Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into 3990:was grain. Also traded were olive oil, foodstuffs, 3867: 2812:, but efficient in its use of available resources. 1848:showing a parallel Latin-Greek text of a speech by 651:), who set up two different imperial courts in the 27:

Territory ruled by Rome and period of Roman history

21231: 21012:Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire 20943: 20475: 20432:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 20181:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 20178: 19948:Onuf, Peter S.; Cole, Nicholas P. "Introduction". 19791:Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, 1300–1815 19460: 19386:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers. p. 74. 17432:Slater, William J. (2002). "Mime Problems: Cicero 17177:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 11. 16346:The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre 15113: 15074:. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 229–238. 14906: 14806:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978). "Römische Talsperren". 14074:Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World 13759:Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 11414:Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire 11222:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History 9838: 9670: 8038: 7234:and their successors, who never used it. When the 7047:, but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance. 5200:" or "Gallic". The staged combats were considered 5009:, events held in the entertainment venue called a 4022:were desirable and wine was a central trade good. 3758:, general economic anxieties came to a head under 3027:. The three major divisions of the military were: 1554:by later historians, continued until the reign of 1397:, this crisis sometimes marks the transition from 1354:, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the 625:empires broke from the state away and a series of 510:in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the 18801:James, Sharon L. (2012). "Elegy and New Comedy". 18789:. University of California Press. pp. 21–25. 16803:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 16469:(1999). "Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment". 15888: 15844: 15072:A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures 14704: 13539: 7991:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 7226:, sold the title of Emperor of Constantinople to 6673:, considered "a masterpiece of Western culture". 6528:" of Latin literature. The three leading writers— 6109: 5230:, and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate 5092:. Aquatic displays, such as the mock sea battle ( 4833:Most Romans consumed at least 70% of their daily 4723:were common in the ancient world, and occasional 4171:and Greek forms, with some distinctive elements. 3738:dynasties debased the currency, particularly the 2082:—continued to influence politics. By the time of 540:. The vast Roman territories were organized into 33420: 21149:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic: 258–285. 19619:"Paganism and the State in the Age of Justinian" 17692:Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A. D. 100–400) 17072:Toynbee, J. M. C. (December 1971). "Roman Art". 15227:Ward, Roy Bowen (1992). "Women in Roman Baths". 15081:. Cambridge University Press. 1999 . p. 61. 11827:The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World 10900:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 10244:Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature 10033:Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World 9491: 9465: 9463: 8952: 8575: 7751:. Senators could not possess the "public horse". 5805:), Italy, southern France, Spain, and Portugal. 5474:Roman clothing styles changed over time. In the 3762:, and bankers lost confidence in coins. Despite 3095:, with a century further made up of ten squads ( 2988:, ancient Roman fresco of the Neronian era from 2418:of a slave against his will "for lust or gain". 1916:also show a concern for local languages such as 1872:After all freeborn inhabitants were universally 629:led the Empire, which was later reunified under 609:that threatened its existence due to civil war, 26840: 21002: 20369: 20252: 19940:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–145. 18762:. Princeton University Press. pp. 122–123. 18338: 18326: 18251: 18239: 18140: 18077: 17993: 17966: 17950: 17463: 17253: 17241: 17229: 16606:Austin, R. G. (2009). "Roman Board Games. II". 16461: 16426: 16342:McDonald, Marianne; Walton, J. Michael (2007). 16299: 16243: 16227: 16171: 16027: 16012: 16000: 15988: 15934: 15912: 15853:. Columbia University Press. pp. 165–167. 15441:(2012). "The Census in the First Century B.C". 14705:Calcani, Giuliana; Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003). 14258: 13642: 13614:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 177. 12572:Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome 12350:, p. 90, calls them "status-appellations". 11904:. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. 11057:Performance and Identity in the Classical World 10434:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 4. 10142: 10105:. University of California Press. p. 279. 9250: 8973: 8858: 4113: 3912:Land transport utilized the advanced system of 3054:and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( 1250:—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn 20893: 20811:Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within 19699:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 19549: 19547: 18997:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 17903:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 59ff. 17882:, pp. 9, 48, 215, 248, 26, 248, 258–269; 17767:. University of California Press. p. 197. 17483:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 128. 17383:. University of California Press. p. 20. 16571:Austin, R. G. (1934). "Roman Board Games. I". 16465: 16341: 15718: 15425: 15413: 15389: 15353: 15136:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 9–10. 14963:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 4–8. 14874:. University of California Press. p. 39. 14345:. University of California Press. p. 17. 14328: 13347: 13302: 12998: 12628:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 30. 12304: 12112:. University of Exeter Press. pp. 12–13. 11860:Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system 10995:The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture 9862: 9262:"The Decline And Fall in the West – Chapter 4" 8817:. University of California Press. p. 98. 8579:; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). 6330:At the age of 14, upperclass males made their 5991:, often mythological, either tragic or comic. 4280:. Elite housing in cooler climates might have 2350:Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( 1546:Odoacer ended the Western Empire by declaring 1326:consisted of the movement of (mainly) ancient 931:in the 6th century BC, though not outside the 605:). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 33489:States and territories disestablished in 1453 32213: 32199: 31626: 28877: 27345: 26908: 25640: 24146: 23929: 23472: 23448: 21502: 20644:Johnson, William A.; Parker, Holt N. (2009). 20643: 20589:The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans 19506:. Oxford University Press: 90. Archived from 19196: 19172: 18223: 17883: 17788: 17708: 17653:and the Roman Law against Love between Men". 17558: 17526:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95, 14ff. 17111:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 5ff. 16701:La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina 16479:New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity 16476: 16458:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. 14722: 14634: 13737:The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans 12892: 12038:. American Philological Society. p. 564. 11641:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–16. 11185: 11074:. Oxford University Press. pp. 25ff, 42. 10764:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. 9911:Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics 9460: 9103:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 8959:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 8838:Richardson, John (2011). "Fines provincial". 8786: 8581:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7674:("citizen") stands in explicit contrast to a 4529:—were aimed primarily at the common people. 4375:imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( 3110:the Imperial army. Augustus also created the 2598:, was admitted under Marcus Aurelius. By the 1686:The Empire reached its largest expanse under 328:3,400,000 km (1,300,000 sq mi) 320:5,000,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi) 312:2,750,000 km (1,060,000 sq mi) 26043:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 25603:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 21302:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 21191:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 21141:Rochette, Bruno (2023). Mullen, Alex (ed.). 20308:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. 20300: 20133:. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. 19900:. Yale University Press. pp. 11, 66–67. 19616: 19349: 19347: 18972:Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh Al-'Arab Qabl Al-Islam 17909:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 17694:. Yale University Press. pp. 74–75, 84. 17676:. University of Michigan Press. p. 377. 16830:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 16194:Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World 15767:. Princeton University Press. pp. 96ff. 15496:. University of California Press. p. 8. 15031:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 14993:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 215–218. 13891: 13734: 12332: 11995:. University of Michigan. pp. 23, 209. 11848:. Vol. 1. Lexington Books. p. 41. 11821:. Brandeis University Press. pp. 77–78. 11193:, Oxford University Press, pp. 211, 268 9931: 9733:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 9138:(in Italian). Bloomsbury. 20 November 2013. 8571: 8569: 7828:to this type of settlement, and even called 7781:heard by G. Valerius Flaccus as governor of 7726:That senator was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus 7547:. Augustus had replaced his first name with 7478:captured Constantinople and established the 7385:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 7169:, completed in 1788, was modelled after the 5598:, but as early as the 2nd century BC, Greek 4812:and restaurants were for the lower classes; 4564:Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the 3125:, also extended to their sons. According to 3047:, who functioned as police and firefighters; 2933:): generals, diplomats, and administrators. 2579:chose to take a Senate seat, which required 2090:who exercised greater power than a senator. 1764:in Egypt. The empire completely circled the 1342:In the view of contemporary Greek historian 961:(commander); this is the origin of the word 714:, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The 640:). The civil wars ended with the victory of 26922: 20770:The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction 20470: 20448: 20411:Frier, Bruce W.; McGinn, Thomas A. (2004). 20410: 19753:. University of Chicago Press. p. 110. 19544: 18101: 17785:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. 17671: 16939: 16832:. University of Toronto Press. p. 286. 16801:a Contribution to the History of Copying". 16718:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 16484: 16199: 15675: 15565: 15318:. University of Michigan Press. p. 9. 14404: 14223: 13730: 13728: 13589:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–51. 13153: 13062: 12983: 12868: 12676:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 11871: 11839: 11784:. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–41. 11708: 11696: 11651: 11639:Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425 11484:. University of Chicago Press. p. 305. 11392: 11347: 11277: 11265:Women's Influence on Classical Civilization 11246: 11196: 11161: 11135: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10680: 10678: 10286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 651. 9755: 9329: 9289: 9016: 8387: 8199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 8066:Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History 7824:Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word 6570:. Other authors of the Silver Age included 6155:indicate casual literacy among non-elites. 6081:. In the secular realm, dancing girls from 5613: 5201: 4669:Bread stall, from a Pompeiian wall painting 4468:popularly associated with imperial culture— 4431: 4364: 3795: 2410:were often slaves. The burgeoning trade in 1768: ... referred to by its conquerors as 1583: 1294:Transition from classical to late antiquity 1078: 1072: 1059: 564: 523: 93: 32206: 32192: 31633: 31619: 31419:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 31366:International Congress of Maritime Museums 31346:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 30638: 28884: 28870: 27352: 27338: 26959:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 26915: 26901: 25647: 25633: 24153: 24139: 23936: 23922: 23479: 23465: 21509: 21495: 21362: 20325:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City 20112:Trajan: Optimus Princeps: a Life and Times 19952:. University of Virginia Press. p. 5. 19898:Architecture, Power, and National Identity 19594:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 19463:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny 19030: 18999:. Princeton University Press. p. 449. 18731:Paideia: The World of the Second Sophistic 18040:, p. 253; Strabo 13.1.54, 50.13.419; 17911:. Routledge. pp. 94–95, 181–182, 196. 17776: 17774: 17109:The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus 16792: 16790: 16788: 16743:. Université de Nantes. pp. 260, 264. 16303: 16089: 16062: 15650:. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. 15026: 15022: 15020: 14407:Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire 13719:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 13708:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 12880: 12856: 12029: 12027: 11902:Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers 11518: 11289: 11125:. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. 11059:. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. 11034: 9633: 9197:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire 9191: 8852: 8837: 8782: 8780: 8229:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. 8157:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 7625:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 6991:A 3rd-century funerary stele is among the 6767:in a gesture of libation (2nd–3rd century) 6166:dedicated by ordinary people, as well as " 3750:contracted sharply. Conditions during the 2787:), with columns marking a covered walkway 2764: 2726:could pay a fine for a crime for which an 2143:, the essential distinction in the Roman " 136: 106: 33464:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire 31479: 31434:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 21353: 21296: 21274: 21154: 20967:Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium 20919: 20727: 20627:Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing 20341: 20090:Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games 19935: 19768:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 113–114. 19748: 19534:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 19455: 19344: 19234: 19164: 19010: 18736: 17719: 17717: 17686: 17636: 17624: 17612: 17597: 17539: 16822:, pp. 204–220, especially 206, 211; 16471:Latin Fiction: The Latin Novel in Context 16450: 16329: 16101: 16054: 15920:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. 15722: 15706: 15602: 15587: 15314:Gazda, Elaine K. (1991). "Introduction". 15297: 15157: 15155: 15011: 14973: 14954: 14952: 14950: 14894: 14805: 14723:Yan, Hong-Sen; Ceccarelli, Marco (2009). 14623: 14424: 14301: 13903: 12925: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12495:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 12477:. University of Texas Press. p. 91. 12191: 12048: 12020:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 12015: 11605: 11359: 11049:Personal Patronage under the Early Empire 10992: 10812: 10669:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 10633: 10631: 10629: 10558: 10118: 10007: 9874: 9716:. Princeton University Press. p. 15. 9708: 9309:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 22. 8923: 8566: 8526: 8465: 8348: 8069:. Dorling Kindersley. 2023. p. 276. 7993:(Revised ed.). Penguin. p. 13. 7941:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 7657:language, a left over influence from the 7646: 7543:avoided any association with the ancient 7210:, as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire's 6740:Religious persecution in the Roman Empire 6501:, and his work was hugely influential on 6472:was a national epic in the manner of the 5891:Gold earrings with gemstones, 3rd century 5269:So-called "Bikini Girls" mosaic from the 5210:). To mark the opening of the Colosseum, 5015:. The largest such venue in Rome was the 4025: 3982:; Indian trade also occurred by sea from 3896:, often assumed to be based on the Roman 1503:Fall in the West and survival in the East 1463:, who under the influence of his adviser 833:. Many modern legal systems, such as the 467:, and it was ruled by emperors following 21140: 21099: 21050: 20827: 20624: 20605: 20306:Money and Government in the Roman Empire 20128: 20043: 19910: 19591: 19399: 19353: 19065: 18861: 18750: 18748: 18720: 18294:. Harvard University Press. p. 18. 18211: 18136: 18124: 18089: 18065: 18037: 17997: 17981: 17672:Csapo, Eric; Slater, William J. (1994). 17554: 17552: 17550: 17548: 17493: 17292: 16772: 16770: 16713: 16647:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics 16535: 16349:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 16255: 16151: 16123: 16085: 16042: 15930: 15726: 15663: 15621: 15401: 15070:Collis, John (2000). "'Celtic' Oppida". 14824: 14492: 14476: 14464: 14452: 14365: 14053: 14040:. Oxford University Press. p. 108. 14031: 13865:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 13831: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13746: 13725: 13581: 13242: 13074: 12952:Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC–AD 476) 12852: 12840: 12813: 12801: 12789: 12777: 12765: 12569: 12493:A History of Exile in the Roman Republic 12388: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12275:Fear, Andrew (2007). "War and Society". 12179: 12167: 12132: 12100: 11779: 11686:. Indiana University Press. p. 119. 11668:. Oxford University Press. p. 314. 11476: 11401:. Harvard University Press. p. 134. 11384: 11300: 11262: 11250: 11216: 11084: 11072:Studies in Classical History and Society 11069: 11012:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. 10973: 10804: 10796: 10719: 10675: 10667:Zimmer, Stefan (2006). "Indo-European". 10662: 10570: 10531: 10519: 10515: 10466: 10415: 10318: 10224: 10130: 10085: 10073: 10061: 9969: 9901: 9832: 9727: 9581:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 9199:. Princeton University Press. p. 4. 9167:"Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: 9088: 9054: 8979: 8913:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. 8355:. Oxford University Press. p. 237. 8222: 8013: 7084: 6986: 6696:. Latin poets of late antiquity include 6591:The principal Latin prose author of the 6431: 6318: 6275: 6203: 6113: 6022:Although sometimes regarded as foreign, 5993: 5926: 5743: 5675: 5654:Elaborately carved marble and limestone 5627: 5411: 5341:("Twelve Marks"). A game referred to as 5264: 5140: 4989: 4859:, the state had begun to distribute the 4767: 4664: 4559: 4483: 4414: 4325: 4203: 4201:, one of the largest aqueducts of Rome. 4131: 4104: 4029: 3951: 3877: 3789: 3775: 3600: 3585: 3468: 3387: 3163: 3070: 2994: 2979: 2976:Structural history of the Roman military 2864:and some members of their families with 2829: 2774: 2695: 2552: 2458: 2345: 2273: 2147:" was that all humans were either free ( 2058:Roman society had multiple, overlapping 2026: 1956:evolved with Latin loan words to modern 1839: 1777: 1670: 1493: 1485: 1317: 914: 896:until the fall of its last remnant (the 879: 825:) in medieval Europe contributed to the 31404:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 25998:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 25427: 21516: 21381: 21229: 20983: 20964: 20938: 20786: 20662: 20499: 20429: 20391: 20350: 20203: 20106: 19955: 19864: 19827: 19531: 19323: 19169:. Clarendon Press. pp. lviii–lxii. 19070:. Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 97–149. 18975: 18960:. Oxford University Press. p. 246. 18898: 18846: 18831: 18815: 18792: 18754: 18707: 18695: 18679: 18588: 18576: 18564: 18552: 18540: 18492: 18480: 18465: 18441: 18414: 18402: 18386: 18362: 18350: 18287: 18275: 17962: 17942: 17930: 17867: 17855: 17792: 17771: 17762: 17750: 17648: 17585: 17403: 17376: 17346: 17334: 17280: 17268: 17199: 17187: 17160: 17148: 17121: 17071: 17059: 17013: 17001: 16964: 16942:Roman Military Clothing (3): AD 400–640 16927: 16887: 16869: 16857: 16824:Métraux, Guy P.R. (2008). "Prudery and 16823: 16785: 16761: 16698: 16655:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2149 16511: 16438: 16422: 16399: 16387: 16367: 16295: 16283: 16271: 16259: 16239: 16223: 16155: 16119: 16081: 15973: 15832: 15694: 15633: 15515: 15437: 15146: 15051: 15017: 14996: 14709:. L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 11. 14601: 14599: 14504: 14384:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–2. 14252: 14219: 14217: 13982: 13863:Banking and Business in the Roman World 13860: 13710:. Vol. II.17.2. pp. 752, 824. 13292:. 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Horace perfected the use of 5499:had a profound influence on Roman art. 4288:: the crank and connecting rod system, 3571: 3507:drew on local suppliers near the base ( 2055:—helped foster a sense of "Romanness". 1833:interpenetration of the two languages. 1705:have argued for a population peak from 1665: 1416:) stabilised the empire militarily and 670:, moved the imperial seat from Rome to 14: 33504:5th-century disestablishments in Italy 33474:1st-century BC establishments in Italy 33421: 31356:European Association of Archaeologists 21478:, learning resources and re-enactments 21207: 21185: 21028: 20856: 20583: 20543: 20521: 20278: 20087: 20000: 19980: 19870: 19858:A Companion to the Classical Tradition 19852: 19763: 19692: 19662: 19112: 18955: 18910: 18772: 18655: 18612: 18600: 18528: 18263: 18227: 18200: 18020:4.9.21 and 4.10.128; Pliny the Elder, 17918: 17914: 17906: 17879: 17780: 17714: 17704: 17521: 17431: 17351:. 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The cultural movement known as the 6249:Literacy began to decline during the 5764:are among the most enduring of Roman 5349:(the board) may have been similar to 4701: 3031:the garrison at Rome, comprising the 2815: 2674:("illustrious man"). The appellation 2318: 2176: 1580:, but not by most European monarchs. 1069:first centuries of imperial stability 972:from the late second century BC (see 777:became the language of the East. The 718:survived for another millennium with 27890:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 23788:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21401: 21332: 20808: 20478:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower 20185:. Harvard University Press. p. 20065: 19984: 19947: 19943: 19895: 19674: 19433:Hunt, David (1998). "2, Julian". In 19432: 19312:Bowersock, Brown & Grabar (1999) 19091:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron (2005) 18793:Johnson, W.R. (2012). 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Not all men who qualified for the 2557:Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting 1521:assimilated so many Germanic peoples 538:accession as the first Roman emperor 33524:Historical transcontinental empires 32148:History of the Mediterranean region 31351:Archaeological Institute of America 21128:from the original on 4 October 2023 21087:from the original on 9 October 2014 19679:. Trnavská univerzity. p. 73. 19617:Constantelos, Demetrios J. (1964). 19540:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 362–378. 19358:. InterVarsity Press. p. 304. 19202: 18308:from the original on 30 August 2022 18041: 17655:Journal of the History of Sexuality 17524:New Directions in Ancient Pantomime 16362:Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome 16258:, pp. 1–3; Cassius Dio 66.25; 16126:, pp. 459, 461, 512, 630–631; 15817: 15568:European Review of Economic History 15506: 14857:Technology in Transition AD 300–650 14631:. 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Order was eventually restored by 684:large invasions by Germanic peoples 24: 27359: 23728:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21318: 21282:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 21156:10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012 20629:. University of California Press. 20507:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 20327:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 20286:. University of California Press. 20073:. University of California Press. 19960:. University of California Press. 19500:Proceedings of the British Academy 19178:The Journal of Theological Studies 17316:from the original on 18 March 2020 15134:Water Distribution in Ancient Rome 15095: 14316:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1972.tb02173.x 14202:from the original on 29 April 2019 14076:. Thames and Hudson. p. 196. 14054:Sim, David; Ridge, Isabel (2002). 13627: 11879:. Westview Press. pp. 43–44. 10611:from the original on 10 March 2024 10379: 9982:Hanson, J.W.; et al. 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The last Eastern Roman titular, 7184:built around 16 BC under Augustus. 6995:, written in both Greek and Latin. 6670:The City of God against the Pagans 6323:Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the 5912: 5808: 4966:were seen as simple and virtuous. 4747: 4515:), basins or elaborate fountains ( 4212:aqueduct, which crosses the river 4193:for water collection, such as the 2691: 2496:inscriptions throughout the Empire 1994:" at the northern entrance of the 1794:) were marked, and the frontiers ( 1648:that survives from antiquity, the 1636:was mostly accomplished under the 1443:, who became the first emperor to 905:Transition from Republic to Empire 841:of the medieval period, the early 492:civil wars and political conflicts 475:collapsed in 476 AD, but the 463:conquered most of this during the 25: 33540: 33397:Western European and Others Group 31361:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 30751:Coastal defence and fortification 30126:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 29426:Navigation, and ports and harbors 26807:United Provinces of Central Italy 23664:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21425: 21054:A Companion to the Latin Language 19936:Mallgrave, Harry Francis (2005). 19793:. 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Virgil's 5841:had become noted for fine glass. 5698:Initial Roman painting drew from 5196:had ethnic designations such as " 4623:—townhouses typically enclosed a 1948:would then be shaped by Gaulish. 1679:in northern England, overlooking 1570:. Mehmed II adopted the title of 557:first two centuries of the Empire 32133:Bibliography of European history 31728:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 31595: 31461: 31386:Society for American Archaeology 30620: 30553: 30422: 29805: 29407: 28846: 28845: 28834: 25656:List of historic states of Italy 24050: 23853:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique) 23595:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique) 21014:. University of Michigan Press. 20950:. University of Michigan Press. 20711:Principles of Roman Architecture 20262:A History of Reading in the West 19974: 19929: 19846: 19821: 19807: 19782: 19757: 19741: 19717:from the original on 28 May 2022 19668: 19641:from the original on 31 May 2022 19610: 19585: 19525: 19481: 19449: 19426: 19372: 19317: 19282: 19263: 19217: 19084: 19059: 19024: 18984: 18980:. Vol. 17. pp. 91–103. 18964: 18958:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire 18949: 18904: 18867: 18840: 18821: 18778: 18713: 18685: 18606: 18392: 18281: 18217: 18183: 18146: 18130: 18095: 18031: 17987: 17956: 17936: 17889: 17873: 17822: 17756: 17698: 17680: 17665: 17642: 17591: 17487: 17469: 17397: 17370: 17340: 17298: 17205: 17166: 17138:. 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From earliest times, several 4511:), toilets with running water ( 4040:of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii 3539: 2924: 2839: 2421:Roman slavery was not based on 2354:from a 4th-century sarcophagus) 2242:ex duobus civibus Romanis natos 2124: 1732:Then the empire stretched from 1692: 1411: 1212: 1190: 1168: 1146: 1124: 863:For a chronological guide, see 661: 646: 635: 600: 589: 158:(27 BC – AD 476) 32002:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 31945:Christianity in the modern era 31716:Christianity in late antiquity 30510:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 25988:City of Fiume and its District 21230:Roberts, Michael John (1989). 20984:Peachin, Michael, ed. (2011). 20813:. Cambridge University Press. 20794:. Cambridge University Press. 20430:Gagarin, Michael, ed. (2010). 20413:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 20238:. Cambridge University Press. 20208:. Cambridge University Press. 19751:Roman and European Mythologies 19623:The Catholic Historical Review 18729:Borg, Barbara E., ed. 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Bloomsbury US. p. 183. 11684:Women in Roman Law and Society 9400:A History of the Ancient World 9017:Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). 8186: 8144: 8102: 8007: 7961: 7474:In 1204, the crusaders of the 7407: 7397: 7214:tradition, counted itself the 6958:coalesced; its capital at the 6110:Literacy, books, and education 5534: 5492:Art collection in ancient Rome 4867:, wine, and pork to the dole. 4296:(generating steam power), the 3168:An annexed territory became a 3107:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 3091:, each of which comprised six 2501: 1740:to the sun-baked banks of the 1590:Demography of the Roman Empire 1578:Patriarchate of Constantinople 1234:lasted for four more emperors— 1077:("governor of the world") and 708:deposition of Romulus Augustus 51:27 BC – AD 395 13: 1: 33454:Former countries in West Asia 32153:History of the European Union 31429:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 30104:Phoenician maritime expansion 26423:County of Apulia and Calabria 25929:Campagna e Marittima Province 21304:. Stanford University Press. 21258:A Companion to Roman Religion 19987:, pp. 60, 66, 73–74, 239 19568:The Cambridge Ancient History 18725:. Cambridge University Press. 18339:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18327:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18252:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18240:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18141:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 18078:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17994:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17967:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17951:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 17831:A Companion to the Roman Army 17573:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806 17464:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 17349:Roman Syria and the Near East 17254:Elsner & Huskinson (2011) 17242:Elsner & Huskinson (2011) 17230:Elsner & Huskinson (2011) 16462:Cavallo & Chartier (1999) 16427:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16300:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16244:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16228:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16172:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16028:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16013:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 16001:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 15989:Potter & Mattingly (1999) 15054:The Archaeology of Celtic Art 14177:10.1126/science.265.5180.1841 14089: 13646:; Friesen, Steven J. 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The 6574:, author of the encyclopedic 6415: 5998:Trio of musicians playing an 5873:Finely decorated Gallo-Roman 5772:, formed from uniform pieces 5569: 5260: 4971: 4601:(head of household) met with 4315: 4312:(in water mills and clocks). 3794:Landscape resulting from the 3505:supply contracts for the army 3412:, some paid in cash and some 3308:figure, right), both made of 2858:Imperial cult of ancient Rome 2802:Cooperation with local elites 1818:Languages of the Roman Empire 1666:Roman Imperial administration 1086: 1045:would succeed him as the new 793:had a profound impact on the 514:in Egypt. In 27 BC, the 32:Roman Empire (disambiguation) 33509:History of the Mediterranean 31371:Nautical Archaeology Society 22081:Frontiers and fortifications 21456:Resources in other libraries 21409:. Penguin Publishing Group. 21238:. Cornell University Press. 21193:. Cornell University Press. 20663:Johnson, William A. (2010). 20610:. Oxford Universwity Press. 20549:The Journal of Roman Studies 20529:. Harvard University Press. 20129:Boardman, John, ed. (2000). 19860:. Blackwell. pp. 279ff. 19830:Italian Unification, 1820–71 19467:. Harvard University Press. 19404:. K.G. Saur. p. 87,93. 18797:. Blackwell. pp. 42–43. 17674:The Context of Ancient Drama 16714:Dunbabin, Katherine (1999). 15918:Religions of Rome: A History 15719:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 15551:. Routledge. pp. 7, 11. 15426:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 15414:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 15390:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 14909:Journal of Roman Archaeology 14792:. Peter Davies. p. 26. 14329:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 14310:(2): 205–235 (tables 2, 6). 14226:Journal of Roman Archaeology 14127:10.1126/science.272.5259.246 13991:The Journal of Roman Studies 13910:The Journal of Roman Studies 13348:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 13303:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 12999:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 12741:(2004). "Emperors at Work". 12305:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 11664:McGinn, Thomas A.J. (1998). 11315:10.1524/phil.1979.123.12.288 11047:Saller, Richard P. (2002) . 10809:. La Différence. p. 26. 10805:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). 10247:. Harvard University Press. 10041:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 9934:Journal of Roman Archaeology 9863:Morris & Scheidel (2009) 8840:Frontiers in the Roman World 8112:Handbook of Medieval Studies 7955: 7551:, a title regularly used by 7413:Fig. 1. Regions east of the 7194:was established in 800 when 7066:became the first emperor to 6960:Sanctuary of the Three Gauls 6915:, and of solar gods such as 6566:, wrote during the reign of 6265: 6158:The Romans had an extensive 6096:, entertainers were legally 6073:, particularly the cults of 5325:. People of all ages played 5194:styles of gladiator fighting 4914:was especially prized), and 4371:) was located there, as was 4114:Architecture and engineering 3890:for "The Peutinger Map") an 3766:'s introduction of the gold 3670:seem not to have counted as 3193:on behalf of the emperor in 2682:) was used to designate the 2131:Status in Roman legal system 1811: 1361:In 212, during the reign of 974:Crisis of the Roman Republic 839:Italian city-state republics 821:(which formed the basis for 694:, led to the decline of the 522:overarching military power ( 7: 33514:Former monarchies of Europe 33459:Countries in ancient Africa 32112:Russian invasion of Ukraine 31723:Crisis of the Third Century 31424:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 30801:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 30607:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 30464:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 29823: 28904: 28615:Water supply and sanitation 28039:Italian geographical region 27907:Monarchy and the World Wars 27849:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 27735:War of the Sicilian Vespers 27388:Timeline of Italian history 26825:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 26819:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 26771:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 25949:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 24160: 24120:Borders of the Roman Empire 22140:Decorations and punishments 21385:(1970). "The Definition of 21215:. Oxford University Press. 20988:. Oxford University Press. 20905:. Oxford University Press. 20772:. Oxford University Press. 20667:. Oxford University Press. 20648:. Oxford University Press. 20591:. Oxford University Press. 20434:. Oxford University Press. 20415:. Oxford University Press. 20351:Edwards, Catharine (2007). 20206:Slavery and Society at Rome 19911:Kornwall, James D. (2011). 19354:Leithart, Peter J. (2010). 19165:Musurillo, Herbert (1972). 18995:Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). 18224:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17901:Literacy in the Roman World 17884:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17789:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17709:Johnson & Parker (2009) 17481:Latin Literature: A History 16828:in Late Antique Clothing". 16741:Les écoles médicales à Rome 15763:Roller, Matthew B. (2006). 15027:Longfellow, Brenda (2011). 14999:The City in Roman Palestine 14304:The Economic History Review 13553:Rivista di Storia Economica 12389:Verboven, Koenraad (2007). 12055:. Oxford University Press. 10428:Bloomer, W. Martin (1997). 9904:"Population and demography" 9877:Review of Income and Wealth 9307:The World of Late Antiquity 8815:Between Republic and Empire 8223:Bjornlie, M. Shane (2013). 7836:, France), a center of the 7627:, vol. II, p. 136 7301: 6715: 6251:Crisis of the Third Century 5969:. Unlike literary theatre, 5665: 5387: 5234:to create special effects. 4837:in the form of cereals and 3752:Crisis of the Third Century 3377: 3353:Crisis of the Third Century 3298:figure, left), the other a 3179:magistrates elected at Rome 2961: 2454: 2408:prostitutes in ancient Rome 1628:cutting down entire forests 1594:Borders of the Roman Empire 1375:Crisis of the Third Century 1022:("venerated") and made him 859:History of the Roman Empire 722:as its sole capital, until 581:greatest territorial extent 10: 33545: 33449:Former countries in Africa 33444:Former countries in Europe 32168:Military history of Europe 32163:Maritime history of Europe 31280:Phoenician Ship Expedition 30571: 30121:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 30114:Circumnavigation of Africa 28534:Inventions and discoveries 27944:Fall of the Fascist regime 27927:Fourth War of Independence 27885:Expedition of the Thousand 27875:Second War of Independence 26765:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 26759:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 26160:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 26130:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 26115:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 23047:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 21622:historiography of the fall 21471:Roman Archaeological Sites 21363:Winterling, Aloys (2009). 21063:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 20625:Humphrey, John H. (1986). 20392:Freeman, Charles (2000) . 20323:Dyson, Stephen L. (2010). 19993: 19896:Vale, Lawrence J. (1992). 19693:Brewer, Catherine (2005). 18741:. Oxford University Press. 17763:Mattern, Susan P. (1999). 17136:Roman Portraits in Context 16940:D'Amato, Raffaele (2005). 16745:, particularly citing the 16489:. Peeters. pp. 59–64. 16306:, p. 66, citing also 15229:Harvard Theological Review 15162:Fagan, Garrett G. (2001). 15001:. Oxford University Press. 14531:10.1162/002219504773512525 14443:(Routledge, 1998), p. 129. 13739:. Oxford University Press. 13667:10.3815/007543509789745223 13610:Dyson, Stephen L. (1992). 13486:, pp. 285–286, 296ff. 13286:Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma 13011:Penrose, Jane (2005). "9: 12335:The City in Late Antiquity 12016:Mouritsen, Henrik (2011). 11723:European Review of History 11209:Phang, Sara Elise (2001). 11008:Noreña, Carlos F. (2011). 10333:10.1002/9780470996980.ch25 10145:Rome's cultural revolution 9756:Mastrangelo, Marc (2008). 9640:World History Encyclopedia 9541:. In Widger, David (ed.). 9470:Scholl, Christian (2017). 8481:Tricht, Filip Van (2011). 7457:senators belonging to the 7274:In the United States, the 7135:Legacy of the Roman Empire 7132: 6806:was the foundation of the 6729: 6719: 6618:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6556:, whose poetry collection 6425: 6419: 6269: 6120:Terentius Neo and his wife 5916: 5812: 5737: 5669: 5617: 5538: 5485: 5397: 5391: 4975: 4757: 4751: 4705: 4611:images of family ancestors 4319: 4216:in southern France, is on 4120:Ancient Roman architecture 4117: 4053:imperial or public service 3962:Indo-Roman trade relations 3955: 3871: 3779: 3575: 3542:, funerary monuments, and 3462: 3458: 3381: 3332:, the "law of nations" or 3244: 2965: 2826:Senate of the Roman Empire 2819: 2768: 2751:condemnation to the beasts 2634:) to become highly placed 2561:and senators (3rd century) 2508:Senate of the Roman Empire 2505: 2322: 2180: 2167:, non-Romans. In 212, the 2128: 2020: 2016: 1821: 1815: 1675:A segment of the ruins of 1597: 1587: 1556:Constantine XI Palaiologos 1307: 1297: 1092: 908: 869: 862: 856: 852: 494:, which culminated in the 29: 33167:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 33147: 33065: 32902: 32737: 32608:Standard Average European 32476: 32305: 32225: 32138:Genetic history of Europe 32120: 31925: 31741: 31681: 31648: 31593: 31485: 31474: 31459: 31394: 31336: 31139: 31123: 30871: 30806:Samothrace temple complex 30741: 30696: 30655: 30648: 30644: 30633: 30618: 30577: 30566: 30551: 30449: 30435: 30420: 30373: 30326: 30179: 30146: 30139: 30077: 29878: 29835: 29831: 29818: 29803: 29522: 29435: 29431: 29420: 29405: 29357: 29292: 29229: 29114: 29083: 28916: 28912: 28899: 28830: 28628: 28474: 28465: 28329: 28320: 28308:Security and intelligence 28181: 28172: 28034: 28025: 27968: 27895:Third War of Independence 27870:First War of Independence 27857: 27750: 27659: 27540: 27477: 27396: 27380: 27371: 27312: 27291: 27279: 27276: 27269: 27266: 27248: 27238: 27221: 27214: 27212: 27178: 27166: 27157: 27148: 27143: 27115: 27098: 27069: 27054: 27049: 27028: 27023: 27011: 27001: 26989: 26979: 26961: 26958: 26948: 26943: 26938: 26931: 26877:Free Territory of Trieste 26737: 26667: 26606: 26589: 26513: 26450: 26413: 26395:Principality of Benevento 26387: 26364: 26309: 26298: 26240: 26210: 25962: 25912: 25866: 25797: 25784: 25747: 25662: 25596: 25548: 25065: 24469: 24168: 24112: 24059: 24048: 23953: 23944:Territories with limited 23500: 23454: 23449:Links to related articles 23428:External wars and battles 23295: 23189: 23002: 22594: 22587: 22509: 22421: 22326: 22201: 22153: 22031: 21981: 21920: 21911: 21793: 21745: 21665: 21582: 21552: 21543: 21525: 21451:Resources in your library 21367:. John Wiley & Sons. 21036:. John Wiley & Sons. 20713:. Yale University Press. 20606:Holleran, Claire (2012). 20482:. Yale University Press. 20472:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 20450:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 20355:. Yale University Press. 20344:Roman Theater and Society 19956:Dietler, Michael (2010). 19856:(2010). "United States". 19832:. Heinemann. p. 22. 19443:Cambridge Ancient History 19066:Fishwick, Duncan (1991). 19015:. Routledge. p. 261. 19011:Huskinson, Janet (2000). 19007:. Doubleday. p. 106. 18836:. Blackwell. p. 397. 18805:. Blackwell. p. 262. 18785:James, Sharon L. (2003). 18226:, pp. 114ff, 186ff; 17436:. 7.1 and Martial 9.38". 17219:. Blackwell. p. 301. 17086:10.1017/S0009840X00221331 16874:. Routledge. p. 194. 16620:10.1017/S0017383500003119 16585:10.1017/s0017383500002941 16063:McClelland, John (2007). 15780:Food in the Ancient World 15580:10.1017/S1361491604001388 15484:Keane, Catherine (2006). 15241:10.1017/S0017816000028820 14921:10.1017/S1047759400005341 14915:: 138–163 (156, fn. 74). 14655:"Apollodorus of Damascus" 14637:Ceramics and Civilization 14238:10.1017/S104775940000742X 13904:Edmondson, J. C. (1989). 13270:Bozeman, Adda B. (2010). 13033:Early Empire 27 BC–AD 235 12574:. Routledge. p. 108. 12491:Kelly, Gordon P. (2006). 12473:Gaughan, Judy E. (2010). 12135:, pp. 215, 221–222; 11974:, pp. 186–188, 190; 11840:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11829:. Routledge. p. 150. 11735:10.1080/13507480902916837 11709:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11697:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11682:Gardner, Jane F. (1991). 11652:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11616:10.1080/00438240120047618 11416:. Routledge. p. 12. 11393:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11360:Treggiari, Susan (1991). 11348:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11278:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11247:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11197:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11162:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11136:Frier & McGinn (2004) 11121:Carroll, Maureen (2006). 10797:Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). 10479:La Bua, Giuseppe (2019). 10397: ed.). p. 2.15. 10035:. Ivy Press. p. 340. 10031:Woolf, Greg, ed. (2003). 9946:10.1017/S1047759400074134 9545:. Harper & Brothers. 8487:. Brill. pp. 61–82. 8427:Harris, Jonathan (2009). 8394:. Springer. p. 443. 8271:. ABC-CLIO. p. 181. 8265:Coffler, Gail H. (2004). 7943:(ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 974. 7661:that predates the Empire. 7557:Imperator Caesar Augustus 7128: 7101:, later converted into a 6663:. Around that same time, 6653:conversion of Constantine 6448:Literature under Augustus 6359:) was highly prized, and 6272:Education in ancient Rome 6130:Estimates of the average 5827:finer red-gloss pottery ( 5789:Basilica of Junius Bassus 5733: 5515:, and the iconography on 5408:Cosmetics in ancient Rome 2662:In the later Empire, the 2516:Decurion (administrative) 1744:in Syria; from the great 1252:Year of the Four Emperors 1083:("parent of all lands"). 996:and Caesar's adopted son 865:Timeline of Roman history 807:Neoclassical architecture 653:Greek East and Latin West 377: 355: 351: 341: 337: 332: 324: 316: 308: 303: 283: 279: 260: 256: 246: 234: 199: 174: 147: 135: 105: 82: 48: 41: 33307:Lancaster House Treaties 32797:Christian existentialism 32757:Ancient Roman philosophy 32747:Ancient Greek philosophy 30094:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 27986:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 27981:Institutional referendum 26940:Northwestern Mesopotamia 26783:Italian United Provinces 26135:Principality of Piombino 25924:Patrimony of Saint Peter 23956:partially or temporarily 21100:Rochette, Bruno (2018). 20859:Journal of Roman Studies 20809:Laes, Christian (2011). 20788:Kousser, Rachel Meredith 20730:Journal of Roman Studies 19828:Collier, Martin (2003). 19764:Burgan, Michael (2009). 19338:10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.183 19115:Journal of Roman Studies 18956:Bunson, Matthew (1995). 18721:Goldhill, Simon (2001). 18615:Journal of Roman Studies 18543:, pp. 102–103, 105. 18456:, pp. 107–108, 132. 18288:Numbers, Ronald (2009). 18242:, pp. 68–69, 78–79. 17907:Dickie, Matthew (2001). 17886:, pp. 47, 54, 290ff 17732:(3): 322–342 (325–327). 17173:Strong, Donald (1988) . 16969:. Penguin. p. 106. 16944:. Osprey. pp. 7–9. 16467:Huber-Rebenich, Gerlinde 16364:. Routledge. p. 81. 16360:Kyle, Donald G. (1998). 16192:Dickie, Matthew (2001). 16109:. Routledge. p. 15. 16067:. Routledge. p. 67. 15978:. Brill. pp. 96–97. 15939:. Hachette. p. 549. 15778:Alcock, Joan P. (2006). 15443:Journal of Roman Studies 15132:Evans, Harry B. (1994). 14997:Sperber, Daniel (1998). 14825:Chandler, Fiona (2001). 14409:. Routledge. p. 33. 13655:Journal of Roman Studies 13559:(3): 391–420 (391–401). 13245:, pp. 197, 214, 224 12525:Journal of Roman Studies 12441:Perkins, Judith (2009). 11844:Goodwin, Stefan (2009). 11825:Schäfer, Peter (2003) . 11780:Fuhrmann, C. J. (2012). 11267:. Routledge. p. 77. 11070:Reinhold, Meyer (2002). 10839:10.1017/CBO9780511482977 10760:Hélix, Laurence (2011). 10671:. ABC-Clio. p. 961. 10546:, pp. 185–186, 205. 10522:, pp. 114–115, 118. 10280:Dickey, Eleanor (2023). 10170:Dickey, Eleanor (2023). 10039:Opper, Thorsten (2008). 9771:Mosley, Stephen (2010). 8620:Durand, John D. (1977). 8594:(2): 222. Archived from 8388:Loewenstein, K. (2012). 7968:Morley, Neville (2010). 7706:, and in the modern era 7390: 6999:Christianity emerged in 6923:, found as far north as 6722:Religion in ancient Rome 6089:were extremely popular. 5933:House of the Tragic Poet 5672:Painting in ancient Rome 5624:Ancient Roman sarcophagi 5614:Sculpture and sarcophagi 5394:Clothing in ancient Rome 5216:100 days of arena events 5043:historical re-enactments 4708:Disease in Imperial Rome 4583:) outside the city. The 4555:throughout the provinces 4094:) had their own guilds. 3717:documentary transactions 3523:. The GDP per capita of 3384:Taxation in ancient Rome 2064:redistribution of wealth 1584:Geography and demography 845:, and modern democratic 765:across its territories. 33434:Ancient Italian history 33085:Equality before the law 32292:Romano-Germanic culture 32143:History of Christianity 31376:RPM Nautical Foundation 31113:Surviving ancient ships 31032:Marsala Punic shipwreck 28509:Emigration and diaspora 27718:Guelphs and Ghibellines 27703:the Sardinian Judicates 26871:Italian Social Republic 26546:Principality of Taranto 26438:Principality of Taranto 26400:Principality of Salerno 26155:Bishopric of Tarantasia 25978:Bishopric of Bressanone 25895:Duchy of the Pentapolis 23423:Roman–Iranian relations 21898:Optimates and populares 20965:Nicolle, David (2000). 20687:Economic History Review 20456:. Thames & Hudson. 20454:The Complete Roman Army 20204:Bradley, Keith (1994). 20177:; Grabar, Oleg (1999). 20153:The Imperial Roman Army 20088:Auguet, Roland (2012). 18911:Eiland, Murray (2023). 18851:. Brill. pp. 45ff. 18737:Whitmarsh, Tim (2005). 17781:Morgan, Teresa (1998). 17738:10.1163/156852500510633 17347:Butcher, Kevin (2003). 16967:The Inheritance of Rome 16965:Wickham, Chris (2009). 16777:Coon, Lynda L. (1997). 16703:. Catania. p. 152. 16506:Oxford Latin Dictionary 16107:Emperors and Gladiators 16057:, pp. 73–74, 106; 15687:Gowers, Emily (2003) . 15646:Faas, Patrick (2005) . 15607:Hinds, Kathryn (2010). 15304:, pp. 12, 17, 22ff 14895:Jones & Bird (2012) 14281:10.1126/science.6986654 14072:Healy, John F. (1978). 12673:Smith, William (1875). 12615:Moralia 813c and 814c; 12570:Robinson, O.F. (2007). 9372:The Roman Empire at Bay 7779:Contrebian water rights 7635:, John Wiley & Sons 7362:List of Roman dynasties 7352:Outline of ancient Rome 7097:originally built under 7068:convert to Christianity 7019:reports that after the 6896:great number of deities 5919:Theatre of ancient Rome 5481: 5305:or "jacks"). Girls had 5192:. Some of the earliest 5155:condemned to the beasts 4430:The network of cities ( 4322:Culture of ancient Rome 4197:, two of which fed the 4187:Apollodorus of Damascus 3944:. The distance between 3372:Latin legal terminology 3345:private property rights 3211:, heralds, messengers, 3181:who in the name of the 2999:The Roman Empire under 2765:Government and military 2722:) of the defendant: an 2325:Slavery in ancient Rome 2217:maiden reading a text, 2170:Constitutio Antoniniana 1946:Gallo-Romance languages 1568:siege of Constantinople 1445:convert to Christianity 1437:collapsed shortly after 1012:in 31 BC. In 27 BC the 1002:divided the Roman world 921:Augustus of Prima Porta 674:in 330, and renamed it 530:) and the new title of 33499:470s disestablishments 33247:Eastern European Group 32836:Continental philosophy 32767:Judeo-Christian ethics 32752:Hellenistic philosophy 32233:Cradle of civilization 31967:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 31409:Giza Solar boat museum 30863:Underwater exploration 30858:Underwater archaeology 30823:Pre-Columbian theories 30678:John Sinclair Morrison 30639:Research and education 30089:Austronesian Expansion 28391:Science and technology 28339:Italian regions by GDP 28140:Marine protected areas 27812:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 27100:Middle Hittite Kingdom 26777:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 26551:Terra Sancti Benedicti 26455:(from the 9th century) 26165:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 23948:occupation and contact 23710:Late Antique/Medieval) 23553:Bosnia and Herzegovina 23433:Civil wars and revolts 22699:Sextus Pompeius Festus 22346:Conflict of the Orders 21705:Legislative assemblies 21280:The Ancient Roman City 20171:Bowersock, Glen Warren 20051:. Vol. 2. Brill. 19766:Empire of Ancient Rome 19021:in the 2nd century AD. 19003:Frend, W.H.C. (1967). 18921:10.30861/9781407360713 17921:, pp. 29, 218–219 17602:. Tel Aviv University. 16870:Cleland, Liza (2007). 15974:Versnel, H.S. (1971). 15845:Flandrin, Jean Louis; 15549:Galen on Food and Diet 15052:Harding, D.W. (2007). 14870:Greene, Kevin (1990). 14788:Smith, Norman (1971). 14754:Technology and Culture 14341:Greene, Kevin (1990). 14058:. Tempus. p. 23. 13861:Andreau, Jean (1999). 10241:Feeney, Denis (2016). 10000:10.1098/rsif.2017.0367 9105:. London: Bloomsbury. 9097:Omnium Terrarum Parens 8532:Social Science History 8391:The Governance of ROME 8193:Erdkamp, Paul (2013). 8014:Sandberg, Kaj (2008). 7583:", such as in German ( 7232:Ferdinand and Isabella 7228:Charles VIII of France 7164:Virginia State Capitol 7106: 6996: 6881:Hellenistic ruler cult 6564:Renaissance literature 6444: 6327: 6285: 6212: 6127: 6054:, and percussion. The 6019: 5935: 5861:(early 1st century AD) 5758: 5750:The Triumph of Neptune 5695: 5636: 5525:funerary commemoration 5438:purple or purplish-red 5420: 5278: 5202: 5157: 5037:), athletic contests, 5031:, staged beast hunts ( 4998: 4779: 4699: 4670: 4568: 4496: 4482: 4432: 4427: 4365: 4338: 4308:(in water pumps), and 4225: 4140: 4110: 4041: 4026:Labour and occupations 3900: 3807: 3796: 3782:Mining in ancient Rome 3621: 3598: 3486: 3477:cup unearthed from an 3397: 3240: 3084: 3004: 2992: 2853: 2796: 2701: 2562: 2467: 2355: 2283: 2099:voluntary associations 2036: 1990:"Gate of Domitian and 1852: 1837:language and culture. 1830:Andrew Wallace-Hadrill 1783: 1776: 1683: 1499: 1491: 1447:, and who established 1339: 1264:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 1232:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1080:omnium terrarum parens 1079: 1073: 1060: 1000:. Antony and Octavian 924: 901: 827:Scientific Renaissance 733:on the development of 524: 481:fall of Constantinople 94: 33494:476 disestablishments 33367:Three Seas Initiative 33342:Pacific Islands Forum 33207:British–Irish Council 32955:Greek Orthodox Church 32414:Industrial Revolution 32384:Scientific Revolution 32047:Industrial Revolution 31480:Legend and literature 31438:Viking ship museums: 31414:Grand Egyptian Museum 31174:Austronesian replicas 31149:Heyerdahl expeditions 31059:Caligula's Giant Ship 30919:Dover Bronze Age Boat 29581:Berenice Troglodytica 28590:Public administration 27698:the Holy Roman Empire 27223:Neo-Babylonian Empire 27056:Old Babylonian Empire 26971:Early Dynastic period 26795:Republic of San Marco 26577:Crown Colony of Malta 26405:Principality of Capua 26145:Marquisate of Saluzzo 26008:County of Santa Fiora 25670:Etruscan civilization 25573:Medieval great powers 23495:in modern territories 23142:Simplicius of Cilicia 22894:Quintus Curtius Rufus 22123:Siege in Ancient Rome 21732:Executive magistrates 20969:. Osprey Publishing. 20377:. Walter de Gruyter. 20353:Death in Ancient Rome 20302:Duncan-Jones, Richard 20045:Albrecht, Michael von 19871:Meinig, D.W. (1986). 19457:MacDonald, William L. 19410:10.1515/9783110931419 19190:10.1093/jts/III.2.199 18849:The Poetry of Statius 17753:, pp. 89, 97–98. 17134:Fejfer, Jane (2008). 17107:Zanker, Paul (1988). 16684:Eyben, Emiel (1977). 16402:, pp. 66–67, 72. 15933:, pp. 544, 558; 15605:, pp. 144, 178; 15522:Harper, Kyle (2017). 15300:, pp. 144, 147; 14976:, pp. 23ff, 244. 14840:Forman, Joan (1975). 14625:MacDonald, William L. 13794:Wells, Colin (1984). 12265:, pp. 75–76, 78. 12241:, pp. 71–72, 76. 11637:Harper, Kyle (2011). 11412:Severy, Beth (2002). 11350:, pp. 19–20, 22. 11199:, pp. 31–32, 457 11055:Duncan, Anne (2006). 10864:The history of Basque 10862:Trask, R. L. (1997). 10595:10.1515/9783111636221 10410:, pp. 188, 197; 10182:10.1017/9781108888387 9779:. Routledge. p. 8697:Roy, Kaushik (2014). 8115:. Walter de Gruyter. 7748:Lex Roscia theatralis 7278:were educated in the 7088: 7005:Jewish religious sect 6990: 6761:head ritually covered 6491:Greco-Roman mythology 6435: 6322: 6279: 6207: 6117: 6106:in the later Empire. 6104:Christian polemicists 6044:were played, as were 5997: 5930: 5923:Music of ancient Rome 5815:Ancient Roman pottery 5813:Further information: 5757:(present-day Tunisia) 5747: 5726:, everyday life, and 5692:Pompeian Fourth Style 5679: 5631: 5608:Fayum mummy portraits 5592:classical proportions 5521:religious dedications 5416:Togate statue in the 5415: 5398:Further information: 5317:. Ball games include 5268: 5144: 4993: 4932:Mediterranean staples 4771: 4764:Ancient Rome and wine 4760:Ancient Roman cuisine 4706:Further information: 4695: 4668: 4563: 4487: 4464:Most of the cultural 4462: 4418: 4329: 4207: 4135: 4108: 4033: 3952:Trade and commodities 3881: 3872:Further information: 3850:Industrial Revolution 3793: 3776:Mining and metallurgy 3612:, and on the reverse 3604: 3589: 3544:religious dedications 3540:public entertainments 3472: 3391: 3382:Further information: 3319:original jurisdiction 3164:Provincial government 3074: 2998: 2983: 2833: 2778: 2699: 2556: 2532:was to determine the 2462: 2349: 2277: 2219:Pompeian Fourth Style 2183:Women in ancient Rome 2030: 2023:Ancient Roman society 2021:Further information: 1900:, gradually replaced 1843: 1781: 1730: 1674: 1604:The Roman Empire was 1598:Further information: 1519:, but the empire had 1497: 1489: 1467:attempted to restore 1441:Constantine the Great 1321: 1037:, thus beginning the 918: 909:Further information: 891: 831:Scientific Revolution 813:. The rediscovery of 657:Constantine the Great 592: 98–117 AD 175:Common languages 33469:27 BC establishments 33362:Special Relationship 32772:Christian philosophy 32717:Western Christianity 32379:Age of Enlightenment 32253:Hellenistic Kingdoms 32102:European debt crisis 32097:European integration 32037:Age of Enlightenment 31877:Republic of Florence 31381:Sea Research Society 30783:Maritime archaeology 30592:Ameinias the Phocian 30587:Mediterranean piracy 28818:World Heritage Sites 28273:Council of Ministers 28011:Coronavirus pandemic 27409:Currency and coinage 26950:Southern Mesopotamia 26945:Northern Mesopotamia 26591:French Revolutionary 26531:State of the Presidi 26255:Republic of Florence 26227:Domini di Terraferma 25877:Exarchate of Ravenna 25775:Western Roman Empire 25719:Nuragic civilization 25583:European colonialism 25568:Ancient great powers 23152:Stephanus Byzantinus 23057:Eusebius of Caesaria 22919:Sidonius Apollinaris 22609:Ammianus Marcellinus 21948:Tribune of the plebs 21057:. pp. 549–563. 20396:. New York: Viking. 20373:; Huskinson (2011). 20155:. Psychology Press. 20008:. Elibron Classics. 19983:, pp. 282–286; 19299:10.1093/past/16.1.10 19225:Eusebius of Caesarea 19174:Sherwin-White, A. N. 18739:The Second Sophistic 18567:, pp. 103, 106. 18531:, pp. 439, 442. 18139:, pp. 261–262; 17627:, pp. 154, 157. 17310:J. Paul Getty Museum 17074:The Classical Review 16186:, pp. 238–239; 16170:, pp. 131–132; 16080:, pp. 238–239; 15547:Grant, Mark (2000). 15511:. pp. 10.77–81. 15014:, pp. 252, 253. 14959:Rehak, Paul (2006). 14661:. 13 February 2024. 13433:, pp. 286, 295. 13229:, pp. 179, 187. 12954:. Brill. p. 96. 12619:, pp. 181–182; 12568:, pp. 153–154; 12439:, pp. 153–154; 12103:, pp. 217–218; 11978:, pp. 34, 48–50 11873:Santosuosso, Antonio 11387:Roman Law in Context 10693:(3): 461–476 (464). 10518:, p. 263, 268; 10047:Fields, Nic (2003). 9211:"Five Good Emperors" 9024:, Feltrinelli, p.363 8911:The Roman Revolution 8842:. Brill. p. 10. 7375:Sino-Roman relations 7263:unification of Italy 7080:Hellenistic religion 6956:Gallo-Roman religion 6759:A Roman priest, his 6710:Sidonius Apollinaris 6584:; and the historian 6548:and social observer 6208:Reconstruction of a 6172:Greek Magical Papyri 6046:stringed instruments 5953:by the tragedies of 5755:Africa Proconsularis 5720:eruption of Vesuvius 5634:Ludovisi sarcophagus 5507:, monuments such as 5049:had featured games ( 4351:into neighbourhoods 4349:reorganized the city 4222:World Heritage Sites 3966:Sino-Roman relations 3884:Tabula Peutingeriana 3802:mining technique at 3727:from cash reserves. 3620:under Christian rule 3572:Currency and banking 3552:) and corporations ( 3501:economic rationalism 3481:(25–220 AD) tomb in 3187:senatorial provinces 2709:) and humbler folk ( 2567:executive magistrate 2008:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1998:, and Roman emperor 1940:soldiers used their 1600:Classical demography 1509:Western Roman Empire 1473:Hellenistic religion 1266:which produced the " 811:Islamic architecture 716:Eastern Roman Empire 696:Western Roman Empire 627:short-lived emperors 579:). Rome reached its 433:Eastern Roman Empire 419:Western Roman Empire 30:For other uses, see 33387:West Nordic Council 33252:Eastern Partnership 32841:Analytic philosophy 32542:Classical tradition 32364:Early modern period 32320:Classical antiquity 32315:European Bronze Age 32067:Revolutions of 1848 31997:Early modern France 31778:Anglo-Saxon England 31683:Classical antiquity 30474:Maritime Jade Route 29627:Kaveri Poompattinam 28349:Automotive industry 28288:Metropolitan cities 27834:Early Modern period 27807:Kingdom of Sardinia 27758:Italian city-states 27204:Neo-Assyrian Empire 27118:Bronze Age Collapse 27051:Old Hittite Kingdom 27025:Old Assyrian period 27003:Third Dynasty of Ur 26865:Free State of Fiume 26813:Kingdom of Sardinia 26556:Neapolitan Republic 26504:Kingdom of Sardinia 26499:Republic of Sassari 26327:Catepanate of Italy 26250:Republic of Cospaia 26073:Duchy of Montferrat 26068:March of Montferrat 26003:County of Guastalla 25903:Exarchate of Africa 25578:Modern great powers 23685:Sardinia (Classical 23558:Bulgaria (Classical 23328:Distinguished women 22979:Velleius Paterculus 22819:Nicolaus Damascenus 22799:Marcellus Empiricus 22188:Republican currency 21355:10.1093/gr/43.2.204 21108:(1/2018): 107–128. 21106:Lingue e Linguaggio 21004:Potter, David Stone 20037:10.1093/cq/53.1.184 20025:Classical Quarterly 20002:Abbott, Frank Frost 19747:On vocabulary, see 19738:, pp. 406–426. 19326:Classical Antiquity 19237:Classical Philology 19159:10.1093/past/26.1.6 19033:Classical Philology 18834:A Companion to Ovid 18670:, pp. 109–110. 18555:, pp. 104–105. 18495:, pp. 88, 106. 18377:, pp. 113–116. 18206:Institutio Oratoria 18168:7.19.6; Suetonius, 18092:, pp. 257–260. 18068:, pp. 252–264. 18024:35.2.11; Sidonius, 17639:, pp. 156–157. 17406:The Classical World 17190:, pp. 274–275. 17062:, pp. 312–313. 16860:, pp. 282–283. 16015:, pp. 223–224. 16003:, pp. 235–236. 15951:. 2004. p. 83. 15891:, pp. 165–167. 15876:, pp. 365–366. 15416:, pp. 195–196. 15208:on 24 February 2021 15110:, pp. 185–186. 14581:, pp. 190–191. 14554:, pp. 184–185. 14479:, pp. 717–729. 14273:1980Sci...207.1167S 14267:(4436): 1167–1176. 14169:1994Sci...265.1841H 14163:(5180): 1841–1843. 14119:1996Sci...272..246H 13892:Duncan-Jones (1994) 13632:. pp. 133–142. 13338:, pp. 185–187. 13260:, pp. 184–185. 12928:, pp. 111–112. 12780:, pp. 205–209. 12463:, pp. 153–154. 12427:, pp. 153–154. 12170:, pp. 218–219. 11900:Noy, David (2000). 11478:Mussbaum, Martha C. 11213:. Brill. p. 2. 11187:Sherwin-White, A.N. 10801:. Acco. p. 83. 10722:, pp. 558–559. 10573:, pp. 108–109. 10076:, pp. 562–563. 9710:Mattingly, David J. 9457:, pp. 312–313. 9332:, pp. 405–415. 9193:Boatwright, Mary T. 8930:The Age of Augustus 7796:vicesima libertatis 7316:Ancient Rome portal 7292:Roman republicanism 7286:. The founders saw 7280:classical tradition 7259:Italian nationalism 7244:invasion of Otranto 7224:Andreas Palaiologos 7055:, from 303 to 311. 6929:religious tolerance 6877:Roman imperial cult 6849:Republic's collapse 6847:In the wake of the 6836:religious festivals 6726:Roman imperial cult 6645:classical tradition 6602:, whose account of 6503:medieval literature 6499:classical mythology 6395:school of Roman law 6314:corporal punishment 6308:) paid by parents. 6042:"brass" instruments 5983:, an early form of 5859:Boscoreale Treasure 5660:mythological scenes 5582:Antinous Mondragone 5382:rhythmic gymnastics 5247:Christians martyred 5224:retributive justice 5123:Roman amphitheatres 5047:religious festivals 4566:House of the Vettii 4191:dams and reservoirs 4090:) and dye workers ( 3862:Greenland ice sheet 3562:income distribution 3515:Economic historians 3479:Eastern Han dynasty 3364:Codex Hermogenianus 2968:Imperial Roman army 2866:divinely sanctioned 2470:Rome differed from 2364:sexual exploitation 2312:ius trium liberorum 1786:Trajan's successor 1703:demographic studies 1646:political geography 1346:, the accession of 1332:classical antiquity 1324:Barbarian invasions 1016:gave him the title 795:Italian Renaissance 763:forms of government 731:a lasting influence 615:barbarian invasions 496:victory of Octavian 219:Nicene Christianity 32846:Post-structuralism 32809:Christian humanism 32439:Universal suffrage 32173:Crusading movement 32077:Russian Revolution 31912:Hundred Years' War 31808:Maritime republics 31711:Early Christianity 31701:Hellenistic period 31658:Paleolithic Europe 31022:Bajo de la Campana 30724:Peter Throckmorton 30709:Jean-Yves Empereur 30683:William L. Rodgers 30504:Maritime Silk Road 28411:Telecommunications 27778:Maritime republics 27060:Southern Akkadians 26967:Jemdet Nasr period 26695:Lucca and Piombino 26572:Malta Protectorate 26536:Duke of San Donato 26290:Republic of Ancona 26212:Republic of Venice 26125:Duchy of Mirandola 26013:Duchy of Guastalla 25851:Duchy of Tridentum 25831:Duchy of Benevento 25798:Barbarian kingdoms 24099:Sub-Saharan Africa 23604:Corsica (Classical 23524:Armenia (Classical 23505:Albania (Classical 23102:Phlegon of Tralles 22909:Seneca the Younger 22383:Naming conventions 22113:Personal equipment 21646:Later Roman Empire 21276:Stambaugh, John E. 20766:Kelly, Christopher 20707:Jones, Mark Wilson 20501:Habinek, Thomas N. 20254:Cavallo, Guglielmo 19946:, pp. 73–74; 19278:on 11 August 2011. 19151:Past & Present 18879:www.britannica.com 18756:Habinek, Thomas N. 18389:, pp. 90, 92. 17965:, pp. 17–18; 17949:, 1.2, 14.184–92; 17477:Conte, Gian Biagio 17004:, pp. 4–5, 8. 16456:Martyrdom and Rome 16425:, pp. 59–60; 16154:, pp. 18–21; 15847:Montanari, Massimo 15683:, p. 19.83–84 15564:, pp. 75–79; 14093: 1.5 kg 14034:Oleson, John Peter 13154:Goldsworthy (2003) 13063:Goldsworthy (2003) 12984:Goldsworthy (2003) 12869:Goldsworthy (2003) 12081:www.britannica.com 11590:, pp. 62–75; 11099:, pp. 17, 20. 11037:, pp. 11, 21. 10389:. Vol. I 61 " 9820:, pp. 10, 11. 9506:"The Fall of Rome" 9424:Bury, John Bagnall 9347:www.britannica.com 9330:Goldsworthy (2009) 9290:Goldsworthy (2009) 9215:www.britannica.com 9091:"The Roman Italy: 8731:, pp. 1, 15; 7785:in the 90s–80s BC. 7659:Hellenistic period 7296:mixed constitution 7294:as models for the 7288:Athenian democracy 7220:translatio imperii 7212:Orthodox Christian 7182:Gallo-Roman temple 7107: 7105:in the 7th century 7041:Decian persecution 7029:persecution in 177 7021:Great Fire of Rome 6997: 6978:siege of Jerusalem 6931:was not an issue. 6736:Early Christianity 6609:The Twelve Caesars 6552:and the epic poet 6493:; his versions of 6445: 6328: 6286: 6213: 6210:wax writing tablet 6181:) by scribes. The 6128: 6020: 5936: 5770:tessellated mosaic 5759: 5753:floor mosaic from 5696: 5637: 5442:curule magistrates 5421: 5279: 5158: 4999: 4996:four-horse chariot 4962:, and hunting and 4780: 4702:Health and disease 4691:panem et circenses 4687:bread and circuses 4671: 4660:selective breeding 4569: 4497: 4450:or in Greek terms 4428: 4367:Ara Pacis Augustae 4339: 4244:water commissioner 4226: 4141: 4111: 4042: 4020:regional varietals 3901: 3828:underground mining 3812:Danubian provinces 3808: 3756:fiduciary currency 3622: 3599: 3558:standard of living 3487: 3398: 3317:Roman courts held 3288:, one holding the 3215:, and bodyguards; 3195:imperial provinces 3085: 3075:Relief panel from 3013:conscript citizens 3005: 2993: 2854: 2816:Central government 2797: 2702: 2563: 2468: 2439:Infant abandonment 2431:conquest of Greece 2356: 2319:Slaves and the law 2284: 2282:, Italy (30–40 AD) 2177:Women in Roman law 2060:social hierarchies 2037: 1942:dialect of Aramaic 1853: 1784: 1736:in drizzle-soaked 1684: 1610:imperium sine fine 1606:one of the largest 1566:forces during the 1533:forced to abdicate 1529:Romulus Augustulus 1500: 1492: 1340: 1310:Barbarian kingdoms 1300:Later Roman Empire 1268:Five Good Emperors 1262:, followed by the 1104:Five Good Emperors 1028:("foremost") with 990:Battle of Philippi 982:perpetual dictator 925: 902: 704:Germanic Herulians 191:Regional languages 33416: 33415: 33410: 33409: 33237:Council of Europe 33139:International law 33092:Constitutionalism 32950:Eastern Orthodoxy 32456:Post–Cold War era 32389:Age of Revolution 32243:Greco-Roman world 32181: 32180: 32107:COVID-19 pandemic 32052:French Revolution 32027:Habsburg monarchy 32007:Cossack Hetmanate 31987:Portuguese Empire 31977:Absolute monarchy 31972:Thirty Years' War 31867:Holy Roman Empire 31792:Bulgarian Empire 31751:Early Middle Ages 31668:Bronze Age Europe 31642:History of Europe 31608: 31607: 31604: 31603: 31470: 31469: 31457: 31456: 31077:Madrague de Giens 30796:Temple of Isthmia 30792:Maritime temples 30778:Marine navigation 30737: 30736: 30729:Shelley Wachsmann 30719:J. Richard Steffy 30629: 30628: 30562: 30561: 30431: 30430: 30418: 30417: 30369: 30368: 30099:Ocean exploration 29814: 29813: 29801: 29800: 29460:Rutter (nautical) 29416: 29415: 29403: 29402: 29259:Mortise and tenon 28893:Ancient seafaring 28859: 28858: 28826: 28825: 28461: 28460: 28396:Southern question 28316: 28315: 28248:Political parties 28196:Foreign relations 28168: 28167: 28021: 28020: 27742:Kingdom of Naples 27730:Kingdom of Sicily 27327: 27326: 27322: 27321: 27250:Macedonian Empire 27240:Achaemenid Empire 27113:c. 1200–1150 BCE 27096:c. 1400–1200 BCE 27067:c. 1600–1400 BCE 27047:c. 1800–1600 BCE 27009:c. 2000–1800 BCE 26999:c. 2100–2000 BCE 26987:c. 2200–2100 BCE 26977:c. 2350–2200 BCE 26956:c. 3500–2350 BCE 26890: 26889: 26886: 26885: 26733: 26732: 26700:Massa and Carrara 26585: 26584: 26562:Hospitaller Malta 26521:Kingdom of Naples 26515:Kingdom of Sicily 26446: 26445: 26356:Duchy of Sorrento 26275:Republic of Genoa 26270:Republic of Siena 26265:Republic of Massa 26260:Republic of Lucca 25993:County of Gorizia 25983:Corsican Republic 25964:Holy Roman Empire 25622: 25621: 25544: 25543: 25509:Polish–Lithuanian 24684:Gurjara-Pratihara 24128: 24127: 24104:Equatorial Africa 23978:Byzantine Armenia 23968:Caucasian Albania 23911: 23910: 23893:Thrace (Classical 23885:Turkey (Classical 23677:Sicily (Classical 23624:Greece (Classical 23586:Cyprus (Classical 23572:Crimea (Classical 23567:Britain (England) 23441: 23440: 23403:Pontifices maximi 23185: 23184: 23042:Diogenes Laërtius 22864:Pliny the Younger 22619:Asconius Pedianus 22579:Romance languages 22451:Civil engineering 22193:Imperial currency 22066:Political control 22027: 22026: 21661: 21660: 21432:Library resources 21416:978-1-1015-1514-3 21374:978-1-4051-7969-0 21298:Treadgold, Warren 21289:978-0-8018-3692-3 21267:978-0-4707-6645-3 21245:978-0-8014-2265-2 21222:978-0-1915-1423-4 21200:978-0-8014-9460-4 21166:978-0-1988-8729-4 21080:978-1-4443-4339-7 21043:978-1-4051-9918-6 21021:978-0-4720-8568-2 20995:978-0-1951-8800-4 20957:978-0-4721-0096-5 20931:978-9-0041-7481-8 20912:978-0-1997-0761-4 20820:978-0-5218-9746-4 20801:978-0-5218-7782-4 20779:978-0-1928-0391-7 20720:978-0-3001-0202-4 20674:978-0-1997-2105-4 20655:978-0-1997-1286-1 20636:978-0-5200-4921-5 20617:978-0-1996-9821-9 20598:978-0-1995-8671-4 20536:978-0-6740-3381-8 20514:978-0-8018-8105-3 20489:978-0-3001-3719-4 20463:978-0-5000-5124-5 20441:978-0-1951-7072-6 20422:978-0-1951-6185-4 20403:978-0-6708-8515-2 20384:978-3-1102-0213-7 20362:978-0-3001-1208-5 20334:978-1-4214-0101-0 20315:978-0-5214-4192-6 20293:978-0-5200-8429-2 20271:978-0-7456-1936-1 20245:978-0-5213-0199-2 20215:978-0-5213-7887-1 20196:978-0-6745-1173-6 20162:978-0-4152-2295-2 20140:978-0-5212-6335-1 20121:978-0-4151-6524-2 20099:978-1-1350-9343-3 20080:978-0-5202-2067-6 20058:978-9-0041-0709-0 20015:978-0-5439-2749-1 19967:978-0-5202-6551-6 19922:978-0-8018-5986-1 19839:978-0-4353-2754-5 19800:978-1-4240-6959-0 19775:978-1-4381-2659-3 19686:978-8-0568-0313-4 19603:978-9-0041-9237-9 19578:978-0-5213-0200-5 19419:978-3-5987-7828-5 19393:978-0-6312-2137-1 19365:978-0-8308-2722-0 18930:978-1-4073-6071-3 18468:, pp. 93–94. 18417:, pp. 87–89. 18365:, pp. 84–85. 18341:, pp. 15–16. 18301:978-0-6740-3327-6 18254:, pp. 81–82. 18208:. p. 9.2.65. 18162:Pliny the Younger 18080:, pp. 67–68. 18054:Adversus Indoctum 17933:, pp. 17–18. 17870:, pp. 19–20. 17846:, pp. 86–87. 17688:MacMullen, Ramsay 17615:, pp. 146ff. 17561:World Archaeology 17390:978-0-520-93822-9 17312:. 30 March 2016. 17295:, pp. 254ff. 17020:, pp. 75–76. 16976:978-0-6700-2098-0 16799:(Romani Palliati) 16664:978-0-19-938113-5 16514:, pp. 5, 143 16308:Marcus Junkelmann 16304:McClelland (2007) 16103:Wiedemann, Thomas 16090:McClelland (2007) 15943:"Purificazione". 15860:978-0-2311-1154-6 15822:. pp. 125ff. 15799:Life of Vitellius 15533:978-0-6911-6683-4 15365:978-0-5218-0054-9 15276:, pp. 11–12. 15063:978-1-1342-6464-3 15038:978-0-5211-9493-8 14897:, pp. 59–74. 14881:978-0-5200-7401-9 14799:978-0-4321-5090-0 14790:A History of Dams 14738:978-1-4020-9484-2 14716:978-8-8826-5233-3 14685:: 406–463 (430). 14391:978-0-3001-0341-0 14381:Roman Woodworking 14352:978-0-5200-7401-9 14047:978-0-1951-8731-1 13843:978-0-1953-3690-0 13768:978-0-8018-5291-6 13596:978-0-1992-2721-1 13526:978-0-5217-8053-7 13026:978-1-8417-6932-5 12912:978-0-3939-3492-2 12881:Winterling (2009) 12857:Winterling (2009) 12768:, pp. 195ff. 12599:, pp. 14–15. 12484:978-0-2927-2567-6 12311:, pp. 87–88. 12286:978-0-5217-8274-6 12229:, pp. 78–79. 12062:978-0-19-757390-7 11911:978-0-7156-2952-9 11855:978-0-7391-1726-2 11807:, pp. 288ff. 11791:978-0-1997-3784-0 11699:, pp. 31–33. 11594:World Archaeology 11532:, pp. 34–35. 11457:: 335–375 (342). 11280:, pp. 19–20. 11191:Roman Citizenship 11164:, pp. 31–32. 11111:, pp. 81–82. 11035:Winterling (2009) 10930:978-0-4706-7336-2 10909:978-1-1346-6525-9 10848:978-0-5114-8297-7 10771:978-2-7298-6470-5 10604:978-3-1116-3622-1 10490:978-1-1070-6858-2 10441:978-0-8122-3390-2 10342:978-1-4051-0217-9 10293:978-1-1088-9734-1 10254:978-0-6744-9604-0 10191:978-1-1088-8838-7 10154:978-0-5217-2160-8 9835:, pp. 14–16. 9808:, pp. 9, 16. 9742:978-0-4152-3943-1 9707:, p. 1.278; 9481:978-3-6530-5232-9 9474:. Peter Lang AG. 9409:978-0-1950-1814-1 9396:Starr, Chester G. 9381:978-0-4151-0057-1 9316:978-0-1519-8885-3 8983:Arthur Keaveney: 8940:978-1-4051-5149-8 8892:978-0-1995-4556-8 8853:Richardson (2011) 8774:, pp. 1, 15. 8745:, pp. 39–40. 8734:Brennan, T. Corey 8708:978-1-7809-3800-4 8494:978-9-0042-0323-5 8440:978-0-8264-3086-1 8401:978-9-4010-2400-6 8362:978-0-1999-2118-8 8320:978-1-3519-5584-3 8278:978-0-3130-7270-3 8236:978-1-1070-2840-1 8206:978-0-5218-9629-0 8164:978-1-0092-5622-3 8122:978-3-1102-1558-8 8076:978-0-2416-3575-9 8000:978-1-1015-0200-6 7979:978-0-7453-2870-6 7691:Septimius Severus 7530: 7196:Pope Leo III 7192:Holy Roman Empire 7033:Pliny the Younger 6974:Jewish–Roman wars 6935:Mystery religions 6887:, in present-day 6694:Martianus Capella 6632:, the geographer 6582:Pliny the Younger 6223:Pliny the Younger 6143:Babylonian Talmud 6071:mystery religions 5541:Roman portraiture 5378:female gladiators 5313:, and especially 5255:martyr literature 5239:Pliny the Younger 5162:colours they wore 5100:theatrical events 5027:, the equestrian 5019:, the setting of 4775:on a 2nd-century 4716:Plague of Cyprian 4274:Insulated glazing 4124:Roman engineering 3710:. A professional 3492:industrialization 3444:aerarium militare 3358:Codex Gregorianus 3334:international law 3275:Roman portraiture 3144:along the rivers 3123:Roman citizenship 2779:Forum of Gerasa ( 2647:European nobility 2472:Greek city-states 2395:Lex Fufia Caninia 2368:summary execution 2288:moral legislation 2139:According to the 2135:Roman citizenship 1962:Thracian language 1891:romance languages 1726:Christopher Kelly 1724:As the historian 1525:Most chronologies 1426:Great Persecution 1395:historical epochs 1387:economic disorder 1367:Roman citizenship 933:Italian Peninsula 889: 815:classical science 779:Empire's adoption 771:Romance languages 769:evolved into the 668:Christian emperor 512:Ptolemaic Kingdom 479:lasted until the 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 411: 410: 16:(Redirected from 33536: 33282:EU Customs Union 32814:Secular humanism 32762:Christian ethics 32712:East–West Schism 32695:Physical culture 32419:Great Divergence 32369:Age of Discovery 32208: 32201: 32194: 32185: 32184: 32042:Great Divergence 31957:Age of Discovery 31902:Late Middle Ages 31872:High Middle Ages 31783:Byzantine Empire 31766:Christianization 31756:Migration Period 31691:Classical Greece 31663:Neolithic Europe 31635: 31628: 31621: 31612: 31611: 31599: 31598: 31493:Ark of bulrushes 31476: 31475: 31465: 31464: 31103:Oldest surviving 30813:Nusantao network 30688:Chester G. Starr 30653: 30652: 30646: 30645: 30635: 30634: 30624: 30623: 30597:Cilician pirates 30568: 30567: 30557: 30556: 30494:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 30489:Iron Age Britain 30437: 30436: 30426: 30425: 30144: 30143: 29833: 29832: 29820: 29819: 29809: 29808: 29723:Ptolemais Theron 29433: 29432: 29422: 29421: 29411: 29410: 29003:Single-outrigger 28914: 28913: 28901: 28900: 28886: 28879: 28872: 28863: 28862: 28849: 28848: 28841:Italy portal 28838: 28837: 28778:National symbols 28472: 28471: 28327: 28326: 28179: 28178: 28032: 28031: 27912:Kingdom of Italy 27839:Napoleonic Italy 27378: 27377: 27354: 27347: 27340: 27331: 27330: 27300:Byzantine Empire 27175:Middle Babylonia 27141:c. 1150–911 BCE 26934: 26933: 26917: 26910: 26903: 26894: 26893: 26851:Kingdom of Italy 26838: 26837: 26604: 26603: 26433:County of Sicily 26428:County of Aversa 26351:Byzantine Sicily 26337:Theme of Lucania 26307: 26306: 26285:Republic of Pisa 26280:Republic of Noli 26150:Duchy of Spoleto 26120:Duchy of Merania 26018:Kingdom of Italy 25944:Duchy of Ferrara 25889:Duchy of Perugia 25868:Byzantine Empire 25846:Duchy of Spoleto 25813:Ostrogothic rule 25795: 25794: 25663:Pre-Roman period 25649: 25642: 25635: 25626: 25625: 25425: 25424: 25090:Austro-Hungarian 24790:Chagatai Khanate 24155: 24148: 24141: 24132: 24131: 24054: 23938: 23931: 23924: 23915: 23914: 23839:Spain (Classical 23669:Italy (Classical 23632:Crete (Classical 23493:Byzantine Empire 23481: 23474: 23467: 23458: 23457: 23445: 23444: 23393:Magistri equitum 23308:Cities and towns 23301: 23227:Constantinopolis 23037:Diodorus Siculus 22969:Valerius Maximus 22904:Seneca the Elder 22824:Nonius Marcellus 22592: 22591: 22145:Hippika gymnasia 22108:Infantry tactics 22014:Consular tribune 22004:Magister equitum 21953:Military tribune 21918: 21917: 21878:Pontifex maximus 21873:Princeps senatus 21863:Magister militum 21629:Byzantine Empire 21550: 21549: 21511: 21504: 21497: 21488: 21487: 21476:Roman-Empire.net 21420: 21398: 21378: 21359: 21357: 21329: 21315: 21293: 21271: 21249: 21237: 21226: 21204: 21182: 21180: 21178: 21158: 21137: 21135: 21133: 21096: 21094: 21092: 21047: 21030:Potter, David S. 21025: 21008:Mattingly, D. J. 20999: 20980: 20961: 20949: 20935: 20916: 20899:Scheidel, Walter 20890: 20853: 20824: 20805: 20783: 20761: 20724: 20702: 20678: 20659: 20640: 20621: 20602: 20580: 20540: 20527:Ancient Literacy 20518: 20496: 20481: 20467: 20445: 20426: 20407: 20388: 20366: 20347: 20338: 20319: 20297: 20275: 20264:. Polity Press. 20249: 20219: 20200: 20184: 20166: 20144: 20125: 20103: 20084: 20062: 20040: 20019: 19988: 19978: 19972: 19971: 19953: 19941: 19933: 19927: 19926: 19908: 19902: 19901: 19893: 19887: 19886: 19868: 19862: 19861: 19850: 19844: 19843: 19825: 19819: 19818: 19811: 19805: 19804: 19786: 19780: 19779: 19761: 19755: 19754: 19745: 19739: 19733: 19727: 19726: 19724: 19722: 19690: 19672: 19666: 19660: 19651: 19650: 19648: 19646: 19614: 19608: 19607: 19589: 19583: 19582: 19551: 19542: 19541: 19529: 19523: 19522: 19520: 19518: 19512: 19497: 19485: 19479: 19478: 19466: 19453: 19447: 19446: 19430: 19424: 19423: 19397: 19376: 19370: 19369: 19351: 19342: 19341: 19321: 19315: 19309: 19303: 19302: 19291:Past and Present 19286: 19280: 19279: 19274:. Archived from 19267: 19261: 19260: 19232: 19221: 19215: 19214: 19212: 19200: 19194: 19193: 19170: 19162: 19146: 19110: 19088: 19082: 19081: 19063: 19057: 19056: 19028: 19022: 19016: 19008: 19000: 18988: 18982: 18981: 18968: 18962: 18961: 18953: 18947: 18941: 18935: 18934: 18908: 18902: 18896: 18890: 18889: 18887: 18885: 18871: 18865: 18859: 18853: 18852: 18844: 18838: 18837: 18825: 18819: 18813: 18807: 18806: 18798: 18790: 18782: 18776: 18770: 18764: 18763: 18752: 18743: 18742: 18734: 18726: 18717: 18711: 18705: 18699: 18689: 18683: 18677: 18671: 18665: 18659: 18653: 18647: 18646: 18610: 18604: 18598: 18592: 18586: 18580: 18574: 18568: 18562: 18556: 18550: 18544: 18538: 18532: 18526: 18520: 18514: 18508: 18502: 18496: 18490: 18484: 18478: 18469: 18463: 18457: 18451: 18445: 18439: 18430: 18424: 18418: 18412: 18406: 18396: 18390: 18384: 18378: 18372: 18366: 18360: 18354: 18348: 18342: 18336: 18330: 18324: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18313: 18285: 18279: 18273: 18267: 18261: 18255: 18249: 18243: 18237: 18231: 18221: 18215: 18209: 18198: 18187: 18181: 18160:4.35 and 14.50; 18150: 18144: 18134: 18128: 18110: 18109:. p. 1.8.2. 18099: 18093: 18087: 18081: 18075: 18069: 18063: 18057: 18047: 18035: 18029: 18004:9.11.2; Martial 17991: 17985: 17979: 17970: 17969:, pp. 84–85 17960: 17954: 17953:, pp. 83–84 17940: 17934: 17928: 17922: 17912: 17904: 17893: 17887: 17877: 17871: 17865: 17859: 17853: 17847: 17841: 17835: 17834: 17826: 17820: 17814: 17808: 17802: 17796: 17791:, p. 46ff; 17786: 17778: 17769: 17768: 17760: 17754: 17748: 17742: 17741: 17721: 17712: 17702: 17696: 17695: 17684: 17678: 17677: 17669: 17663: 17662: 17646: 17640: 17637:Naerebout (2009) 17634: 17628: 17625:Naerebout (2009) 17622: 17616: 17613:Naerebout (2009) 17610: 17604: 17603: 17595: 17589: 17588:, pp. 90ff. 17583: 17577: 17576: 17556: 17543: 17540:Naerebout (2009) 17537: 17528: 17527: 17519: 17491: 17485: 17484: 17473: 17467: 17461: 17444:(3/4): 315–329. 17429: 17401: 17395: 17394: 17377:Plautus (2005). 17374: 17368: 17362: 17344: 17338: 17332: 17326: 17325: 17323: 17321: 17302: 17296: 17290: 17284: 17278: 17272: 17266: 17257: 17251: 17245: 17239: 17233: 17227: 17221: 17220: 17209: 17203: 17197: 17191: 17185: 17179: 17178: 17170: 17164: 17158: 17152: 17146: 17140: 17139: 17131: 17125: 17119: 17113: 17112: 17104: 17098: 17097: 17069: 17063: 17057: 17051: 17050: 17039: 17033: 17027: 17021: 17011: 17005: 16999: 16993: 16987: 16981: 16980: 16962: 16956: 16955: 16937: 16931: 16925: 16919: 16909: 16903: 16897: 16891: 16885: 16876: 16875: 16867: 16861: 16855: 16849: 16843: 16834: 16833: 16817: 16811: 16810: 16794: 16783: 16782: 16774: 16765: 16759: 16753: 16744: 16736: 16730: 16729: 16711: 16705: 16704: 16696: 16690: 16689: 16681: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16638: 16632: 16631: 16603: 16597: 16596: 16568: 16562: 16561: 16533: 16527: 16521: 16515: 16509: 16502: 16496: 16490: 16482: 16474: 16459: 16448: 16442: 16436: 16430: 16420: 16409: 16403: 16397: 16391: 16385: 16377: 16371: 16365: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16344:Introduction to 16339: 16333: 16330:Edmondson (1996) 16327: 16316: 16310: 16293: 16287: 16281: 16275: 16269: 16263: 16253: 16247: 16237: 16231: 16217: 16211: 16205: 16197: 16181: 16175: 16165: 16159: 16149: 16143: 16137: 16131: 16117: 16111: 16110: 16099: 16093: 16075: 16069: 16068: 16055:Edmondson (1996) 16052: 16046: 16040: 16031: 16025: 16016: 16010: 16004: 15998: 15992: 15986: 15980: 15979: 15971: 15965: 15959: 15953: 15952: 15940: 15928: 15922: 15921: 15910: 15904: 15898: 15892: 15886: 15877: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15842: 15836: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15815: 15809: 15803: 15790: 15784: 15783: 15775: 15769: 15768: 15760: 15754: 15748: 15742: 15736: 15730: 15723:Stambaugh (1988) 15716: 15710: 15707:Stambaugh (1988) 15704: 15698: 15692: 15684: 15673: 15667: 15661: 15652: 15651: 15643: 15637: 15631: 15625: 15624:, p. 136ff. 15619: 15613: 15612: 15603:Stambaugh (1988) 15600: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15559: 15553: 15552: 15544: 15538: 15537: 15524:The Fate of Rome 15519: 15513: 15512: 15504: 15498: 15497: 15489: 15481: 15475: 15474: 15435: 15429: 15423: 15417: 15411: 15405: 15399: 15393: 15387: 15370: 15369: 15351: 15345: 15339: 15330: 15329: 15311: 15305: 15298:Stambaugh (1988) 15295: 15289: 15283: 15277: 15271: 15265: 15259: 15253: 15252: 15224: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15213: 15207: 15201:. Archived from 15168: 15159: 15150: 15144: 15138: 15137: 15129: 15123: 15117: 15111: 15105: 15099: 15089: 15083: 15082: 15075: 15067: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15024: 15015: 15012:Stambaugh (1988) 15009: 15003: 15002: 14994: 14983: 14977: 14974:Stambaugh (1988) 14971: 14965: 14964: 14956: 14945: 14939: 14933: 14932: 14904: 14898: 14892: 14886: 14885: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14852: 14846: 14845: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14822: 14816: 14815: 14814:(2): 25–32 (28). 14803: 14785: 14749: 14743: 14742: 14720: 14702: 14674: 14672: 14670: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14632: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14603: 14594: 14588: 14582: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14555: 14549: 14543: 14542: 14514: 14508: 14502: 14496: 14486: 14480: 14474: 14468: 14462: 14456: 14450: 14444: 14434: 14428: 14425:Stambaugh (1988) 14422: 14411: 14410: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14375: 14369: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14338: 14332: 14326: 14320: 14319: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14256: 14250: 14249: 14221: 14212: 14211: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14154: 14145: 14139: 14138: 14102: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14087: 14069: 14051: 14029: 14023: 14022: 13986: 13980: 13979: 13967: 13956: 13950: 13949: 13901: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13854: 13848: 13847: 13829: 13823: 13817: 13800: 13799: 13796:The Roman Empire 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13772: 13754: 13741: 13740: 13732: 13723: 13722: 13711: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13689: 13683: 13652: 13644:Scheidel, Walter 13640: 13634: 13633: 13625: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13579: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13537: 13531: 13530: 13509:Scheidel, Walter 13505: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13475: 13469: 13463: 13457: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13367: 13361: 13355: 13345: 13339: 13333: 13327: 13321: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13246: 13236: 13230: 13224: 13218: 13212: 13201: 13187: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13144: 13108: 13072: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12962: 12956: 12955: 12947: 12941: 12935: 12929: 12926:Edmondson (1996) 12923: 12917: 12916: 12900: 12890: 12884: 12878: 12872: 12866: 12860: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12826: 12817: 12811: 12805: 12799: 12793: 12787: 12781: 12775: 12769: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12735: 12729: 12723: 12717: 12711: 12705: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12670: 12664: 12658: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12639: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12575: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12520: 12507: 12506: 12488: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12434: 12428: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12386: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12312: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12171: 12165: 12159: 12153: 12144: 12130: 12124: 12123: 12098: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12031: 12022: 12021: 12013: 12007: 12006: 11985: 11979: 11969: 11963: 11957: 11951: 11950: 11922: 11916: 11915: 11897: 11891: 11890: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11837: 11831: 11830: 11822: 11814: 11808: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11679: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11609: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11552: 11551: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11500: 11485: 11474: 11446: 11440: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11390: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11326: 11298: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11268: 11260: 11254: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11214: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11118: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11052: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10990: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10917:Bard, Kathryn A. 10913: 10896:Bard, Kathryn A. 10892: 10886: 10885: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10828: 10818: 10810: 10802: 10794: 10786: 10780: 10779: 10757: 10751: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10682: 10673: 10672: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10635: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10616: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10562: 10559:Treadgold (1997) 10556: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10425: 10419: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10238: 10232: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10119:Treadgold (1997) 10116: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10044: 10036: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10011: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9958: 9957: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9919: 9908: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9851: 9845: 9836: 9830: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9796:, pp. 7, 8. 9791: 9785: 9784: 9778: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9725: 9717: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9594: 9592: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9556: 9554: 9540: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9467: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8810: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8784: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8746: 8741: 8727:, pp. 4ff; 8722: 8716: 8715: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8678:. 7 October 2020 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8600: 8585: 8573: 8564: 8563: 8524: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8478: 8469: 8466:Treadgold (1997) 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8332: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8061: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7983: 7965: 7944: 7937: 7931: 7922: 7916: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7872: 7866: 7855: 7849: 7822: 7816: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7786: 7775: 7769: 7758: 7752: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7718: 7700: 7694: 7668: 7662: 7650: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7602: 7596: 7555:, thus becoming 7538: 7532: 7525: 7523: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7495: 7484:Empire of Nicaea 7472: 7466: 7442:in the West and 7424: 7418: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7156: 7147: 7045:Christian Church 6879:, influenced by 6823:correct practice 6776: 6756: 6544:'s displeasure. 6452:classical ideals 6422:Latin literature 6399:Second Sophistic 6325:Academy of Plato 6284:, a writing case 6260:Byzantine Empire 6160:priestly archive 5951:Latin literature 5900: 5888: 5870: 5850: 5579:(left); and the 5574: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5513:triumphal arches 5400:Roman hairstyles 5335:("Raiders") and 5271:Villa del Casale 5205: 5039:gladiator combat 4994:A victor in his 4685:, however, saw " 4652:economy of scale 4527:gladiator combat 4488:Public toilets ( 4437: 4370: 4342:City and country 4335:Villa Boscoreale 4242:, who served as 4238:, a treatise by 4128:Roman technology 3986:ports. The main 3834:Hydraulic mining 3824:open-cast mining 3801: 3786:Roman metallurgy 3730:Emperors of the 3706:needs access to 3692:less in reserves 3597:circa AD 134–138 3394:Temple of Saturn 3268: 3259: 3156:coasts, and the 3112:Praetorian Guard 3038:cohortes urbanae 3033:Praetorian Guard 2950:Praetorian Guard 2910:Antonine dynasty 2885:pontifex maximus 2850:Hermitage Museum 2843: 2841: 2730:might receive a 2544:, also known as 2512:Equestrian order 2360:legal personhood 2204: 2195: 2119:burial societies 2035:(1st century AD) 2004:Pharaoh of Egypt 1996:Temple of Hathor 1984: 1975: 1906:Italic languages 1738:northern England 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1552:Byzantine Empire 1415: 1413: 1356:Empire's decline 1328:Germanic peoples 1314:Byzantine Empire 1216: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1116: 1082: 1076: 1066: 1010:Battle of Actium 898:Byzantine Empire 890: 680:Migration Period 665: 663: 650: 648: 639: 637: 604: 602: 593: 591: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 529: 508:Battle of Actium 441: 440: 427: 426: 415: 414: 402: 401: 395: 394: 379: 378: 292:Late Middle Ages 227: 215: 167: 159: 140: 125: 115: 110: 99: 89: 78: 77: 70: 66: 65: 55: 54: 39: 38: 21: 33544: 33543: 33539: 33538: 33537: 33535: 33534: 33533: 33519:Western culture 33419: 33418: 33417: 33412: 33411: 33406: 33372:UKUSA Agreement 33312:Lublin Triangle 33197:Baltic Assembly 33149: 33143: 33061: 32898: 32733: 32603:Eurolinguistics 32472: 32461:Information age 32434:Interwar period 32301: 32221: 32212: 32182: 32177: 32116: 32082:Interwar period 32057:Napoleonic Wars 31921: 31892:Mongol invasion 31845:Crown of Aragon 31737: 31677: 31673:Iron Age Europe 31644: 31639: 31609: 31600: 31596: 31591: 31481: 31466: 31462: 31453: 31396: 31390: 31338: 31337:Institutes and 31332: 31287:Viking replicas 31228:Balangay Voyage 31141: 31135: 31119: 30874: 30867: 30743: 30733: 30692: 30640: 30625: 30621: 30616: 30573: 30558: 30554: 30549: 30445: 30427: 30423: 30414: 30365: 30322: 30175: 30135: 30080: 30073: 29874: 29827: 29810: 29806: 29797: 29673:Mueang Phra Rot 29527: 29518: 29427: 29412: 29408: 29399: 29353: 29327:Triangular sail 29288: 29225: 29199:Sail components 29110: 29079: 29053:Tessarakonteres 28908: 28895: 28890: 28860: 28855: 28835: 28822: 28793:Public holidays 28624: 28570:Life expectancy 28457: 28312: 28228:Law enforcement 28164: 28017: 27964: 27953:Social Republic 27917:Colonial Empire 27900:Capture of Rome 27853: 27746: 27655: 27548:Ancient peoples 27536: 27473: 27434:Historic states 27392: 27367: 27358: 27328: 27323: 27317:Sassanid Empire 27286:Parthian Empire 27281:Seleucid Empire 27271:Seleucid Empire 27190: 27184: 27161: 27152: 26981:Akkadian Empire 26927: 26921: 26891: 26882: 26836: 26739: 26738:Post-Napoleonic 26729: 26663: 26599: 26593: 26581: 26523: 26519: 26518:(1130–1816) and 26517: 26509: 26454: 26442: 26409: 26383: 26374:Emirate of Bari 26360: 26347:Theme of Sicily 26342:Duchy of Naples 26317:Duchy of Amalfi 26302: 26294: 26242: 26241:Other Republics 26236: 26214: 26206: 26200:County of Tenda 26180:County of Savoy 26140:Duchy of Reggio 26110:Duchy of Mantua 26038:March of Friuli 25970: 25968: 25966: 25958: 25954:Duchy of Urbino 25939:Duchy of Castro 25916: 25908: 25862: 25856:Duchy of Tuscia 25836:Duchy of Friuli 25799: 25790: 25788: 25786: 25780: 25759:(753 BC–509 BC) 25743: 25658: 25653: 25623: 25618: 25607:American Empire 25592: 25588:African empires 25540: 25423: 25115:Central African 25061: 24879:Romano-Germanic 24465: 24199:Middle Assyrian 24172: 24164: 24159: 24129: 24124: 24108: 24061: 24055: 24046: 23955: 23949: 23942: 23912: 23907: 23865:Early Medieval) 23778:The Netherlands 23689:Early Medieval) 23608:Early Medieval) 23496: 23487:History of the 23485: 23450: 23442: 23437: 23299: 23297: 23291: 23181: 23017:Aëtius of Amida 22998: 22984:Verrius Flaccus 22964:Valerius Antias 22924:Silius Italicus 22859:Pliny the Elder 22804:Marcus Aurelius 22679:Cornelius Nepos 22629:Aurelius Victor 22583: 22505: 22417: 22351:Secessio plebis 22322: 22197: 22149: 22023: 21977: 21907: 21789: 21741: 21657: 21578: 21539: 21521: 21515: 21462: 21461: 21460: 21440: 21439: 21435: 21428: 21423: 21417: 21403:Wood, Gordon S. 21375: 21342:Greece and Rome 21312: 21290: 21268: 21246: 21223: 21201: 21176: 21174: 21167: 21131: 21129: 21090: 21088: 21081: 21044: 21022: 20996: 20977: 20958: 20940:Nicolet, Claude 20932: 20913: 20842:10.2307/1087296 20821: 20802: 20780: 20721: 20683:Jones, A. H. M. 20675: 20656: 20637: 20618: 20599: 20537: 20515: 20494:Commodus Gibbon 20490: 20464: 20442: 20423: 20404: 20385: 20363: 20335: 20316: 20294: 20280:Clarke, John R. 20272: 20258:Chartier, Roger 20246: 20234:, eds. (2005). 20232:Cameron, Averil 20216: 20197: 20163: 20141: 20122: 20108:Bennett, Julian 20100: 20081: 20059: 20016: 19996: 19991: 19979: 19975: 19968: 19934: 19930: 19923: 19909: 19905: 19894: 19890: 19883: 19869: 19865: 19851: 19847: 19840: 19826: 19822: 19813: 19812: 19808: 19801: 19787: 19783: 19776: 19762: 19758: 19746: 19742: 19734: 19730: 19720: 19718: 19687: 19673: 19669: 19661: 19654: 19644: 19642: 19615: 19611: 19604: 19590: 19586: 19579: 19559:Cameron, Averil 19552: 19545: 19530: 19526: 19516: 19514: 19513:on 3 March 2022 19510: 19495: 19486: 19482: 19475: 19454: 19450: 19435:Cameron, Averil 19431: 19427: 19420: 19394: 19377: 19373: 19366: 19352: 19345: 19332:(2): 200, 217. 19322: 19318: 19310: 19306: 19287: 19283: 19268: 19264: 19222: 19218: 19201: 19197: 19107: 19093:, p. 616; 19089: 19085: 19078: 19064: 19060: 19029: 19025: 18989: 18985: 18969: 18965: 18954: 18950: 18942: 18938: 18931: 18909: 18905: 18897: 18893: 18883: 18881: 18873: 18872: 18868: 18864:, p. 1294. 18862:Albrecht (1997) 18860: 18856: 18845: 18841: 18826: 18822: 18814: 18810: 18783: 18779: 18771: 18767: 18753: 18746: 18718: 18714: 18706: 18702: 18694:, p. 110; 18690: 18686: 18678: 18674: 18666: 18662: 18654: 18650: 18611: 18607: 18599: 18595: 18587: 18583: 18575: 18571: 18563: 18559: 18551: 18547: 18539: 18535: 18527: 18523: 18515: 18511: 18503: 18499: 18491: 18487: 18479: 18472: 18464: 18460: 18452: 18448: 18440: 18433: 18425: 18421: 18413: 18409: 18401:, p. 108; 18397: 18393: 18385: 18381: 18373: 18369: 18361: 18357: 18349: 18345: 18337: 18333: 18325: 18321: 18311: 18309: 18302: 18286: 18282: 18274: 18270: 18262: 18258: 18250: 18246: 18238: 18234: 18222: 18218: 18212:Marshall (1976) 18188: 18184: 18151: 18147: 18137:Marshall (1976) 18135: 18131: 18125:Marshall (1976) 18103:Pliny the Elder 18100: 18096: 18090:Marshall (1976) 18088: 18084: 18076: 18072: 18066:Marshall (1976) 18064: 18060: 18038:Marshall (1976) 18036: 18032: 18022:Natural History 17998:Marshall (1976) 17992: 17988: 17982:Marshall (1976) 17980: 17973: 17961: 17957: 17941: 17937: 17929: 17925: 17917:, p. 555; 17894: 17890: 17878: 17874: 17866: 17862: 17854: 17850: 17842: 17838: 17827: 17823: 17815: 17811: 17803: 17799: 17779: 17772: 17761: 17757: 17749: 17745: 17722: 17715: 17703: 17699: 17685: 17681: 17670: 17666: 17647: 17643: 17635: 17631: 17623: 17619: 17611: 17607: 17598:Sonia Mucznik. 17596: 17592: 17584: 17580: 17557: 17546: 17538: 17531: 17492: 17488: 17474: 17470: 17450:10.2307/1192603 17418:10.2307/4350348 17402: 17398: 17391: 17375: 17371: 17359: 17345: 17341: 17333: 17329: 17319: 17317: 17304: 17303: 17299: 17293:Dunbabin (1999) 17291: 17287: 17279: 17275: 17267: 17260: 17256:, p. 1, 9. 17252: 17248: 17240: 17236: 17228: 17224: 17210: 17206: 17198: 17194: 17186: 17182: 17171: 17167: 17159: 17155: 17147: 17143: 17132: 17128: 17120: 17116: 17105: 17101: 17070: 17066: 17058: 17054: 17040: 17036: 17032:, pp. 1–3. 17028: 17024: 17012: 17008: 17000: 16996: 16988: 16984: 16977: 16963: 16959: 16952: 16938: 16934: 16926: 16922: 16910: 16906: 16898: 16894: 16886: 16879: 16868: 16864: 16856: 16852: 16844: 16837: 16818: 16814: 16795: 16786: 16775: 16768: 16760: 16756: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16712: 16708: 16697: 16693: 16682: 16678: 16669: 16667: 16665: 16639: 16635: 16608:Greece and Rome 16604: 16600: 16573:Greece and Rome 16569: 16565: 16534: 16530: 16522: 16518: 16504: 16503: 16499: 16452:Bowersock, G.W. 16449: 16445: 16437: 16433: 16410: 16406: 16398: 16394: 16384:. p. 33.1. 16378: 16374: 16358: 16354: 16340: 16336: 16326:. p. 12.2. 16317: 16313: 16302:, p. 307; 16294: 16290: 16282: 16278: 16270: 16266: 16256:Humphrey (1986) 16254: 16250: 16238: 16234: 16222:, p. 354; 16218: 16214: 16190:, p. 144; 16182: 16178: 16166: 16162: 16152:Humphrey (1986) 16150: 16146: 16138: 16134: 16124:Humphrey (1986) 16118: 16114: 16100: 16096: 16088:, p. 461; 16086:Humphrey (1986) 16076: 16072: 16053: 16049: 16045:, pp. 1–3. 16043:Humphrey (1986) 16041: 16034: 16026: 16019: 16011: 16007: 15999: 15995: 15987: 15983: 15972: 15968: 15960: 15956: 15942: 15931:Humphrey (1986) 15929: 15925: 15911: 15907: 15899: 15895: 15887: 15880: 15872: 15868: 15861: 15843: 15839: 15831: 15827: 15816: 15812: 15802:. p. 13.2. 15791: 15787: 15776: 15772: 15761: 15757: 15749: 15745: 15737: 15733: 15727:Holleran (2012) 15725:, p. 146; 15721:, p. 191; 15717: 15713: 15705: 15701: 15681:Natural History 15677:Pliny the Elder 15674: 15670: 15664:Boardman (2000) 15662: 15655: 15644: 15640: 15632: 15628: 15622:Holleran (2012) 15620: 15616: 15601: 15597: 15560: 15556: 15545: 15541: 15534: 15520: 15516: 15505: 15501: 15482: 15478: 15436: 15432: 15424: 15420: 15412: 15408: 15402:Boardman (2000) 15400: 15396: 15388: 15373: 15366: 15352: 15348: 15340: 15333: 15326: 15312: 15308: 15296: 15292: 15284: 15280: 15272: 15268: 15264:, pp. 1–2. 15260: 15256: 15225: 15221: 15211: 15209: 15205: 15166: 15160: 15153: 15145: 15141: 15130: 15126: 15118: 15114: 15106: 15102: 15098:, p. 6.852 15094:, p. 192; 15090: 15086: 15077: 15064: 15050: 15046: 15039: 15025: 15018: 15010: 15006: 14984: 14980: 14972: 14968: 14957: 14948: 14940: 14936: 14905: 14901: 14893: 14889: 14882: 14868: 14864: 14853: 14849: 14838: 14834: 14823: 14819: 14800: 14766:10.2307/3102810 14750: 14746: 14739: 14717: 14668: 14666: 14653: 14652: 14648: 14622: 14618: 14604: 14597: 14589: 14585: 14577: 14573: 14565: 14558: 14550: 14546: 14515: 14511: 14503: 14499: 14493:Boardman (2000) 14491:, p. 404; 14487: 14483: 14477:Boardman (2000) 14475: 14471: 14465:Boardman (2000) 14463: 14459: 14453:Boardman (2000) 14451: 14447: 14435: 14431: 14423: 14414: 14403: 14399: 14392: 14376: 14372: 14366:Boardman (2000) 14364: 14360: 14353: 14339: 14335: 14327: 14323: 14300: 14296: 14257: 14253: 14222: 14215: 14205: 14203: 14199: 14152: 14146: 14142: 14103: 14099: 14092: 14084: 14066: 14048: 14030: 14026: 14003:10.2307/3184857 13987: 13983: 13976: 13965: 13957: 13953: 13902: 13898: 13894:, pp. 3–4. 13890: 13886: 13874: 13870: 13855: 13851: 13844: 13830: 13826: 13818: 13803: 13792: 13788: 13780: 13776: 13769: 13755: 13744: 13733: 13726: 13715:Fears, J. Rufus 13704:Fears, J. Rufus 13701: 13697: 13687: 13685: 13681: 13650: 13641: 13637: 13622: 13608: 13604: 13597: 13583:Maddison, Angus 13580: 13576: 13566: 13564: 13545:Malanima, Paolo 13541:Lo Cascio, Elio 13538: 13534: 13527: 13506: 13502: 13494: 13490: 13482: 13478: 13470: 13466: 13458: 13449: 13441: 13437: 13429: 13425: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13389: 13385: 13377: 13370: 13362: 13358: 13350:, p. 184; 13346: 13342: 13334: 13330: 13322: 13309: 13301: 13297: 13283: 13279: 13268: 13264: 13256: 13249: 13243:Fuhrmann (2012) 13241:, p. 180; 13237: 13233: 13225: 13221: 13213: 13204: 13188: 13184: 13176: 13172: 13164: 13160: 13152: 13148: 13073: 13069: 13061: 13057: 13044: 13040: 13027: 13009: 13005: 12997: 12990: 12982: 12978: 12963: 12959: 12948: 12944: 12936: 12932: 12924: 12920: 12913: 12891: 12887: 12879: 12875: 12867: 12863: 12855:, p. 721; 12853:Boardman (2000) 12851: 12847: 12841:Boardman (2000) 12839: 12835: 12827: 12820: 12814:Boardman (2000) 12812: 12808: 12802:Boardman (2000) 12800: 12796: 12790:Boardman (2000) 12788: 12784: 12778:Boardman (2000) 12776: 12772: 12766:Boardman (2000) 12764: 12760: 12753: 12736: 12732: 12724: 12720: 12712: 12708: 12700: 12696: 12686: 12684: 12671: 12667: 12659: 12655: 12647: 12643: 12636: 12622:Luttwak, Edward 12607: 12603: 12595: 12591: 12583: 12579: 12564: 12560: 12521: 12510: 12503: 12485: 12471: 12467: 12459: 12455: 12435: 12431: 12416: 12414: 12387: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12358: 12354: 12346: 12342: 12331: 12327: 12319: 12315: 12307:, p. 188; 12303: 12299: 12287: 12273: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12249: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12225: 12221: 12190: 12186: 12180:Boardman (2000) 12178: 12174: 12168:Boardman (2000) 12166: 12162: 12154: 12147: 12133:Boardman (2000) 12131: 12127: 12120: 12101:Boardman (2000) 12099: 12095: 12085: 12083: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12063: 12047: 12043: 12032: 12025: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11986: 11982: 11970: 11966: 11958: 11954: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11898: 11894: 11887: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11838: 11834: 11815: 11811: 11803: 11799: 11792: 11778: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11758:, pp. 2–3. 11754: 11750: 11719: 11715: 11707: 11703: 11695: 11691: 11676: 11662: 11658: 11650: 11646: 11635: 11631: 11586: 11582: 11574: 11570: 11562: 11555: 11540: 11536: 11520:Cantarella, Eva 11515:Liber Regularum 11489:Fantham, Elaine 11447: 11443: 11435: 11431: 11424: 11410: 11406: 11383: 11379: 11372: 11358: 11354: 11346: 11342: 11334: 11330: 11291:Cantarella, Eva 11288: 11284: 11276: 11272: 11261: 11257: 11251:Boardman (2000) 11249:, p. 461; 11245: 11241: 11233: 11229: 11207: 11203: 11184: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11160: 11156: 11134: 11130: 11119: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11095: 11091: 11085:Boardman (2000) 11083: 11079: 11068: 11064: 11045: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11025:, pp. 4–5. 11021: 11017: 11006: 11002: 10991: 10974: 10966: 10962: 10954: 10950: 10942: 10938: 10931: 10910: 10893: 10889: 10874: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10787: 10783: 10772: 10758: 10754: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10720:Rochette (2012) 10718: 10714: 10683: 10676: 10665:, p. 550; 10663:Rochette (2012) 10661: 10657: 10650: 10636: 10627: 10614: 10612: 10605: 10581: 10577: 10571:Rochette (2018) 10569: 10565: 10561:, pp. 5–7. 10557: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10532:Rochette (2018) 10530: 10526: 10514: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10491: 10477: 10473: 10467:Rochette (2018) 10465: 10461: 10451: 10449: 10442: 10426: 10422: 10414:, p. 394; 10406: 10402: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10343: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10255: 10239: 10235: 10227:, p. 556; 10225:Rochette (2012) 10223: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10192: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10141: 10137: 10131:Rochette (2018) 10129: 10125: 10113: 10096: 10092: 10086:Rochette (2018) 10084: 10080: 10074:Rochette (2012) 10072: 10068: 10062:Rochette (2018) 10060: 10056: 10029: 10025: 9980: 9976: 9970:Boardman (2000) 9968: 9961: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9906: 9900: 9896: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9854: 9846: 9839: 9833:Southern (2001) 9831: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9769: 9765: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9659: 9649: 9647: 9625: 9623: 9616:TheOttomans.org 9610:Ozgen, Korkut. 9608: 9604: 9590: 9588: 9570: 9566: 9552: 9550: 9538: 9529: 9525: 9515: 9513: 9499: 9492: 9482: 9468: 9461: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9437: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9317: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9275: 9273: 9255: 9251: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9132: 9131: 9127: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9015: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8922: 8918: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8863: 8859: 8855:, pp. 1–2. 8851: 8847: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8803:Lintott, Andrew 8800: 8796: 8785: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8749: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8695: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8655: 8653: 8638:10.2307/1971891 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8583: 8574: 8567: 8544:10.2307/1170959 8528:Taagepera, Rein 8525: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8495: 8479: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8448: 8441: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8363: 8347: 8343: 8330: 8328: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8288: 8286: 8279: 8263: 8259: 8246: 8244: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8191: 8187: 8174: 8172: 8165: 8149: 8145: 8132: 8130: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8086: 8084: 8077: 8063: 8062: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7980: 7972:. Pluto Press. 7966: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7938: 7934: 7923: 7919: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7873: 7869: 7856: 7852: 7823: 7819: 7807:The college of 7806: 7802: 7793: 7789: 7776: 7772: 7759: 7755: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7702:The others are 7701: 7697: 7669: 7665: 7651: 7647: 7621:Fears, J. Rufus 7614:The City of God 7603: 7599: 7539: 7535: 7518:Ottoman Turkish 7511: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7473: 7469: 7425: 7421: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7208:Russian Tsardom 7188: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7148: 7137: 7131: 7114:. According to 7103:Catholic church 6982:Jewish diaspora 6945:", conspiracy ( 6788: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781:Marcus Aurelius 6777: 6769: 6768: 6757: 6746: 6728: 6720:Main articles: 6718: 6604:Rome's founding 6577:Natural History 6572:Pliny the Elder 6430: 6424: 6418: 6332:rite of passage 6274: 6268: 6112: 6069:feature of the 5977:was related to 5957:, for example. 5925: 5917:Main articles: 5915: 5913:Performing arts 5908: 5901: 5892: 5889: 5880: 5876:terra sigillata 5871: 5862: 5851: 5830:terra sigillata 5824:Decorative arts 5821: 5811: 5809:Decorative arts 5803:Antioch mosaics 5766:decorative arts 5742: 5736: 5681:The Wedding of 5674: 5668: 5626: 5620:Roman sculpture 5618:Main articles: 5616: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5572: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5543: 5537: 5529:decorative arts 5509:victory columns 5494: 5486:Main articles: 5484: 5410: 5396: 5390: 5263: 5251:human sacrifice 5232:stage machinery 5153:; and convicts 5069:pompa circensis 4988: 4974: 4766: 4756: 4750: 4748:Food and dining 4730:poor sanitation 4718: 4712:Antonine plague 4704: 4344: 4324: 4318: 4183:Trajan's bridge 4130: 4118:Main articles: 4116: 4066:fashion "label" 4028: 3968: 3954: 3942:cursus publicus 3923:cursus publicus 3898:cursus publicus 3876: 3874:Cursus publicus 3870: 3854:medieval Europe 3842:precious metals 3788: 3780:Main articles: 3778: 3650:Severan dynasty 3584: 3574: 3467: 3461: 3438:inheritance tax 3386: 3380: 3374:in modern law. 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3197:, most notably 3175:Roman governors 3166: 3077:Trajan's Column 2978: 2972:Late Roman army 2966:Main articles: 2964: 2942:oath of loyalty 2874:). The rite of 2838: 2828: 2818: 2783:in present-day 2773: 2767: 2713:). In general, 2694: 2692:Unequal justice 2600:Severan dynasty 2585:ordo senatorius 2577:ordo senatorius 2520:The Latin word 2518: 2504: 2457: 2366:, torture, and 2327: 2321: 2306:double standard 2238: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2226: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2137: 2129:Main articles: 2127: 2103:confraternities 2095:social mobility 2025: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1976: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1691: 1634:Roman expansion 1602: 1596: 1588:Main articles: 1586: 1505: 1469:Classical Roman 1410: 1371:Severan dynasty 1316: 1306: 1298:Main articles: 1296: 1288:Marcus Aurelius 1260:Flavian dynasty 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1208:Marcus Aurelius 1205: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1102:The so-called " 1097: 1091: 1056:Roman provinces 913: 907: 880: 878: 868: 861: 855: 835:Napoleonic Code 823:Islamic science 724:the city's fall 700:fall of Ravenna 660: 645: 634: 599: 588: 576: 573: 570: 567: 438: 424: 399: 344: 294: 268: 230: 221: 213: 195: 170: 165: 157: 143: 131: 130: 123: 121: 113: 101: 100: 90: 71: 68: 67: 59: 57: 56: 52: 50: 49: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 33542: 33532: 33531: 33529:Former empires 33526: 33521: 33516: 33511: 33506: 33501: 33496: 33491: 33486: 33481: 33476: 33471: 33466: 33461: 33456: 33451: 33446: 33441: 33439:Italian states 33436: 33431: 33414: 33413: 33408: 33407: 33405: 33404: 33402:Westernization 33399: 33394: 33389: 33384: 33382:Visegrád Group 33379: 33374: 33369: 33364: 33359: 33354: 33349: 33344: 33339: 33334: 33329: 33324: 33322:Nordic Council 33319: 33314: 33309: 33304: 33299: 33294: 33289: 33284: 33279: 33274: 33269: 33264: 33259: 33254: 33249: 33244: 33239: 33234: 33229: 33224: 33219: 33217:Bucharest Nine 33214: 33209: 33204: 33199: 33194: 33189: 33184: 33182:Arctic Council 33179: 33174: 33169: 33164: 33159: 33153: 33151: 33145: 33144: 33142: 33141: 33136: 33131: 33130: 33129: 33124: 33119: 33114: 33109: 33104: 33094: 33089: 33088: 33087: 33077: 33071: 33069: 33063: 33062: 33060: 33059: 33054: 33049: 33048: 33047: 33042: 33037: 33032: 33027: 33026: 33025: 33020: 33015: 33010: 33000: 32995: 32990: 32980: 32979: 32978: 32977: 32976: 32966: 32965: 32964: 32959: 32958: 32957: 32947: 32946: 32945: 32935: 32934: 32933: 32908: 32906: 32900: 32899: 32897: 32896: 32895: 32894: 32884: 32879: 32874: 32873: 32872: 32860: 32859: 32858: 32848: 32843: 32838: 32833: 32828: 32823: 32818: 32817: 32816: 32811: 32801: 32800: 32799: 32792:Existentialism 32789: 32784: 32779: 32774: 32769: 32764: 32759: 32754: 32749: 32743: 32741: 32735: 32734: 32732: 32731: 32730: 32729: 32724: 32719: 32714: 32704: 32703: 32702: 32692: 32691: 32690: 32685: 32675: 32674: 32673: 32663: 32658: 32657: 32656: 32651: 32646: 32636: 32635: 32634: 32624: 32623: 32622: 32612: 32611: 32610: 32605: 32595: 32590: 32585: 32580: 32579: 32578: 32568: 32563: 32562: 32561: 32551: 32550: 32549: 32539: 32538: 32537: 32527: 32522: 32521: 32520: 32510: 32505: 32504: 32503: 32498: 32493: 32482: 32480: 32474: 32473: 32471: 32470: 32469: 32468: 32463: 32453: 32452: 32451: 32446: 32441: 32436: 32431: 32426: 32421: 32416: 32411: 32406: 32401: 32396: 32391: 32386: 32381: 32376: 32371: 32366: 32356: 32351: 32350: 32349: 32344: 32339: 32329: 32328: 32327: 32325:Late antiquity 32317: 32311: 32309: 32303: 32302: 32300: 32299: 32294: 32289: 32284: 32279: 32278: 32277: 32276: 32275: 32270: 32260: 32255: 32250: 32240: 32235: 32229: 32227: 32223: 32222: 32211: 32210: 32203: 32196: 32188: 32179: 32178: 32176: 32175: 32170: 32165: 32160: 32155: 32150: 32145: 32140: 32135: 32130: 32124: 32122: 32118: 32117: 32115: 32114: 32109: 32104: 32099: 32094: 32089: 32084: 32079: 32074: 32069: 32064: 32059: 32054: 32049: 32044: 32039: 32034: 32032:Russian Empire 32029: 32024: 32022:British Empire 32019: 32017:Dutch Republic 32014: 32012:Swedish Empire 32009: 32004: 31999: 31994: 31992:Spanish Empire 31989: 31984: 31982:Ottoman Empire 31979: 31974: 31969: 31964: 31959: 31954: 31953: 31952: 31942: 31937: 31931: 31929: 31923: 31922: 31920: 31919: 31914: 31909: 31904: 31899: 31897:Serbian Empire 31894: 31889: 31884: 31879: 31874: 31869: 31864: 31842: 31837: 31832: 31831: 31830: 31825: 31820: 31815: 31805: 31804: 31803: 31798: 31790: 31785: 31780: 31775: 31770: 31769: 31768: 31758: 31753: 31747: 31745: 31739: 31738: 31736: 31735: 31733:Late antiquity 31730: 31725: 31720: 31719: 31718: 31708: 31703: 31698: 31696:Roman Republic 31693: 31687: 31685: 31679: 31678: 31676: 31675: 31670: 31665: 31660: 31654: 31652: 31646: 31645: 31638: 31637: 31630: 31623: 31615: 31606: 31605: 31602: 31601: 31594: 31592: 31590: 31589: 31582: 31581: 31580: 31573: 31566: 31559: 31551: 31544: 31537: 31529: 31519: 31518: 31517: 31516: 31515: 31510: 31505: 31495: 31486: 31483: 31482: 31472: 31471: 31468: 31467: 31460: 31458: 31455: 31454: 31452: 31451: 31450: 31449: 31444: 31436: 31431: 31426: 31421: 31416: 31411: 31406: 31400: 31398: 31392: 31391: 31389: 31388: 31383: 31378: 31373: 31368: 31363: 31358: 31353: 31348: 31342: 31340: 31334: 31333: 31331: 31330: 31329: 31328: 31323: 31318: 31313: 31306: 31298: 31297: 31296: 31284: 31283: 31282: 31277: 31270: 31262:Mediterranean 31260: 31259: 31258: 31251: 31244: 31237: 31230: 31225: 31218: 31215:Alingano Maisu 31211: 31204: 31197: 31190: 31183: 31171: 31170: 31169: 31158: 31145: 31143: 31137: 31136: 31134: 31133: 31127: 31125: 31121: 31120: 31118: 31117: 31116: 31115: 31110: 31105: 31097: 31096: 31095: 31090: 31085: 31080: 31073: 31066: 31064:De Meern ships 31061: 31056: 31051: 31046: 31036: 31035: 31034: 31026: 31025: 31024: 31019: 31011: 31010: 31009: 31002: 30995: 30990: 30982: 30977: 30976: 30975: 30965: 30964: 30963: 30958: 30948: 30947: 30946: 30941: 30936: 30934:Cape Gelidonya 30931: 30926: 30921: 30916: 30911: 30906: 30901: 30896: 30891: 30879: 30877: 30869: 30868: 30866: 30865: 30860: 30855: 30850: 30845: 30840: 30835: 30830: 30825: 30820: 30815: 30810: 30809: 30808: 30803: 30798: 30790: 30785: 30780: 30775: 30770: 30769: 30768: 30758: 30753: 30747: 30745: 30739: 30738: 30735: 30734: 30732: 30731: 30726: 30721: 30716: 30711: 30706: 30700: 30698: 30697:Archaeologists 30694: 30693: 30691: 30690: 30685: 30680: 30675: 30670: 30665: 30663:David Blackman 30659: 30657: 30650: 30642: 30641: 30631: 30630: 30627: 30626: 30619: 30617: 30615: 30614: 30609: 30604: 30602:Jewish pirates 30599: 30594: 30589: 30584: 30578: 30575: 30574: 30564: 30563: 30560: 30559: 30552: 30550: 30548: 30547: 30546: 30545: 30535: 30534: 30533: 30523: 30518: 30513: 30506: 30501: 30496: 30491: 30486: 30481: 30476: 30471: 30466: 30461: 30456: 30450: 30447: 30446: 30433: 30432: 30429: 30428: 30421: 30419: 30416: 30415: 30413: 30412: 30411: 30410: 30400: 30395: 30390: 30389: 30388: 30377: 30375: 30371: 30370: 30367: 30366: 30364: 30363: 30358: 30353: 30348: 30343: 30338: 30333: 30327: 30324: 30323: 30321: 30320: 30315: 30310: 30305: 30300: 30295: 30290: 30288:Lake Trasimene 30285: 30280: 30275: 30270: 30265: 30260: 30255: 30250: 30245: 30240: 30235: 30230: 30225: 30220: 30215: 30210: 30205: 30200: 30195: 30189:Mediterranean: 30185: 30183: 30177: 30176: 30174: 30173: 30168: 30163: 30158: 30152: 30150: 30141: 30137: 30136: 30134: 30133: 30128: 30123: 30118: 30117: 30116: 30111: 30101: 30096: 30091: 30085: 30083: 30075: 30074: 30072: 30071: 30066: 30061: 30056: 30051: 30050: 30049: 30044: 30034: 30029: 30024: 30019: 30014: 30009: 30004: 29999: 29998: 29997: 29992: 29987: 29977: 29972: 29967: 29966: 29965: 29960: 29955: 29950: 29945: 29940: 29935: 29930: 29925: 29920: 29915: 29910: 29905: 29895: 29894: 29893: 29882: 29880: 29876: 29875: 29873: 29872: 29867: 29866: 29865: 29860: 29850: 29845: 29839: 29837: 29829: 29828: 29816: 29815: 29812: 29811: 29804: 29802: 29799: 29798: 29796: 29795: 29790: 29785: 29780: 29775: 29770: 29765: 29760: 29755: 29750: 29745: 29740: 29735: 29730: 29725: 29720: 29715: 29710: 29705: 29700: 29695: 29685: 29680: 29675: 29670: 29665: 29660: 29655: 29650: 29645: 29640: 29635: 29629: 29624: 29619: 29614: 29608: 29603: 29598: 29593: 29588: 29583: 29578: 29573: 29568: 29563: 29558: 29553: 29547: 29542: 29537: 29531: 29529: 29520: 29519: 29517: 29516: 29515: 29514: 29509: 29504: 29496: 29495: 29494: 29492:Maritime pilot 29489: 29479: 29474: 29473: 29472: 29462: 29457: 29455:Portolan chart 29452: 29447: 29441: 29439: 29429: 29428: 29418: 29417: 29414: 29413: 29406: 29404: 29401: 29400: 29398: 29397: 29392: 29387: 29382: 29377: 29372: 29367: 29361: 29359: 29355: 29354: 29352: 29351: 29346: 29341: 29336: 29331: 29330: 29329: 29324: 29319: 29314: 29304: 29298: 29296: 29290: 29289: 29287: 29286: 29285: 29284: 29276: 29271: 29266: 29261: 29256: 29251: 29246: 29241: 29235: 29233: 29227: 29226: 29224: 29223: 29218: 29213: 29208: 29203: 29202: 29201: 29191: 29186: 29181: 29176: 29171: 29166: 29161: 29156: 29155: 29154: 29144: 29139: 29134: 29129: 29124: 29118: 29116: 29112: 29111: 29109: 29108: 29103: 29098: 29093: 29087: 29085: 29081: 29080: 29078: 29077: 29072: 29067: 29062: 29057: 29056: 29055: 29050: 29045: 29040: 29035: 29030: 29028:Oared warships 29025: 29017: 29016: 29015: 29010: 29005: 28995: 28990: 28985: 28980: 28975: 28970: 28965: 28964: 28963: 28953: 28948: 28943: 28938: 28933: 28928: 28922: 28920: 28910: 28909: 28897: 28896: 28889: 28888: 28881: 28874: 28866: 28857: 28856: 28854: 28853: 28843: 28831: 28828: 28827: 28824: 28823: 28821: 28820: 28815: 28810: 28805: 28800: 28795: 28790: 28785: 28780: 28775: 28770: 28765: 28760: 28755: 28750: 28745: 28740: 28735: 28730: 28725: 28720: 28715: 28710: 28705: 28700: 28695: 28690: 28685: 28680: 28675: 28670: 28665: 28660: 28655: 28650: 28645: 28640: 28634: 28632: 28626: 28625: 28623: 28622: 28617: 28612: 28607: 28602: 28597: 28592: 28587: 28582: 28577: 28572: 28567: 28566: 28565: 28564: 28563: 28548: 28547: 28546: 28536: 28531: 28526: 28521: 28516: 28511: 28506: 28501: 28496: 28491: 28486: 28481: 28475: 28469: 28463: 28462: 28459: 28458: 28456: 28455: 28450: 28445: 28444: 28443: 28438: 28433: 28423: 28418: 28413: 28408: 28403: 28401:Stock exchange 28398: 28393: 28388: 28383: 28378: 28373: 28368: 28367: 28366: 28361: 28351: 28346: 28341: 28336: 28330: 28324: 28318: 28317: 28314: 28313: 28311: 28310: 28305: 28303:Municipalities 28300: 28295: 28290: 28285: 28280: 28275: 28270: 28263:Prime Minister 28260: 28250: 28245: 28240: 28235: 28230: 28225: 28220: 28215: 28214: 28213: 28203: 28198: 28193: 28188: 28182: 28176: 28170: 28169: 28166: 28165: 28163: 28162: 28157: 28152: 28150:Regional parks 28147: 28145:National parks 28142: 28137: 28132: 28127: 28122: 28117: 28112: 28107: 28106: 28105: 28095: 28094: 28093: 28088: 28083: 28073: 28068: 28063: 28058: 28057: 28056: 28054:Climate change 28046: 28041: 28035: 28029: 28023: 28022: 28019: 28018: 28016: 28015: 28014: 28013: 28008: 28003: 27998: 27993: 27988: 27983: 27972: 27970: 27966: 27965: 27963: 27962: 27961: 27960: 27955: 27946: 27941: 27936: 27931: 27930: 27929: 27919: 27914: 27904: 27903: 27902: 27897: 27892: 27887: 27882: 27877: 27872: 27861: 27859: 27855: 27854: 27852: 27851: 27846: 27841: 27836: 27831: 27830: 27829: 27819: 27817:Duchy of Savoy 27814: 27809: 27804: 27803: 27802: 27801: 27800: 27795: 27790: 27785: 27775: 27770: 27765: 27754: 27752: 27748: 27747: 27745: 27744: 27739: 27738: 27737: 27727: 27725:Lombard League 27722: 27721: 27720: 27715: 27710: 27705: 27700: 27695: 27690: 27685: 27680: 27675: 27663: 27661: 27657: 27656: 27654: 27653: 27652: 27651: 27650: 27649: 27647:Western Empire 27639: 27634: 27632:Roman conquest 27629: 27624: 27614: 27613: 27612: 27607: 27602: 27597: 27592: 27587: 27586: 27585: 27580: 27575: 27570: 27565: 27560: 27553:Italic peoples 27544: 27542: 27538: 27537: 27535: 27534: 27533: 27532: 27527: 27522: 27517: 27512: 27507: 27502: 27497: 27492: 27481: 27479: 27475: 27474: 27472: 27471: 27466: 27461: 27456: 27451: 27446: 27441: 27436: 27431: 27426: 27421: 27416: 27411: 27406: 27400: 27398: 27394: 27393: 27391: 27390: 27384: 27382: 27375: 27369: 27368: 27357: 27356: 27349: 27342: 27334: 27325: 27324: 27320: 27319: 27314: 27310: 27309: 27293: 27292:63 BCE–224 CE 27289: 27288: 27283: 27278: 27274: 27273: 27268: 27264: 27263: 27255:Ancient Greeks 27247: 27243: 27242: 27237: 27233: 27232: 27220: 27216: 27215: 27213: 27211: 27207: 27206: 27201: 27197: 27196: 27177: 27172: 27165: 27156: 27147: 27142: 27138: 27137: 27130: 27114: 27110: 27109: 27107:Middle Assyria 27104: 27102: 27097: 27093: 27092: 27080: 27068: 27064: 27063: 27053: 27048: 27044: 27043: 27027: 27022: 27010: 27006: 27005: 27000: 26996: 26995: 26988: 26984: 26983: 26978: 26974: 26973: 26960: 26957: 26953: 26952: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26932: 26929: 26928: 26920: 26919: 26912: 26905: 26897: 26888: 26887: 26884: 26883: 26881: 26880: 26874: 26868: 26862: 26861: 26860: 26857:Italian Empire 26847: 26845: 26835: 26834: 26828: 26822: 26816: 26810: 26804: 26801:Roman Republic 26798: 26792: 26786: 26780: 26774: 26768: 26762: 26756: 26753:Duchy of Lucca 26750: 26747:Duchy of Genoa 26743: 26741: 26735: 26734: 26731: 26730: 26728: 26727: 26722: 26717: 26712: 26707: 26702: 26697: 26692: 26687: 26682: 26677: 26671: 26669: 26665: 26664: 26662: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26610: 26608: 26601: 26587: 26586: 26583: 26582: 26580: 26579: 26574: 26569: 26564: 26559: 26553: 26548: 26543: 26538: 26533: 26527: 26525: 26511: 26510: 26508: 26507: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26490: 26489: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26458: 26456: 26448: 26447: 26444: 26443: 26441: 26440: 26435: 26430: 26425: 26419: 26417: 26411: 26410: 26408: 26407: 26402: 26397: 26391: 26389: 26385: 26384: 26382: 26381: 26376: 26370: 26368: 26362: 26361: 26359: 26358: 26353: 26344: 26339: 26334: 26329: 26324: 26322:Duchy of Gaeta 26319: 26313: 26311: 26304: 26300:Southern Italy 26296: 26295: 26293: 26292: 26287: 26282: 26277: 26272: 26267: 26262: 26257: 26252: 26246: 26244: 26243:(c. 1000–1797) 26238: 26237: 26235: 26234: 26229: 26224: 26218: 26216: 26208: 26207: 26205: 26204: 26203: 26202: 26197: 26195:County of Nice 26192: 26190:Duchy of Aosta 26187: 26182: 26177: 26170:Savoyard state 26167: 26162: 26157: 26152: 26147: 26142: 26137: 26132: 26127: 26122: 26117: 26112: 26107: 26105:Duchy of Milan 26102: 26100:Duchy of Ivrea 26097: 26096: 26095: 26090: 26085: 26080: 26075: 26070: 26065: 26060: 26055: 26050: 26045: 26040: 26035: 26030: 26025: 26015: 26010: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25990: 25985: 25980: 25974: 25972: 25960: 25959: 25957: 25956: 25951: 25946: 25941: 25936: 25931: 25926: 25920: 25918: 25910: 25909: 25907: 25906: 25900: 25899: 25898: 25892: 25886: 25873: 25871: 25864: 25863: 25861: 25860: 25859: 25858: 25853: 25848: 25843: 25841:Duchy of Ivrea 25838: 25833: 25822: 25816: 25810: 25807:Odoacer's rule 25803: 25801: 25792: 25782: 25781: 25779: 25778: 25772: 25771:(27 BC–395 AD) 25766: 25765:(509 BC–27 BC) 25763:Roman Republic 25760: 25753: 25751: 25745: 25744: 25742: 25741: 25736: 25731: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25706: 25705: 25704: 25702:Cisalpine Gaul 25694: 25689: 25684: 25679: 25678: 25677: 25666: 25664: 25660: 25659: 25652: 25651: 25644: 25637: 25629: 25620: 25619: 25617: 25616: 25615: 25614: 25609: 25600: 25598: 25594: 25593: 25591: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25570: 25565: 25564: 25563: 25552: 25550: 25546: 25545: 25542: 25541: 25539: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25517: 25516: 25506: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25486: 25481: 25476: 25471: 25466: 25461: 25460: 25459: 25454: 25444: 25439: 25433: 25431: 25422: 25421: 25420: 25419: 25414: 25409: 25404: 25399: 25389: 25384: 25383: 25382: 25372: 25367: 25366: 25365: 25360: 25355: 25345: 25340: 25339: 25338: 25333: 25323: 25322: 25321: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25291: 25290: 25289: 25284: 25274: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25258: 25257: 25252: 25247: 25242: 25237: 25227: 25226: 25225: 25220: 25210: 25205: 25204: 25203: 25198: 25188: 25187: 25186: 25181: 25171: 25170: 25169: 25164: 25154: 25149: 25148: 25147: 25142: 25137: 25132: 25127: 25117: 25112: 25111: 25110: 25105: 25097: 25092: 25087: 25082: 25077: 25071: 25069: 25063: 25062: 25060: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25043: 25042: 25037: 25032: 25027: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25002: 24997: 24996: 24995: 24990: 24985: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24960: 24959: 24958: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24933: 24928: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24893: 24892: 24891: 24886: 24876: 24875: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24854: 24849: 24836: 24831: 24826: 24821: 24820: 24819: 24814: 24809: 24799: 24798: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24747: 24746: 24745: 24740: 24735: 24730: 24720: 24719: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24703: 24693: 24692: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24650: 24649: 24644: 24639: 24629: 24624: 24623: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24587: 24586: 24585: 24580: 24570: 24569: 24568: 24563: 24558: 24553: 24543: 24538: 24537: 24536: 24526: 24525: 24524: 24519: 24511: 24506: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24481: 24475: 24473: 24471:Post-classical 24467: 24466: 24464: 24463: 24462: 24461: 24451: 24446: 24445: 24444: 24439: 24429: 24428: 24427: 24417: 24416: 24415: 24410: 24405: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24380: 24375: 24370: 24369: 24368: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24343: 24342: 24341: 24336: 24326: 24321: 24320: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24278: 24277: 24272: 24270:Middle Kingdom 24267: 24257: 24252: 24251: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24230: 24229: 24228: 24226:Neo-Babylonian 24223: 24218: 24216:Old Babylonian 24208: 24207: 24206: 24201: 24191: 24186: 24180: 24178: 24166: 24165: 24158: 24157: 24150: 24143: 24135: 24126: 24125: 24123: 24122: 24116: 24114: 24110: 24109: 24107: 24106: 24101: 24096: 24091: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24069:Canary Islands 24065: 24063: 24060:Contacts & 24057: 24056: 24049: 24047: 24045: 24044: 24039: 24034: 24029: 24024: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23999: 23998: 23997: 23987: 23982: 23981: 23980: 23970: 23965: 23959: 23957: 23951: 23950: 23941: 23940: 23933: 23926: 23918: 23909: 23908: 23906: 23905: 23900: 23882: 23879:Roman Carthage 23872: 23867: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23836: 23831: 23826: 23821: 23816: 23808: 23803: 23798: 23790: 23785: 23780: 23775: 23770: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23730: 23725: 23720: 23712: 23700: 23692: 23666: 23661: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23597: 23592: 23583: 23578: 23569: 23564: 23562:High Medieval) 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23521: 23516: 23511: 23501: 23498: 23497: 23484: 23483: 23476: 23469: 23461: 23455: 23452: 23451: 23439: 23438: 23436: 23435: 23430: 23425: 23420: 23415: 23410: 23405: 23400: 23395: 23390: 23385: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23355: 23350: 23345: 23340: 23335: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23304: 23302: 23293: 23292: 23290: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23214: 23209: 23204: 23199: 23193: 23191: 23187: 23186: 23183: 23182: 23180: 23179: 23174: 23169: 23164: 23159: 23154: 23149: 23144: 23139: 23134: 23129: 23124: 23119: 23114: 23109: 23104: 23099: 23094: 23089: 23084: 23079: 23074: 23069: 23064: 23059: 23054: 23049: 23044: 23039: 23034: 23029: 23024: 23019: 23014: 23008: 23006: 23000: 22999: 22997: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22926: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22881: 22876: 22871: 22869:Pomponius Mela 22866: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22771: 22766: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22731: 22726: 22721: 22716: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22606: 22604:Aelius Donatus 22600: 22598: 22589: 22585: 22584: 22582: 22581: 22576: 22575: 22574: 22572:Ecclesiastical 22569: 22564: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22526: 22521: 22515: 22513: 22507: 22506: 22504: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22427: 22425: 22419: 22418: 22416: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22374: 22373: 22363: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22343: 22338: 22332: 22330: 22324: 22323: 22321: 22320: 22315: 22313:Toys and games 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22284: 22283: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22207: 22205: 22199: 22198: 22196: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22175: 22170: 22165: 22159: 22157: 22151: 22150: 22148: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22126: 22125: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22095: 22090: 22089: 22088: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22037: 22035: 22029: 22028: 22025: 22024: 22022: 22021: 22016: 22011: 22006: 22001: 21996: 21991: 21985: 21983: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21924: 21922: 21915: 21909: 21908: 21906: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21853:Vigintisexviri 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21813:Cursus honorum 21810: 21805: 21799: 21797: 21791: 21790: 21788: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21751: 21749: 21743: 21742: 21740: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21728: 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21671: 21669: 21663: 21662: 21659: 21658: 21656: 21655: 21654: 21653: 21643: 21642: 21641: 21636: 21626: 21625: 21624: 21619: 21612:Western Empire 21609: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21588: 21586: 21580: 21579: 21577: 21576: 21571: 21570: 21569: 21559: 21553: 21547: 21541: 21540: 21538: 21537: 21532: 21526: 21523: 21522: 21514: 21513: 21506: 21499: 21491: 21485: 21484: 21479: 21473: 21468: 21459: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21442: 21441: 21430: 21429: 21427: 21426:External links 21424: 21422: 21421: 21415: 21399: 21379: 21373: 21360: 21348:(2): 204–220. 21334:Vout, Caroline 21330: 21316: 21310: 21294: 21288: 21272: 21266: 21250: 21244: 21227: 21221: 21205: 21199: 21183: 21165: 21138: 21097: 21079: 21048: 21042: 21032:, ed. (2009). 21026: 21020: 21000: 20994: 20981: 20975: 20962: 20956: 20936: 20930: 20917: 20911: 20891: 20871:10.2307/300073 20854: 20836:(3): 252–264. 20825: 20819: 20806: 20800: 20784: 20778: 20762: 20742:10.2307/298927 20725: 20719: 20703: 20693:(2): 183–192. 20679: 20673: 20660: 20654: 20641: 20635: 20622: 20616: 20603: 20597: 20581: 20561:10.2307/300734 20541: 20535: 20519: 20513: 20497: 20488: 20468: 20462: 20446: 20440: 20427: 20421: 20408: 20402: 20389: 20383: 20367: 20361: 20348: 20339: 20333: 20320: 20314: 20298: 20292: 20276: 20270: 20250: 20244: 20228:Garnsey, Peter 20220: 20214: 20201: 20195: 20167: 20161: 20149:Bohec, Yann Le 20145: 20139: 20126: 20120: 20104: 20098: 20085: 20079: 20067:Ando, Clifford 20063: 20057: 20041: 20031:(1): 184–205. 20020: 20014: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19989: 19973: 19966: 19928: 19921: 19903: 19888: 19881: 19863: 19845: 19838: 19820: 19806: 19799: 19781: 19774: 19756: 19740: 19728: 19705:(2): 127–139. 19685: 19667: 19665:, p. 127. 19652: 19629:(3): 372–380. 19609: 19602: 19584: 19577: 19563:Garnsey, Peter 19543: 19524: 19480: 19473: 19448: 19439:Garnsey, Peter 19425: 19418: 19392: 19371: 19364: 19343: 19316: 19314:, p. 625. 19304: 19281: 19262: 19249:10.1086/363978 19229:Church History 19216: 19195: 19184:(2): 199–213. 19127:10.2307/299693 19121:(1–2): 32–50. 19105: 19083: 19076: 19058: 19045:10.1086/367003 19039:(4): 285–297. 19023: 19019:Vagdavercustis 18983: 18963: 18948: 18936: 18929: 18903: 18899:Roberts (1989) 18891: 18866: 18854: 18839: 18828:Aetas Ovidiana 18820: 18816:Roberts (1989) 18808: 18777: 18765: 18744: 18712: 18708:Gagarin (2010) 18700: 18696:Gagarin (2010) 18684: 18680:Peachin (2011) 18672: 18660: 18658:, p. 598. 18648: 18627:10.2307/299555 18605: 18593: 18591:, p. 107. 18589:Peachin (2011) 18581: 18579:, p. 110. 18577:Peachin (2011) 18569: 18565:Peachin (2011) 18557: 18553:Peachin (2011) 18545: 18541:Peachin (2011) 18533: 18521: 18519:, p. 132. 18509: 18507:, p. 109. 18497: 18493:Peachin (2011) 18485: 18481:Peachin (2011) 18470: 18466:Peachin (2011) 18458: 18446: 18442:Peachin (2011) 18431: 18429:, p. 122. 18419: 18415:Peachin (2011) 18407: 18403:Peachin (2011) 18391: 18387:Peachin (2011) 18379: 18367: 18363:Peachin (2011) 18355: 18351:Peachin (2011) 18343: 18331: 18319: 18300: 18280: 18276:Gagarin (2010) 18268: 18256: 18244: 18232: 18230:, p. 372. 18216: 18214:, p. 263. 18182: 18145: 18129: 18127:, p. 265. 18094: 18082: 18070: 18058: 18046:. p. 2.8. 18030: 18012:2.20.13f. and 18008:7.88; Horace, 17996:, p. 71; 17986: 17984:, p. 253. 17971: 17963:Johnson (2010) 17955: 17943:Johnson (2010) 17935: 17931:Johnson (2010) 17923: 17888: 17872: 17868:Gagarin (2010) 17860: 17858:, p. 197. 17856:Mattern (1999) 17848: 17836: 17821: 17819:, p. 101. 17809: 17797: 17793:Peachin (2011) 17770: 17755: 17751:Peachin (2011) 17743: 17713: 17711:, pp. 3–4 17697: 17679: 17664: 17641: 17629: 17617: 17605: 17590: 17586:Habinek (2005) 17578: 17567:(3): 313–320. 17544: 17542:, p. 146. 17529: 17508:10.2307/294916 17486: 17468: 17412:(3): 153–163. 17396: 17389: 17369: 17357: 17339: 17337:, p. 202. 17335:Gagarin (2010) 17327: 17297: 17285: 17283:, p. 459. 17281:Gagarin (2010) 17273: 17271:, p. 463. 17269:Gagarin (2010) 17258: 17246: 17234: 17222: 17204: 17202:, p. 242. 17200:Gagarin (2010) 17192: 17188:Gagarin (2010) 17180: 17165: 17161:Kousser (2008) 17153: 17151:, p. 453. 17149:Gagarin (2010) 17141: 17126: 17124:, p. 451. 17122:Gagarin (2010) 17114: 17099: 17080:(3): 439–442. 17064: 17060:Gagarin (2010) 17052: 17034: 17022: 17014:Kousser (2008) 17006: 17002:Kousser (2008) 16994: 16992:, p. 217. 16982: 16975: 16957: 16950: 16932: 16930:, p. 232. 16928:Gagarin (2010) 16920: 16904: 16902:, p. 218. 16892: 16890:, p. 231. 16888:Gagarin (2010) 16877: 16862: 16858:Métraux (2008) 16850: 16848:, p. 216. 16835: 16812: 16784: 16766: 16764:, p. 230. 16762:Gagarin (2010) 16754: 16731: 16724: 16706: 16691: 16676: 16663: 16633: 16598: 16563: 16550:10.2307/282704 16528: 16526:, p. 128. 16516: 16512:Habinek (2005) 16497: 16495:, p. 382. 16464:, p. 79; 16443: 16441:, p. 212. 16439:Edwards (2007) 16431: 16423:Edwards (2007) 16417:De spectaculis 16404: 16400:Edwards (2007) 16392: 16388:Edwards (2007) 16372: 16368:Edwards (2007) 16352: 16334: 16311: 16298:, p. 55; 16296:Edwards (2007) 16288: 16284:Edwards (2007) 16276: 16272:Edwards (2007) 16264: 16260:Edwards (2007) 16248: 16242:, p. 59; 16240:Edwards (2007) 16232: 16226:, p. 59; 16224:Edwards (2007) 16212: 16176: 16160: 16156:Gagarin (2010) 16144: 16142:, p. 238. 16132: 16130:, p. 237. 16122:, p. 85; 16120:Gagarin (2010) 16112: 16094: 16084:, p. 85; 16082:Gagarin (2010) 16070: 16061:, p. 54; 16047: 16032: 16030:, p. 303. 16017: 16005: 15993: 15991:, p. 242. 15981: 15966: 15964:, p. 240. 15954: 15923: 15905: 15903:, p. 455. 15893: 15878: 15866: 15859: 15837: 15835:, p. 201. 15833:Gagarin (2010) 15825: 15810: 15785: 15770: 15755: 15753:, p. 356. 15743: 15741:, p. 354. 15731: 15729:, p. 134. 15711: 15709:, p. 144. 15699: 15697:, p. 198. 15695:Gagarin (2010) 15668: 15666:, p. 681. 15653: 15638: 15636:, p. 299. 15634:Gagarin (2010) 15626: 15614: 15595: 15554: 15539: 15532: 15514: 15499: 15476: 15455:10.2307/299848 15449:(1/2): 59–75. 15439:Wiseman, T. P. 15430: 15418: 15406: 15404:, p. 679. 15394: 15392:, p. 191. 15371: 15364: 15346: 15331: 15324: 15306: 15290: 15278: 15266: 15254: 15235:(2): 125–147. 15219: 15183:10.2307/507363 15177:(3): 403–426. 15151: 15149:, p. 366. 15147:Peachin (2011) 15139: 15124: 15112: 15100: 15084: 15062: 15044: 15037: 15016: 15004: 14978: 14966: 14946: 14944:, p. 192. 14934: 14899: 14887: 14880: 14862: 14847: 14832: 14817: 14798: 14744: 14737: 14731:. p. 86. 14715: 14691:10.1086/368462 14646: 14616: 14595: 14593:, p. 212. 14583: 14571: 14569:, p. 192. 14556: 14544: 14525:(4): 513–538. 14509: 14507:, p. 323. 14505:Gagarin (2010) 14497: 14495:, p. 719. 14481: 14469: 14467:, p. 710. 14457: 14455:, p. 713. 14445: 14429: 14427:, p. 253. 14412: 14397: 14390: 14370: 14368:, p. 714. 14358: 14351: 14333: 14331:, p. 197. 14321: 14294: 14251: 14213: 14140: 14097: 14082: 14064: 14046: 14024: 13981: 13974: 13951: 13922:10.2307/301182 13896: 13884: 13868: 13849: 13842: 13824: 13801: 13786: 13784:, p. 333. 13774: 13767: 13742: 13724: 13695: 13635: 13620: 13602: 13595: 13574: 13532: 13525: 13500: 13498:, p. 296. 13488: 13476: 13474:, p. 292. 13464: 13462:, p. 285. 13447: 13445:, p. 286. 13435: 13423: 13407: 13395: 13393:, p. 186. 13383: 13381:, p. 188. 13368: 13366:, p. 185. 13356: 13354:, p. 185. 13340: 13328: 13326:, p. 187. 13307: 13305:, p. 183. 13295: 13277: 13262: 13247: 13231: 13219: 13217:, p. 180. 13202: 13182: 13170: 13168:, p. 183. 13158: 13156:, p. 114. 13146: 13125:10.2307/526629 13089:10.2307/526559 13067: 13055: 13038: 13025: 13003: 13001:, p. 196. 12988: 12986:, p. 183. 12976: 12957: 12942: 12930: 12918: 12911: 12885: 12873: 12861: 12845: 12843:, p. 215. 12833: 12818: 12816:, p. 212. 12806: 12804:, p. 211. 12794: 12782: 12770: 12758: 12751: 12739:Millar, Fergus 12730: 12728:, p. 341. 12718: 12716:, p. 345. 12706: 12704:, p. 354. 12694: 12665: 12663:, p. 181. 12653: 12651:, p. 184. 12641: 12634: 12601: 12589: 12577: 12566:Peachin (2011) 12558: 12537:10.2307/300280 12508: 12501: 12483: 12465: 12461:Peachin (2011) 12453: 12451:, p. 475. 12449:Peachin (2011) 12437:Peachin (2011) 12429: 12425:Peachin (2011) 12407:1854/LU-395187 12376: 12364: 12352: 12340: 12325: 12313: 12297: 12293:Bennett (1997) 12285: 12267: 12263:Wiseman (1970) 12255: 12243: 12239:Wiseman (1970) 12231: 12227:Wiseman (1970) 12219: 12206:10.2307/292973 12184: 12182:, p. 219. 12172: 12160: 12145: 12125: 12118: 12093: 12068: 12061: 12041: 12023: 12008: 12001: 11989:Millar, Fergus 11980: 11976:Bradley (1994) 11964: 11952: 11939:10.2307/293259 11933:(2): 341–342. 11917: 11910: 11892: 11885: 11864: 11854: 11842:, p. 15; 11832: 11809: 11797: 11790: 11772: 11768:Bradley (1994) 11760: 11756:Bradley (1994) 11748: 11729:(3): 331–346. 11713: 11701: 11689: 11674: 11656: 11644: 11629: 11580: 11576:Bradley (1994) 11568: 11564:Bradley (1994) 11553: 11534: 11530:Edwards (2007) 11463:10.2307/284457 11441: 11429: 11422: 11404: 11377: 11370: 11352: 11340: 11328: 11282: 11270: 11255: 11253:, p. 733. 11239: 11227: 11201: 11178: 11176:, p. 177. 11166: 11154: 11138:, p. 14; 11128: 11113: 11101: 11097:Peachin (2011) 11089: 11077: 11062: 11039: 11027: 11023:Peachin (2011) 11015: 11000: 10972: 10968:Peachin (2011) 10960: 10956:Peachin (2011) 10948: 10944:Peachin (2011) 10936: 10929: 10908: 10898:, ed. (2005). 10887: 10872: 10854: 10847: 10781: 10770: 10752: 10736: 10734:, p. 199. 10724: 10712: 10699:10.2307/295333 10674: 10655: 10648: 10625: 10603: 10575: 10563: 10548: 10536: 10524: 10508: 10506:, p. 205. 10496: 10489: 10471: 10469:, p. 122. 10459: 10440: 10420: 10400: 10395:Rylands Papyri 10372: 10370:, p. 438. 10368:Freeman (2000) 10360: 10341: 10311: 10292: 10272: 10253: 10233: 10231:, p. 200. 10217: 10190: 10160: 10153: 10135: 10133:, p. 117. 10123: 10121:, pp. 5–7 10111: 10099:Millar, Fergus 10090: 10088:, p. 108. 10078: 10066: 10064:, p. 123. 10054: 10023: 9974: 9972:, p. 721. 9959: 9894: 9883:(3): 263–288. 9867: 9865:, p. 184. 9852: 9837: 9822: 9818:Nicolet (1991) 9810: 9806:Nicolet (1991) 9798: 9794:Nicolet (1991) 9786: 9763: 9748: 9741: 9703:, p. 29; 9701:Nicolet (1991) 9693: 9689:Nicolet (1991) 9681: 9669: 9657: 9602: 9573:Gibbon, Edward 9564: 9532:Gibbon, Edward 9523: 9502:Peter, Heather 9490: 9480: 9459: 9447: 9415: 9408: 9387: 9380: 9359: 9334: 9322: 9315: 9294: 9282: 9258:Gibbon, Edward 9249: 9228: 9217:. 10 June 2024 9202: 9184: 9158: 9144: 9125: 9111: 9081: 9067: 9061:. Penguin UK. 9047: 9033: 9009: 8995: 8989:. Croom Helm. 8972: 8945: 8939: 8916: 8898: 8891: 8857: 8845: 8830: 8823: 8794: 8791:. Brill: viii. 8776: 8772:Nicolet (1991) 8764: 8762:, p. 179. 8747: 8743:Peachin (2011) 8729:Nicolet (1991) 8717: 8707: 8689: 8663: 8632:(3): 253–296. 8612: 8601:on 17 May 2016 8577:Turchin, Peter 8565: 8512: 8493: 8470: 8468:, p. 734. 8458: 8439: 8419: 8400: 8380: 8361: 8341: 8319: 8299: 8277: 8257: 8235: 8215: 8205: 8185: 8163: 8143: 8121: 8101: 8075: 8049: 8045:Bennett (1997) 8037: 8006: 7999: 7987:Diamond, Jared 7978: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7932: 7917: 7900: 7888: 7867: 7850: 7817: 7800: 7787: 7770: 7753: 7728: 7719: 7704:ancient Athens 7695: 7663: 7645: 7597: 7533: 7522:دولت علنإه روم 7505: 7496: 7476:Fourth Crusade 7467: 7419: 7406: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7380:Imperial Italy 7377: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7333: 7330:History portal 7319: 7303: 7300: 7240:Mehmed II 7161: 7160: 7151: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7133:Main article: 7130: 7127: 7060:Church Fathers 7051:undertook the 7035:, governor of 6969:religio licita 6832:Roman calendar 6778: 6771: 6770: 6758: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6717: 6714: 6580:; his nephew, 6489:wove together 6420:Main article: 6417: 6414: 6383:endowed chairs 6365:literary canon 6302:schoolmaster ( 6270:Main article: 6267: 6264: 6255:Church Fathers 6231:literary canon 6111: 6108: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5865: 5863: 5852: 5845: 5810: 5807: 5738:Main article: 5735: 5732: 5670:Main article: 5667: 5664: 5649:formal gardens 5615: 5612: 5575:: the empress 5568:Two portraits 5567: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539:Main article: 5536: 5533: 5483: 5480: 5434:toga praetexta 5392:Main article: 5389: 5386: 5366:Campus Martius 5315:bone and ivory 5309:made of wood, 5262: 5259: 5151:beast fighters 5057:ludi circenses 5017:Circus Maximus 4982:Chariot racing 4973: 4970: 4910:, large fish ( 4894:" indulged in 4752:Main article: 4749: 4746: 4742:humoral theory 4703: 4700: 4650:) achieved an 4478:civic banquets 4361:Campus Martius 4343: 4340: 4320:Main article: 4317: 4314: 4115: 4112: 4027: 4024: 4015:materia medica 3958:Roman commerce 3953: 3950: 3869: 3866: 3814:(gold, iron); 3777: 3774: 3704:Roman commerce 3610:Constantine II 3578:Roman currency 3573: 3570: 3463:Main article: 3460: 3457: 3410:indirect taxes 3379: 3376: 3286:laurel wreaths 3273: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3245:Main article: 3242: 3239: 3170:Roman province 3165: 3162: 3154:North Atlantic 3069: 3068: 3061: 3048: 2963: 2960: 2842: 138–161 2835:Antoninus Pius 2817: 2814: 2769:Main article: 2766: 2763: 2693: 2690: 2612:cursus honorum 2581:legal domicile 2503: 2500: 2456: 2453: 2401:Following the 2323:Main article: 2320: 2317: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181:Main article: 2178: 2175: 2145:law of persons 2126: 2123: 2070:, friendship ( 2018: 2015: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1844:A 5th-century 1816:Main article: 1813: 1810: 1802:Hadrian's Wall 1734:Hadrian's Wall 1728:described it: 1677:Hadrian's Wall 1585: 1582: 1504: 1501: 1481:state religion 1449:Constantinople 1414: 270–275 1403:Late Antiquity 1393:. In defining 1377:, a period of 1295: 1292: 1284:Antoninus Pius 1215: 161–180 1206: 1199: 1198: 1193: 138–161 1186:Antoninus Pius 1184: 1177: 1176: 1171: 117–138 1162: 1155: 1154: 1140: 1133: 1132: 1118: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106:" of 96–180 AD 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1093:Main article: 1090: 1085: 929:Roman Republic 911:Roman Republic 906: 903: 857:Main article: 854: 851: 809:, influencing 775:Medieval Greek 720:Constantinople 676:Constantinople 664: 306–337 649: 284–305 638: 270–275 607:50-year crisis 603: 180–192 536:, marking his 477:eastern empire 473:western empire 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 435: 429: 428: 421: 412: 409: 408: 406:Roman Republic 403: 391: 390: 385: 375: 374: 357: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 310: 306: 305: 301: 300: 285: 284:Historical era 281: 280: 277: 276: 269: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 238: 232: 231: 229: 228: 216: 214:(until AD 380) 203: 201: 197: 196: 194: 193: 188: 178: 176: 172: 171: 169: 168: 163:Constantinople 160: 151: 149: 145: 144: 141: 133: 132: 122: 112: 111: 103: 102: 91: 84: 83: 80: 79: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 33541: 33530: 33527: 33525: 33522: 33520: 33517: 33515: 33512: 33510: 33507: 33505: 33502: 33500: 33497: 33495: 33492: 33490: 33487: 33485: 33482: 33480: 33477: 33475: 33472: 33470: 33467: 33465: 33462: 33460: 33457: 33455: 33452: 33450: 33447: 33445: 33442: 33440: 33437: 33435: 33432: 33430: 33427: 33426: 33424: 33403: 33400: 33398: 33395: 33393: 33390: 33388: 33385: 33383: 33380: 33378: 33375: 33373: 33370: 33368: 33365: 33363: 33360: 33358: 33355: 33353: 33350: 33348: 33347:PROSUR/PROSUL 33345: 33343: 33340: 33338: 33335: 33333: 33330: 33328: 33325: 33323: 33320: 33318: 33315: 33313: 33310: 33308: 33305: 33303: 33300: 33298: 33295: 33293: 33290: 33288: 33285: 33283: 33280: 33278: 33275: 33273: 33270: 33268: 33265: 33263: 33260: 33258: 33255: 33253: 33250: 33248: 33245: 33243: 33242:Craiova Group 33240: 33238: 33235: 33233: 33230: 33228: 33225: 33223: 33220: 33218: 33215: 33213: 33210: 33208: 33205: 33203: 33200: 33198: 33195: 33193: 33190: 33188: 33185: 33183: 33180: 33178: 33175: 33173: 33170: 33168: 33165: 33163: 33160: 33158: 33157:ABCANZ Armies 33155: 33154: 33152: 33146: 33140: 33137: 33135: 33132: 33128: 33125: 33123: 33120: 33118: 33115: 33113: 33110: 33108: 33105: 33103: 33100: 33099: 33098: 33095: 33093: 33090: 33086: 33083: 33082: 33081: 33078: 33076: 33073: 33072: 33070: 33068: 33064: 33058: 33055: 33053: 33050: 33046: 33043: 33041: 33038: 33036: 33033: 33031: 33028: 33024: 33021: 33019: 33016: 33014: 33011: 33009: 33006: 33005: 33004: 33001: 32999: 32996: 32994: 32991: 32989: 32986: 32985: 32984: 32981: 32975: 32972: 32971: 32970: 32967: 32963: 32962:Protestantism 32960: 32956: 32953: 32952: 32951: 32948: 32944: 32941: 32940: 32939: 32936: 32932: 32928: 32925: 32924: 32923: 32920: 32919: 32918: 32915: 32914: 32913: 32910: 32909: 32907: 32905: 32901: 32893: 32890: 32889: 32888: 32885: 32883: 32882:Sovereigntism 32880: 32878: 32875: 32871: 32870: 32866: 32865: 32864: 32861: 32857: 32854: 32853: 32852: 32849: 32847: 32844: 32842: 32839: 32837: 32834: 32832: 32829: 32827: 32824: 32822: 32819: 32815: 32812: 32810: 32807: 32806: 32805: 32802: 32798: 32795: 32794: 32793: 32790: 32788: 32785: 32783: 32780: 32778: 32777:Scholasticism 32775: 32773: 32770: 32768: 32765: 32763: 32760: 32758: 32755: 32753: 32750: 32748: 32745: 32744: 32742: 32740: 32736: 32728: 32725: 32723: 32720: 32718: 32715: 32713: 32710: 32709: 32708: 32705: 32701: 32698: 32697: 32696: 32693: 32689: 32686: 32684: 32681: 32680: 32679: 32676: 32672: 32669: 32668: 32667: 32664: 32662: 32659: 32655: 32652: 32650: 32647: 32645: 32642: 32641: 32640: 32637: 32633: 32630: 32629: 32628: 32625: 32621: 32618: 32617: 32616: 32613: 32609: 32606: 32604: 32601: 32600: 32599: 32596: 32594: 32591: 32589: 32586: 32584: 32581: 32577: 32574: 32573: 32572: 32569: 32567: 32564: 32560: 32557: 32556: 32555: 32552: 32548: 32545: 32544: 32543: 32540: 32536: 32533: 32532: 32531: 32528: 32526: 32523: 32519: 32516: 32515: 32514: 32511: 32509: 32506: 32502: 32499: 32497: 32494: 32492: 32489: 32488: 32487: 32484: 32483: 32481: 32479: 32475: 32467: 32466:War on terror 32464: 32462: 32459: 32458: 32457: 32454: 32450: 32447: 32445: 32442: 32440: 32437: 32435: 32432: 32430: 32427: 32425: 32422: 32420: 32417: 32415: 32412: 32410: 32407: 32405: 32402: 32400: 32397: 32395: 32392: 32390: 32387: 32385: 32382: 32380: 32377: 32375: 32372: 32370: 32367: 32365: 32362: 32361: 32360: 32359:Modern period 32357: 32355: 32352: 32348: 32345: 32343: 32340: 32338: 32335: 32334: 32333: 32330: 32326: 32323: 32322: 32321: 32318: 32316: 32313: 32312: 32310: 32308: 32304: 32298: 32295: 32293: 32290: 32288: 32285: 32283: 32280: 32274: 32271: 32269: 32266: 32265: 32264: 32261: 32259: 32256: 32254: 32251: 32249: 32246: 32245: 32244: 32241: 32239: 32236: 32234: 32231: 32230: 32228: 32224: 32220: 32216: 32215:Western world 32209: 32204: 32202: 32197: 32195: 32190: 32189: 32186: 32174: 32171: 32169: 32166: 32164: 32161: 32159: 32156: 32154: 32151: 32149: 32146: 32144: 32141: 32139: 32136: 32134: 32131: 32129: 32128:Art of Europe 32126: 32125: 32123: 32119: 32113: 32110: 32108: 32105: 32103: 32100: 32098: 32095: 32093: 32090: 32088: 32085: 32083: 32080: 32078: 32075: 32073: 32070: 32068: 32065: 32063: 32060: 32058: 32055: 32053: 32050: 32048: 32045: 32043: 32040: 32038: 32035: 32033: 32030: 32028: 32025: 32023: 32020: 32018: 32015: 32013: 32010: 32008: 32005: 32003: 32000: 31998: 31995: 31993: 31990: 31988: 31985: 31983: 31980: 31978: 31975: 31973: 31970: 31968: 31965: 31963: 31960: 31958: 31955: 31951: 31948: 31947: 31946: 31943: 31941: 31938: 31936: 31933: 31932: 31930: 31928: 31927:Modern period 31924: 31918: 31915: 31913: 31910: 31908: 31905: 31903: 31900: 31898: 31895: 31893: 31890: 31888: 31885: 31883: 31880: 31878: 31875: 31873: 31870: 31868: 31865: 31862: 31858: 31854: 31850: 31846: 31843: 31841: 31838: 31836: 31833: 31829: 31826: 31824: 31821: 31819: 31816: 31814: 31811: 31810: 31809: 31806: 31802: 31799: 31797: 31794: 31793: 31791: 31789: 31786: 31784: 31781: 31779: 31776: 31774: 31771: 31767: 31764: 31763: 31762: 31759: 31757: 31754: 31752: 31749: 31748: 31746: 31744: 31740: 31734: 31731: 31729: 31726: 31724: 31721: 31717: 31714: 31713: 31712: 31709: 31707: 31704: 31702: 31699: 31697: 31694: 31692: 31689: 31688: 31686: 31684: 31680: 31674: 31671: 31669: 31666: 31664: 31661: 31659: 31656: 31655: 31653: 31651: 31647: 31643: 31636: 31631: 31629: 31624: 31622: 31617: 31616: 31613: 31588: 31587: 31583: 31579: 31578: 31574: 31572: 31571: 31567: 31565: 31564: 31563:Metamorphoses 31560: 31558: 31556: 31555:The Histories 31552: 31550: 31549: 31545: 31543: 31542: 31538: 31536: 31534: 31533:The Histories 31530: 31528: 31527: 31523: 31522: 31520: 31514: 31511: 31509: 31506: 31504: 31501: 31500: 31499: 31496: 31494: 31491: 31490: 31488: 31487: 31484: 31477: 31473: 31448: 31445: 31443: 31440: 31439: 31437: 31435: 31432: 31430: 31427: 31425: 31422: 31420: 31417: 31415: 31412: 31410: 31407: 31405: 31402: 31401: 31399: 31393: 31387: 31384: 31382: 31379: 31377: 31374: 31372: 31369: 31367: 31364: 31362: 31359: 31357: 31354: 31352: 31349: 31347: 31344: 31343: 31341: 31335: 31327: 31324: 31322: 31319: 31317: 31314: 31312: 31311: 31307: 31305: 31302: 31301: 31299: 31295: 31294: 31290: 31289: 31288: 31285: 31281: 31278: 31276: 31275: 31271: 31269: 31268: 31264: 31263: 31261: 31257: 31256: 31252: 31250: 31249: 31248:Marumaru Atua 31245: 31243: 31242: 31238: 31236: 31235: 31231: 31229: 31226: 31224: 31223: 31219: 31217: 31216: 31212: 31210: 31209: 31208:Samudra Raksa 31205: 31203: 31202: 31198: 31196: 31195: 31194:Te Au o Tonga 31191: 31189: 31188: 31184: 31182: 31181: 31177: 31176: 31175: 31172: 31168: 31167: 31163: 31159: 31157: 31156: 31152: 31151: 31150: 31147: 31146: 31144: 31138: 31132: 31129: 31128: 31126: 31122: 31114: 31111: 31109: 31106: 31104: 31101: 31100: 31098: 31094: 31091: 31089: 31086: 31084: 31081: 31079: 31078: 31074: 31072: 31071: 31067: 31065: 31062: 31060: 31057: 31055: 31054:Blackfriars I 31052: 31050: 31049:Arles Rhône 3 31047: 31045: 31044: 31040: 31039: 31037: 31033: 31030: 31029: 31027: 31023: 31020: 31018: 31015: 31014: 31012: 31008: 31007: 31003: 31001: 31000: 30996: 30994: 30991: 30989: 30986: 30985: 30983: 30981: 30978: 30974: 30971: 30970: 30969: 30966: 30962: 30959: 30957: 30954: 30953: 30952: 30949: 30945: 30942: 30940: 30937: 30935: 30932: 30930: 30927: 30925: 30922: 30920: 30917: 30915: 30912: 30910: 30907: 30905: 30902: 30900: 30897: 30895: 30892: 30890: 30887: 30886: 30884: 30881: 30880: 30878: 30876: 30870: 30864: 30861: 30859: 30856: 30854: 30853:Thalassocracy 30851: 30849: 30846: 30844: 30841: 30839: 30838:Shell middens 30836: 30834: 30831: 30829: 30826: 30824: 30821: 30819: 30816: 30814: 30811: 30807: 30804: 30802: 30799: 30797: 30794: 30793: 30791: 30789: 30788:Naval warfare 30786: 30784: 30781: 30779: 30776: 30774: 30771: 30767: 30764: 30763: 30762: 30759: 30757: 30754: 30752: 30749: 30748: 30746: 30740: 30730: 30727: 30725: 30722: 30720: 30717: 30715: 30712: 30710: 30707: 30705: 30702: 30701: 30699: 30695: 30689: 30686: 30684: 30681: 30679: 30676: 30674: 30671: 30669: 30668:Lionel Casson 30666: 30664: 30661: 30660: 30658: 30654: 30651: 30647: 30643: 30636: 30632: 30613: 30610: 30608: 30605: 30603: 30600: 30598: 30595: 30593: 30590: 30588: 30585: 30583: 30580: 30579: 30576: 30569: 30565: 30544: 30541: 30540: 30539: 30536: 30532: 30529: 30528: 30527: 30524: 30522: 30519: 30517: 30514: 30512: 30511: 30507: 30505: 30502: 30500: 30499:Incense trade 30497: 30495: 30492: 30490: 30487: 30485: 30482: 30480: 30477: 30475: 30472: 30470: 30467: 30465: 30462: 30460: 30457: 30455: 30452: 30451: 30448: 30444: 30438: 30434: 30409: 30406: 30405: 30404: 30403:South America 30401: 30399: 30396: 30394: 30391: 30387: 30384: 30383: 30382: 30379: 30378: 30376: 30372: 30362: 30359: 30357: 30354: 30352: 30351:Sailing ships 30349: 30347: 30346:Oared vessels 30344: 30342: 30339: 30337: 30334: 30332: 30329: 30328: 30325: 30319: 30316: 30314: 30311: 30309: 30306: 30304: 30301: 30299: 30296: 30294: 30291: 30289: 30286: 30284: 30281: 30279: 30276: 30274: 30271: 30269: 30268:Cape Hermaeum 30266: 30264: 30261: 30259: 30256: 30254: 30251: 30249: 30246: 30244: 30241: 30239: 30236: 30234: 30231: 30229: 30226: 30224: 30221: 30219: 30216: 30214: 30211: 30209: 30206: 30204: 30201: 30199: 30196: 30194: 30190: 30187: 30186: 30184: 30182: 30178: 30172: 30169: 30167: 30164: 30162: 30159: 30157: 30154: 30153: 30151: 30149: 30145: 30142: 30138: 30132: 30129: 30127: 30124: 30122: 30119: 30115: 30112: 30110: 30107: 30106: 30105: 30102: 30100: 30097: 30095: 30092: 30090: 30087: 30086: 30084: 30082: 30079:Migration and 30076: 30070: 30067: 30065: 30062: 30060: 30057: 30055: 30052: 30048: 30045: 30043: 30040: 30039: 30038: 30035: 30033: 30030: 30028: 30025: 30023: 30020: 30018: 30015: 30013: 30010: 30008: 30005: 30003: 30000: 29996: 29993: 29991: 29988: 29986: 29983: 29982: 29981: 29978: 29976: 29973: 29971: 29968: 29964: 29961: 29959: 29956: 29954: 29951: 29949: 29946: 29944: 29941: 29939: 29936: 29934: 29931: 29929: 29926: 29924: 29921: 29919: 29916: 29914: 29911: 29909: 29906: 29904: 29901: 29900: 29899: 29896: 29892: 29889: 29888: 29887: 29886:Ancient Egypt 29884: 29883: 29881: 29879:Civilizations 29877: 29871: 29868: 29864: 29861: 29859: 29856: 29855: 29854: 29851: 29849: 29846: 29844: 29841: 29840: 29838: 29834: 29830: 29826: 29821: 29817: 29794: 29791: 29789: 29786: 29784: 29781: 29779: 29776: 29774: 29771: 29769: 29766: 29764: 29761: 29759: 29756: 29754: 29751: 29749: 29746: 29744: 29741: 29739: 29736: 29734: 29731: 29729: 29726: 29724: 29721: 29719: 29716: 29714: 29711: 29709: 29706: 29704: 29701: 29699: 29696: 29693: 29689: 29686: 29684: 29681: 29679: 29676: 29674: 29671: 29669: 29666: 29664: 29661: 29659: 29656: 29654: 29651: 29649: 29646: 29644: 29641: 29639: 29636: 29633: 29630: 29628: 29625: 29623: 29620: 29618: 29615: 29612: 29609: 29607: 29604: 29602: 29599: 29597: 29594: 29592: 29589: 29587: 29584: 29582: 29579: 29577: 29574: 29572: 29569: 29567: 29564: 29562: 29559: 29557: 29554: 29551: 29548: 29546: 29543: 29541: 29538: 29536: 29533: 29532: 29530: 29525: 29521: 29513: 29510: 29508: 29505: 29503: 29500: 29499: 29497: 29493: 29490: 29488: 29485: 29484: 29483: 29480: 29478: 29475: 29471: 29468: 29467: 29466: 29463: 29461: 29458: 29456: 29453: 29451: 29448: 29446: 29443: 29442: 29440: 29438: 29434: 29430: 29423: 29419: 29396: 29393: 29391: 29388: 29386: 29383: 29381: 29378: 29376: 29373: 29371: 29368: 29366: 29363: 29362: 29360: 29356: 29350: 29347: 29345: 29342: 29340: 29337: 29335: 29332: 29328: 29325: 29323: 29320: 29318: 29315: 29313: 29310: 29309: 29308: 29305: 29303: 29300: 29299: 29297: 29295: 29291: 29283: 29280: 29279: 29277: 29275: 29272: 29270: 29267: 29265: 29262: 29260: 29257: 29255: 29254:Clinker built 29252: 29250: 29247: 29245: 29242: 29240: 29239:Boat building 29237: 29236: 29234: 29232: 29228: 29222: 29219: 29217: 29214: 29212: 29209: 29207: 29204: 29200: 29197: 29196: 29195: 29192: 29190: 29187: 29185: 29182: 29180: 29177: 29175: 29172: 29170: 29167: 29165: 29162: 29160: 29157: 29153: 29150: 29149: 29148: 29145: 29143: 29140: 29138: 29135: 29133: 29130: 29128: 29125: 29123: 29120: 29119: 29117: 29113: 29107: 29104: 29102: 29099: 29097: 29094: 29092: 29089: 29088: 29086: 29082: 29076: 29073: 29071: 29068: 29066: 29063: 29061: 29058: 29054: 29051: 29049: 29046: 29044: 29041: 29039: 29036: 29034: 29031: 29029: 29026: 29024: 29021: 29020: 29018: 29014: 29011: 29009: 29006: 29004: 29001: 29000: 28999: 28996: 28994: 28991: 28989: 28988:Navis lusoria 28986: 28984: 28981: 28979: 28976: 28974: 28971: 28969: 28966: 28962: 28959: 28958: 28957: 28954: 28952: 28949: 28947: 28944: 28942: 28939: 28937: 28934: 28932: 28929: 28927: 28924: 28923: 28921: 28919: 28915: 28911: 28907: 28902: 28898: 28894: 28887: 28882: 28880: 28875: 28873: 28868: 28867: 28864: 28852: 28844: 28842: 28833: 28832: 28829: 28819: 28816: 28814: 28811: 28809: 28806: 28804: 28801: 28799: 28796: 28794: 28791: 28789: 28786: 28784: 28781: 28779: 28776: 28774: 28771: 28769: 28766: 28764: 28761: 28759: 28756: 28754: 28751: 28749: 28746: 28744: 28741: 28739: 28736: 28734: 28731: 28729: 28726: 28724: 28721: 28719: 28716: 28714: 28711: 28709: 28706: 28704: 28701: 28699: 28696: 28694: 28691: 28689: 28686: 28684: 28681: 28679: 28676: 28674: 28671: 28669: 28666: 28664: 28661: 28659: 28656: 28654: 28651: 28649: 28646: 28644: 28641: 28639: 28636: 28635: 28633: 28631: 28627: 28621: 28618: 28616: 28613: 28611: 28608: 28606: 28603: 28601: 28598: 28596: 28593: 28591: 28588: 28586: 28583: 28581: 28578: 28576: 28573: 28571: 28568: 28562: 28559: 28558: 28557: 28554: 28553: 28552: 28549: 28545: 28542: 28541: 28540: 28537: 28535: 28532: 28530: 28527: 28525: 28522: 28520: 28517: 28515: 28512: 28510: 28507: 28505: 28502: 28500: 28497: 28495: 28492: 28490: 28487: 28485: 28482: 28480: 28477: 28476: 28473: 28470: 28468: 28464: 28454: 28451: 28449: 28446: 28442: 28439: 28437: 28434: 28432: 28429: 28428: 28427: 28424: 28422: 28419: 28417: 28414: 28412: 28409: 28407: 28404: 28402: 28399: 28397: 28394: 28392: 28389: 28387: 28384: 28382: 28379: 28377: 28374: 28372: 28369: 28365: 28362: 28360: 28357: 28356: 28355: 28352: 28350: 28347: 28345: 28342: 28340: 28337: 28335: 28332: 28331: 28328: 28325: 28323: 28319: 28309: 28306: 28304: 28301: 28299: 28296: 28294: 28291: 28289: 28286: 28284: 28281: 28279: 28276: 28274: 28271: 28268: 28264: 28261: 28258: 28254: 28251: 28249: 28246: 28244: 28241: 28239: 28236: 28234: 28231: 28229: 28226: 28224: 28221: 28219: 28216: 28212: 28209: 28208: 28207: 28204: 28202: 28199: 28197: 28194: 28192: 28189: 28187: 28184: 28183: 28180: 28177: 28175: 28171: 28161: 28158: 28156: 28153: 28151: 28148: 28146: 28143: 28141: 28138: 28136: 28133: 28131: 28128: 28126: 28123: 28121: 28118: 28116: 28113: 28111: 28108: 28104: 28101: 28100: 28099: 28096: 28092: 28089: 28087: 28084: 28082: 28079: 28078: 28077: 28074: 28072: 28069: 28067: 28064: 28062: 28059: 28055: 28052: 28051: 28050: 28047: 28045: 28042: 28040: 28037: 28036: 28033: 28030: 28028: 28024: 28012: 28009: 28007: 28004: 28002: 27999: 27997: 27996:Years of Lead 27994: 27992: 27991:Economic Boom 27989: 27987: 27984: 27982: 27979: 27978: 27977: 27974: 27973: 27971: 27967: 27959: 27956: 27954: 27950: 27947: 27945: 27942: 27940: 27937: 27935: 27934:Fascist Italy 27932: 27928: 27925: 27924: 27923: 27920: 27918: 27915: 27913: 27910: 27909: 27908: 27905: 27901: 27898: 27896: 27893: 27891: 27888: 27886: 27883: 27881: 27880:Niçard exodus 27878: 27876: 27873: 27871: 27868: 27867: 27866: 27863: 27862: 27860: 27856: 27850: 27847: 27845: 27842: 27840: 27837: 27835: 27832: 27828: 27825: 27824: 27823: 27820: 27818: 27815: 27813: 27810: 27808: 27805: 27799: 27796: 27794: 27791: 27789: 27786: 27784: 27781: 27780: 27779: 27776: 27774: 27771: 27769: 27766: 27764: 27761: 27760: 27759: 27756: 27755: 27753: 27749: 27743: 27740: 27736: 27733: 27732: 27731: 27728: 27726: 27723: 27719: 27716: 27714: 27711: 27709: 27706: 27704: 27701: 27699: 27696: 27694: 27691: 27689: 27686: 27684: 27681: 27679: 27676: 27674: 27670: 27669: 27668: 27665: 27664: 27662: 27658: 27648: 27645: 27644: 27643: 27640: 27638: 27635: 27633: 27630: 27628: 27625: 27623: 27620: 27619: 27618: 27615: 27611: 27608: 27606: 27603: 27601: 27600:Magna Graecia 27598: 27596: 27593: 27591: 27588: 27584: 27581: 27579: 27576: 27574: 27571: 27569: 27566: 27564: 27561: 27559: 27556: 27555: 27554: 27551: 27550: 27549: 27546: 27545: 27543: 27539: 27531: 27528: 27526: 27523: 27521: 27518: 27516: 27513: 27511: 27508: 27506: 27503: 27501: 27498: 27496: 27493: 27491: 27488: 27487: 27486: 27483: 27482: 27480: 27476: 27470: 27467: 27465: 27462: 27460: 27457: 27455: 27452: 27450: 27447: 27445: 27442: 27440: 27437: 27435: 27432: 27430: 27427: 27425: 27422: 27420: 27417: 27415: 27412: 27410: 27407: 27405: 27402: 27401: 27399: 27395: 27389: 27386: 27385: 27383: 27379: 27376: 27374: 27370: 27366: 27362: 27355: 27350: 27348: 27343: 27341: 27336: 27335: 27332: 27318: 27311: 27307: 27306: 27301: 27297: 27290: 27287: 27282: 27275: 27272: 27265: 27261: 27260: 27256: 27251: 27245: 27244: 27241: 27235: 27234: 27230: 27229: 27224: 27218: 27217: 27209: 27208: 27205: 27199: 27198: 27195: 27194: 27189: 27188: 27183: 27182: 27176: 27171: 27170: 27164: 27160: 27155: 27151: 27146: 27140: 27139: 27136: 27135: 27131: 27128: 27126: 27120: 27119: 27112: 27111: 27108: 27103: 27101: 27095: 27094: 27090: 27089: 27084: 27078: 27077: 27072: 27066: 27065: 27061: 27057: 27052: 27046: 27045: 27042: 27040: 27035: 27031: 27026: 27021: 27019: 27014: 27008: 27007: 27004: 26998: 26997: 26994: 26993: 26986: 26985: 26982: 26976: 26975: 26972: 26968: 26964: 26955: 26954: 26951: 26946: 26941: 26936: 26935: 26930: 26926: 26918: 26913: 26911: 26906: 26904: 26899: 26898: 26895: 26878: 26875: 26872: 26869: 26866: 26863: 26858: 26855: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26848: 26846: 26844: 26839: 26832: 26829: 26826: 26823: 26820: 26817: 26814: 26811: 26808: 26805: 26802: 26799: 26796: 26793: 26790: 26787: 26784: 26781: 26778: 26775: 26772: 26769: 26766: 26763: 26760: 26757: 26754: 26751: 26748: 26745: 26744: 26742: 26736: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26701: 26698: 26696: 26693: 26691: 26688: 26686: 26683: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26673: 26672: 26670: 26666: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26611: 26609: 26605: 26602: 26597: 26592: 26588: 26578: 26575: 26573: 26570: 26568: 26565: 26563: 26560: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26547: 26544: 26542: 26541:Duchy of Sora 26539: 26537: 26534: 26532: 26529: 26528: 26526: 26522: 26516: 26512: 26505: 26502: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26470: 26468: 26465: 26464: 26463: 26460: 26459: 26457: 26453: 26449: 26439: 26436: 26434: 26431: 26429: 26426: 26424: 26421: 26420: 26418: 26416: 26412: 26406: 26403: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26392: 26390: 26386: 26380: 26379:Muslim Sicily 26377: 26375: 26372: 26371: 26369: 26367: 26363: 26357: 26354: 26352: 26348: 26345: 26343: 26340: 26338: 26335: 26333: 26330: 26328: 26325: 26323: 26320: 26318: 26315: 26314: 26312: 26308: 26305: 26301: 26297: 26291: 26288: 26286: 26283: 26281: 26278: 26276: 26273: 26271: 26268: 26266: 26263: 26261: 26258: 26256: 26253: 26251: 26248: 26247: 26245: 26239: 26233: 26230: 26228: 26225: 26223: 26220: 26219: 26217: 26213: 26209: 26201: 26198: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26186: 26183: 26181: 26178: 26176: 26173: 26172: 26171: 26168: 26166: 26163: 26161: 26158: 26156: 26153: 26151: 26148: 26146: 26143: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26111: 26108: 26106: 26103: 26101: 26098: 26094: 26091: 26089: 26086: 26084: 26081: 26079: 26076: 26074: 26071: 26069: 26066: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26056: 26054: 26051: 26049: 26046: 26044: 26041: 26039: 26036: 26034: 26031: 26029: 26026: 26024: 26021: 26020: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26011: 26009: 26006: 26004: 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25981: 25979: 25976: 25975: 25973: 25965: 25961: 25955: 25952: 25950: 25947: 25945: 25942: 25940: 25937: 25935: 25932: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25922: 25921: 25919: 25915: 25911: 25904: 25901: 25896: 25893: 25890: 25887: 25884: 25883:Duchy of Rome 25881: 25880: 25878: 25875: 25874: 25872: 25869: 25865: 25857: 25854: 25852: 25849: 25847: 25844: 25842: 25839: 25837: 25834: 25832: 25829: 25828: 25826: 25823: 25820: 25817: 25814: 25811: 25808: 25805: 25804: 25802: 25796: 25793: 25783: 25776: 25773: 25770: 25767: 25764: 25761: 25758: 25757:Roman Kingdom 25755: 25754: 25752: 25750: 25746: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25730: 25729:Magna Graecia 25727: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25703: 25700: 25699: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25683: 25680: 25676: 25673: 25672: 25671: 25668: 25667: 25665: 25661: 25657: 25650: 25645: 25643: 25638: 25636: 25631: 25630: 25627: 25613: 25612:Soviet empire 25610: 25608: 25605: 25604: 25602: 25601: 25599: 25597:Miscellaneous 25595: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25562: 25559: 25558: 25557: 25554: 25553: 25551: 25547: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25515: 25512: 25511: 25510: 25507: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25485: 25482: 25480: 25477: 25475: 25472: 25470: 25467: 25465: 25462: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25449: 25448: 25445: 25443: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25434: 25432: 25430: 25426: 25418: 25415: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25398: 25395: 25394: 25393: 25390: 25388: 25385: 25381: 25378: 25377: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25350: 25349: 25346: 25344: 25341: 25337: 25334: 25332: 25329: 25328: 25327: 25324: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25296: 25295: 25292: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25279: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25256: 25253: 25251: 25248: 25246: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25232: 25231: 25228: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25215: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25202: 25199: 25197: 25196:German Empire 25194: 25193: 25192: 25189: 25185: 25182: 25180: 25177: 25176: 25175: 25172: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25160: 25159: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25146: 25143: 25141: 25138: 25136: 25133: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25122: 25121: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25109: 25106: 25104: 25101: 25100: 25098: 25096: 25093: 25091: 25088: 25086: 25083: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25072: 25070: 25068: 25064: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25008: 25007: 25006: 25003: 25001: 24998: 24994: 24991: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24965: 24964: 24961: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24937: 24936:Turco-Persian 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24909: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24881: 24880: 24877: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24844: 24843: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24832: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24818: 24815: 24813: 24810: 24808: 24805: 24804: 24803: 24800: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24777: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24744: 24741: 24739: 24736: 24734: 24731: 24729: 24726: 24725: 24724: 24721: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24702: 24699: 24698: 24697: 24694: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24676: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24648: 24645: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24634: 24633: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24621: 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24592: 24591: 24588: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24575: 24574: 24571: 24567: 24564: 24562: 24559: 24557: 24554: 24552: 24549: 24548: 24547: 24544: 24542: 24539: 24535: 24532: 24531: 24530: 24527: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24514: 24512: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24482: 24480: 24477: 24476: 24474: 24472: 24468: 24460: 24457: 24456: 24455: 24452: 24450: 24447: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24434: 24433: 24430: 24426: 24423: 24422: 24421: 24418: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24385: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24376: 24374: 24371: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24348: 24347: 24344: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24331: 24330: 24327: 24325: 24322: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24294: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24262: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24235: 24234: 24231: 24227: 24224: 24222: 24219: 24217: 24214: 24213: 24212: 24209: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24196: 24195: 24192: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24171: 24167: 24163: 24156: 24151: 24149: 24144: 24142: 24137: 24136: 24133: 24121: 24118: 24117: 24115: 24111: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24067: 24066: 24064: 24058: 24053: 24043: 24040: 24038: 24035: 24033: 24030: 24028: 24025: 24023: 24020: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24000: 23996: 23993: 23992: 23991: 23988: 23986: 23983: 23979: 23976: 23975: 23974: 23973:Roman Armenia 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23960: 23958: 23952: 23947: 23939: 23934: 23932: 23927: 23925: 23920: 23919: 23916: 23904: 23901: 23898: 23894: 23890: 23886: 23883: 23880: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23866: 23862: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23843:Late Antique) 23840: 23837: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23825: 23822: 23820: 23817: 23815: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23776: 23774: 23771: 23769: 23766: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23738:Liechtenstein 23736: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23707: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23693: 23690: 23686: 23682: 23678: 23674: 23670: 23667: 23665: 23662: 23660: 23656: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23637: 23633: 23629: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23609: 23605: 23601: 23598: 23596: 23593: 23591: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23528:Late Antique) 23525: 23522: 23520: 23517: 23515: 23512: 23510: 23506: 23503: 23502: 23499: 23494: 23490: 23482: 23477: 23475: 23470: 23468: 23463: 23462: 23459: 23453: 23446: 23434: 23431: 23429: 23426: 23424: 23421: 23419: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23409: 23406: 23404: 23401: 23399: 23396: 23394: 23391: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23339: 23336: 23334: 23331: 23329: 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23309: 23306: 23305: 23303: 23294: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23198: 23195: 23194: 23192: 23188: 23178: 23175: 23173: 23170: 23168: 23165: 23163: 23160: 23158: 23155: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23143: 23140: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23110: 23108: 23105: 23103: 23100: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23088: 23085: 23083: 23080: 23078: 23075: 23073: 23070: 23068: 23065: 23063: 23060: 23058: 23055: 23053: 23050: 23048: 23045: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23030: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23009: 23007: 23005: 23001: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22920: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22910: 22907: 22905: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22885: 22882: 22880: 22877: 22875: 22872: 22870: 22867: 22865: 22862: 22860: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22762: 22760: 22759:Julius Paulus 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22735: 22732: 22730: 22727: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22717: 22715: 22712: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22694:Fabius Pictor 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22601: 22599: 22597: 22593: 22590: 22586: 22580: 22577: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22527: 22525: 22522: 22520: 22517: 22516: 22514: 22512: 22508: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22431:Amphitheatres 22429: 22428: 22426: 22424: 22420: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22372: 22369: 22368: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22342: 22339: 22337: 22334: 22333: 22331: 22329: 22325: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22282: 22279: 22278: 22277: 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22249: 22247: 22244: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22208: 22206: 22204: 22200: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22168:Deforestation 22166: 22164: 22161: 22160: 22158: 22156: 22152: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22118:Siege engines 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22100: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22087: 22084: 22083: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22051:Establishment 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22038: 22036: 22034: 22030: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21990: 21987: 21986: 21984: 21982:Extraordinary 21980: 21974: 21971: 21969: 21968:Promagistrate 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21925: 21923: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21910: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21800: 21798: 21796: 21792: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21755:Twelve Tables 21753: 21752: 21750: 21748: 21744: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21707: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21672: 21670: 21668: 21664: 21652: 21649: 21648: 21647: 21644: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21631: 21630: 21627: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21614: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21589: 21587: 21585: 21581: 21575: 21572: 21568: 21565: 21564: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21554: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21542: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21527: 21524: 21519: 21512: 21507: 21505: 21500: 21498: 21493: 21492: 21489: 21483: 21480: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21418: 21412: 21408: 21404: 21400: 21396: 21392: 21388: 21387:Eques Romanus 21384: 21383:Wiseman, T.P. 21380: 21376: 21370: 21366: 21361: 21356: 21351: 21347: 21343: 21339: 21335: 21331: 21327: 21326: 21321: 21317: 21313: 21311:0-8047-2630-2 21307: 21303: 21299: 21295: 21291: 21285: 21281: 21277: 21273: 21269: 21263: 21259: 21255: 21251: 21247: 21241: 21236: 21235: 21228: 21224: 21218: 21214: 21210: 21209:Rawson, Beryl 21206: 21202: 21196: 21192: 21188: 21187:Rawson, Beryl 21184: 21172: 21168: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21148: 21144: 21139: 21127: 21123: 21119: 21115: 21114:10.1418/90426 21111: 21107: 21103: 21098: 21086: 21082: 21076: 21072: 21068: 21064: 21060: 21056: 21055: 21049: 21045: 21039: 21035: 21031: 21027: 21023: 21017: 21013: 21009: 21005: 21001: 20997: 20991: 20987: 20982: 20978: 20976:1-84176-091-9 20972: 20968: 20963: 20959: 20953: 20948: 20947: 20941: 20937: 20933: 20927: 20923: 20918: 20914: 20908: 20904: 20900: 20896: 20892: 20888: 20884: 20880: 20876: 20872: 20868: 20864: 20860: 20855: 20851: 20847: 20843: 20839: 20835: 20831: 20826: 20822: 20816: 20812: 20807: 20803: 20797: 20793: 20789: 20785: 20781: 20775: 20771: 20767: 20763: 20759: 20755: 20751: 20747: 20743: 20739: 20735: 20731: 20726: 20722: 20716: 20712: 20708: 20704: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20688: 20684: 20680: 20676: 20670: 20666: 20661: 20657: 20651: 20647: 20642: 20638: 20632: 20628: 20623: 20619: 20613: 20609: 20604: 20600: 20594: 20590: 20586: 20585:Harris, W. V. 20582: 20578: 20574: 20570: 20566: 20562: 20558: 20554: 20550: 20546: 20545:Harris, W. V. 20542: 20538: 20532: 20528: 20524: 20523:Harris, W. V. 20520: 20516: 20510: 20506: 20502: 20498: 20495: 20491: 20485: 20480: 20479: 20473: 20469: 20465: 20459: 20455: 20451: 20447: 20443: 20437: 20433: 20428: 20424: 20418: 20414: 20409: 20405: 20399: 20395: 20390: 20386: 20380: 20376: 20372: 20368: 20364: 20358: 20354: 20349: 20345: 20340: 20336: 20330: 20326: 20321: 20317: 20311: 20307: 20303: 20299: 20295: 20289: 20285: 20281: 20277: 20273: 20267: 20263: 20259: 20255: 20251: 20247: 20241: 20237: 20233: 20229: 20225: 20221: 20217: 20211: 20207: 20202: 20198: 20192: 20188: 20183: 20182: 20176: 20172: 20168: 20164: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20142: 20136: 20132: 20127: 20123: 20117: 20114:. Routledge. 20113: 20109: 20105: 20101: 20095: 20092:. Routledge. 20091: 20086: 20082: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20064: 20060: 20054: 20050: 20046: 20042: 20038: 20034: 20030: 20026: 20021: 20017: 20011: 20007: 20003: 19999: 19998: 19986: 19982: 19981:Briggs (2010) 19977: 19969: 19963: 19959: 19951: 19945: 19939: 19932: 19924: 19918: 19914: 19907: 19899: 19892: 19884: 19882:0-3000-3882-8 19878: 19874: 19867: 19859: 19855: 19849: 19841: 19835: 19831: 19824: 19816: 19810: 19802: 19796: 19792: 19785: 19777: 19771: 19767: 19760: 19752: 19744: 19737: 19732: 19716: 19712: 19708: 19704: 19700: 19696: 19688: 19682: 19678: 19671: 19664: 19663:Brewer (2005) 19659: 19657: 19640: 19636: 19632: 19628: 19624: 19620: 19613: 19605: 19599: 19595: 19588: 19580: 19574: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19550: 19548: 19539: 19535: 19528: 19509: 19505: 19501: 19494: 19490: 19484: 19476: 19474:0-6740-1019-1 19470: 19465: 19464: 19458: 19452: 19444: 19440: 19436: 19429: 19421: 19415: 19411: 19407: 19403: 19395: 19389: 19385: 19381: 19375: 19367: 19361: 19357: 19350: 19348: 19339: 19335: 19331: 19327: 19320: 19313: 19308: 19300: 19296: 19293:(16): 10–30. 19292: 19285: 19277: 19273: 19266: 19258: 19254: 19250: 19246: 19242: 19238: 19230: 19226: 19220: 19211: 19206: 19199: 19191: 19187: 19183: 19179: 19175: 19168: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19144: 19140: 19136: 19132: 19128: 19124: 19120: 19116: 19108: 19106:0-5218-1239-9 19102: 19098: 19092: 19087: 19079: 19077:9-0040-7179-2 19073: 19069: 19062: 19054: 19050: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19027: 19020: 19014: 19006: 18998: 18993:, p. 4; 18992: 18987: 18979: 18973: 18967: 18959: 18952: 18945: 18940: 18932: 18926: 18922: 18918: 18914: 18907: 18901:, p. 70. 18900: 18895: 18880: 18876: 18870: 18863: 18858: 18850: 18843: 18835: 18829: 18824: 18817: 18812: 18804: 18796: 18788: 18781: 18775:, p. 80. 18774: 18773:Rawson (2003) 18769: 18761: 18757: 18751: 18749: 18740: 18733:. De Gruyter. 18732: 18724: 18716: 18710:, p. 18. 18709: 18704: 18698:, p. 19. 18697: 18693: 18688: 18682:, p. 88. 18681: 18676: 18669: 18664: 18657: 18656:Potter (2009) 18652: 18644: 18640: 18636: 18632: 18628: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18609: 18602: 18601:Harris (1989) 18597: 18590: 18585: 18578: 18573: 18566: 18561: 18554: 18549: 18542: 18537: 18530: 18529:Potter (2009) 18525: 18518: 18513: 18506: 18501: 18494: 18489: 18483:, p. 89. 18482: 18477: 18475: 18467: 18462: 18455: 18450: 18444:, p. 90. 18443: 18438: 18436: 18428: 18423: 18416: 18411: 18405:, p. 89. 18404: 18400: 18395: 18388: 18383: 18376: 18371: 18364: 18359: 18353:, p. 95. 18352: 18347: 18340: 18335: 18329:, p. 86. 18328: 18323: 18307: 18303: 18297: 18293: 18292: 18284: 18278:, p. 19. 18277: 18272: 18265: 18264:Harris (1989) 18260: 18253: 18248: 18241: 18236: 18229: 18228:Potter (2009) 18225: 18220: 18213: 18207: 18203: 18197:. p. 10. 18196: 18192: 18186: 18179: 18175: 18171: 18167: 18163: 18159: 18155: 18149: 18142: 18138: 18133: 18126: 18122: 18121: 18116: 18115: 18108: 18104: 18098: 18091: 18086: 18079: 18074: 18067: 18062: 18055: 18051: 18045: 18039: 18034: 18027: 18023: 18019: 18015: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17990: 17983: 17978: 17976: 17968: 17964: 17959: 17952: 17948: 17944: 17939: 17932: 17927: 17920: 17919:Harris (1989) 17916: 17915:Potter (2009) 17910: 17902: 17898: 17892: 17885: 17881: 17880:Harris (1989) 17876: 17869: 17864: 17857: 17852: 17845: 17840: 17832: 17825: 17818: 17813: 17806: 17801: 17795:, p. 97. 17794: 17790: 17784: 17777: 17775: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17747: 17739: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17720: 17718: 17710: 17707:, p. 5; 17706: 17705:Harris (1989) 17701: 17693: 17689: 17683: 17675: 17668: 17661:(4): 539–540. 17660: 17656: 17652: 17645: 17638: 17633: 17626: 17621: 17614: 17609: 17601: 17594: 17587: 17582: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17555: 17553: 17551: 17549: 17541: 17536: 17534: 17525: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17502:(1): 95–107. 17501: 17497: 17490: 17482: 17478: 17472: 17466:, p. 257 17465: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17427: 17423: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17400: 17392: 17386: 17382: 17381: 17373: 17367:, p. 421 17366: 17360: 17358:0-8923-6715-6 17354: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17331: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17301: 17294: 17289: 17282: 17277: 17270: 17265: 17263: 17255: 17250: 17244:, p. 12. 17243: 17238: 17232:, p. 14. 17231: 17226: 17218: 17214: 17208: 17201: 17196: 17189: 17184: 17176: 17169: 17163:, p. 13. 17162: 17157: 17150: 17145: 17137: 17130: 17123: 17118: 17110: 17103: 17095: 17091: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17068: 17061: 17056: 17048: 17044: 17038: 17031: 17026: 17019: 17018:Potter (2009) 17016:, p. 1; 17015: 17010: 17003: 16998: 16991: 16986: 16978: 16972: 16968: 16961: 16953: 16951:1-8417-6843-X 16947: 16943: 16936: 16929: 16924: 16917: 16913: 16908: 16901: 16896: 16889: 16884: 16882: 16873: 16866: 16859: 16854: 16847: 16842: 16840: 16831: 16827: 16821: 16816: 16809:(3): 374–417. 16808: 16804: 16800: 16793: 16791: 16789: 16780: 16773: 16771: 16763: 16758: 16752: 16748: 16742: 16735: 16727: 16725:0-5210-0230-3 16721: 16717: 16710: 16702: 16695: 16687: 16680: 16666: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16637: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16614:(11): 76–82. 16613: 16609: 16602: 16594: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16579:(10): 24–34. 16578: 16574: 16567: 16559: 16555: 16551: 16547: 16543: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16524:Rawson (2003) 16520: 16513: 16507: 16501: 16494: 16488: 16480: 16472: 16468: 16463: 16457: 16453: 16447: 16440: 16435: 16429:, p. 224 16428: 16424: 16419:. p. 12. 16418: 16414: 16408: 16401: 16396: 16390:, p. 52. 16389: 16383: 16376: 16370:, p. 63. 16369: 16363: 16356: 16348: 16345: 16338: 16332:, p. 73. 16331: 16325: 16321: 16315: 16309: 16305: 16301: 16297: 16292: 16286:, p. 50. 16285: 16280: 16274:, p. 49. 16273: 16268: 16262:, p. 55. 16261: 16257: 16252: 16246:, p. 305 16245: 16241: 16236: 16230:, p. 305 16229: 16225: 16221: 16220:Potter (2009) 16216: 16210:, p. 289 16209: 16203: 16195: 16189: 16188:Auguet (2012) 16185: 16180: 16174:, p. 237 16173: 16169: 16168:Auguet (2012) 16164: 16158:, p. 84. 16157: 16153: 16148: 16141: 16136: 16129: 16125: 16121: 16116: 16108: 16104: 16098: 16092:, p. 61. 16091: 16087: 16083: 16079: 16074: 16066: 16060: 16059:Auguet (2012) 16056: 16051: 16044: 16039: 16037: 16029: 16024: 16022: 16014: 16009: 16002: 15997: 15990: 15985: 15977: 15970: 15963: 15958: 15950: 15946: 15938: 15932: 15927: 15919: 15915: 15909: 15902: 15897: 15890: 15885: 15883: 15875: 15874:Potter (2009) 15870: 15862: 15856: 15852: 15848: 15841: 15834: 15829: 15821: 15814: 15808:, p. 20. 15807: 15806:Gowers (2003) 15801: 15800: 15795: 15789: 15781: 15774: 15766: 15759: 15752: 15751:Potter (2009) 15747: 15740: 15739:Potter (2009) 15735: 15728: 15724: 15720: 15715: 15708: 15703: 15696: 15690: 15682: 15678: 15672: 15665: 15660: 15658: 15649: 15642: 15635: 15630: 15623: 15618: 15610: 15604: 15599: 15590: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15563: 15562:Harper (2017) 15558: 15550: 15543: 15535: 15529: 15525: 15518: 15510: 15503: 15495: 15487: 15480: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15434: 15427: 15422: 15415: 15410: 15403: 15398: 15391: 15386: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15367: 15361: 15357: 15350: 15344:, p. 19. 15343: 15342:Clarke (1991) 15338: 15336: 15327: 15325:0-4721-0196-X 15321: 15317: 15310: 15303: 15302:Clarke (1991) 15299: 15294: 15287: 15286:Clarke (1991) 15282: 15275: 15274:Clarke (1991) 15270: 15263: 15262:Clarke (1991) 15258: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15223: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15165: 15158: 15156: 15148: 15143: 15135: 15128: 15121: 15116: 15109: 15108:Potter (2009) 15104: 15097: 15093: 15092:Potter (2009) 15088: 15080: 15073: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15048: 15040: 15034: 15030: 15023: 15021: 15013: 15008: 15000: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14975: 14970: 14962: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14943: 14942:Potter (2009) 14938: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14903: 14896: 14891: 14883: 14877: 14873: 14866: 14858: 14851: 14843: 14836: 14828: 14821: 14813: 14809: 14801: 14795: 14791: 14783: 14779: 14775: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14748: 14740: 14734: 14730: 14726: 14718: 14712: 14708: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14642: 14638: 14630: 14626: 14620: 14612: 14608: 14602: 14600: 14592: 14587: 14580: 14575: 14568: 14563: 14561: 14553: 14548: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14513: 14506: 14501: 14494: 14490: 14485: 14478: 14473: 14466: 14461: 14454: 14449: 14442: 14438: 14433: 14426: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14408: 14401: 14393: 14387: 14383: 14382: 14374: 14367: 14362: 14354: 14348: 14344: 14337: 14330: 14325: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14298: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14255: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14220: 14218: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14151: 14144: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14113:(5259): 246. 14112: 14108: 14101: 14085: 14083:0-5004-0035-0 14079: 14075: 14067: 14065:0-7524-1900-5 14061: 14057: 14049: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14028: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13985: 13977: 13975:9781789253986 13971: 13964: 13963: 13955: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13907: 13900: 13893: 13888: 13881: 13877: 13872: 13864: 13858: 13857:Harris (2010) 13853: 13845: 13839: 13835: 13828: 13821: 13820:Harris (2010) 13816: 13814: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13778: 13770: 13764: 13760: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13738: 13731: 13729: 13720: 13716: 13709: 13705: 13699: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13649: 13645: 13639: 13631: 13628:Packer, J.E. 13623: 13621:0-8018-4175-5 13617: 13613: 13606: 13598: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13578: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13528: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13504: 13497: 13496:Potter (2009) 13492: 13485: 13484:Potter (2009) 13480: 13473: 13472:Potter (2009) 13468: 13461: 13460:Potter (2009) 13456: 13454: 13452: 13444: 13443:Potter (2009) 13439: 13432: 13431:Potter (2009) 13427: 13420: 13416: 13411: 13404: 13399: 13392: 13391:Potter (2009) 13387: 13380: 13379:Potter (2009) 13375: 13373: 13365: 13364:Potter (2009) 13360: 13353: 13352:Potter (2009) 13349: 13344: 13337: 13336:Potter (2009) 13332: 13325: 13324:Potter (2009) 13320: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13304: 13299: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13258:Potter (2009) 13254: 13252: 13244: 13240: 13239:Potter (2009) 13235: 13228: 13227:Potter (2009) 13223: 13216: 13215:Potter (2009) 13211: 13209: 13207: 13199: 13196:and his ally 13195: 13191: 13190:Potter (2009) 13186: 13179: 13178:Potter (2009) 13174: 13167: 13166:Potter (2009) 13162: 13155: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13071: 13065:, p. 51. 13064: 13059: 13052: 13051: 13047: 13042: 13035: 13034: 13028: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12995: 12993: 12985: 12980: 12973:(3): 346–362. 12972: 12968: 12961: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12934: 12927: 12922: 12914: 12908: 12904: 12899: 12898: 12889: 12883:, p. 16. 12882: 12877: 12871:, p. 80. 12870: 12865: 12859:, p. 16. 12858: 12854: 12849: 12842: 12837: 12831:, p. 76. 12830: 12829:Millar (2012) 12825: 12823: 12815: 12810: 12803: 12798: 12791: 12786: 12779: 12774: 12767: 12762: 12754: 12752:0-8078-5520-0 12748: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12727: 12726:Abbott (1901) 12722: 12715: 12714:Abbott (1901) 12710: 12703: 12702:Abbott (1901) 12698: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12669: 12662: 12661:Potter (2009) 12657: 12650: 12649:Potter (2009) 12645: 12637: 12635:0-8018-2158-4 12631: 12627: 12623: 12618: 12617:Potter (2009) 12614: 12610: 12605: 12598: 12593: 12586: 12581: 12573: 12567: 12562: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12504: 12502:0-5218-4860-1 12498: 12494: 12486: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12457: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12433: 12426: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12374:, p. 90. 12373: 12372:Millar (2012) 12368: 12362:, p. 91. 12361: 12360:Millar (2012) 12356: 12349: 12348:Millar (2012) 12344: 12336: 12329: 12323:, p. 96. 12322: 12321:Millar (2012) 12317: 12310: 12309:Millar (2012) 12306: 12301: 12294: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12240: 12235: 12228: 12223: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12188: 12181: 12176: 12169: 12164: 12158:, p. 88. 12157: 12156:Millar (2012) 12152: 12150: 12142: 12138: 12137:Millar (2012) 12134: 12129: 12121: 12119:0-8598-9632-3 12115: 12111: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12082: 12078: 12072: 12064: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12045: 12037: 12030: 12028: 12019: 12012: 12004: 12002:0-4720-8878-5 11998: 11994: 11990: 11984: 11977: 11973: 11972:Rawson (1987) 11968: 11961: 11960:Harris (1999) 11956: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11921: 11913: 11907: 11903: 11896: 11888: 11886:0-8133-3523-X 11882: 11878: 11874: 11868: 11861: 11857: 11851: 11847: 11841: 11836: 11828: 11820: 11813: 11806: 11805:McGinn (1998) 11801: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11776: 11770:, p. 10. 11769: 11764: 11757: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11717: 11711:, p. 21. 11710: 11705: 11698: 11693: 11685: 11677: 11675:0-1951-6132-7 11671: 11667: 11660: 11653: 11648: 11640: 11633: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11588:Harris (1999) 11584: 11578:, p. 15. 11577: 11572: 11566:, p. 12. 11565: 11560: 11558: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11531: 11525: 11521: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11507:De adulteriis 11504: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11437:Severy (2002) 11433: 11425: 11423:1-1343-9183-8 11419: 11415: 11408: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11381: 11373: 11371:0-1981-4939-5 11367: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11344: 11338:, p. 15. 11337: 11336:Rawson (1987) 11332: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11279: 11274: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11248: 11243: 11237:, p. 18. 11236: 11235:Rawson (1987) 11231: 11223: 11219: 11218:Southern, Pat 11212: 11205: 11198: 11192: 11188: 11182: 11175: 11174:Potter (2009) 11170: 11163: 11158: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11145:Institutiones 11141: 11137: 11132: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11109:Millar (2012) 11105: 11098: 11093: 11087:, p. 18. 11086: 11081: 11073: 11066: 11058: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11031: 11024: 11019: 11011: 11004: 10996: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10969: 10964: 10958:, p. 16. 10957: 10952: 10946:, p. 12. 10945: 10940: 10932: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10911: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10873:0-4151-3116-2 10869: 10866:. Routledge. 10865: 10858: 10850: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10827: 10826: 10816: 10808: 10800: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10746:, book I, 32 10745: 10740: 10733: 10728: 10721: 10716: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10679: 10670: 10664: 10659: 10651: 10649:0-4152-1285-5 10645: 10641: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10622: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10579: 10572: 10567: 10560: 10555: 10553: 10545: 10540: 10533: 10528: 10521: 10520:Rochette 2018 10517: 10516:Rochette 2023 10512: 10505: 10500: 10492: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10463: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10424: 10418:, p. 549 10417: 10416:Rochette 2012 10413: 10409: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10237: 10230: 10226: 10221: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10164: 10156: 10150: 10146: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10120: 10114: 10112:0-5209-4141-1 10108: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10087: 10082: 10075: 10070: 10063: 10058: 10050: 10042: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9966: 9964: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9916: 9913:. p. 9. 9912: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9859: 9857: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9834: 9829: 9827: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9782: 9777: 9776: 9767: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9729:Southern, Pat 9724:, p. 257 9723: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9697: 9691:, p. 29. 9690: 9685: 9678: 9673: 9667:, p. 85. 9666: 9661: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9464: 9456: 9451: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9419: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9391: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9368:Potter, David 9363: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9331: 9326: 9318: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9292:, p. 50. 9291: 9286: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9246: 9242: 9241:Roman History 9238: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9172: 9170: 9162: 9147: 9145:9781472519801 9141: 9137: 9136: 9129: 9114: 9112:9781472519801 9108: 9104: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9093:Rectrix Mundi 9085: 9070: 9068:9780241003909 9064: 9060: 9059: 9051: 9036: 9034:9788896543092 9030: 9026: 9025: 9021: 9013: 8998: 8996:9780709931218 8992: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8976: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8849: 8841: 8834: 8826: 8824:0-5200-8447-0 8820: 8816: 8808: 8804: 8798: 8790: 8783: 8781: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8760:Potter (2009) 8756: 8754: 8752: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8477: 8475: 8467: 8462: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8423: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8345: 8338: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8313:. Routledge. 8312: 8311: 8303: 8296: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8261: 8254: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8219: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8189: 8182: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8147: 8140: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8046: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7942: 7936: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7913:sling bullets 7910: 7904: 7897: 7896:Clifford Ando 7892: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7864: 7863:October Horse 7860: 7854: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7797: 7794:This was the 7791: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7732: 7723: 7717: 7716:United States 7713: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7642: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7609:St. Augustine 7606: 7601: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7553:Julius Caesar 7550: 7546: 7545:kings of Rome 7542: 7537: 7528: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7500: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7454:Constantine I 7451: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7410: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7344:Europe portal 7334: 7331: 7320: 7317: 7306: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7204:Roman emperor 7201: 7197: 7193: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7171:Maison Carrée 7168: 7165: 7155: 7146: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7064:Constantine I 7061: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925:Roman Britain 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6865:, the divine 6864: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6804:kings of Rome 6801: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6782: 6775: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546:Epigrammatist 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6486:Metamorphoses 6482: 6479: 6475: 6474:Homeric epics 6471: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406:calligraphers 6402: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6389:(present-day 6388: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6291:mores maiorum 6283: 6278: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6199:copyright law 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6133: 6132:literacy rate 6125: 6121: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6017: 6014:(mosaic from 6013: 6012: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967:dancing bears 5963: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5601: 5600:heroic nudity 5597: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 130 AD 5561: 5552: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5404:Roman jewelry 5401: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5281:The singular 5277:, 4th century 5276: 5272: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186:funeral games 5182: 5179: 5178:curse tablets 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147:Zliten mosaic 5143: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105:ludi scaenici 5101: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5025:chariot races 5022: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4656:crop rotation 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4598:paterfamilias 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535:exercise room 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523:chariot races 4520: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466:appurtenances 4461: 4459: 4458:Clifford Ando 4455: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4235:De aquaeductu 4231: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179:Roman bridges 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165:Roman temples 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4012:, spices and 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3798:ruina montium 3792: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3608:issued under 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593:issued under 3592: 3588: 3583: 3582:Roman finance 3579: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3465:Roman economy 3456: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402:gross product 3395: 3390: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207:), including 3206: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3131:Roman cavalry 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052:Roman legions 3049: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2878:(also called 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2822:Roman emperor 2813: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2671:vir illustris 2667: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2631:tres militiae 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2487:priestly role 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2309:freedom (the 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2292:family values 2289: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213:Fresco of an 2212: 2203: 2194: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2151:) or slaves ( 2150: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:amphitheatres 2042: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1886:lingua franca 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766:Mediterranean 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:Low Countries 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1709:to more than 1704: 1699:55–60 million 1695: 98–117 1689: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453:Constantinian 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Edward Gibbon 1349: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:, from which 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1209: 1203: 1187: 1181: 1165: 1159: 1149: 98–117 1143: 1137: 1121: 1115: 1105: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1074:rectrix mundi 1070: 1065: 1063: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 984:before being 983: 979: 978:Julius Caesar 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 959: 954: 953: 947: 946:Roman consuls 943: 939: 934: 930: 923: 922: 917: 912: 899: 895: 877: 876:Roman Kingdom 873: 866: 860: 850: 848: 844: 843:United States 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666:), the first 658: 654: 643: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 597: 586: 582: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534: 528: 527: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:Mediterranean 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 436: 434: 431: 430: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 407: 404: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 343:• 25 BC 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 298: 293: 289: 288:Classical era 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 267: 266: 259: 255: 252: 249: 245: 242: 239: 237: 233: 225: 220: 217: 212: 208: 207:Imperial cult 205: 204: 202: 198: 192: 189: 187: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 164: 161: 156: 153: 152: 150: 146: 139: 134: 129: 128:Vassal states 119: 109: 104: 98: 97: 88: 81: 75: 63: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 33429:Roman Empire 33392:Western Bloc 33192:AUSCANNZUKUS 33148:Contemporary 33097:Human rights 32943:Latin Church 32917:Christianity 32867: 32826:Conservatism 32671:contemporary 32508:Architecture 32444:World War II 32404:Emancipation 32399:Abolitionism 32287:Romanization 32282:Roman legacy 32263:Roman Empire 32262: 32087:World War II 31940:Early modern 31917:Kalmar Union 31788:Papal States 31706:Roman Empire 31705: 31584: 31575: 31568: 31561: 31554: 31546: 31541:On the Ocean 31539: 31532: 31524: 31521:Literature: 31309: 31291: 31272: 31265: 31255:Aotearoa One 31253: 31246: 31239: 31232: 31220: 31213: 31206: 31199: 31192: 31185: 31178: 31165: 31161: 31153: 31140:Experimental 31108:Museum ships 31075: 31068: 31041: 31013:Phoenician: 31004: 30999:Leontophoros 30997: 30961:Butuan boats 30956:Pontian boat 30894:Dufuna canoe 30833:Shipbuilding 30744:and theories 30714:Boris Rankov 30508: 30441:Economy and 30341:Incendiaries 30188: 30068: 29975:Indus Valley 29943:Tarumanagara 29870:Ubaid period 29788:Wadi al-Jarf 29703:Ostia Antica 29307:Fore-and-aft 29274:Shipbuilding 29249:Carvel built 29231:Construction 29189:Steering oar 29070:Sailing ship 28993:Obelisk ship 28951:Dugout canoe 28678:Architecture 28648:Quattrocento 28605:Social class 28585:Prostitution 28499:Demographics 28421:Trade unions 28364:Central Bank 28206:Human rights 28186:Constitution 27969:Contemporary 27939:World War II 27827:Italian Wars 27751:Early modern 27693:Papal States 27671:Italy under 27641: 27617:Ancient Rome 27303: 27296:Ancient Rome 27267:311–129 BCE 27253: 27246:336–301 BCE 27236:539–331 BCE 27226: 27219:626–539 BCE 27210:729–609 BCE 27200:911–729 BCE 27191: 27185: 27179: 27167: 27132: 27122: 27116: 27086: 27074: 27059: 27036: 27015: 26990: 26949: 26944: 26939: 26923:Timeline of 26853:(1861–1946) 26831:Papal States 26659:Transpadania 26232:Stato da Màr 25914:Papal States 25825:Lombard rule 25789:Early Modern 25777:(395–476 AD) 25769:Roman Empire 25768: 25749:Ancient Rome 25363:Contemporary 25213:Indo-Persian 25201:Nazi Germany 25145:Contemporary 25047:Vijayanagara 24946:Great Seljuk 24857:Thessalonica 24841: 24785:Golden Horde 24431: 24425:Carthaginian 24204:Neo-Assyrian 24189:Neo-Sumerian 24062:explorations 23990:Roman Crimea 23946:Roman Empire 23945: 23858:Vatican City 23811:Saudi Arabia 23783:North Africa 23488: 23373:Institutions 23237:Leptis Magna 23190:Major cities 23097:Philostratus 22884:Quadrigarius 22704:Rufus Festus 22567:Contemporary 22288:Romanization 22211:Architecture 21818:Collegiality 21667:Constitution 21583: 21518:Ancient Rome 21446:Online books 21437:Roman Empire 21436: 21406: 21394: 21390: 21386: 21364: 21345: 21341: 21323: 21301: 21279: 21257: 21233: 21212: 21190: 21175:. Retrieved 21146: 21130:. Retrieved 21105: 21089:. Retrieved 21053: 21033: 21011: 20985: 20966: 20945: 20921: 20902: 20862: 20858: 20833: 20829: 20810: 20791: 20769: 20733: 20729: 20710: 20690: 20686: 20664: 20645: 20626: 20607: 20588: 20552: 20548: 20526: 20504: 20493: 20477: 20453: 20431: 20412: 20393: 20374: 20352: 20343: 20324: 20305: 20283: 20261: 20235: 20224:Bowman, Alan 20205: 20180: 20175:Brown, Peter 20152: 20130: 20111: 20089: 20070: 20048: 20028: 20024: 20005: 19976: 19957: 19949: 19937: 19931: 19912: 19906: 19897: 19891: 19872: 19866: 19857: 19854:Briggs, Ward 19848: 19829: 19823: 19814: 19809: 19790: 19784: 19765: 19759: 19750: 19743: 19736:Rüpke (2007) 19731: 19719:. Retrieved 19702: 19698: 19676: 19670: 19643:. Retrieved 19626: 19622: 19612: 19593: 19587: 19567: 19555:Brown, Peter 19537: 19533: 19527: 19515:. Retrieved 19508:the original 19503: 19499: 19489:Brown, Peter 19483: 19462: 19451: 19442: 19428: 19401: 19383: 19380:Brown, Peter 19374: 19355: 19329: 19325: 19319: 19307: 19290: 19284: 19276:the original 19265: 19240: 19236: 19228: 19219: 19204: 19198: 19181: 19177: 19166: 19153:(26): 6–38. 19150: 19118: 19114: 19096: 19086: 19067: 19061: 19036: 19032: 19026: 19012: 19004: 18996: 18991:Rüpke (2007) 18986: 18977: 18971: 18966: 18957: 18951: 18946:, p. 4. 18944:Rüpke (2007) 18939: 18912: 18906: 18894: 18882:. Retrieved 18878: 18869: 18857: 18848: 18842: 18833: 18827: 18823: 18818:, p. 3. 18811: 18802: 18794: 18786: 18780: 18768: 18759: 18738: 18730: 18722: 18715: 18703: 18687: 18675: 18663: 18651: 18618: 18614: 18608: 18603:, p. 5. 18596: 18584: 18572: 18560: 18548: 18536: 18524: 18512: 18500: 18488: 18461: 18449: 18422: 18410: 18394: 18382: 18370: 18358: 18346: 18334: 18322: 18310:. Retrieved 18290: 18283: 18271: 18266:, p. 3. 18259: 18247: 18235: 18219: 18205: 18194: 18185: 18177: 18173: 18169: 18165: 18157: 18153: 18148: 18143:, p. 70 18132: 18118: 18112: 18106: 18097: 18085: 18073: 18061: 18053: 18043: 18033: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18009: 18005: 18001: 17989: 17958: 17946: 17938: 17926: 17908: 17900: 17891: 17875: 17863: 17851: 17839: 17830: 17824: 17812: 17800: 17782: 17764: 17758: 17746: 17729: 17725: 17700: 17691: 17682: 17673: 17667: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17644: 17632: 17620: 17608: 17599: 17593: 17581: 17564: 17560: 17523: 17499: 17495: 17489: 17480: 17471: 17441: 17437: 17433: 17409: 17405: 17399: 17379: 17372: 17348: 17342: 17330: 17318:. Retrieved 17309: 17300: 17288: 17276: 17249: 17237: 17225: 17216: 17213:Newby, Zahra 17207: 17195: 17183: 17174: 17168: 17156: 17144: 17135: 17129: 17117: 17108: 17102: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17055: 17046: 17043:Zanker, Paul 17037: 17030:Gazda (1991) 17025: 17009: 16997: 16985: 16966: 16960: 16941: 16935: 16923: 16915: 16907: 16895: 16871: 16865: 16853: 16829: 16825: 16815: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16778: 16757: 16746: 16740: 16734: 16715: 16709: 16700: 16694: 16685: 16679: 16668:, retrieved 16646: 16636: 16611: 16607: 16601: 16576: 16572: 16566: 16541: 16537: 16531: 16519: 16505: 16500: 16486: 16478: 16470: 16455: 16446: 16434: 16416: 16407: 16395: 16381: 16375: 16361: 16355: 16347: 16343: 16337: 16323: 16314: 16291: 16279: 16267: 16251: 16235: 16215: 16208:Rüpke (2007) 16201: 16193: 16184:Dyson (2010) 16179: 16163: 16147: 16140:Dyson (2010) 16135: 16128:Dyson (2010) 16115: 16106: 16097: 16078:Dyson (2010) 16073: 16064: 16050: 16008: 15996: 15984: 15975: 15969: 15962:Dyson (2010) 15957: 15944: 15936: 15926: 15917: 15908: 15896: 15869: 15850: 15840: 15828: 15819: 15813: 15798: 15788: 15779: 15773: 15764: 15758: 15746: 15734: 15714: 15702: 15688: 15680: 15671: 15647: 15641: 15629: 15617: 15608: 15598: 15574:(1): 61–95. 15571: 15567: 15557: 15548: 15542: 15523: 15517: 15508: 15502: 15493: 15485: 15479: 15446: 15442: 15433: 15421: 15409: 15397: 15355: 15349: 15315: 15309: 15293: 15288:, p. 2. 15281: 15269: 15257: 15232: 15228: 15222: 15210:. Retrieved 15203:the original 15174: 15170: 15142: 15133: 15127: 15120:Jones (2003) 15115: 15103: 15087: 15078: 15071: 15053: 15047: 15028: 15007: 14998: 14990: 14987:Raja, Rubina 14981: 14969: 14960: 14937: 14912: 14908: 14902: 14890: 14871: 14865: 14856: 14850: 14841: 14835: 14826: 14820: 14811: 14807: 14789: 14760:(1): 58–68. 14757: 14753: 14747: 14724: 14706: 14682: 14678: 14667:. Retrieved 14658: 14649: 14640: 14636: 14628: 14619: 14610: 14586: 14579:Jones (1960) 14574: 14567:Jones (1960) 14552:Jones (1960) 14547: 14522: 14518: 14512: 14500: 14484: 14472: 14460: 14448: 14440: 14437:Ray Laurence 14432: 14406: 14400: 14380: 14373: 14361: 14342: 14336: 14324: 14307: 14303: 14297: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14229: 14225: 14204:. Retrieved 14160: 14156: 14143: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14073: 14055: 14037: 14027: 13994: 13990: 13984: 13961: 13954: 13913: 13909: 13899: 13887: 13879: 13871: 13862: 13852: 13833: 13827: 13795: 13789: 13777: 13758: 13736: 13718: 13707: 13698: 13686:. Retrieved 13658: 13654: 13638: 13629: 13611: 13605: 13586: 13577: 13565:. Retrieved 13556: 13552: 13535: 13516: 13503: 13491: 13479: 13467: 13438: 13426: 13418: 13410: 13398: 13386: 13359: 13343: 13331: 13298: 13289: 13280: 13271: 13265: 13234: 13222: 13185: 13173: 13161: 13149: 13116: 13112: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13058: 13048: 13041: 13032: 13030: 13016: 13012: 13006: 12979: 12970: 12966: 12960: 12951: 12945: 12940:, p. 9. 12938:Bohec (2000) 12933: 12921: 12896: 12888: 12876: 12864: 12848: 12836: 12809: 12797: 12785: 12773: 12761: 12742: 12733: 12721: 12709: 12697: 12685:. Retrieved 12675: 12668: 12656: 12644: 12625: 12612: 12604: 12597:Bohec (2000) 12592: 12587:, p. 8. 12585:Bohec (2000) 12580: 12571: 12561: 12528: 12524: 12492: 12474: 12468: 12456: 12442: 12432: 12415:. Retrieved 12398: 12394: 12367: 12355: 12343: 12334: 12328: 12316: 12300: 12295:, p. 5. 12276: 12270: 12258: 12253:3.169, 5.213 12246: 12234: 12222: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12175: 12163: 12128: 12109: 12106:Syme, Ronald 12096: 12084:. Retrieved 12080: 12071: 12051: 12044: 12035: 12017: 12011: 11992: 11983: 11967: 11955: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11901: 11895: 11876: 11867: 11859: 11845: 11835: 11826: 11818: 11812: 11800: 11781: 11775: 11763: 11751: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11704: 11692: 11683: 11665: 11659: 11654:, p. 7. 11647: 11638: 11632: 11600:(1): 27–43. 11597: 11593: 11583: 11571: 11547: 11537: 11523: 11514: 11506: 11496: 11492: 11481: 11454: 11450: 11444: 11439:, p. 4. 11432: 11413: 11407: 11398: 11386: 11380: 11361: 11355: 11343: 11331: 11309:(1–2): 296. 11306: 11302: 11294: 11285: 11273: 11264: 11258: 11242: 11230: 11221: 11210: 11204: 11190: 11181: 11169: 11157: 11149: 11143: 11131: 11122: 11116: 11104: 11092: 11080: 11071: 11065: 11056: 11048: 11042: 11030: 11018: 11009: 11003: 10994: 10970:, p. 9. 10963: 10951: 10939: 10920: 10899: 10890: 10863: 10857: 10824: 10814: 10806: 10798: 10790: 10784: 10775: 10761: 10755: 10747: 10744:Hist. Franc. 10743: 10739: 10732:Adams (2003) 10727: 10715: 10690: 10686: 10668: 10658: 10639: 10620: 10613:. Retrieved 10585: 10578: 10566: 10544:Adams (2003) 10539: 10527: 10511: 10504:Adams (2003) 10499: 10480: 10474: 10462: 10450:. Retrieved 10430: 10423: 10412:Freeman 2000 10403: 10386:In Catilinam 10384: 10375: 10363: 10351:. Retrieved 10324: 10321:"Literature" 10314: 10302:. Retrieved 10282: 10275: 10263:. Retrieved 10243: 10236: 10229:Adams (2003) 10220: 10208:. Retrieved 10172: 10163: 10144: 10138: 10126: 10102: 10093: 10081: 10069: 10057: 10048: 10040: 10032: 10026: 9991: 9987: 9977: 9937: 9933: 9922:. Retrieved 9910: 9897: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9850:, p. 1. 9848:Kelly (2007) 9813: 9801: 9789: 9774: 9766: 9757: 9751: 9732: 9721: 9713: 9696: 9684: 9679:, p. 3. 9677:Kelly (2007) 9672: 9665:Nicolle 2000 9660: 9648:. Retrieved 9639: 9624:. Retrieved 9615: 9605: 9596: 9589:. Retrieved 9580: 9567: 9558: 9551:. Retrieved 9542: 9526: 9514:. Retrieved 9485: 9471: 9450: 9438:. Retrieved 9428: 9418: 9399: 9390: 9371: 9362: 9350:. Retrieved 9346: 9337: 9325: 9306: 9303:Brown, Peter 9297: 9285: 9274:, retrieved 9265: 9252: 9240: 9231: 9219:. Retrieved 9214: 9205: 9196: 9187: 9175:. Retrieved 9173:(in Italian) 9168: 9161: 9149:. Retrieved 9134: 9128: 9116:. Retrieved 9102: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9072:. Retrieved 9057: 9050: 9038:. Retrieved 9023: 9019: 9012: 9000:. Retrieved 8986: 8982: 8975: 8963:. Retrieved 8958: 8948: 8929: 8919: 8910: 8907:Syme, Ronald 8901: 8870: 8860: 8848: 8839: 8833: 8814: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8767: 8737: 8725:Kelly (2007) 8720: 8712: 8698: 8692: 8680:. Retrieved 8676:TheCollector 8675: 8666: 8654:. Retrieved 8629: 8625: 8615: 8603:. Retrieved 8596:the original 8591: 8587: 8538:(3/4): 125. 8535: 8531: 8503:. Retrieved 8483: 8461: 8449:. Retrieved 8429: 8422: 8410:. Retrieved 8390: 8383: 8371:. Retrieved 8351: 8344: 8336: 8329:. Retrieved 8309: 8302: 8294: 8287:. Retrieved 8267: 8260: 8252: 8245:. Retrieved 8225: 8218: 8210: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8173:. Retrieved 8153: 8146: 8138: 8131:. Retrieved 8111: 8104: 8085:. Retrieved 8065: 8040: 8023: 8019: 8009: 7990: 7969: 7963: 7940: 7935: 7925: 7920: 7908: 7903: 7891: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7857:Such as the 7853: 7845: 7841: 7825: 7820: 7808: 7803: 7795: 7790: 7773: 7756: 7746: 7742: 7738:Lusus Troiae 7736: 7731: 7722: 7698: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7648: 7638: 7632: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7590: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7536: 7508: 7499: 7492:Thessalonica 7480:Latin Empire 7470: 7463:Roman Senate 7447: 7422: 7409: 7399: 7273: 7271:) in 1861. 7268:Risorgimento 7266: 7256: 7189: 7180:, France, a 7173: 7166: 7120: 7108: 7095:Roman temple 7057: 7001:Roman Judaea 6998: 6967: 6946: 6939:family rites 6933: 6921:Sol Invictus 6893: 6889:Saudi Arabia 6870: 6860: 6846: 6839: 6816: 6814: 6807: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6779:The emperor 6689: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6642: 6607: 6593:Augustan age 6590: 6575: 6557: 6523: 6505:. The early 6484: 6467: 6446: 6442:Ovid's exile 6428:Latin poetry 6403: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6309: 6305:ludimagister 6303: 6300: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6248: 6243:recitationes 6241: 6239: 6216: 6214: 6186: 6178: 6176: 6170:" (e.g. the 6168:magic spells 6157: 6147: 6136: 6129: 6123: 6097: 6091: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6048:such as the 6033: 6027: 6021: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5985:story ballet 5978: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5959: 5944: 5937: 5874: 5835:Glassblowing 5828: 5822: 5799:compositions 5793: 5783:Opus sectile 5781: 5773: 5760: 5748: 5740:Roman mosaic 5697: 5680: 5653: 5638: 5605: 5589: 5580: 5577:Vibia Sabina 5495: 5473: 5456: 5450: 5445: 5433: 5426: 5422: 5363: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5329:, including 5302: 5299:knucklebones 5295:hoop rolling 5290:Ludus Magnus 5288: 5282: 5280: 5275:Roman Sicily 5236: 5219: 5207: 5183: 5169: 5166:sports riots 5159: 5116: 5109: 5103: 5093: 5074:amphitheatre 5067: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5032: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4986:Recitationes 4968: 4928: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4842: 4832: 4825: 4822:archimagirus 4821: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4777:Roman mosaic 4735: 4719: 4696: 4690: 4678: 4675:Cura Annonae 4672: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4614: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494:Ostia Antica 4489: 4463: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4429: 4407: 4387: 4376: 4352: 4345: 4286:steam engine 4278:public baths 4272: 4260:Aqua Claudia 4233: 4227: 4210:Pont du Gard 4195:Subiaco Dams 4177: 4142: 4100:pieced goods 4095: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4070:negotiatores 4069: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4013: 3991: 3969: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3906:Mare Nostrum 3904: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3832: 3809: 3767: 3739: 3729: 3723:had to fund 3688:central bank 3684:money supply 3671: 3659: 3658:, one-tenth 3653: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3623: 3605: 3590: 3553: 3547: 3529: 3518: 3508: 3488: 3449: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3399: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3342: 3327: 3324:mos regionis 3323: 3316: 3299: 3289: 3232: 3221: 3202: 3190: 3183:Roman people 3167: 3135: 3118: 3116: 3096: 3086: 3055: 3042: 3036: 3022: 3018:Romanization 3006: 2953: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2906:transparency 2901: 2898: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2855: 2844:) wearing a 2806: 2798: 2788: 2754: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2589: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2530:Roman census 2525: 2521: 2519: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2464:Cinerary urn 2448: 2442: 2427: 2420: 2403:Servile Wars 2400: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2372:Aquilian Law 2357: 2328: 2310: 2299: 2285: 2264: 2257: 2255:The archaic 2254: 2249: 2241: 2239: 2227: 2221:(60–79 AD), 2210: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141:jurist Gaius 2138: 2125:Legal status 2112: 2106: 2092: 2071: 2057: 2038: 1950:Proto-Basque 1898:Vulgar Latin 1895: 1874:enfranchised 1871: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1835: 1827: 1824:Jireček Line 1795: 1791: 1785: 1771:mare nostrum 1769: 1731: 1723: 1685: 1659: 1649: 1632: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1571: 1545: 1513:disintegrate 1506: 1477:Theodosius I 1430: 1422:Christianity 1383:civil strife 1360: 1341: 1225: 1223: 1127: 96–98 1087: 1064:provinciarum 1053: 1046: 1032: 1023: 1017: 992:in 42 BC by 986:assassinated 980:was briefly 967: 962: 956: 950: 926: 919: 789:. Roman and 783:Christianity 747:architecture 728: 682:, involving 554: 531: 516:Roman Senate 485: 457:Roman Empire 456: 454: 388:Succeeded by 387: 382: 263: 226:from AD 380) 43:Roman Empire 36: 18:Roman empire 33332:Open Balkan 33150:integration 33080:Rule of law 33075:Natural law 33052:Agnosticism 33030:Hellenistic 33008:Anglo-Saxon 32938:Catholicism 32877:Atlanticism 32782:Rationalism 32588:Immigration 32571:Esotericism 32429:World War I 32394:Romanticism 32374:Reformation 32354:Renaissance 32332:Middle Ages 32297:Christendom 32226:Foundations 32072:World War I 32062:Nationalism 31950:Reformation 31935:Renaissance 31907:Black Death 31840:Kievan Rus' 31743:Middle Ages 31548:Argonautica 31535:(Herodotus) 31498:Flood myths 31395:Museums and 31339:conferences 31304:Vital Alsar 31142:archaeology 30951:Austronesia 30944:Hjortspring 30939:Rochelongue 30889:Pesse canoe 30843:Ship burial 30828:Sea Peoples 30761:Lighthouses 30756:Grave goods 30704:George Bass 30484:Spice trade 30081:exploration 29903:Philippines 29898:Austronesia 29891:Old Kingdom 29768:Trincomalee 29718:Prosphorion 29663:Myos Hormos 29507:Micronesian 29498:By region: 29470:Lighthouses 29278:By region: 29043:Quinquereme 28968:Kunlun ship 28961:Penteconter 28946:Dragon boat 28743:Italophilia 28703:Coat of arm 28653:Cinquecento 28529:Immigration 28479:Aristocracy 28344:Agriculture 28238:Nationality 28211:LGBT rights 28125:Earthquakes 28006:Mani pulite 27922:World War I 27865:Unification 27858:Late modern 27822:Renaissance 27667:Middle Ages 27660:Middle Ages 27637:Roman Italy 27404:Citizenship 27313:224–mid 7C 27277:129–63 BCE 27259:Macedonians 27154:city-states 27150:Neo-Hittite 27125:Sea Peoples 27041:city-states 27020:city-states 26963:Uruk period 26925:Mesopotamia 26879:(1947–1954) 26873:(1943–1945) 26867:(1920–1924) 26859:(1882–1960) 26843:unification 26833:(1814–1870) 26827:(1815–1866) 26821:(1816–1861) 26815:(1814–1860) 26809:(1859–1860) 26803:(1849–1850) 26797:(1848–1849) 26779:(1815–1859) 26773:(1814–1859) 26767:(1814–1859) 26761:(1814–1829) 26755:(1815–1847) 26749:(1815–1848) 26639:Parthenopea 26600:(1792–1815) 26558:(1647–1648) 26524:(1282–1816) 26506:(1324–1861) 26467:Agugliastra 26332:Longobardia 25969:independent 25819:Vandal rule 24951:Khwarezmian 24884:Carolingian 24689:Rashtrakuta 24393:Shaishunaga 24292:Hellenistic 24275:New Kingdom 24265:Old Kingdom 24089:Scandinavia 24022:Netherlands 24017:Mesopotamia 23848:Switzerland 23814:(Classical) 23796:(Classical) 23718:(Classical) 23698:(Classical) 23368:Geographers 23052:Dioscorides 23032:Cassius Dio 22654:Cassiodorus 22557:Renaissance 22163:Agriculture 22135:Auxiliaries 22076:Engineering 21913:Magistrates 21765:Citizenship 21760:Mos maiorum 21695:Late Empire 21397:(1): 67–83. 21254:Rüpke, Jörg 21177:22 December 20895:Morris, Ian 20371:Elsner, Jaś 19985:Wood (2011) 19944:Wood (2011) 19210:XV.44 18692:Laes (2011) 18668:Laes (2011) 18517:Laes (2011) 18505:Laes (2011) 18454:Laes (2011) 18427:Laes (2011) 18399:Laes (2011) 18375:Laes (2011) 18016:345; Ovid, 18014:Ars Poetica 17897:Beard, Mary 17844:Ando (2000) 17817:Ando (2000) 17805:Ando (2000) 16990:Vout (2009) 16900:Vout (2009) 16846:Vout (2009) 16820:Vout (2009) 16544:: 121–134. 16493:Ando (2000) 15914:Beard, Mary 15589:10419/47594 14808:Antike Welt 14591:Vout (2009) 14232:: 361–372. 14095:per capita. 13513:Morris, Ian 13403:Cassius Dio 13194:Mark Antony 13083:: 353–355. 13031:Section 3: 12687:11 February 12401:: 870–872. 12200:(1): 1–17. 10829:. pp. 9940:: 301–324. 9650:11 February 9612:"Mehmet II" 9591:11 February 9553:11 February 9516:11 February 9455:Bury (1923) 9440:19 February 9237:Dio Cassius 9177:20 November 9151:20 November 9118:20 November 9074:20 November 9040:20 November 9002:20 November 8965:20 November 8925:Eck, Werner 8873:. pp. 8867:"Imperator" 8026:: 199–213. 7200:Charlemagne 7116:Peter Brown 7093:in Rome, a 6859:and of the 6853:Public vows 6838:and games ( 6809:mos maiorum 6678:tessellated 6626:Cassius Dio 6562:influenced 6495:Greek myths 6478:Greek lyric 6372:illiteratus 6357:ars dicendi 6348:grammaticus 5857:, from the 5819:Roman glass 5690:(54–68 AD, 5535:Portraiture 5503:—including 5338:XII scripta 5327:board games 5021:horse races 4964:pastoralism 4814:fine dining 4805:thermopolia 4642:agriculture 4543:exfoliation 4470:public cult 4420:Aquae Sulis 4395:Aphrodisias 4264:Aqua Marcia 4220:'s list of 4173:Roman roads 4092:coloratores 3928:Roman miles 3914:Roman roads 3893:Itinerarium 3804:Las Médulas 3721:public debt 3678:led to the 3566:subsistence 3475:Roman glass 3329:ius gentium 3234:res privata 3229:procurators 3225:tax farmers 3204:apparitores 3199:Roman Egypt 3098:contubernia 2938:legionaries 2880:consecratio 2868:authority ( 2860:identified 2755:honestiores 2747:crucifixion 2739:honestiores 2715:honestiores 2707:honestiores 2680:lamprotatos 2676:clarissimus 2640:procurators 2559:Gordian III 2502:Census rank 2340:Roman Egypt 2336:Agriculture 2331:Roman Italy 2280:Herculaneum 2246:family name 2232:Hellenistic 2158:ius Latinum 2114:sodalitates 1882:Koine Greek 1774:—'our sea'. 1762:Nile Valley 1711:100 million 1457:Valentinian 1344:Cassius Dio 1336:Middle Ages 1030:proconsular 994:Mark Antony 942:magistrates 803:Renaissance 787:Christendom 698:. With the 686:and by the 574:Roman Peace 500:Mark Antony 383:Preceded by 69:AD 395–1453 33423:Categories 33352:Rio Treaty 32863:Relativism 32821:Liberalism 32787:Empiricism 32739:Philosophy 32727:Secularism 32678:Philosophy 32615:Literature 32409:Capitalism 31835:Viking Age 31650:Prehistory 31557:(Polybius) 31201:Hawaiʻiloa 31083:Nemi ships 30968:Black Sea‎ 30914:Khufu ship 30875:and relics 30773:Marine art 30766:Alexandria 30673:Fik Meijer 30656:Historians 30543:Indo-Roman 30356:Greek navy 30258:Salamis II 30248:Hellespont 30208:Artemisium 30198:Nile Delta 30161:Achaemenid 30054:Achaemenid 29923:Langkasuka 29918:Micronesia 29836:Prehistory 29763:Sounagoura 29591:Chittagong 29566:Barbarikon 29545:Alexandria 29487:Pilot boat 29437:Navigation 29269:Sewn-plank 29264:Lashed-lug 29142:Figurehead 29115:Components 29084:Propulsion 29038:Quadrireme 29019:Polyremes 28998:Outriggers 28813:Traditions 28803:Television 28788:Philosophy 28753:Literature 28693:Cathedrals 28663:Settecento 28524:Healthcare 28489:Corruption 28484:Censorship 28243:Parliament 28201:Government 28001:Maxi Trial 27949:Resistance 27678:Ostrogoths 27610:Messapians 27495:Villanovan 27485:Prehistory 27478:Prehistory 27037:and other 27016:and other 26710:Pontecorvo 26668:Monarchies 26654:Subalpinia 26619:Cispadania 26614:Cisalpinia 26596:Napoleonic 26303:(774–1139) 26215:(697–1797) 25917:(754–1870) 25879:(584–751) 25827:(568–774) 25521:Portuguese 25402:Revival Le 25392:Vietnamese 25035:Later Tran 25005:Vietnamese 24901:Singhasari 24889:Holy Roman 24513:Bulgarian 24449:Satavahana 24420:Phoenician 24356:Achaemenid 24317:Indo-Greek 24297:Macedonian 24211:Babylonian 23861:(Classical 23806:San Marino 23768:Montenegro 23743:Luxembourg 23706:(Classical 23655:(Classical 23533:Azerbaijan 23257:Mediolanum 23197:Alexandria 23162:Themistius 23127:Porphyrius 22954:Tertullian 22889:Quintilian 22879:Propertius 22774:Lactantius 22724:Fulgentius 22659:Censorinus 22481:Sanitation 22466:Metallurgy 22423:Technology 22388:Demography 22336:Patricians 22303:Spectacles 22261:Literature 22256:Hairstyles 22093:Technology 21843:Praefectus 21795:Government 21785:Litigation 21770:Auctoritas 21715:Centuriate 21602:Principate 21597:Pax Romana 21557:Foundation 21071:2268/35932 19207:. p. 18202:Quintilian 18176:61.3, and 18117:5.5262 (= 16912:Tertullian 16747:Gynecology 16413:Tertullian 15212:12 January 14842:The Romans 14659:Britannica 14607:Liu, Jinyu 14206:12 January 13916:: 84–102. 13688:12 January 13567:13 January 13013:The Romans 12417:13 January 11548:York Space 11511:Modestinus 11395:, Ch. IV; 11303:Philologus 10408:Adams 2003 8656:30 October 8605:5 February 7951:References 7865:sacrifice. 7809:centonarii 7714:, and the 7693:in 197 AD. 7605:Prudentius 7459:new senate 7436:Mediolanum 7216:Third Rome 7049:Diocletian 6947:coniuratio 6799:pax deorum 6730:See also: 6702:Prudentius 6682:Saturnalia 6649:Tertullian 6526:Silver Age 6507:Principate 6436:Statue in 6426:See also: 6416:Literature 6370:In Latin, 6361:eloquentia 6337:grammatici 6191:plagiarism 6094:gladiators 5980:pantomimus 5795:Figurative 5728:erotic art 5724:spectacles 5656:sarcophagi 5641:terracotta 5501:Public art 5469:Tertullian 5446:toga picta 5359:Saturnalia 5351:backgammon 5345:(dice) or 5332:latrunculi 5311:terracotta 5261:Recreation 5214:presented 5190:sacrifices 5136:Nika riots 5090:pancratium 5088:, and the 5061:initiation 5034:venationes 4976:See also: 4972:Spectacles 4948:sacralized 4879:triclinium 4773:Still life 4758:See also: 4647:latifundia 4547:ball court 4383:horologium 4373:an obelisk 4316:Daily life 4282:hypocausts 4199:Anio Novus 4167:developed 4143:The chief 4096:Centonarii 4074:mercatores 4058:latifundia 4008:, marble, 3998:fish sauce 3956:See also: 3916:, called " 3764:Diocletian 3680:debasement 3676:fiat money 3635:sestertius 3591:Sestertius 3576:See also: 3546:. Guilds ( 3536:plutocracy 3453:resistance 3138:Roman navy 3025:Pax Romana 3009:Punic Wars 3007:After the 2890:Principate 2876:apotheosis 2871:auctoritas 2820:See also: 2743:humiliores 2711:humiliores 2596:Cappadocia 2506:See also: 2416:castration 2390:manumitted 2088:equestrian 2049:racetracks 1954:Aquitanian 1867:Punic Wars 1822:See also: 1715:Alexandria 1707:70 million 1681:Crag Lough 1661:Res Gestae 1418:Diocletian 1308:See also: 1227:Pax Romana 1095:Pax Romana 1088:Pax Romana 1039:Principate 970:civil wars 870:See also: 819:technology 799:Romanesque 755:philosophy 751:literature 710:in 476 by 642:Diocletian 561:Pax Romana 542:senatorial 360:Sestertius 347:56,800,000 333:Population 247:Government 236:Demonym(s) 224:officially 211:polytheism 166:(330–1453) 33297:Five Eyes 33292:EU–UK TCA 33134:Democracy 33023:Old Norse 32912:Abrahamic 32869:Peritrope 32851:Tolerance 32831:Socialism 32661:Mythology 32649:Classical 32598:Languages 32576:Astrology 32424:Modernism 32238:Old World 31882:Feudalism 31853:Catalonia 31570:Geography 31508:Gilgamesh 31397:memorials 31321:Viracocha 31234:Faʻafaite 31187:Sarimanok 31093:Yassi Ada 31006:Syracusia 30929:Canaanite 30904:Moor Sand 30374:By region 30336:Grappling 30308:Naulochus 30298:Myonessus 30253:Echinades 30238:Arginusae 30233:Cynossema 30218:Naupactus 30213:Eurymedon 30047:Classical 30022:Phoenicia 30017:Mycenaean 29980:Tamilakam 29963:Polynesia 29953:Srivijaya 29748:Satingpra 29708:Palembang 29692:Cattigara 29634:(Kadaram) 29617:Jambukola 29611:Guangzhou 29552:(Podouke) 29550:Arikamedu 29512:Polynesia 29445:Celestial 29358:Armaments 29344:Spritsail 29302:Crab claw 29244:Careening 29211:Sternpost 29065:Reed boat 29008:Catamaran 28983:Multihull 28773:Mythology 28748:Libraries 28668:Ottocento 28610:Terrorism 28551:Languages 28504:Education 28426:Transport 28376:Companies 28283:Provinces 28253:President 28218:Judiciary 28191:Elections 28103:Volcanoes 28098:Volcanism 28091:Apennines 28076:Mountains 28044:Peninsula 28027:Geography 27958:Civil War 27683:Byzantium 27590:Etruscans 27525:Canegrate 27520:Golasecca 27505:Rinaldone 27500:Terramare 27490:Neolithic 27228:Chaldeans 27145:Phoenicia 27083:Karduniaš 26685:Guastalla 26675:Benevento 26607:Republics 26462:Judicates 26310:Byzantine 25967:and other 25905:(585–698) 25897:(554–752) 25891:(554–752) 25885:(533–751) 25870:(584–751) 25821:(435–534) 25815:(493–553) 25809:(476–493) 25800:(476–774) 25734:Iapygians 25514:Couronian 25152:Ethiopian 25140:Manchukuo 25095:Brazilian 24941:Ghaznavid 24911:Srivijaya 24862:Trebizond 24847:Byzantine 24829:North Sea 24824:Norwegian 24812:Almoravid 24795:Ilkhanate 24765:Majapahit 24738:Muromachi 24647:Solomonic 24632:Ethiopian 24546:Caliphate 24479:Aragonese 24307:Ptolemaic 23897:Medieval) 23889:Medieval) 23753:Macedonia 23681:Medieval) 23673:Medieval) 23659:Medieval) 23636:Medieval) 23628:Medieval) 23590:Medieval) 23576:Medieval) 23509:Medieval) 23413:Quaestors 23343:Empresses 23333:Dynasties 23323:Dictators 23298:and other 23287:Volubilis 23282:Vindobona 23242:Londinium 23167:Theodoret 23137:Procopius 23117:Polyaenus 23092:Pausanias 22994:Vitruvius 22939:Symmachus 22934:Suetonius 22844:Petronius 22829:Obsequens 22794:Macrobius 22789:Lucretius 22714:Frontinus 22689:Eutropius 22674:Columella 22624:Augustine 22614:Appuleius 22562:Neo-Latin 22537:Classical 22528:Versions 22436:Aqueducts 22378:Patronage 22298:Sexuality 22271:Mythology 22246:Education 22236:Cosmetics 22061:Campaigns 22056:Structure 22009:Decemviri 21868:Imperator 21567:overthrow 21260:. Wiley. 21132:17 August 21122:1720-9331 20887:159799017 20865:: 76–96. 20758:162096359 20736:: 59–74. 20709:(2003) . 20577:162766304 20555:: 62–75. 19257:161356789 19203:Tacitus. 19143:161858491 19053:161203730 18643:163530509 18621:: 44–63. 18312:30 August 18191:Suetonius 18166:Epistulae 18152:Tacitus, 18107:Epistulae 18042:Martial. 18026:Epistulae 18002:Epistulae 17726:Mnemosyne 17175:Roman Art 17094:163488573 17045:(1998) . 16916:De Pallio 16628:248520932 16593:162861940 16382:Panegyric 16320:Suetonius 16105:(1995) . 15794:Suetonius 15507:Juvenal. 15471:163672978 15249:161983440 14929:161937987 14782:111915102 14699:143379839 14669:26 August 14643:: 81–128. 14246:232346123 14135:176767223 14019:154629776 13946:161980467 13930:0075-4358 13675:202968244 13661:: 61–91. 13198:Cleopatra 13141:161535316 13119:: 33–50. 13113:Britannia 13105:164155025 13077:Britannia 12624:(1979) . 12553:163071557 12531:: 44–73. 12395:Athenaeum 12141:quaestors 11991:(2002) . 11743:145609520 11624:162250553 11607:0706.4406 11522:(2002) . 11501:, citing 11491:(2011). " 11323:163347317 10793:. Krakow. 10615:17 August 10452:17 August 10353:17 August 10304:17 August 10265:17 August 10210:17 August 10200:258920619 9954:165770409 9398:(1974) . 8552:0145-5532 8096:help page 8032:0570-734X 7956:Citations 7927:caesareum 7859:Consualia 7838:Bituriges 7813:Jinyu Liu 7712:Caribbean 7682:conubium, 7677:peregrina 7654:diglossia 7640:oikouménē 7618:See also 7561:Imperator 7549:Imperator 7488:Trebizond 7444:Nicomedia 7415:Euphrates 7013:Jerusalem 6828:libations 6818:do ut des 6686:Macrobius 6665:Augustine 6614:Suetonius 6597:historian 6538:Petronius 6511:satirists 6509:produced 6438:Constanța 6296:pedagogue 6266:Education 6153:solecisms 6064:hydraulis 5839:Rhineland 5712:catacombs 5505:sculpture 5497:Greek art 5488:Roman art 5436:, with a 5323:harpastum 5303:astragali 5170:naufragia 5119:Colosseum 5095:naumachia 5086:wrestling 5078:footraces 5029:Troy Game 5007:circenses 4916:shellfish 4896:wild game 4865:olive oil 4725:pandemics 4721:Epidemics 4625:peristyle 4551:hypocaust 4447:civitates 4441:municipia 4333:from the 4331:Cityscape 4294:aeolipile 4268:tolerance 4240:Frontinus 4230:aqueducts 4147:were the 4138:Colosseum 4078:vestiarii 4037:fullonica 4006:glassware 3988:commodity 3980:Silk Road 3946:mansiones 3938:mansiones 3858:Caliphate 3816:Macedonia 3422:monetized 3418:fisheries 3247:Roman law 3185:governed 3158:Black Sea 3142:frontiers 3103:logistics 3093:centuries 2955:donativum 2921:salutatio 2914:consilium 2902:consilium 2759:martyrdom 2732:scourging 2724:honestior 2572:sestertii 2542:decurions 2164:peregrini 2068:patronage 1938:Palmyrene 1863:Latinitas 1858:Latinitas 1812:Languages 1806:barbarian 1758:Black Sea 1742:Euphrates 1651:Geography 1560:Mehmed II 1511:began to 1465:Mardonius 1399:Classical 1379:invasions 1363:Caracalla 1256:Vespasian 1051:monarch. 1006:Cleopatra 958:imperator 900:) in 1453 847:republics 791:Greek art 726:in 1453. 672:Byzantium 623:Palmyrene 504:Cleopatra 483:in 1453. 251:Autocracy 200:Religion 92:Imperial 53:(unified) 33357:Schengen 33287:Eurozone 33127:Property 33122:Religion 33013:Frankish 33003:Germanic 32983:Paganism 32904:Religion 32892:European 32804:Humanism 32707:Religion 32666:Painting 32632:Internet 32583:Folklore 32554:Clothing 32525:Calendar 32501:Cyrillic 32486:Alphabet 32449:Cold War 32121:See also 32092:Cold War 31887:Crusades 31857:Valencia 31586:Tākitimu 31489:Legend: 31447:Roskilde 31326:Tangaroa 31267:Olympias 31241:Gaualofa 31180:Hōkūleʻa 31155:Kon-Tiki 30988:Ashkelon 30924:Uluburun 30883:Earliest 30649:Scholars 30531:shipping 30331:Boarding 30243:Mytilene 30228:Syracuse 30193:Alashiya 30156:Egyptian 30140:Military 30131:Timeline 30109:Sardinia 30032:Carthage 29948:Kalingga 29908:Sa Huỳnh 29843:Timeline 29793:Zanzibar 29743:Sarapion 29738:Rhacotis 29668:Martaban 29613:(Canton) 29606:Godavaya 29601:Giao Chỉ 29571:Barygaza 29561:Avalites 29482:Piloting 29370:Catapult 29365:Ballista 29339:Mast-aft 29152:Planking 29091:Paddling 29048:Hexareme 29013:Trimaran 28978:Longship 28926:Balangay 28851:Category 28738:Internet 28728:Folklore 28658:Seicento 28643:Trecento 28638:Duecento 28600:Religion 28561:Regional 28539:Italians 28514:Gambling 28406:Taxation 28233:Military 28174:Politics 27976:Republic 27763:Florence 27688:Lombards 27627:Republic 27573:Samnites 27568:Picentes 27510:Apennine 27469:Railways 27449:Military 27397:By topic 27381:Overview 27365:articles 27169:Arameans 27163:Damascus 27134:Arameans 27088:Kassites 27076:Hurrians 26644:Piedmont 26494:Oristano 26487:Logudoro 26477:Cagliari 26452:Sardinia 26185:Piedmont 25934:Holy See 25785:Medieval 25739:Picentes 25682:Samnites 25494:Japanese 25457:Scottish 25437:American 25429:Colonial 25358:Imperial 25326:Moroccan 25262:Japanese 25240:Afsharid 25099:Burmese 25085:Austrian 25040:Later Le 25015:Early Le 25000:Venetian 24926:Tiwanaku 24839:Hellenic 24802:Moroccan 24733:Kamakura 24723:Japanese 24706:Saffarid 24659:Georgian 24573:Chalukya 24551:Rashidun 24541:Calakmul 24509:Bruneian 24388:Haryanka 24366:Sasanian 24361:Parthian 24312:Bactrian 24302:Seleucid 24282:Goguryeo 24260:Egyptian 24194:Assyrian 24184:Akkadian 24175:Colonies 24113:See also 24037:Scotland 24032:Slovakia 23954:Occupied 23834:Slovenia 23829:Slovakia 23819:Scotland 23793:Portugal 23642:Guernsey 23418:Tribunes 23408:Praetors 23358:Generals 23338:Emperors 23247:Lugdunum 23232:Eboracum 23222:Carthage 23207:Aquileia 23122:Polybius 23112:Plutarch 23082:Libanius 23072:Josephus 23067:Herodian 22959:Tibullus 22874:Priscian 22849:Phaedrus 22809:Manilius 22754:Jordanes 22739:Hydatius 22669:Claudian 22649:Catullus 22639:Boëthius 22634:Ausonius 22552:Medieval 22524:Alphabet 22496:Theatres 22471:Numerals 22456:Concrete 22446:Circuses 22413:Bagaudae 22403:Adoption 22398:Marriage 22371:Assembly 22276:Religion 22251:Folklore 22231:Clothing 22226:Calendar 22183:Currency 22173:Commerce 22071:Strategy 22033:Military 22019:Triumvir 21999:Dictator 21994:Interrex 21973:Governor 21958:Quaestor 21921:Ordinary 21903:Province 21893:Tetrarch 21883:Augustus 21848:Vicarius 21838:Officium 21775:Imperium 21725:Plebeian 21685:Republic 21607:Dominate 21574:Republic 21535:Timeline 21405:(2011). 21391:Historia 21336:(2009). 21300:(1997). 21278:(1988). 21256:(2007). 21211:(2003). 21189:(1987). 21171:Archived 21126:Archived 21091:13 April 21085:Archived 21010:(1999). 20942:(1991). 20901:(2009). 20790:(2008). 20768:(2007). 20525:(1989). 20503:(2005). 20474:(2009). 20452:(2003). 20304:(1994). 20282:(1991). 20260:(1999). 20151:(2000). 20110:(1997). 20069:(2000). 20047:(1997). 20004:(1901). 19715:Archived 19711:41443760 19639:Archived 19635:25017472 19565:(eds.). 19491:(1993). 19459:(1976). 19441:(eds.). 19382:(2003). 19243:: 1–13. 18884:4 August 18758:(1998). 18306:Archived 18195:Domitian 18178:Caligula 18174:Tiberius 18170:Augustus 18156:2.1 and 18154:Agricola 18044:Epigrams 18006:Epigrams 17947:Epigrams 17690:(1984). 17651:cinaedus 17479:(1994). 17314:Archived 16670:4 August 16643:"dicing" 16454:(1995). 15849:(1999). 15199:31943417 14989:(2012). 14859:. Brill. 14729:Springer 14663:Archived 14627:(1982). 14613:. Brill. 14609:(2009). 14539:33380115 14197:Archived 14193:45080402 14185:17797222 13997:: 1–32. 13679:Archived 13626:quoting 13585:(2007). 13561:Archived 13547:(2009). 13421:13.31.2. 13405:55.31.4. 13288:(2000). 12967:Historia 12681:Archived 12609:Plutarch 12411:Archived 12108:(1999). 12086:4 August 11875:(2001). 11503:Papinian 11293:(1987). 11220:(2006). 11189:(1979), 10919:(2015). 10882:34514667 10609:Archived 10446:Archived 10347:Archived 10298:Archived 10259:Archived 10204:Archived 10101:(2006). 10018:29142013 9915:Archived 9731:(2001). 9712:(2011). 9644:Archived 9620:Archived 9585:Archived 9575:(1776). 9547:Archived 9534:(1776). 9510:Archived 9434:Archived 9426:(1923). 9370:(2004). 9352:4 August 9305:(1971). 9270:archived 9260:(1776), 9221:4 August 9195:(2000). 8909:(1939). 8805:(1999). 8736:(2000). 8650:Archived 8505:26 April 8499:Archived 8451:26 April 8445:Archived 8412:26 April 8406:Archived 8373:26 April 8367:Archived 8331:26 April 8325:Archived 8289:26 April 8283:Archived 8247:26 April 8241:Archived 8175:26 April 8169:Archived 8133:26 April 8127:Archived 8087:26 April 8081:Archived 7989:(2011). 7884:: 45–75. 7861:and the 7830:Avaricum 7783:Hispania 7686:conubium 7572:Augustus 7541:Augustus 7369:("Great 7302:See also 7276:founders 7261:and the 7236:Ottomans 7198:crowned 7123:heretics 7099:Augustus 7091:Pantheon 7037:Bithynia 7025:Domitian 6867:tutelary 6716:Religion 6706:Claudian 6698:Ausonius 6630:Plutarch 6622:Josephus 6568:Domitian 6513:such as 6343:rhetores 6235:Domitian 6149:Numeracy 6011:tympanum 5989:libretto 5946:travesti 5905:cage cup 5776:tesserae 5700:Etruscan 5683:Zephyrus 5666:Painting 5476:Dominate 5461:trousers 5388:Clothing 5370:Plutarch 5198:Thracian 5174:chthonic 5138:in 532. 5131:theatres 5127:circuses 4960:gluttony 4952:paganism 4908:flamingo 4902:such as 4884:gustatio 4857:Aurelian 4835:calories 4827:collegia 4810:Carryout 4794:cauponae 4789:tabernae 4627:garden. 4616:tabernae 4513:latrinae 4490:latrinae 4472:and its 4434:coloniae 4337:(60s AD) 4298:cylinder 4262:and the 4250:, using 4248:gradient 4169:Etruscan 4161:concrete 4087:fullones 4046:collegia 3984:Egyptian 3936:(plural 3856:and the 3836:allowed 3760:Aurelian 3744:Commodus 3740:denarius 3732:Antonine 3725:deficits 3660:denarius 3645:denarius 3614:Victoria 3549:collegia 3496:land use 3473:A green 3434:portoria 3429:poll tax 3378:Taxation 3361:and the 3296:blondish 3191:imperium 3041:and the 2962:Military 2894:Dominate 2862:emperors 2741:, while 2728:humilior 2720:dignitas 2685:dignitas 2665:dignitas 2636:prefects 2547:curiales 2524:(plural 2482:patronus 2477:libertas 2455:Freedmen 2386:peculium 2382:peculium 2377:conubium 2296:Adultery 2260:marriage 2234:original 2108:collegia 2080:marriage 2072:amicitia 2000:Domitian 1642:Augustus 1638:Republic 1562:and his 1539:warlord 1537:Germanic 1433:tetrarch 1407:Aurelian 1348:Commodus 1334:and the 1244:Claudius 1240:Caligula 1236:Tiberius 1048:de facto 1043:Tiberius 1034:imperium 1025:princeps 1019:Augustus 998:Octavian 952:imperium 894:Republic 739:religion 735:language 706:and the 631:Aurelian 596:Commodus 546:imperial 533:Augustus 526:imperium 520:Octavian 518:granted 469:Octavian 465:Republic 356:Currency 297:Timeline 209:-driven 120:'s death 33202:Benelux 33107:Thought 33057:Atheism 32998:Finnish 32974:Culture 32969:Judaism 32931:Eastern 32927:Western 32922:Culture 32856:Paradox 32722:Decline 32683:Science 32559:History 32547:Studies 32530:Cuisine 32518:Periods 32478:Culture 32307:History 32273:Eastern 32268:Western 32219:culture 31962:Baroque 31861:Majorca 31773:Francia 31526:Odyssey 31503:Genesis 31300:Others 31099:Lists: 31088:Marausa 31038:Roman: 31028:Punic: 30993:Kyrenia 30984:Greek: 30980:Marsala 30973:Sinop D 30848:Tacking 30582:History 30469:Meluhha 30459:Fishing 30454:Whaling 30361:Ramming 30283:Aegates 30278:Drepana 30273:Ecnomus 30203:Salamis 30191: 30181:Battles 30059:Nabatea 30042:Archaic 30012:Nuragic 30002:Somalia 29853:Oceania 29848:Britain 29825:History 29758:Socotra 29728:Qandala 29713:Piraeus 29683:Muziris 29653:Madurai 29648:Manthai 29586:Canopus 29556:Arsinoe 29528:harbors 29477:History 29465:Coastal 29395:Sambuca 29380:Dolphin 29294:Rigging 29106:Poling 29096:Sailing 29033:Trireme 28973:Liburna 28936:Coracle 28906:Vessels 28808:Theatre 28783:Palaces 28763:Museums 28733:Gardens 28718:Fashion 28708:Cuisine 28688:Castles 28630:Culture 28580:Poverty 28556:Italian 28467:Society 28448:Welfare 28416:Tourism 28386:Exports 28354:Banking 28334:Economy 28322:Economy 28278:Regions 28160:Valleys 28130:Islands 28110:Beaches 28081:Prealps 28061:Geology 28049:Climate 27713:Normans 27673:Odoacer 27622:Kingdom 27605:Ligures 27541:Ancient 27515:Nuragic 27464:Postage 27439:Judaism 27429:Genetic 27419:Fashion 27414:Economy 27373:History 27071:Mitanni 27039:Amorite 27018:Amorite 26992:Gutians 26725:Corsica 26715:Tuscany 26680:Etruria 26629:Liguria 26482:Gallura 26472:Arborea 26388:Lombard 26088:Tuscany 26078:Trieste 25714:Ligures 25675:Etruria 25561:largest 25556:Empires 25536:Swedish 25531:Spanish 25526:Russian 25489:Italian 25464:Chinese 25452:English 25447:British 25442:Belgian 25417:Vietnam 25407:Tay son 25353:Tsarist 25348:Russian 25343:Ottoman 25309:Dzungar 25304:Khoshut 25277:Mexican 25272:Maratha 25255:Pahlavi 25235:Safavid 25230:Iranian 25157:Haitian 25120:Chinese 25080:Ashanti 25052:Wagadou 24978:Eastern 24973:Western 24956:Timurid 24916:Tibetan 24906:Songhai 24896:Serbian 24817:Almohad 24807:Idrisid 24711:Samanid 24701:Tahirid 24696:Iranian 24674:Kannauj 24654:Genoese 24590:Chinese 24583:Eastern 24578:Western 24566:Fatimid 24561:Abbasid 24556:Umayyad 24529:Burmese 24489:Ayyubid 24484:Angevin 24454:Xianbei 24442:Eastern 24437:Western 24383:Magadha 24346:Iranian 24339:Xiongnu 24324:Hittite 24233:Chinese 24221:Kassite 24170:Ancient 24162:Empires 24094:Somalia 24084:Ireland 24012:Germany 24007:Georgia 23995:Cherson 23985:Assyria 23875:Tunisia 23870:Ukraine 23801:Romania 23773:Morocco 23758:Moldova 23647:Hungary 23619:Germany 23614:Georgia 23581:Croatia 23548:Belgium 23543:Balkans 23538:Austria 23519:Andorra 23514:Algeria 23388:Legions 23348:Fiction 23318:Consuls 23313:Climate 23267:Ravenna 23262:Pompeii 23252:Lutetia 23217:Bononia 23212:Berytus 23202:Antioch 23177:Zosimus 23172:Zonaras 23147:Sozomen 23132:Priscus 23107:Photius 22949:Terence 22944:Tacitus 22929:Statius 22914:Servius 22899:Sallust 22854:Plautus 22834:Orosius 22814:Martial 22769:Juvenal 22744:Hyginus 22729:Gellius 22588:Writers 22519:History 22501:Thermae 22491:Temples 22441:Bridges 22408:Slavery 22356:Equites 22328:Society 22308:Theatre 22281:Deities 22241:Cuisine 22221:Bathing 22203:Culture 22178:Finance 22155:Economy 22046:Borders 22041:History 21943:Tribune 21938:Praetor 21828:Legatus 21823:Emperor 21710:Curiate 21680:Kingdom 21675:History 21651:History 21634:decline 21592:History 21562:Kingdom 21545:History 21530:Outline 20850:1087296 20830:Phoenix 20699:2591177 19994:Sources 19817:. 2008. 19270:Pliny. 19227:(425). 18158:Annales 18123:2927); 18018:Tristia 18010:Carmina 17458:1192603 17438:Phoenix 17426:4350348 17320:16 June 16751:Soranus 16380:Pliny. 14774:3102810 14289:6986654 14269:Bibcode 14261:Science 14165:Bibcode 14157:Science 14115:Bibcode 14107:Science 14036:(ed.). 14011:3184857 13882:6.17.3. 13880:Annales 13876:Tacitus 13419:Annales 13415:Tacitus 13050:Annales 13046:Tacitus 12613:Moralia 11493:Stuprum 10009:5721147 9994:(136). 9924:25 July 9626:3 April 9539:(ebook) 9508:. 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Even 5003:Juvenal 4956:fasting 4924:gourmet 4920:Apicius 4904:peacock 4892:foodies 4853:risotto 4849:polenta 4839:legumes 4799:popinae 4784:brazier 4683:Juvenal 4621:insulae 4603:clients 4589:balneum 4518:nymphea 4508:thermae 4502:insulae 4492:) from 4460:noted: 4399:Ephesus 4381:) of a 4310:gearing 4256:toilets 4252:gravity 4082:fullers 4010:papyrus 4002:pottery 3769:solidus 3736:Severan 3712:deposit 3696:capital 3672:pecunia 3664:Bullion 3606:Solidus 3595:Hadrian 3554:corpora 3510:castrum 3485:, China 3483:Guangxi 3459:Economy 3414:in kind 3338:appeals 3310:papyrus 3301:volumen 3291:rotulus 3282:Pompeii 3278:frescos 3217:legates 3213:scribes 3209:lictors 3127:Tacitus 3119:auxilia 3089:cohorts 3083:embassy 3057:auxilia 3044:vigiles 3001:Hadrian 2990:Pompeii 2986:Victory 2984:Winged 2946:adopted 2810:limited 2678:(Greek 2651:ordines 2617:equites 2538:ordines 2526:ordines 2491:Hadrian 2435:pirates 2412:eunuchs 2301:stuprum 2269:divorce 2265:univira 2225:, Italy 2223:Pompeii 2033:Pompeii 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