469:, a peace treaty was conducted in the year 21/20 BC. Mediators were sent from Kush to Augustus who was in Samos at that time. An entente between the two parties was beneficial to both. The Kushites were a regional power in their own right and resented paying tribute. The Romans also sought a quiet southern border for their absolutely essential Egyptian grain supplies, without constant war commitments, and welcomed a friendly buffer state in a border region beset with raiding nomads. The Kushites too appear to have found nomads like the Blemmyes to be a problem. The conditions were ripe for a deal. During negotiations, Augustus granted the Kushite envoys all they asked for, and also cancelled the tribute earlier demanded by Rome. Premmis (Qasr Ibrim), and areas north of Qasr Ibrim in the southern portion of the "Thirty-Mile Strip" were ceded to the Kushites. The Dodekaschoinos was established as a buffer zone, and Roman forces were pulled back to the old Greek Ptolemaic border at Maharraqa. Roman emperor Augustus signed the treaty with the Kushites on Samos. The settlement bought Rome peace and quiet on its Egyptian frontier, as well as increased the prestige of Roman Emperor Augustus, demonstrating his skill and ability to broker peace without constant warfare, and do business with the distant Kushites, who a short time earlier had been fighting his troops. The respect accorded the emperor by the Kushite envoys as the treaty also created a favorable impression with other foreign ambassadors present on Samos, including envoys from India, and strengthened Augustus' hand in upcoming negotiations with the powerful Parthians.
27:
619:
473:
76:
from the definition of a "state of war" as "a legal state created and ended by official declaration regardless of actual armed hostilities and usually characterized by operation of the rules of war". As a result, even when hostilities are over, a peace treaty is required for the former belligerents in order to reach agreement on all issues involved in transition to legal state of peace. The art of negotiating a peace treaty in the modern era has been referred to by legal scholar
432:). Its eighteen articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceed to maintain that their respective people also demand peace. It contains many elements found in more modern treaties, but it is more far-reaching than later treaties' simple declaration of the end of hostilities. It also contains a mutual-assistance pact in case one of the empires should be attacked by a third party or in the event of internal strife. There are articles pertaining to the forced
605:
329:
108:
385:
and
Ramesses, to end their dispute and sign a peace treaty. Neither side could afford the possibility of a longer conflict since they were threatened by other enemies: Egypt was faced with the task of defending its long western border with Libya against the incursion of Libyan tribesmen by building a
75:
The need for a peace treaty in modern diplomacy arises from the fact that even when a war is actually over and fighting has ceased, the legal state of war is not automatically terminated upon the end of actual fighting and the belligerent parties are still legally defined as enemies. This is evident
559:
that
Germany was forced to pay the victors, the fact that Germany had to accept sole responsibility for starting the war, and the harsh restrictions on German rearmament were all listed in the Treaty of Versailles and caused massive resentment in Germany. Whether or not the treaty can be blamed for
386:
chain of fortresses stretching from Mersa Matruh to
Rakotis, and the Hittites faced a more formidable threat in the form of the Assyrian Empire, which "had conquered Hanigalbat, the heartland of Mitanni, between the Tigris and the Euphrates" rivers, which had previously been a Hittite vassal state.
491:
The settlement ushered in a period of peace between the two empires for around three centuries. Inscriptions erected by Queen
Amanirenas on an ancient temple at Hamadab, south of Meroe, record the war and the favorable outcome from the Kushite perspective. Along with his signature on the official
401:
script; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties. The treaty differs from others, however, in that the two language versions are worded differently. Although the majority of the text is identical, the
Hittite version claims that the
376:
being at that time contested between the two empires. After an extremely costly four-day battle, in which neither side gained a substantial advantage, both sides claimed victory. The lack of resolution led to further conflict between Egypt and the
Hittites, with
314:
However, when peace agreements transform rebel groups into political parties, the effect on peace is positive, especially if international interveners use their moments of power distribution to hold the former combatants to the terms of their peace agreement.
122:
The content of a treaty usually depends on the nature of the conflict being concluded. In the case of large conflicts between numerous parties, international treaty covering all issues or separate treaties signed between each party.
492:
treaty, Roman emperor
Augustus marked the agreement by directing his administrators to collaborate with regional priests in the erection of a temple at Dendur, and inscriptions depict the emperor himself celebrating local deities.
1457:
The peace treaties: comprising the league of nations covenant, digest of the German treaty, digest of the
Austrian treaty, with annotations by the American mission at the peace conference; milestones on the road to
1310:
910:
311:
One of the UN's roles in peace processes is to conduct post-conflict elections but, on the whole, they are thought to have no effect, or even a negative effect, on peace after civil war.
571:. Subsequent wars were no longer over religion but revolved around issues of state. That encouraged Catholic and Protestant powers to ally, leading to a number of major realignments.
381:
capturing the city of Kadesh and Amurru in his 8th year as king. However, the prospect of further protracted conflict between the two states eventually persuaded both their rulers,
560:
starting another war, it exemplifies the difficulties involved in making peace. However, no such conflict resulted from the more punitive settlement with the
Ottoman Empire.
410:
version claims the reverse. The treaty was given to the
Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque, and the "pocket-book" version was taken back to Egypt and carved into the
2601:
2650:
2660:
2053:
1703:
1493:
2635:
2489:
1683:
1622:
2575:
1445:
1142:
269:" in countries subjected to armed attacks in relation to the use of force by states. Under the current UN system, war is triggered only by the
2504:
1756:
191:
in which a number of discrete steps are taken on each side to reach the mutually-desired eventual goal of peace and the signing of a treaty.
2708:
2682:
447:
The treaty is considered of such importance in the field of international relations that a replica of it hangs in the UN's headquarters.
1450:
276:
Therefore, if the use of military force arises, it is called 'international armed conflict' instead of 'war'. The fact that the current
2640:
713:, a dataset of all comprehensive agreements, partial agreements or peace process agreements between actors in armed conflict since 1975
1007:
Brancati, Dawn; Snyder, Jack (October 2013). "Time to Kill: The Impact of Election Timing and Sequencing on Post-Conflict Stability".
2645:
2457:
356:
confederation, around 1350 BC. More famously, one of the earliest recorded peace treaties was concluded between the Hittite and the
2606:
2571:
2748:
2677:
528:. Despite popular belief, the war did not end completely until the Allies concluded peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1919 at the
273:
of military measures under UN Security Council resolutions or the exercise of self-defense rights against illegal armed attacks.
2723:
2275:
2189:
964:
Flores, Thomas Edward; Nooruddin, Irfan (30 March 2012). "The Effect of Elections on Post-Conflict Peace and Reconstruction".
202:, it usually ends when the losing side's army surrenders and its government collapses. By contrast, a successful secession or
2376:
1943:
1673:
1194:
940:
886:
775:
2728:
2581:
2533:
1824:
1688:
732:
1460:
indexed, authors Publicity Corporation, Continental National Bank. Publisher The Federal trade information service, 1919
1389:
Fontana, Giuditta; Kartsonaki, Argyro; Neudorfer, Natascha S; Walsh, Dawn; Wolff, Stefan; Yakinthou, Christalla (2020).
879:
Just or unjust war? : international law and unilateral use of armed force by states at the turn of the 20th century
2758:
2738:
2324:
2220:
1866:
1798:
1678:
2586:
2250:
1908:
1713:
1118:
1093:
582:. However, that war has never technically ended, because a final peace treaty or settlement has never been achieved.
480:
241:
and obligations are involved in which member states seek to limit and control behavior during wartime. The action of
1336:
2665:
2655:
2270:
685:
1440:
2038:
2033:
1500:
262:
2613:
1953:
1903:
1693:
1663:
1473:
280:
system avoids the use of the term 'war' also avoids the conclusion of a peace treaty based on the existence of
2753:
2628:
2215:
1364:
710:
365:
337:
88:, with a peace treaty potentially contributing to the legal framework governing the post conflict period, or
348:
Probably the earliest recorded peace treaty, although it is rarely mentioned or remembered, was between the
2359:
2280:
2260:
2043:
1963:
1948:
1913:
2703:
2527:
2245:
1928:
1637:
533:
341:
203:
99:
Since 1950, the rate at which interstate wars end with a formal peace treaty has substantially declined.
2797:
2771:
2618:
2596:
2295:
2255:
1973:
1893:
1586:
1541:
1526:
579:
1043:
2812:
2792:
2670:
2623:
2591:
2285:
2230:
551:, is possibly the most notorious of peace treaties, and is blamed by many historians for the rise of
537:
2546:
2479:
2349:
2329:
2312:
1968:
1647:
1642:
668:
30:
2802:
2539:
2225:
2028:
1958:
1819:
1793:
1632:
1044:"Bullets for Ballots: Electoral Participation Provisions and Enduring Peace after Civil Conflict"
658:
556:
1469:
578:
is an example of a conflict that was ended by an armistice, rather than a peace treaty with the
2516:
2510:
2339:
2240:
1923:
1859:
501:
254:
1184:
752:
237:
has sought to act as a forum for resolution in matters of international conflict. A number of
2484:
2334:
2099:
525:
126:
There are many possible issues that may be included in a peace treaty such as the following:
112:
2354:
2265:
1768:
1708:
1698:
1668:
513:
390:
238:
65:
194:
A peace treaty also is often not used to end a civil war, especially in cases of a failed
8:
2807:
2713:
2687:
2427:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2364:
2154:
2149:
2087:
1225:
985:
586:
564:
548:
188:
529:
26:
2473:
2447:
2402:
2235:
2194:
2114:
1627:
1377:
1136:
1066:
1024:
989:
981:
836:
828:
541:
509:
484:
398:
242:
199:
57:
2718:
1255:
Richard Lobban 2004. Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, 2004. p70-78
440:
and provisions that they should not be harmed, which might be thought of as the first
2733:
2119:
1898:
1875:
1852:
1556:
1523:
1412:
1381:
1369:
1229:
1190:
1124:
1114:
1089:
1028:
946:
936:
892:
882:
859:
840:
820:
781:
771:
645:
407:
394:
277:
83:
1070:
993:
2743:
2467:
2422:
2300:
2094:
2077:
2013:
1993:
1988:
1933:
1745:
1736:
1617:
1531:
1402:
1359:
1351:
1221:
1058:
1016:
973:
812:
695:
663:
411:
361:
289:
422:
382:
2003:
1762:
1596:
1455:
1212:
700:
690:
652:
610:
555:
in Germany and the eventual outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. The costly
476:
451:
292:
210:
155:
116:
91:
618:
2552:
2371:
2134:
2104:
2008:
1998:
1983:
1938:
1879:
1835:
1591:
1571:
1551:
1486:
705:
234:
77:
72:, in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting.
20:
1844:
1464:
977:
896:
816:
2786:
2499:
2437:
2417:
2344:
2319:
2124:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1416:
1407:
1390:
1373:
1355:
1233:
1020:
950:
863:
824:
785:
568:
544:, the last major diplomatic extension of the First World War came to an end.
521:
472:
357:
213:
in the previous conflict and delegates from the neutral countries acting as
1210:
Robinson, Arthur E. (1928). "The Arab Dynasty of Dar for (Darfur) Part II".
1128:
444:
treaty. There are also threats of retribution, should the treaty be broken.
2452:
2290:
2144:
2082:
2048:
1561:
624:
466:
433:
266:
261:
force. The UN Charter allows only two exceptions: "military measures by UN
230:
563:
Another famous example would be the series of peace treaties known as the
2462:
2199:
2164:
2129:
2109:
2023:
1814:
1601:
1566:
1446:
Uppsala Conflict Data Program's Peace Agreement Dataset v. 2.0, 1975–2011
1062:
638:
590:
517:
441:
418:
378:
353:
270:
137:
34:
16:
Agreement to formally end hostilities between two or more warring parties
1311:"Is it necessary to sign the "Peace Agreement" on the Korean peninsula?"
911:"Is it necessary to sign the "Peace Agreement" on the Korean peninsula?"
832:
800:
604:
2494:
2306:
2184:
2169:
2159:
1978:
575:
532:, and even then the reaction to this treaty caused the outbreak of the
458:
180:
53:
198:, as it implies mutual recognition of statehood. In cases such as the
2432:
1918:
1282:
Raoul McLaughlin, 2014. The ROman Empire and the Indian Ocean. p61-72
768:
On the law of peace : peace agreements and the lex pacificatoria
632:
403:
218:
195:
184:
69:
61:
1441:
United States Institute of Peace Digital Peace Agreements Collection
2521:
2174:
1536:
505:
462:
349:
333:
328:
285:
258:
167:
143:
1435:
1391:"The dataset of Political Agreements in Internal Conflicts (PAIC)"
107:
1313:(in Korean). The Asian Institute for Policy Studies. pp. 8–9
913:(in Korean). The Asian Institute for Policy Studies. pp. 2–3
454:
437:
296:
214:
149:
49:
856:
Too much History: from War as Sanction to the Sanctioning of War
567:. It initiated modern diplomacy, involving the modern system of
2442:
2392:
2139:
2069:
1388:
552:
373:
131:
45:
1337:"Introducing PA-X: A new peace agreement database and dataset"
1086:
Electing Peace: From Civil Conflict to Political Participation
183:, certain intractable conflict situations may be brought to a
2179:
1509:
1267:
678:
369:
1430:
1108:
673:
300:
161:
1431:
UN Peacemaker, United Nations Database of Peace Agreements
933:
Wars, guns, and votes : democracy in dangerous places
281:
1478:
248:
1300:
Robert Bianchi, 2004. Daily Life of the Nubians, p. 262
1291:
McLaughlin, The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean 61-72
876:
389:
The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in
284:. A peace treaty was not signed after the end of the
600:
585:
A more recent example of a peace treaty is the 1973
487:, forcing the latter to withdraw from Croatian coast
2490:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
2054:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
853:
209:Treaties are often ratified in territories deemed
1365:20.500.11820/a8385bbe-69b0-4453-9f74-982a890f67cc
730:
2784:
881:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. p. 103.
801:"The Demise of Peace Treaties in Interstate War"
206:is often formalized by means of a peace treaty.
68:, in which an army agrees to give up arms; or a
1874:
1729:
963:
765:
368:). The battle took place in what is modern-day
64:, which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a
1006:
930:
2505:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
1860:
1494:
1436:Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990–2016
425:in the twenty-first year of Ramesses' reign (
224:
60:between the parties. It is different from an
48:between two or more hostile parties, usually
1334:
1203:
1189:. Vol. F–O. Greenwood. pp. 713–.
1113:. Shaw, Ian. Oxford, UK. pp. 256–257.
89:
81:
1867:
1853:
1501:
1487:
1176:
1141:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
318:
306:
295:, adopted on May 22, 2003, stipulated the
2458:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
1406:
1363:
1335:Bell, Christine; Badanjak, Sanja (2019).
1088:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
547:The Treaty of Versailles, as well as the
299:regime for the stability and security of
1209:
1083:
1041:
540:in that conflict and the signing of the
479:(1358), which ended the war between the
471:
327:
106:
25:
332:Tablet of one of the earliest recorded
245:is now very unlikely to be undertaken.
172:The re-application of existing treaties
102:
2785:
2190:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1182:
2377:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1848:
1482:
1395:Conflict Management and Peace Science
798:
450:Following the five years war between
249:Peace treaty under the United Nations
2534:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
1226:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100377
1109:Grimal, Nicolas-Christopher (1992).
1825:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
1757:Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)
733:"Peace Negotiations and Agreements"
13:
2759:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2656:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1944:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1328:
323:
14:
2824:
2251:International Day of Non-Violence
1909:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1714:List of periods of regional peace
1424:
1042:Matanock, Aila M. (Spring 2017).
731:Naraghi-Anderlini, Sanan (2007).
495:
417:The Treaty was concluded between
187:before they are dealt with via a
2661:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1273:Jackson, At Empire's Edge p. 149
1186:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges
877:Karoubi, Mohammad Taghi (2017).
686:Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula
617:
603:
2034:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1102:
1077:
1035:
1000:
257:Article 2 restricts the use of
253:Since the end of World War II,
136:Processes for resolving future
111:The "Peace Memorial" about the
1954:List of pacifist organisations
1474:Transitional Justice Institute
1465:The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
1451:The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783
1009:Journal of Conflict Resolution
957:
924:
903:
870:
847:
792:
759:
746:
724:
406:came suing for peace, and the
265:resolutions" and "exercise of
142:Access to and apportioning of
33:, signed at the conclusion of
1:
1264:Jackson, Empire's Edge, p 149
717:
711:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
426:
366:Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty
2360:World Peace Bell Association
2261:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1964:New Socialist Party of Japan
1949:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1914:Coalition of Women for Peace
500:Famous examples include the
19:For the X-Sinner album, see
7:
2528:The whole world is watching
2296:Peace & Love (festival)
2246:Imagine Piano Peace Project
1638:Environmental peacebuilding
770:. Oxford University Press.
596:
534:Turkish War of Independence
342:Istanbul Archaeology Museum
204:declaration of independence
10:
2829:
2651:2011 intervention in Libya
2271:List of places named Peace
2256:International Day of Peace
1974:Peace and conflict studies
1894:Anti-nuclear organizations
1746:Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms
1587:Religion and peacebuilding
1542:Peace and conflict studies
1111:A history of ancient Egypt
1084:Matanock, Aila M. (2017).
805:International Organization
799:Fazal, Tanisha M. (2013).
580:Korean Armistice Agreement
536:. Upon the victory of the
225:Role of the United Nations
18:
2767:
2696:
2561:
2385:
2286:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
2281:Mother's Day Proclamation
2231:Dances of Universal Peace
2208:
2062:
2044:The Women's Peace Crusade
1886:
1833:
1807:
1784:
1722:
1656:
1610:
1516:
1508:
1470:Peace Agreements Database
1344:Journal of Peace Research
986:10.1017/s0022381611001733
978:10.1017/s0022381611001733
935:. HarperCollins e-Books.
817:10.1017/S0020818313000246
538:Turkish National Movement
288:in 2003, and only the UN
229:Since its founding after
2547:Violence begets violence
2480:Non-aggression principle
2350:The Non-Violence Project
2330:Promoting Enduring Peace
2313:Promoting Enduring Peace
1969:Pacifist Socialist Party
1648:Territorial peace theory
1643:Infrastructure for Peace
1408:10.1177/0738894220944123
1356:10.1177/0022343318819123
1164:Grimal, op. cit., p. 257
1155:Grimal, op. cit., p. 256
1021:10.1177/0022002712449328
766:Bell, Christine (2008).
669:List of ancient treaties
481:Croato-Hungarian Kingdom
56:, which formally ends a
31:The Treaty of Versailles
2641:Military action in Iran
2276:Monuments and memorials
2226:Concert Yutel for Peace
2029:React, Include, Recycle
1959:List of peace activists
1924:Conscientious objectors
1820:List of peace activists
1633:Democratic peace theory
1623:Complex system approach
931:Collier, Paul. (2014).
854:Lesaffer, Randall C.H.
659:List of peace activists
589:that sought to end the
319:Historic peace treaties
307:Post-conflict elections
2562:Opposition to specific
2517:Swords to ploughshares
2511:Soldiers are murderers
1904:Anti-war organizations
1657:Regional peacebuilding
1051:International Security
516:, formally ending the
502:Treaty of Paris (1815)
488:
360:Empires after 1274 BC
344:
255:United Nations Charter
239:international treaties
166:Defining of as unjust
130:Formal designation of
119:
90:
82:
37:
2564:wars or their aspects
2485:Nonviolent resistance
2335:Show of Peace Concert
2100:Anti-nuclear movement
1183:Jaques, Tony (2007).
477:Peace-treaty of Zadar
475:
331:
160:Settling of existing
110:
29:
2646:Sri Lankan Civil War
2540:Turn the other cheek
2355:University for Peace
2266:List of peace prizes
1769:Treaty on Open Skies
1063:10.1162/ISEC_a_00275
514:Treaty of Versailles
391:Egyptian hieroglyphs
103:Elements of treaties
21:Peace Treaty (album)
2688:Nuclear disarmament
2671:in Russian Far East
2428:Department of Peace
2413:Counter-recruitment
2408:Conflict resolution
2398:Central Park be-ins
2386:Slogans and tactics
2365:Japanese Peace Bell
2155:Non-interventionism
2150:Modern-war pacifism
2088:Christian anarchism
966:Journal of Politics
587:Paris Peace Accords
565:Peace of Westphalia
549:Kellogg-Briand Pact
393:, and the other in
2582:American Civil War
2474:Make love, not war
2448:Economic sanctions
2403:Civil disobedience
2236:Festival for Peace
2209:Media and cultural
2195:Testimony of peace
2115:Christian pacifism
1628:Conflict continuum
740:Inclusive Security
542:Treaty of Lausanne
510:Battle of Waterloo
489:
485:Republic of Venice
345:
200:American Civil War
120:
113:Treaty of Nöteborg
70:ceasefire or truce
38:
2798:International law
2780:
2779:
2683:Military taxation
2553:War tax resisters
2120:Deterrence theory
1899:Anti-war movement
1842:
1841:
1780:
1779:
1679:Jammu and Kashmir
1557:Peace enforcement
1524:Anti-war movement
1196:978-0-313-33538-9
942:978-0-06-197720-6
888:978-1-351-15468-0
777:978-0-19-922684-9
646:Lex pacificatoria
508:'s defeat at the
278:international law
84:lex pacificatoria
2820:
2813:Peace mechanisms
2793:Aftermath of war
2607:list of protests
2468:Lesson of Munich
2423:Demilitarisation
2301:Peace journalism
2095:Anti-imperialism
2078:Anarcho-pacifism
2014:Peace psychology
1994:Peace conference
1989:Peace commission
1934:Culture of Peace
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1799:Index by country
1737:Helsinki Accords
1730:post-WWII Europe
1727:
1726:
1723:Peace mechanisms
1694:Northern Ireland
1674:Israel–Palestine
1618:Capitalist peace
1532:Cost of conflict
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1420:
1410:
1385:
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696:Peace with Honor
664:List of treaties
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530:Treaty of Sèvres
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412:Temple of Karnak
362:Battle of Kadesh
338:Treaty of Kadesh
290:Security Council
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2004:Peace education
1887:Peace advocates
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2009:Peace movement
2006:
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1996:
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1981:
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2019:Peace treaty
2018:
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1664:Arab–Israeli
1562:Peacekeeping
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1315:. Retrieved
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2602:Vietnam War
2592:World War I
2463:Human Be-In
2200:World peace
2165:Nonviolence
2130:Finvenkismo
2110:Appeasement
2024:Peaceworker
1815:Peaceworker
1748:(1989/1991)
1689:Middle East
1602:World peace
1567:Peacemaking
639:Ius gentium
591:Vietnam War
557:reparations
442:extradition
419:Ramesses II
379:Ramesses II
354:Hayasa-Azzi
271:enforcement
219:signatories
54:governments
35:World War I
2808:Law of war
2787:Categories
2709:Costa Rica
2495:Peace walk
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1765:(1990)
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