Treaty of Versailles

4753:"The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe—nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it as a problem of theology, of polities, of electoral chicane, from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling." ( 2238: 4157: 4707:"The whole purpose of the league", began Makino, was "to regulate the conduct of nations and peoples toward one another, according to a higher moral standard than has reigned in the past, and to administer justice throughout the world." In this regard, the wrongs of racial discrimination have been, and continue to be, the source of "profound resentment on the part of large numbers of the human race", directly affecting their rights and their pride. Many nations fought in the recent war to create a new international order, he said, and the hopes of their nationals now have risen to new heights with victory. Given the objectives of the league, the wrongs of the past, and the aspirations of the future, stated Makino, the leaders of the world gathered in Paris should openly declare their support for at least "the principle of equality of nations and just treatment of their nationals" ( 4429:

of 100,000 volunteers was a compromise between the British and French positions. Germany, on the other hand, saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy. Bernadotte Everly Schmitt wrote that "there is no reason to believe that the Allied governments were insincere when they stated at the beginning of Part V of the Treaty ... that in order to facilitate a general reduction of the armament of all nations, Germany was to be required to disarm first." A lack of American ratification of the treaty or joining the League of Nations left France unwilling to disarm, which resulted in a German desire to rearm. Schmitt argued "had the four Allies remained united, they could have forced Germany really to disarm, and the German will and capacity to resist other provisions of the treaty would have correspondingly diminished."

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advantages of incumbency and socio-economic position". Blanke alleged "coercion of various kinds even in the face of an allied occupation regime" occurred, and that Germany granted votes to those "who had been born in Upper Silesia but no longer resided there". Blanke concluded that despite these protests "there is plenty of other evidence, including Reichstag election results both before and after 1921 and the large-scale emigration of Polish-speaking Upper Silesians to Germany after 1945, that their identification with Germany in 1921 was neither exceptional nor temporary" and "here was a large population of Germans and Poles—not coincidentally, of the same Catholic religion—that not only shared the same living space but also came in many cases to see themselves as members of the same national community". Prince

3076:", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the treaty. One bloc of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge. A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest bloc, led by Senator Lodge, comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with "reservations", especially on Article 10, so that the League of Nations could not draw the US into war without the of the US Congress. All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. But Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills. 3772: 3243: 3174: 3309: 3712:(BAOR). The total number of troops committed to the occupation rapidly dwindled as veteran soldiers were demobilized, and were replaced by inexperienced men who had finished basic training following the cessation of hostilities. By 1920, the BAOR consisted of only 40,594 men and the following year had been further reduced to 12,421. The size of the BAOR fluctuated over the following years, but never rose above 9,000 men. The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles, on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations. A complete withdrawal was considered, but rejected in order to maintain a presence to continue acting as a check on French ambitions and prevent the establishment of an autonomous 2825: 4153:, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germany had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible." Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris. He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability. 3673: 252: 2915:. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa had each made significant contributions to the British war effort, but as separate countries, rather than as British colonies. India also made a substantial troop contribution, although under direct British control, unlike the Dominions. The four Dominions and India all signed the Treaty separately from Britain, a clear recognition by the international community that the Dominions were no longer British colonies. "Their status defied exact analysis by both international and constitutional lawyers, but it was clear that they were no longer regarded simply as colonies of Britain." By signing the Treaty individually, the four Dominions and India also were 4247: 4400:

on a gross simplification of the region's history. ... Versailles ignored any possibility of there being a third way: the kind of compact represented by the Swiss Federation; a bilingual or even trilingual Schleswig-Holsteinian state" or other options such as "a Schleswigian state in a loose confederation with Denmark or Germany, or an autonomous region under the protection of the League of Nations." In regard to the East Prussia plebiscite, historian Richard Blanke wrote that "no other contested ethnic group has ever, under un-coerced conditions, issued so one-sided a statement of its national preference". Richard Debo wrote "both Berlin and Warsaw believed the

3036: 403: 220: 2306: 4243:, both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the treaty "much enhanced" German power. Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germany by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germany into smaller, weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again. By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War". 568: 484: 148: 191: 4477:, which held that the German army had not lost the war and had been betrayed by the Weimar Republic, who negotiated an unnecessary surrender. The Great Depression exacerbated the issue and led to a collapse of the German economy. Though the treaty may not have caused the crash, it was a convenient scapegoat. Germans viewed the treaty as a humiliation and eagerly listened to Hitler's oratory which blamed the treaty for Germany's ills. Hitler promised to reverse the depredations of the Allied powers and recover Germany's lost territory and pride, which has led to the treaty being cited as a 390: 524: 346: 282: 430: 297: 361: 66: 3793:

Whilst in-kind payments of goods such as coal and timber were made throughout 1922, these were never paid in full, and in December 1922 Germany was declared in default of timber deliveries by a 3-to-1 vote of the Reparations Commission, the British representative casting the sole opposing vote. On 9 January of the following year, after Germany had defaulted either partially or wholly on coal deliveries for the thirty-fourth time in thirty-six months, the Reparations Commission also declared Germany in default of coal reparations and authorised the occupation of

510: 4591: 2265:, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227 to 231 (i.e., the Articles related to the extradition of the Kaiser for trial, the extradition of German war criminals for trial before Allied tribunals, the handing over of documents relevant for war crimes trials, and accepting liability for war reparations). In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the 205: 2363:, and organized as a consultation in which all citizens who opposed the annexation had to formally register their protest. Ultimately, only 271 of 33,726 voters signed the protest list, of which 202 were German state servants. After the Belgian government reported this result, the League of Nations confirmed the change of status on 20 September 1920, with the line of the German-Belgian border finally fixed by a League of Nations commission in 1922. To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of the 458: 333: 3129:

treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered, and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris.

2498: 3210:", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We can sense the full force of hatred that confronts us here. ... You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie." Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour", soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference. 376: 320: 2120:

violation of the fundamental principles of justice and human rights of the native populations, and favored them having the right of self-determination via the creation of mandates. The promoted idea called for the major powers to act as disinterested trustees over a region, aiding the native populations until they could govern themselves. In spite of this position and in order to ensure that Japan did not refuse to join the League of Nations, Wilson favored turning over the former German colony of

626: 2736: 1727: 176: 161: 2056: 1579: 1963:" (at one point becoming the "Big Three" following the temporary withdrawal of Orlando). These four men met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly. The minor powers attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions. These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final text of the treaty. 2811:

judges were to "fix such punishment which it considers should be imposed". The death penalty was therefore not precluded. Article 228 allowed the Allies to demand the extradition of German war criminals, who could be tried before military tribunals for crimes against "the laws and customs of war" under Article 229. To provide an evidentiary basis for such trials, Article 230 required the German government to transfer information and documents relevant to such trials.

4513: 4499: 236: 444: 4392: 1986:(Red Zone), the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north-east, had been devastated, and in the final days of the war, mines had been flooded and railways, bridges and factories destroyed. Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France, by weakening Germany economically, militarily, territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe. British economist and Versailles negotiator 4416:, alleged that Soviet Russia "appeared to be intentionally delaying negotiations" to end the Polish-Soviet War "with the object of influencing the Upper Silesian plebiscite". Once the region was partitioned, both "Germany and Poland attempted to 'cleanse' their shares of Upper Silesia" via oppression resulting in Germans migrating to Germany and Poles migrating to Poland. Despite the oppression and migration, Opole Silesia "remained ethnically mixed." 3501: billion); this being the genuine assessment of the commission on what Germany could pay, and allowed the Allied powers to save face with the public by presenting a higher figure. Furthermore, payments made between 1919 and 1921 of roughly 8 billion marks, most of it credit for state assets (e.g., German state railways in the Danzig corridor) transferred to Allied countries were taken into account reducing the sum to 41 billion gold marks. 417: 582: 539: 471: 667: 611: 597: 554: 4319:, but the German-born Australian historian Jürgen Tampke argued that it was "a perfidious distortion of history" to argue that the terms prevented the growth of democracy in Germany and aided the growth of the Nazi Party; saying that its terms were not as punitive as often held and that German hyper-inflation in the 1920s was partly a deliberate policy to minimise the cost of reparations. As an example of the arguments against the 497: 3731:. This campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s, although peaked in 1920 and 1921. For example, a 1921 German Government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops, which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses. Historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes, and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts. An estimated 500–800 694: 2116:, self-determination of European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups, the promotion of free trade, the creation of appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, the creation of a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace. The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed, and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states. 4121: 3899:, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. But secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare. In 1923, the British newspaper 2705:. In the interim, the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($ 5 billion) in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany. As a consequence of the treaty, the 5 May 1921 London Schedule of Payments required the Central Powers to pay 132 billion 3935:. Production was not the only violation: "Volunteers" were rapidly passed through the army to make a pool of trained reserves, and paramilitary organizations were encouraged with the illegally militarized police. Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were not limited by the treaty, thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the 4081:. Poland requested 51 people be extradited, and Yugoslavia (successor to wartime Serbia) four. Germany refused extradition, however, claiming that carrying out such a request to extradite people widely regarded as heroes in Germany would likely result in the fall of the government, but made a counter-offer of holding trials at Leipzig, an offer that was ultimately accepted by the Allies. 1866:

merchant ships to Allied ports to transport food supplies. Some Germans considered the armistice to be a temporary cessation of the war and knew, if fighting broke out again, their ships would be seized. Over the winter of 1919, the situation became desperate and Germany finally agreed to surrender its fleet in March. The Allies then allowed for the import of 270,000 tons of foodstuffs.

1891: 12397: 4052: 3727:). By 1923, the French occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men, including 27,126 African troops. The troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the Ruhr, before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926. Germans viewed the use of French colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation, and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the 4093:). In contrast the French list were all high-ranking officials, including Lieutenant-General Karl Stenger, who was accused of massacring French prisoners of war. The Belgian case involved a man accused of mistreating and imprisoning Belgian children. However, when the Germans announced that the trial would be under German law, with the German prosecutor being able to exercise 3836:, however the agreement was never ratified. The government of Adolf Hitler declared all further payments cancelled in 1933, and no further reparations payments were made until after the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. Germany finally paid off its debts under the Versailles treaty, which had been reduced by 50% at the 1953 London Debt Conference, in 2010. 2001:, to protect France from a German invasion and compensate for French demographic and economic inferiority. American and British representatives refused the French claim and after two months of negotiations, the French accepted a British pledge to provide an immediate alliance with France if Germany attacked again, and Wilson agreed to put a similar proposal to the 2979:. President Wilson rejected Italy's claims on the basis of "national self-determination." For their part, Britain and France—who had been forced in the war's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse—were disinclined to support Italy's position at the peace conference. Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier 2156:, that there was no applicable law under which the Kaiser could be tried. Additionally, the Americans favoured trying other German war criminals before military tribunals rather than an international court, with prosecutions being limited to "violation of the laws and customs of war", and opposed any trials based on violations against what was called " 3217:" that they saw as blaming Germany for starting the war was seen as an insult to the nation's honour. The clauses calling on the Germans to hand over alleged war criminals also caused deep offence, as many of those accused were seen as heroes, and also because the Allies were seen as applying one-sided justice. They referred to the treaty as "the 4191:—that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II). In a 1995 essay, Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of 9049:'Von 1.058.000 Deutschen, die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten', ist bei Cartier zu lesen, 'waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert. Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15. Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt.' 4337:, and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany. Rather, Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty, and it was this "perception" rather than the "reality" of the Versailles treaty that mattered. Peukert noted that because of the " 1584: 1582: 3155:'s government, which had secretly negotiated with the Japanese in order to secure loans to fund their military campaigns against the south. On 12 June 1919, the Chinese cabinet was forced to resign and the government instructed its delegation at Versailles not to sign the treaty. As a result, relations with the 2794:; the provision of a living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad; recognition of the principle of 1581: 15522: 3497:

Belgian, British, and French demands and assessments. Furthermore, the Commission recognized that the Central Powers could pay little and that the burden would fall upon Germany. As a result, the sum was split into different categories, of which Germany was only required to pay 50 billion gold marks (

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Frank Russell wrote that, in regard to the Saar plebiscite, the inhabitants "were not terrorized at the polls" and the "totalitarian German regime was not distasteful to most of the Saar inhabitants and that they preferred it even to an efficient, economical, and benevolent international rule." When

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Article 228 allowed for the extradition of German war criminals to stand trial before Allied tribunals. Originally a list of as many of 20,000 alleged criminals was prepared by the Allies, however this was later reduced. Following the ratification of the treaty in January 1920, the Allies submitted a

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German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production. As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside

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In late 1918, American, Belgian, British, and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice. Before the treaty, the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men. Following the signing of the peace treaty, the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only

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Article 227 of the Versailles treaty required the handing over of Kaiser Wilhelm for trial "for supreme offence against international treaties and the sanctity of treaties" before a bench of five allied judges – one British, one American, one French, one Italian, and one Japanese. If found guilty the

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The French, who had suffered significantly in the areas occupied by Germany during the war, were in favour of trying German war criminals, including the Kaiser. In the face of American objections that there was no applicable existing law under which the Kaiser could be tried, Clemenceau took the view

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German forces evacuated occupied France, Belgium, and Luxembourg within the fifteen days required by the armistice agreement. By late 1918, Allied troops had entered Germany and began the occupation of the Rhineland under the agreement, in the process establishing bridgeheads across the Rhine in case

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to the Entente powers. The most critical and controversial provision in the treaty was: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals

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Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers: Article 177 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with Austria; Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary; Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; and Article 231

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Barnett also argues that, in strategic terms, Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany's eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer,

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The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to end the

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following a national revolution against the occupying Central Powers, and renounce "all rights and title" over Polish territory. Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland, with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite. The border would be fixed with regard to the

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to limit the charges solely to violation of the 1839 treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. The British were also well aware that the Kaiser having sought refuge in the Netherlands meant that any trial was unlikely to take place and therefore any Article demanding it was likely to be a dead letter.

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had declared the intention "to bring to justice the criminals, whoever they be and whatever their station", and a resolution of the war cabinet in 1918 reaffirmed this intent. Lloyd George declared that the British people would not accept a treaty that did not include terms on this, though he wished

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During the formulation of the treaty, the British wanted Germany to abolish conscription but be allowed to maintain a volunteer Army. The French wanted Germany to maintain a conscript army of up to 200,000 men in order to justify their own maintenance of a similar force. Thus the treaty's allowance

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The Treaty of Versailles resulted in the creation of several thousand miles of new boundaries, with maps playing a central role in the negotiations at Paris. The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment. Historian Robert Peckham wrote that the issue of Schleswig "was premised

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with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe, and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles. Finally, Peukert argued

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that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he said, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russian SFSR in March 1918, which had taken away a

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The Commission of Allied Jurists responded to these proceedings on 22 January 1922 by declaring that the Leipzig court had failed to carry out its mandate by failing to convict accused who should have been convicted, and by showing excessive leniency even where people had been convicted. The Allied

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in the Dover Castle case, and in mitigation in the Llandovery Castle case where the officer responsible had massacred seamen in lifeboats. All but one of the people put forward by the French were acquitted, including Karl Stenger, who was showered with flowers by German spectators. The Belgian case

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Upon receiving Hindenburg's answer, the Bauer government recommended signing the treaty with the proviso that the "war-guilt" clause and the articles that required the extradition of war criminals and of the former Emperor be excluded. After the Allies refused anything other than full acceptance of

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knew that Germany was in an impossible situation. Although he shared his countrymen's disgust with the treaty, he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it. He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty, the Allies would invade

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further undermined Italy's position at the conference. A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference (though he later returned). He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed, effectively ending

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Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war "as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies." The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied "Reparation Commission" to determine the exact amount which

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Before the American entry into the war, Wilson had talked of a "peace without victory". This position fluctuated following the US entry into the war. Wilson spoke of the German aggressors, with whom there could be no compromised peace. On 8 January 1918, however, Wilson delivered a speech (known as

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In private Lloyd George opposed revenge and attempted to compromise between Clemenceau's demands and the Fourteen Points, because Europe would eventually have to reconcile with Germany. Lloyd George wanted terms of reparation that would not cripple the German economy, so that Germany would remain a

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After subsequent negotiation, the list of alleged war criminals submitted by the Allies for trial at Leipzig was reduced to 45, however, this ultimately also ended up being too many for the German authorities, and in the end only 12 officers were put on trial – six from the British list, five from

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In June 1921 Germany made the first cash payment of 1 billion gold marks due under the London Schedule of Payments. However, this was the only full payment of cash made under the unamended schedule, and from then until the Dawes plan began operation in late 1924 only small cash payments were made.

3623:, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers. The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level, helping the power-sharing arrangement last 2119:

Wilson brought along top intellectuals as advisors to the American peace delegation, and the overall American position echoed the Fourteen Points. Wilson firmly opposed harsh treatment on Germany. While the British and French wanted to largely annex the German colonial empire, Wilson saw that as a

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Initially, a "Council of Ten" (comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan) met officially to decide the peace terms. This council was replaced by the "Council of Five", formed from each country's foreign ministers, to discuss minor matters. French Prime

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were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use. Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials. In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a

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in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved. Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm, and conscription was abolished. Private

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On the subject of war crimes, the Americans differed to the British and French in that Wilson's proposal was that any trial of the Kaiser should be solely a political and moral affair, and not one of criminal responsibility, meaning that the death penalty would be precluded. This was based on the

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until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. In March 1919, Churchill informed the House of Commons, that the ongoing blockade was a success and "Germany is very near starvation." From January 1919 to March 1919, Germany refused to agree to Allied demands that Germany surrender its

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were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment, where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented. Cartier asserts that, out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen-West Prussia in 1921, 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment. These sharpening

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was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa. Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them. Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Evans

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Despite "hang the Kaiser" being a popular slogan of the time, particularly in Britain, the proposed trial of the Kaiser under Article 227 of the Versailles treaty never took place. Defying popular British anger at the Kaiser, and the fact that putting the Kaiser on trial was originally a British

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The honour of the German people will not be affected by an act of violence. After the appalling suffering of the last four years, the German people lack any means to defend it externally. Therefore, yielding to overwhelming force and without abandoning its view of the outrageous injustice of the

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after the election of 1918, and were outraged by Wilson's refusal to discuss the war with them. The senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a

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The Italian leadership were divided on whether to try the Kaiser. Sonnino considered that putting the Kaiser on trial could result in him becoming a "patriotic martyr". Orlando, in contrast, stated that "the ex-Kaiser ought to pay like other criminals", but was less sure about whether the Kaiser

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in 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, followed quickly by Germany declaring war on Russia on 1 August, and on Belgium and France on 3 August. The German invasion of Belgium on 3 August led to a declaration of war by Britain on Germany on 4 August, creating the conflict that became the

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points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule, a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography, more interested in understanding the German point of view. In nations that found themselves free as the

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I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the

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and their attitude towards Germany was not as hostile. Generally speaking, Sonnino was in line with the British position while Orlando favored a compromise between Clemenceau and Wilson. Within the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles, Orlando obtained certain results such as the permanent

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Britain had suffered heavy financial costs but suffered little physical devastation during the war. British public opinion wanted to make Germany pay for the War. Public opinion favoured a "just peace", which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914,

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In regard to the Silesian plebiscite, Blanke observed "given that the electorate was at least 60% Polish-speaking, this means that about one 'Pole' in three voted for Germany" and "most Polish observers and historians" have concluded that the outcome of the plebiscite was due to "unfair German

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On 5 May 1921, the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers. This was the public assessment of what the Central Powers combined could pay, and was also a compromise among

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could be ready, Germany now shifted forces to the Western Front and tried to overwhelm the Allies. It failed. Instead, the Allies won decisively on the battlefield, overwhelmed Germany's Turkish, Austro-Hungarian, and Bulgarian allies, and forced an armistice in November 1918 that resembled a

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delegation) wrote to Lloyd-George, before the signing, that the treaty was unstable and declared "Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock? What has become of Wilson's 14 points?" He wanted the Germans not be made to sign at the "point of the bayonet". Smuts issued a statement

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than the Americans would concede and Clemenceau was willing to discuss German capacity to pay with the German delegation, before the final settlement was drafted. In April and May 1919, the French and Germans held separate talks, on mutually acceptable arrangements on issues like reparation,

3758:'s inauguration in 1921. On 7 January 1923, after the Franco–Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, the US senate legislated the withdrawal of the remaining force. On 24 January, the American garrison started their withdrawal from the Rhineland, with the final troops leaving in early February. 2723:) unconditionally. In the London ultimatum of that day, Germany was given six days to recognize the Schedule of Payments and to comply with the Treaty of Versailles' demands for disarmament and the extradition of German "war criminals". If it did not, the Allies threatened to occupy the 1583: 3283:

the treaty, the National Assembly voted in favour of signing it by 237 to 138, with five abstentions (there were 421 delegates in total). The result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline. The Bauer government included the following statement with the acceptance:

4383:, since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way." 3817:, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. The agreement of the Dawes plan in late 1924 also led to a resumption of reparations payments in hard cash and gold. Total receipts from the Ruhr occupation summed to 900 million gold marks. 3274:

if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg—after prodding from his chief of staff,

3103:

was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921. Article 1 of this treaty obliged the German government to grant to the U.S. government all rights and privileges that were enjoyed by the other Allies that had ratified the Versailles treaty. Two similar treaties were signed with

3981:, Germany withdrew to force France and Britain to accept German equality of status. London attempted to get Germany to return with the promise of all nations maintaining an equality in armaments and security. The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the 2354:

on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control, communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League's decision. The Belgian transitional administration, under High Commissioner General

2337:

The treaty stripped Germany of 65,000 km (25,000 sq mi) of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established. In

14985: 12464: 12454: 3011:, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. To this extent, she succeeded in her war aims. The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany's bordering overseas colonies, including the 3504:

In order to meet this sum, Germany could pay in cash or kind: coal, timber, chemical dyes, pharmaceuticals, livestock, agricultural machines, construction materials, and factory machinery. Germany's assistance with the restoration of the university library of

2615:

forces were forbidden. The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden. Military structures and fortifications on the islands of

4076:

for the sinkings of civilian shipping by German U-boats. Italy's request included 29 names divided between those accused of mistreating prisoners of war and those responsible for U-Boat sinkings. Romania requested the extradition of 41 individuals including

14980: 14824: 15052: 14844: 12469: 3381:

at the League of Nations Commission. Their proposals to this end were consistently rebuffed by British, French, American and Australian diplomats, who were all sensitive to their respective countries' internal pressures. Wilson himself was an enactor of

12449: 2954:

stated "this (treaty) is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years."; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain. When Clemenceau stood for election as

12459: 15000: 1518:

nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The United States never ratified the Versailles treaty and made a separate peace treaty with Germany, albeit based on the Versailles treaty. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the

3345:

against their business men, severe immigration restrictions on Asiatics, and court judgments hostile to Japanese interests, which characterized Western states' treatment of their nationals. Japan's delegation, among whose plenipotentiaries figured

12402: 1550:

Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the French

3146:

refused to sign the treaty and the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles at the signing ceremony. The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China such as the

14849: 14919: 14889: 3954:

to be spent over the following five years: this program sought to provide Germany the capability of creating and supplying a defensive force of 21 divisions supported by aircraft, artillery, and tanks. This coincided with a 1 billion

4030:

On 7 March 1936, German troops entered and remilitarized the Rhineland. On 12 March 1938, following German pressure to the collapse of the Austrian Government, German troops crossed into Austria and the following day Hitler announced the

15106: 14904: 14804: 7413: 4135:

Historians are split on the impact of the treaty. Some saw it as a good solution in a difficult time, others saw it as a disastrous measure that would anger the Germans to seek revenge. The actual impact of the treaty is also disputed.

3444:, where Japan's proper sphere of geostrategic interests in Asia would be recognized. Some years earlier, Japan secured both British and French support for its claims to inherit rights that Germany had exercised both in China and in the 2078:

to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European power. A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia. Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the

14894: 4223:. However the treaty was quickly nullified with Germany's armistice with the Allies on 11 November 1918. Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's economy had been restored to its pre-war status. 3959:

programme that planned for additional industrial infrastructure that would be able to permanently maintain this force. As these programs did not require an expansion of the military, they were nominally legal. On 7 November 1932, the

14995: 3059:

After the Versailles conference, Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!" However, Wilson had refused to bring any leading members of the Republican party, led by

15015: 12407: 4085:

the French one, and one from the Belgian list. The British list included only low-level officers and enlisted men, including a prison-guard accused of beating prisoners of war and two U-Boat commanders who sank hospital ships (the

3279:—concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale. But rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities. 15089: 7403: 15366: 14794: 2216:

as a mutilated victory, replying at nationalists calling for a greater expansion that "Italy today is a great state....on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion."

14839: 14747: 4325:

he quotes Elizabeth Wiskemann who heard two officer's widows in Wiesbaden complaining that "with their stocks of linen depleted they had to have their linen washed once a fortnight (every two weeks) instead of once a month!"

2071:

viable economic power and trading partner. By arguing that British war pensions and widows' allowances should be included in the German reparation sum, Lloyd George ensured that a large amount would go to the British Empire.

15439: 14799: 4060:

proposal, Lloyd George refused to support French calls for the Kaiser to be extradited from the Netherlands where he was living in exile. The Dutch authorities refused extradition, and the former Kaiser died there in 1941.

11275: 14975: 15424: 3328:

The disenfranchised and often colonized "non-white" world held high expectations that a new order would open up an unheralded opportunity to have a principle of racial equality recognized by the leading global powers.

15237: 14970: 14943: 4592: 1869:

Both German and non-German observers have argued that these were the most devastating months of the blockade for German civilians, though disagreement persists as to the extent and who is truly at fault. According to

2212:" for what they considered to be little territorial gains achieved in the other treaties directly impacting Italy's borders. Orlando was ultimately forced to abandon the conference and resign. Orlando refused to see 14909: 2759:

and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn. If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.

2668:

including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps. The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed

2947:-wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh (the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty, for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs, as late as August 1939). 4694:"wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses, die uns hier entgegentritt ... Es wird von uns verlangt, daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Kriege bekennen; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge." ( 3697:

negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland. On 30 June 1930, after speeches and the lowering of flags, the last troops of the Anglo-French-Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany.

3376:

would, it was thought, allow them finally to take their rightful place among the victorious Great Powers. They solicited support especially from the American delegation to obtain recognition for the principle of

1492:

have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." The other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles. This article,

4684:

President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR. 66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate Documents: Addresses of President Wilson (May–November 1919), vol. 11, no. 120, p.

3812:

in the period from late 1921 to 1924. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the

15205: 14958: 14829: 4106:

Jurists recommended that extradition of war criminals be requested under Article 228. However, no further extradition request was made, though trials were held in France and Belgium of German war criminals

15444: 15434: 15304: 2927:

The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval, singing, and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles. In Paris proper, people rejoiced at the official end of the war, the return of

2009:, in December 1918, that his goal was to maintain an alliance with both countries. Clemenceau accepted the offer, in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also 4341:" created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe, any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated 1487:, be responsible with its allies for damages of the Allied and Associated sides in World War I, recognise the independence of states whose territory had previously been part of the German Empire, and pay 15537: 4448:

per year. P. M. H. Bell argued that the British Government was aware of later Weimar rearming, and lent public respectability to the German efforts by not opposing them, an opinion shared by Churchill.

1774:. The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany 15277: 3615:. The French garrison withdrew, and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an "autonomous territory" to Lithuania. On 8 May 1924, after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the 1580: 15419: 15344: 14931: 12433: 8537: 2832:

The delegates of the Commonwealth and British Government had mixed thoughts on the treaty, with some seeing the French policy as being greedy and vindictive. Lloyd George and his private secretary

1789:

Many aspects of the Versailles treaty that were later criticised were agreed first in the 11 November armistice agreement, whilst the war was still ongoing. These included the German evacuation of

15481: 3409:

in the treaty, had broad support, but was effectively declined when it was rejected by the United States, Great Britain and Australia, despite a powerfully persuasive speech delivered by Makino.

3920:

the disclosed military budget. By 1925, German companies had begun to design tanks and modern artillery. During the year, over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13 million

14874: 14708: 2016:

French negotiators required reparations, to make Germany pay for the destruction induced throughout the war and to decrease German strength. The French also wanted the iron ore and coal of the

15517: 3701:

Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years. This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926, and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments.

1805:(all of which were to be administered by the Allies under the armistice agreement), the surrender of a large quantity of war materiel, and the agreed payment of "reparation for damage done". 8054:

Altic, Mirela (2016). "The Peace Treaty of Versailles: The Role of Maps in Reshaping the Balkans in the Aftermath of WWI". In Liebenberg, Elri; Demhardt, Imre & Vervust, Soetkin (eds.).

14767: 14725: 4180:

in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments.

3828:, reparations payments were made regularly and on time both in cash and in-kind, though always slightly less than was required under the plan. The one year suspension of payments under the 2701:

Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to submit its conclusions by

2273:

On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty. On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the

2229:

as a criminal or merely have a political verdict cast against him. Orlando also considered that "he question of the constitution of the Court presents almost insurmountable difficulties".

1861:

The blockade was maintained for eight months after the Armistice in November 1918, into the following year of 1919. Foodstuffs imports into Germany were controlled by the Allies after the

15339: 2600:

with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises. To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.

1746:

During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse. Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. On the

3509:, which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914, was also credited towards the sum. Territorial changes imposed by the treaty were also factored in. The payment schedule required 14757: 3592:

the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany. Following the vote, the League of Nations debated the future of the province. In 1922, Upper Silesia was partitioned:

15299: 12089: 15461: 3015:. Otherwise, Portugal gained little at the peace conference. Her promised share of German reparations never materialized, and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new 14737: 14034: 4347:

were bound to create a nationalist backlash, and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash. Having noted that much, Peukert commented that the policy of

2471:

was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, for disposal according to their wishes. Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland, including the delta of the

1472:

of 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, and agreed certain principles and conditions including the payment of reparations, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the

3569:. On 20 September 1920, the League of Nations allotted these territories to Belgium. These latter plebiscites were followed by a boundary commission in 1922, followed by the new 15466: 15319: 15272: 15247: 15210: 14049: 1696:

to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. It called for what it characterised as a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial

9525: 3300:

travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116.

14233: 11645:

Sampaio, Guilherme (2020). "'This Is No Longer a Book, It Is a Political Event' The French Reception of John Maynard Keynes's Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919–1920)".

3909:, was transferring army staff to civilian positions in order to obscure their real duties, and warned of the militarization of the German police force by the exploitation the 2751:

east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years. If Germany had not committed aggression, a staged withdrawal would take place; after five years, the

1672:

played a significant role in shaping the peace terms. His expressed aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions. On 8 January 1918, Wilson issued the

15486: 15329: 14772: 3630:

On 13 January 1935, 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations, a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area.

2395:

wrote that the territories of Alsace-Lorraine were requested by Germany for the sole purpose of national defense and not to expand the German territory. The sovereignty of

2083:

as the greatest naval power in the world; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as

14720: 8468:

Brüll, Christoph (8 October 2014). "Eupen-Malmedy". In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan & Nasson, Bill (eds.).

3584:

took place between German and Polish civilians, resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved. In March 1921, the Inter-Allied Commission held the

2553:, China, to Japan, not to China. Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia, except for 2583:

incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament. Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than

15324: 4432:

Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer wrote "military and economic historians found that the German military only insignificantly exceeded the limits" of the treaty before 1933.

4487:

first met Adolf Hitler at a speech which Hitler gave at a rally against French demands for the extradition of alleged German war criminals under the Versailles treaty.

4072:

for the damages they had inflicted on Belgium and the mass deportations they had overseen from both France and Belgium. Britain submitted a list of 94 names, including

2037:

that the "law of responsibility" overruled all other laws and that putting the Kaiser on trial offered the opportunity to establish this as an international precedent.

337: 10287:. Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 63 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhooeck & Ruprecht. p. 184. 2861:

wrote that the "average Englishman ... thought Germany got only what it deserved" as a result of the treaty, but public opinion changed as German complaints mounted.

15673: 15314: 14948: 14131: 4436:

concurred, and wrote "To put this in perspective, annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of

1688:

was assumed. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a

3288:

peace terms, the Government of the German Republic declares that it is prepared to accept and sign the peace terms imposed by the Allied and Associated Governments.

13768: 13592: 12932: 2611:

The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases;

1427: 1137: 961: 2971:

to the treaty was extremely negative. The country had suffered high casualties, yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals, notably gaining control of the

2467:, was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite. An area of 51,800 square kilometres (20,000 square miles) was transferred to Poland under the agreement. 15678: 14210: 12428: 11860: 2916: 1790: 3916:

The Weimar Government also funded domestic rearmament programs, which were covertly funded with the money camouflaged in "X-budgets", worth up to an additional

1514:

The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one satisfied. In particular, Germany was neither

15496: 14742: 14238: 12745: 2836:

believed in the treaty, although they also felt that the French would keep Europe in a constant state of turmoil by attempting to enforce the treaty. Delegate

2148:, refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan, and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home. 10753: 15020: 14924: 14762: 14426: 14153: 13845: 12803: 11759: 2786:, which provided for the creation of the League, an organization for the arbitration of international disputes. Part XIII organized the establishment of the 2443:(Eastern Pomerania), on historical and ethnic grounds, was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the 1483:, make territorial concessions, respect Austrian independence, extradite alleged war criminals, agree to Kaiser Wilhelm being put on trial, agree to Allied 14533: 12240: 15399: 14441: 14196: 12252: 4453:

wrote that "a curious oversight" of the military restrictions were that they "did not include rockets in its list of prohibited weapons", which provided

4002:, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. In March 1935, Germany reintroduced conscription followed by an open 3517: million annually, plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports. The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a 3412:

Japan itself both prior to and during WW1 had embarked on a vigorous expansion of continental colonialism, whose aims were justified in terms of uniting

1936: 4064:

request that 890 (or 895) alleged war criminals be extradited for trial. France and Belgium each requested the extradition of 334 individuals including

3797:

coalfields in order to secure the deliveries, again with the British representative casting the sole opposing vote and all other votes being in favour.

2277:(the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed. The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of the 1809:

of renewed fighting at Cologne, Koblenz, and Mainz. Allied and German forces were additionally to be separated by a 10 km-wide demilitarised zone.

14436: 14126: 14077: 13992: 12154: 7987: 4285:, were all equally opposed to Versailles, and it is false to say as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the 4263:

argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles. Evans further noted that the parties of the

1798: 9607: 3267:

Germany from the west—and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion. With this in mind, he asked

2849:

condemning the treaty and regretting that the promises of "a new international order and a fairer, better world are not written in this treaty". Lord

14280: 1939:) and early withdrawal from the war. Furthermore, German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically. 15542: 15111: 14899: 2237: 1924: 2253:

In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The

15613: 14121: 13479: 4420:

the outcome of the vote became known, 4,100 (including 800 refugees who had previously fled Germany) residents fled over the border into France.

4156: 2359:, was responsible for the organisation and control of this process, held between January and June 1920. The plebiscite itself was held without a 1794: 1179: 4404:

had influenced the East Prussian plebiscites. Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany".

15663: 12910: 10646: 2899:

in 1936, stated that he was "pleased" that the treaty was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson".

2798:; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures. The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the 15638: 15598: 15429: 12972: 11793: 3867:

and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone. In response, French troops advanced farther into Germany until the German troops withdrew.

3023:—which had remained neutral in the war. In the end, Portugal ratified the treaty, but got little out of the war, which cost more than 8,000 1523:, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers. The reparation system was reorganized and payments reduced in the 15653: 15643: 15603: 14181: 14111: 13750: 12962: 12873: 7888: 2939:

While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League, the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau. The

2854: 2850: 1932: 1634: 1420: 954: 3051:

refuse Lady Peace a seat, referring to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the

1308: 15371: 15282: 14963: 14752: 14668: 14205: 13096: 12550: 12247: 12113: 11853: 4368:

ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler's annexations of

3925: 181: 3800:

In a move that was condemned by the British, French, Belgian, and Italian engineers supported by French and Belgian forces occupied the

15491: 12773: 7616: 4289:. Finally, Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic, instead contending that it was the 4160:

Commemorative medal issued in 1929 in Germany on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Treaty of Versailles. The obverse depicts

3580:

Following the implementation of the treaty, Upper Silesia was initially governed by Britain, France, and Italy. Between 1919 and 1921,

3223:" since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany's first democratically elected head of government, 2094:

Together with the French, the British favoured putting German war criminals on trial, and included the Kaiser in this. Already in 1916

1507:", and saying the reparations were excessive and counterproductive. On the other hand, prominent Allied figures such as French Marshal 9533: 9143:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 7741: 2509:

Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into

15449: 15116: 14834: 13103: 12106: 3928:, Krupps ramped up production of armor plate and artillery. Production increased so that by 1937, military exports had increased to 3891:, and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons. The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the 2274: 1461: 1185: 1173: 10914: 3293: 1990:

summarized this position as attempting to "set the clock back and undo what, since 1870, the progress of Germany had accomplished."

1511:

criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently. This is still the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists.

1191: 15658: 15356: 15032: 12755: 12120: 1622: 1374: 1350: 1238: 17: 14431: 10344: 15414: 14363: 14201: 14188: 14145: 14054: 13780: 13582: 13489: 13391: 13149: 12796: 11930: 3991:

men, and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French. It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced.

3440:

manner. Aspiring to be accepted as a world actor with similar status to the traditional Western powers, Japan envisaged an Asian

3383: 2697: 2436: 1882:

issued a statement in June 1919 condemning continuation of the blockade, claiming 100,000 German civilians had died as a result.

1730:

Map showing the Western Front as it stood on 11 November 1918. The German frontier of 1914 had been crossed in the vicinities of

1493: 1413: 947: 757: 3242: 15668: 15349: 15165: 14555: 14545: 14413: 12288: 12275: 12147: 12074: 11998: 11890: 11869: 11846: 9499: 9005: 4605: 4239:, and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany. In the West, Germany was balanced only by France and 4141: 3109: 2881: 2779: 2246: 1823:

Both Germany and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, most of which had to be shipped across the

1473: 1226: 997: 923: 817: 715: 685: 7675: 2790:, to regulate hours of work, including a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of 15583: 15150: 14327: 14261: 14098: 13977: 13650: 12669: 12525: 11895: 11742: 11723: 11704: 11683: 11514: 11495: 11476: 11401: 11382: 11241: 11219: 11181: 11150: 11119: 11078: 11007: 10965: 10896: 10696: 10632: 10590: 10571: 10549: 10526: 10446: 10365: 10334: 10242: 10067: 10026: 10007: 9934: 9862:(1979), "Political Economy versus National Sovereignty: French Structures for German Economic Integration after Versailles", 9849: 9799: 9776: 9750: 9580: 9446: 9323: 9197: 9170: 8965: 8943: 8878: 8859: 8803: 8746: 8716: 8665: 8590: 8566: 8515: 8494: 8254: 8228: 8149: 8112: 8089: 8063: 7745: 4312:—it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours. 3809: 3105: 2833: 2773: 2715:

at the time) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war. This figure was divided into three categories of

2603: 1614: 720: 45: 8676: 3771: 3308: 1469: 15593: 15588: 15232: 14502: 13922: 12707: 12367: 12332: 12187: 11097: 11030:

Wimer, Kurt & Wimer, Sarah (1967). "The Harding Administration, the League of Nations, and the Separate Peace Treaty".

10838: 10819: 10800: 10778: 10609: 10503: 10484: 10465: 10219: 10198: 10045: 9956: 9818: 9651: 9561: 9515: 9456:

Lauren, Paul Gordon (Summer 1978). "Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference".

9423: 9219: 9142: 9132: 9073: 8920: 8897: 8829: 8642: 8616: 8454: 8433: 8411: 8375: 8353: 8319: 8292: 8209: 4413: 3260: 3173: 2877: 2869: 2046: 1689: 1552: 587: 10122:"PUNISHING WAR CRIMINALS: Holland Refuses Extradition of ex-Kaiser—Allies Agree to Trial of 890 Others at Leipsic (sic)". 5890: 3529: 2323: Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty, or later via plebiscite and League of Nations action 1831:

conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German

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his active political career. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of

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Versailles represented a chance to overturn this imposed inferiority, whose tensions were strengthened particularly in

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were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and German women, and who would later be persecuted.

3365: 2896: 2787: 2783: 2769: 2133: 1220: 710: 435: 39: 9380: 4037:: the annexation of Austria by Germany. The following year, on 23 March 1939, Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania. 3541:

were held. The people of Schleswig were presented with only two choices: Danish or German sovereignty. The northern

1476:

to conclude the peace treaty. Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations before signing the treaty.

44:

This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, at the end of World War I. For other uses, see

15633: 15628: 15608: 15471: 15378: 15064: 14698: 13527: 12565: 10745: 9031:"Die "Jagd auf Deutsche" im Osten: Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem "Bromberger Blutsonntag" vor 50 Jahren" 8265: 7965: 7954: 7943: 7822: 7730: 7719: 7708: 7697: 7686: 7664: 7649: 7627: 7602: 7580: 7560: 4293:

of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of

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The French Army of the Rhine was initially 250,000 men strong, including at a peak 40,000 African colonial troops (

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bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated. After ten years, the bridgehead at

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arrived in Versailles. On 7 May, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "

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ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an

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From the agreement of the Dawes Plan in late 1924 until July 1931 when payment was suspended under a proposal by

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was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty.

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Hungerblockade und Heimatfront: Die kommunale Lebensmittelversorgung in Westfalen während des Ersten Weltkrieges

3650:

for union with France. The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935. When the result was announced

2569:

The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (the

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an area to research within eventually resulting in "his break came in 1943" leading to the development of the

4097:, the French and Belgians withdrew from the process in protest. Only half of the cases led to conviction, with 3390:

considered Africans inferior to Europeans – equality was only true of people within particular nations – while

2799: 2719:: A, B, and C. Of these, Germany was required to pay towards 'A' and 'B' bonds totaling 50 billion marks ( 1848: 1767: 1618: 1119: 928: 799: 11775: 9089:"The imposed gift of Versailles: the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany's armed forces, 1924–9" 4246: 3452:. American policy experts, unaware of these secret agreements, nonetheless suggested that Japan had adopted a 2628:, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of 15688: 15683: 15563: 14373: 14368: 14332: 14266: 14158: 14004: 13587: 13439: 12977: 12905: 12836: 12605: 12575: 12570: 10100: 7910: 4168:. Other members of the Conference are standing behind Clemenceau, including Lloyd-George, Wilson and Orlando. 4165: 3239:

At the end of his speech, Scheidemann stated that, in the government's opinion, the treaty was unacceptable.

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were indeed part of France and not part of Germany by disclosing a letter sent from the Prussian King to the

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later claimed he had duped the Allies throughout the 1920s and prepared the German military for the future (

15262: 15257: 14322: 13949: 13889: 13786: 13691: 13454: 13240: 12944: 12783: 12682: 11737:. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11018: 9615: 9458: 8266:"World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System" 5128: 4011: 3978: 3705: 2423: 2025:

reconstruction and industrial collaboration. France, along with the British Dominions and Belgium, opposed

2006: 1203: 9351: 9248:

Kawamura, Noriko (November 1997). "Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference".

8386: 3091:

continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations. Congress subsequently passed the

3035: 2371:

for 15 years; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty. The treaty restored the provinces of

670: 15170: 15145: 15084: 14560: 13997: 13982: 13840: 13792: 13557: 13108: 12982: 12895: 12890: 12659: 12647: 12642: 12293: 12048: 12031: 12003: 11960: 11905: 11807: 11587:

Gerwarth, Robert (2021). "The Sky beyond Versailles: The Paris Peace Treaties in Recent Historiography".

10559: 8247:

Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands

4609: 4531: 4380: 3833: 3708:, with some 275,000 veteran soldiers, entered Germany in late 1918. In March 1919, this force became the 3667: 3330: 2411: 2376: 2368: 1747: 1721: 1484: 1392: 1368: 900: 883: 835: 782: 730: 602: 13169: 11525: 10285:

Die Wohlfahrtsstadt: Kommunale Ernährungs-, Fürsorge, und Wohnungspolitik am Beispiel Münchens 1910–1933

9160: 2136:'s control. Further confounding the Americans, was US internal partisan politics. In November 1918, the 1855:

civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at

1515: 15294: 15042: 14654: 14540: 14497: 13774: 13532: 13517: 13419: 13288: 12856: 12768: 12725: 12210: 12205: 10171: 9156: 8576: 8505: 3864: 3570: 3092: 3080:

chances of ratification permanently. Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the

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although those of a "liberal and advanced opinion" shared Wilson's ideal of a peace of reconciliation.

1960: 1917:

Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919, in the

1895: 1214: 11616:

Marks, Sally (2013). "Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles treaty, 1918–1921".

3456:

model that would imperil China's own search for autonomy, and these considerations influenced Wilson.

2677:, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning. Thirty-two 1997:

himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not". The French wanted a frontier on the

1332: 15573: 15180: 15130: 14990: 14482: 14250: 13834: 13822: 13577: 13562: 13283: 13174: 12868: 12846: 12595: 12585: 12518: 12182: 12043: 11912: 11714:

Steiner, Zara (2001). "The Treaty of Versailles Revisited". In Dockrill, M. & Fisher, J. (eds.).

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within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic, not the Treaty of Versailles.

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wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the

4055:

Front cover of a book of sheet music entitled "We're Going To Hang The Kaiser Under The Linden Tree"

15126: 14457: 13944: 13934: 13863: 13816: 13804: 13744: 13552: 13547: 13469: 12878: 12851: 12555: 12392: 12327: 10653: 10347:[Scheidemann: "Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?"]. 4585: 4526: 4094: 3896: 3746:. In June 1919, the Third Army demobilized and by 1920 the US occupation force had been reduced to 3739: 3585: 3480: 3406: 3228: 2885: 2534: 2050: 1344: 1262: 1074: 1036: 351: 10235:

The hunger blockade and the home front: communal food supply in Westphalia during World War I

9969:

The Leipzeig trials; an account of the war criminals' trials and a study of German mentality (sic)

3863:

German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by the

3619:

and action by the League of Nations, the annexation of Memel was ratified. Lithuania accepted the

2857:

were disappointed by the treaty. The treaty received widespread approval from the general public.

15568: 15404: 15242: 15217: 15094: 15010: 14787: 14528: 14520: 14462: 14222: 13917: 13680: 13507: 13502: 13434: 13293: 13278: 13273: 13253: 13134: 13011: 12377: 12357: 12337: 12235: 12222: 12197: 11935: 11488:

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: a primary source examination of the treaty that ended World War I

10849:

Verhandlung der verfassungsgebenden Nationalversammlung: Stenographische Berichte und Drucksachen

9529: 8446:

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Ended World War I

7811: 4275: 4259: 3892: 3550: 3491: 3268: 3168: 3024: 3004: 2940: 2691: 2383:

of 1871 as they pertained to this issue. France was able to make the claim that the provinces of

2218: 2157: 2021: 1642: 1488: 1386: 762: 241: 13474: 10366:"Bibliographical Introduction to "Diary, Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House"" 10147: 4315:

Resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the

2944: 2410:

Germany was forbidden from absorbing Austria. Germany was also to recognize the independence of

15289: 14884: 14777: 14693: 14295: 14019: 13954: 13810: 13537: 13464: 13414: 13399: 13381: 13354: 13268: 13235: 12900: 12861: 12841: 12652: 12545: 12352: 12069: 11977: 9554:

Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress

9088: 8421: 4478: 4282: 4090: 3395: 3231:

on 12 May 1919, he called the treaty a "horrific and murderous witch's hammer", and exclaimed:

3139: 2795: 2633: 2593: 2419: 2030: 1874:

100,000 German civilians died due to the continuation blockade after the armistice. In the UK,

1802: 1783: 1755: 1197: 1060: 529: 15523:

South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)

15227: 11068: 10439:

German Disarmament After World War I: The Diplomacy of International Arms Inspection 1912–1931

10105: 8580: 8346:

Cambridge History of the British Empire Volume 3, The Empire Commonwealth 1870–1919 (volume 3)

4673: 4018:

the size of the Royal Navy. The resulting rearmament programmes were allotted 35 billion

3672: 3620: 2943:

saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France's demands.

2880:

believed the treaty was too punitive. Asquith campaigned against it while running for another

14914: 14285: 13939: 13828: 13604: 13567: 13497: 13444: 13366: 13334: 13308: 13258: 13189: 13091: 13044: 12828: 12697: 12580: 11940: 11764: 11526:"The Making of a Masterpiece: John Maynard Keynes and The Economic Consequences of the Peace" 9595: 8736: 8333: 8077: 4474: 4401: 4240: 4176:

disputed that analysis. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled

3805: 3538: 3373: 3342: 3338: 2845: 2400: 2282: 1779: 1751: 1645:, amounting to a surrender that was highly favourable to Germany. Sensing victory before the 1609:(led by Britain, France and Russia). Other countries entered as fighting raged widely across 1453: 1302: 1296: 1209: 1003: 573: 272: 225: 11694: 9062: 9030: 8605: 8507:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

7827: 15037: 14635: 13230: 13204: 13154: 12511: 12372: 11411: 10345:"Scheidemann: "Welche Hand müßte nicht verdorren, die sich und uns in diese Fesseln legt?"" 9300: 8787: 8073: 5143: 4669: 4665: 4078: 3597: 3321: 3121: 3065: 2002: 1759: 1457: 101: 13179: 12347: 10191:

Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World War Settlements

8559:

The Propaganda War in the Rhineland: Weimar Germany, Race and Occupation after World War I

3905:

made several claims about the state of the German Armed Forces: that it had equipment for

3312:

Medal issued by the Japanese authorities in 1919, commemorating the Treaty of Versailles.

3178: 8: 15309: 15252: 14617: 13756: 13620: 13572: 13449: 13409: 13404: 13349: 13032: 13026: 12927: 12217: 12036: 10995: 10906: 9859: 9367: 9347: 8126: 4279: 4124: 4065: 3964: 3604: 3271: 3224: 3148: 3040: 2956: 2541:. As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the 2480: 2258: 2254: 2205: 1987: 1626: 1500: 1244: 1131: 888: 15185: 14570: 12303: 12018: 11416:

The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932

9304: 4617: 871: 65: 15222: 15140: 14865:

US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)

14782: 14577: 14492: 13851: 13715: 13697: 13662: 13626: 13459: 13424: 13376: 13361: 13248: 13199: 13038: 12997: 12677: 12387: 12053: 11662: 11633: 11604: 11548: 11455: 11434:"Reassembling a World Order: Toward a New Historiography of the Paris Peace Conference" 11361: 11353: 11283: 11251: 11174:

Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations

11055: 11047: 10934: 10734: 10726: 10425: 10417: 10389: 10271: 10180: 10131: 9887: 9879: 9828: 9765: 9726: 9718: 9686: 9678: 9483: 9475: 9471: 9275: 9267: 9147: 9111: 8909: 8820:

In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past

8776: 8185: 8139: 8042: 7144: 4364: 4232: 4161: 4146: 4128: 4073: 4003: 3832:

was to be converted into a permanent moratorium according to a proposal created at the

3722: 3713: 3574: 3468: 3247: 2538: 2396: 2197: 2060: 2010: 1952: 1944: 1907: 1899: 1851:

for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that

1834: 1685: 1630: 1504: 1480: 1398: 1320: 1268: 905: 559: 366: 11789:– A film from the Chinese point of view, the only country that did not sign the treaty 4444:

over five years compared to the Nazi Government's 1933 plan to spend 4.4 billion

4297:

and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations".

4250:

American political cartoon depicting the contemporary view of German reparations, 1921

4173: 3612: 2468: 2388: 15200: 15195: 15190: 14703: 14610: 14604: 14565: 14467: 14300: 13883: 13738: 13721: 13522: 13344: 13324: 13159: 13144: 13074: 13062: 12763: 12740: 12687: 12298: 12192: 12008: 11900: 11877: 11838: 11738: 11719: 11700: 11679: 11666: 11637: 11608: 11552: 11510: 11491: 11472: 11459: 11397: 11378: 11365: 11313: 11307: 11291: 11237: 11236:(Reproduction ed.). Boston: Palala Press; originally published by Cecil Palmer. 11215: 11196: 11177: 11146: 11138: 11115: 11093: 11074: 11059: 11003: 10961: 10942: 10892: 10866: 10860: 10834: 10815: 10796: 10788: 10774: 10738: 10706: 10692: 10628: 10605: 10586: 10567: 10562:(1998). "France at the Paris Peace Conference: Addressing the Dilemmas of Security". 10545: 10522: 10515: 10499: 10480: 10461: 10442: 10429: 10330: 10288: 10238: 10215: 10194: 10085: 10063: 10041: 10022: 10003: 9952: 9930: 9891: 9845: 9814: 9795: 9772: 9746: 9730: 9690: 9647: 9628: 9576: 9557: 9511: 9495: 9487: 9442: 9419: 9386: 9329: 9279: 9234: 9215: 9193: 9166: 9128: 9107: 9069: 9057: 8987: 8961: 8939: 8916: 8893: 8874: 8855: 8825: 8799: 8742: 8712: 8682: 8661: 8638: 8612: 8586: 8562: 8521: 8511: 8490: 8450: 8444: 8429: 8407: 8371: 8349: 8315: 8308: 8288: 8282: 8250: 8224: 8205: 8145: 8108: 8085: 8059: 8034: 4613: 4541: 4536: 4454: 4272: 4236: 4220: 4207: 4108: 4086: 3829: 3755: 3732: 3690: 3581: 3464: 3227:, resigned rather than sign the treaty. In an emotional and polemical address to the 3088: 3061: 3052: 3044: 3016: 3008: 2948: 2912: 2678: 2428: 2315: 2209: 2185: 2113: 1875: 1778:, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in 1693: 1256: 1232: 1167: 1030: 853: 725: 703: 408: 15445:

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)

10275: 9115: 8818: 8654:

U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century

4484: 4473:

in his rise to power at the helm of Nazi Germany. Central to this was belief in the

3910: 1931:

in Paris. Initially, 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations.

1735: 15456: 15409: 13668: 13638: 13632: 13542: 13371: 13339: 13329: 13068: 12992: 12987: 12915: 12735: 12635: 12227: 11967: 11654: 11625: 11596: 11573: 11540: 11445: 11345: 11323: 11229: 11160: 11039: 10884: 10876: 10856: 10718: 10564:

French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power

10532: 10409: 10368:. Yale University Library and Social Science Statistical Laboratory. Archived from 10302: 10263: 10159: 9981: 9910: 9871: 9842:

France's Rhineland Policy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe

9782: 9710: 9670: 9467: 9411: 9403: 9359: 9308: 9259: 9176: 9103: 9079: 8926: 8835: 8813: 8768: 8699: 8622: 8529: 8473: 8460: 8341: 8325: 8298: 8197: 8155: 8130: 8122: 8026: 6342: 6340: 6211: 4409: 4290: 4264: 4255: 4206:

argued that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the

4203: 4184: 4127:, the principal representative of the British Treasury, denounced the Treaty as a " 4069: 3825: 3573:

being recognized by the German Government on 15 December 1923. The transfer of the

3566: 3549:-speaking area voted for Germany, resulting in the province being partitioned. The 3358: 3214: 3207: 3081: 3007:

entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its

2989: 2980: 2968: 2892: 2706: 2629: 2526: 2522: 2294: 2286: 2121: 1903: 1844: 1668:

The United States entered the war against the Central Powers in 1917 and President

1532: 1520: 1314: 1250: 1098: 1086: 858: 789: 653: 449: 287: 11770: 10369: 9339: 9313: 9288: 8656:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p. 8424:; Clark, Clifford E.; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph F & Rieser, Andrew (2009). 7988:

Constitution of the International Labour Office Part XIII preamble and Article 388

4195:

and with Russia withdrawn from Europe, that Germany was now the dominant power in

2497: 1982:

France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation; the so-called

15334: 15175: 14477: 14317: 13656: 13209: 13184: 12883: 12791: 12630: 12487: 12257: 11824: 11801: 11718:. Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 13–33. 11507:

Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

11336:(April 1956). "The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936". 11333: 10209: 9738: 9599: 9545: 8657: 8600: 8337: 4625: 4573: 4565: 4504: 4334: 4286: 4192: 4098: 3850: 3694: 3608: 3546: 3542: 3441: 3378: 3276: 3263: 3073: 3012: 2972: 2837: 2542: 2444: 2384: 2372: 2330: 2180: 2129: 2109: 2020:, by annexation to France. The French were willing to accept a smaller amount of 1928: 1705: 1673: 1663: 1556: 649: 631: 302: 97: 14986:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)

11676:

Consequences of Peace: The Versailles Settlement: Aftermath and Legacy 1919–2010

11450: 11392:

Webster, Andrew (2018). "Treaty of Versailles (1919)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.).

9743:

John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

6337: 3561:

the population wishing to remain with Germany. Further plebiscites were held in

3459:

Nonetheless Japan emerged from the Treaty with territorial gains, including the

3202:

On 29 April, the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister

15527: 15005: 14310: 14290: 13961: 13674: 13512: 13303: 13194: 13050: 12954: 12937: 12382: 11797: 11578: 11561: 10722: 10143: 10055: 9699:"Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921" 9549: 9541: 9207: 8975: 8892:. Historical Dictionaries of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations. Scarecrow Press. 8843: 8406:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Cambridge University Press. 8399: 8363: 4359:

French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of ethnic Germans in the

4338: 4330: 4212: 4196: 3821: 3588:, which was peaceful despite the previous violence. The plebiscite resulted in 3421: 3402: 3387: 3347: 3188: 3143: 3096: 2984: 2951: 2716: 2649: 2518: 2407: 2339: 2172: 2153: 1993:

Clemenceau told Wilson: "America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even

1956: 1911: 1879: 1828: 1824: 1692:, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a 1669: 1638: 1606: 1602: 1508: 1465: 1149: 1054: 166: 14830:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)

11831: 11043: 9722: 9698: 9674: 3099:. It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921. Soon after, the 15557: 15278:

Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)

14421: 13709: 13703: 13139: 13056: 12967: 12362: 11817: 11658: 11107: 10542:

Collective Preventive Diplomacy: A Study in International Conflict Management

10077: 9760: 9438: 8953: 8890:

Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II

8630: 8525: 8242: 8038: 7882: 4450: 4348: 4305: 3859:(Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, 3562: 3445: 3437: 3368:

during WW1. Confidence in their growing industrial strength, and conquest of

3351: 3297: 3255:

After Scheidemann's resignation, a new coalition government was formed under

3196: 3156: 3048: 2865: 2657: 2625: 2530: 2521:(Cameroon) were transferred to France, aside from portions given to Britain, 2472: 2415: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2242: 2201: 2095: 1681: 1380: 1356: 1048: 153: 14981:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)

14825:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)

10889:

Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History

10163: 7207: 3027:

troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives.

1726: 15267: 15053:

Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)

14845:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)

13871: 13298: 11972: 11375:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919–1923

10642: 10267: 9922: 8756: 8100: 4737: 4470: 4343: 4300: 4231:

fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states, Russia was wracked by

4228: 3999: 3775: 3518: 3424:, who were seen as belonging to the same race and culture as the Japanese ( 3413: 3391: 3334: 3256: 2641: 2612: 2554: 2448: 2427:

vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality. The

2364: 2350:

area. Within six months of the transfer, Belgium was required to conduct a

2262: 2017: 1840: 1742:

in Alsace-Lorraine. The post-war bridgeheads over the Rhine are also shown.

1544: 1445: 1161: 124: 11544: 10812:

The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History

9914: 9590:

Lentin, Antony (1992), "Trick or Treat? The Anglo-French Alliance, 1919",

8709:

Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921

8477: 8426:

The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865

5806: 5804: 2456: 2305: 1898:" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: 14082: 13987: 13685: 13113: 12534: 12163: 12084: 11212:

The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy: The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision

10918: 9944: 9289:"A Picture and an Argument: Mapping for Peace with a Cartography of Hope" 8238: 8082:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

7904: 4360: 4352:

that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of

3876: 3872: 3785: 2674: 2558: 2213: 2193: 1998: 1763: 1701: 1598: 1593: 1573: 1449: 933: 693: 257: 15462:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)

11785: 11735:

The Great War in history: debates and controversies, 1914 to the present

10958:

The Western Front 1917–1918: From Vimy Ridge to Amiens and the Armistice

10627:. The Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series. Rowman & Littlefield s. 10135: 9479: 8726:"Die Finanzierung des Lebensmittels" [Paying for food imports]. 8487:

Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences

8387:"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off" 8189: 8173: 5094: 5092: 4498: 4395:

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)

3436:), though it was geared to subordinating them to Japan's interests in a 3235:

Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?

2778:

Part I of the treaty, in common with all the treaties signed during the

12132: 11955: 11945: 11357: 11051: 10684: 10620: 10421: 9883: 9682: 9556:. Foundations of the Laws of War. The Lawbook Exchange, Lrd 2 edition. 9435:

Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War

9271: 8979: 8851: 8780: 8046: 7540: 6522: 6520: 5801: 4518: 4458: 4440:"; for example, the Weimar Republic's 1931 program of 480 million 4433: 4316: 4150: 3855: 3814: 3686: 3152: 3095:

bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the

2748: 2653: 2617: 2572: 2546: 2476: 2351: 2125: 2080: 1983: 1871: 1739: 1697: 1677: 1540: 1528: 1524: 1290: 1092: 1080: 1067: 777: 767: 674: 105: 10730: 10544:. Suny Series in Global Politics. State University of New York Press. 10393: 10324: 6367: 4469:

The Treaty created much resentment in Germany, which was exploited by

2919:

in their own right, rather than simply as part of the British Empire.

2249:, with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him 14814: 14768:

Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)

14758:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)

14683: 13877: 13644: 11090:

Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925

10689:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

10625:

Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948

10566:. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. New York: Routledge. 9844:. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 155. 9625:

Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies

9507: 6566: 6564: 5089: 4724:

policemen were incorporated into the army in 21 infantry battalions (

4391: 4216: 4033: 4007: 3901: 3780: 3213:

Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty. The so-called "

3084:

were intensely opposed to the treaty, saying it favored the British.

2841: 2740: 2661: 2440: 2112:) that declared the American peace objectives: the rebuilding of the 2055: 1278: 489: 422: 210: 31: 14646: 11780: 11349: 10847: 10413: 9573:

Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement

9263: 8772: 8030: 7539:

The following citations are direct links to primary sources held on

6517: 5134: 4512: 3950:

finalized a second rearmament plan that called for 480 million

3603:

Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations, with a

2907:

The Treaty of Versailles was an important step in the status of the

2464: 2432: 2399:

was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time (see

2179:

of British origins, worked primarily to secure the partition of the

1708:, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference. 59:

Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany

15507: 15389: 14890:

Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)

14137: 11760:

Documents relating to the Treaty from the Parliamentary Collections

11629: 11600: 10343: 9907:

1914–1918 Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

9875: 9714: 8485:

Bullivant, Keith; Giles, Geoffrey & Pape, Walter, eds. (1999).

8144:. Perspectives on the Twentieth Century (First ed.). Praeger. 7981: 7772: 6346: 5753: 4978: 3685:

76,000 men. As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the

3124:, present at the negotiations, wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919: 2933: 2908: 2550: 2514: 2343: 2189: 2176: 2088: 1994: 1731: 463: 15107:

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)

14905:

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)

10498:. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. 9064:

The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland

8470:

1914–1918 Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

6561: 6310: 4819: 4178:

The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes

4164:

presenting a bound treaty, decorated with skull and crossbones to

3577:, of Silesia, to Czechoslovakia was completed on 3 February 1921. 3355: 1758:

and decisively defeated the German western armies. Sailors of the

15001:

Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)

14895:

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)

11002:(2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 19, 245. 11000:

The British in Interwar Germany: The Reluctant Occupiers, 1918–30

10851:. Vol. 24. German National Assembly. 1919. pp. 631–635. 10000:

The politics of hunger: the allied blockade of Germany, 1915–1919

9192:] (in German) (Kindle ed.). Frankfurt: Fischer E-Books. 8911:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

8540:[Clemenceau to Germany: "The day of reckoning is here"]. 7669: 7543:. Unless otherwise stated, links are to the Treaty of Versailles. 7243: 4353: 4145:, John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a " 3853:

clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the

3453: 3449: 3417: 3195:, Prussian State President Robert Leinert, and financial advisor 2828:

A British news placard announcing the signing of the peace treaty

2756: 2752: 1770:, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the 1588:

Newsreel footage of the signing of the peace treaty at Versailles

616: 476: 325: 14996:

Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)

11830:

The Signing of the Peace Treaty, silent film (Youtube Premium):

10771:

Power and Policy: Lessons for Leaders in Government and Business

10130:(3). University of California Press: 373–380. 18 February 1920. 10084:(13th printing ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 397 ff. 10019:

The Watch on the Rhine: The Military Occupation of the Rhineland

9951:. The New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge University Press. 8936:

The Second World War, 1939–45 A Strategical And Tactical History

8538:"Clemenceau an Deutschland: "Die Stunde der Abrechnung ist da."" 6961: 6959: 6250: 4051: 3394:, adopting a "slap the Jap" attitude, was a vocal defender of a 2621: 15532: 15016:

Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)

11562:"The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy" 11070:

The First World War – A Marxist Analysis of the Great Slaughter

10939:

Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy

10176:"Review of "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II"" 10148:"Le rôle de l'impératrice Eugénie en septembre et octobre 1870" 10062:. Translated by Richard Deveson. Hill & Wang. p. 278. 9000: 7893: 7783: 7213: 6898: 6896: 4309: 4294: 3884: 3880: 3506: 3219: 3112:

on 24 and 29 August 1921, in Vienna and Budapest respectively.

2929: 2460: 502: 196: 15090:

Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)

12503: 11781:

Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty

11776:

The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today's world

11114:. Campaign. Illustrated by Howard Gerrard. Osprey Publishing. 10475:

Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey & Hickey, Michael (2003).

10252:

Rubner, Max (10 April 1919). "Von der Blockde und Aehlichen".

7915: 7451: 7449: 6732: 6708: 6581: 6579: 5816: 5029: 4149:", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French 4120: 3680:, which resulted in the American withdrawal from the Rhineland 3087:

After Wilson's presidency, his successor Republican President

2607:

Workmen decommissioning a heavy gun, to comply with the treaty

2549:. Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in 15497:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)

15367:

Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)

14850:

Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874

14795:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)

14773:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)

14305: 11143:

A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today

9991:

Victors divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923

9498:(1996). "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace". In 7183: 7171: 6956: 6932: 6792: 6672: 6532: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6076: 4843: 3888: 3593: 3337:, and the arrogance, underwritten by the assumptions about a 3020: 2976: 2660:(not exceeding 200 long tons (200 t)) and was forbidden 2342:, Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over 2290: 2266: 1704:, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor 14920:

Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)

14840:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)

14763:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)

14748:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)

10583:

The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations

7134: 7132: 6893: 6845: 6402: 6357: 6355: 6199: 5789: 5654: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5515: 4927: 4855: 4831: 2735: 1452:, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the 14805:

Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)

14800:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)

11505:

Cornelissen, Christoph & Weinrich, Arndt, eds. (2020).

10977:"How the Treaty of Versailles Contributed to Hitler's Rise" 10400:

Scott, F. R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status".

8795: 8725: 8314:. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. 7860: 7834:

Articles 165, 170, 171, 172, 198 and tables No. II and III.

7794: 7500: 7476: 7446: 7424: 7422: 7370: 6768: 6576: 6505: 6175: 5956: 5954: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5551: 5420: 5418: 5403: 5149: 3801: 3794: 3677: 2936:

to France, and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations.

2724: 2637: 2281:

with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations,

1935:

was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace (the

1890: 515: 15400:

Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)

14976:

Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10795:. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Routledge. 10237:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 348. 9949:

Volume XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945

9905:. In Rollo, Maria Fernanda & Pires, Ana Paula (eds.). 9644:

A School for Diplomats: the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

9614:, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 20–27, archived from 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 6816: 6684: 6613: 6611: 6486: 6379: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5941: 5939: 5914: 5912: 5765: 4990: 4903: 2682:

period of six months following the signing of the treaty.

2221:

took Orlando's place in signing the treaty of Versailles.

1468:

on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the

127:

by Germany and three Principal Allied and Associate Powers

14743:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)

10831:

The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

10458:

The First World War: Volume 3 The Western Front 1917–1918

10211:

The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 7 c. 1905–c. 1940

9524: 8759:(1968), "The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans", 7805: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7434: 7195: 7129: 6756: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6438: 6414: 6352: 6298: 6262: 5924: 5857: 5855: 5719: 5717: 5592: 5563: 5435: 5433: 5391: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5254: 5098: 4956: 4954: 4879: 4867: 4797: 4795: 3804:

on 11 January 1923. The German government answered with "

1625:. Having seen the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in the 15238:

German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)

14971:

Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

14944:

German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10647:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse" 10158:(85). Société d'Histoire de la Révolution de 1848: 193. 9022:

The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary

8172:

Barnes, Alexander & Ebertowski, James (April 2011).

8141:

American Soldiers Overseas: The Global Military Presence

7419: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7093: 6991: 6989: 6696: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6426: 6187: 6066: 6064: 6025: 5971: 5969: 5951: 5872: 5870: 5642: 5616: 5527: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5415: 3924:

In January 1927, following the withdrawal of the Allied

3386:

in the United States, Clemenceau openly ridiculed them,

1700:. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the 1448:

signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of

15112:

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)

14910:

Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)

14900:

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)

11803:

The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years

10793:

European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

8449:. Primary Sources of American Treaties. Rosen Central. 8332: 8223:. "Pride and Fall" sequence. London: Pan. p. 392. 7488: 7466: 7464: 7382: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7159: 7069: 7057: 7035: 7033: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6976: 6974: 6944: 6908: 6720: 6628: 6626: 6608: 6462: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6100: 6049: 6037: 5993: 5936: 5909: 5828: 5810: 5505: 5503: 5488: 5379: 5158: 5019: 5017: 4891: 3977:

soldiers and a large militia. Later in the year at the

3521:

of one per cent to support the payment of reparations.

2652:(not exceeding 6,000 long tons (6,100 t)), twelve 11868: 11272:

Aspects of British Policy and the Treaty of Versailles

10060:

The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity

8084:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 781. 7585: 7565: 7512: 6857: 6655: 6544: 6474: 6327: 6325: 6286: 6088: 6015: 6013: 5852: 5840: 5714: 5702: 5666: 5639:

da Atti Parlamentari, Camera dei Deputati, Discussioni

5604: 5580: 5476: 5430: 5290: 5242: 5218: 5170: 4951: 4939: 4807: 4792: 2656:(not exceeding 800 long tons (810 t)) and twelve 2418:

to them. Germany had to recognize the independence of

12274: 11818:

Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty

11810:, Washington, and Cambridge University Press, 1998), 11210:

Graebner, Norman A. & Bennett, Edward M. (2011).

10744: 9502:; Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Miller, Steve E. (eds.). 9328:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 34. 7849: 7838: 7660: 7658: 7358: 7346: 7327: 7255: 7231: 7001: 6986: 6869: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6804: 6744: 6638: 6591: 6450: 6316: 6238: 6061: 5966: 5867: 5777: 5741: 5678: 5457: 5266: 5041: 4966: 4915: 3607:

garrison, until January 1923. On 9 January 1923, the

1971:

France had lost 1.3 million soldiers, including

15206:

Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)

14959:

Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10913: 10833:. Military History of the United States. Routledge. 10810:

Tucker, Spencer C. & Roberts, Priscilla (2005).

10349:

Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie

10038:

Rethinking Heritage: Cultures and Politics in Europe

10002:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 145. 8542:

Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie

8489:. Yearbook of European Sutdies. Rodopi Bv Editions. 8420: 8397: 7691: 7461: 7117: 7105: 7081: 7030: 7013: 6971: 6920: 6780: 6623: 6274: 6151: 6112: 5759: 5729: 5500: 5445: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5278: 5230: 5182: 5116: 5077: 5053: 5014: 5002: 4984: 4825: 4494: 3545:-speaking area voted for Denmark while the southern 3401:

Japan's attempt, buttressed by the Chinese emissary

1531:. Bitter resentment of the treaty combined with the 9827: 7735: 7219: 7045: 6322: 6256: 6226: 6139: 6010: 5981: 5206: 5104: 4211:

third of Russia's population (albeit mostly of non-

2840:wrote "are we making a good peace?", while General 2184:membership of Italy in the security council of the 15435:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958) 14753:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858) 10514: 10474: 9764: 9540: 9231:Locarno Diplomacy: Germany and the West, 1925–1929 9183: 9141: 9061: 8908: 8817: 8604: 8484: 8307: 7680: 7655: 7643: 7524: 6881: 6828: 6570: 6526: 6373: 6217: 6163: 5539: 5065: 3973:Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 2624:were to be destroyed. Germany was prohibited from 2592:were to be retained for at least twelve years and 2435:), which had come under Polish control during the 15492:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976) 10862:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 10382:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 9661:Marks, Sally (1978), "The Myths of Reparations", 8711:. Mcgill Queens University Press, First Edition. 8536: 7926: 5690: 4695: 3596:, in the north-west, remained with Germany while 3246:Demonstration against the treaty in front of the 3064:, into the talks. The Republicans controlled the 1192:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 15555: 15440:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959) 14835:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871) 8171: 7761: 7724: 7596: 5035: 4423: 3600:, in the south-east, was transferred to Poland. 3316:: Flags of the five allies of World War I. 2774:International Labour Organization § History 1503:declared the treaty too harsh, styling it as a " 593: 172: 15543:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023) 13480:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 11467:Boemeke, Manfred F.; et al., eds. (1998). 11396:. Vol. 4. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–15. 11270:McKercher, B. J. C., and Erik Goldstein, eds. 10301: 10121: 9118:– via MPRA: Munich Personal RePEc Archive 8013: 7150: 6851: 6538: 4775:, Paris, Larousse Paris Match, 1965, quoted in 3533:A crowd awaits the plebiscite results in Oppeln 3513: million within twenty-five days and then 15425:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956) 15420:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954) 15415:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952) 15345:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) 14932:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) 11256:The Truth About the Peace Treaties (2 volumes) 10103:[We can feel the strength of hatred]. 9325:The Legacy of the Great War: Peacemaking, 1919 8270:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 8129:. New York: The Macmillan Company – via 3431: 3425: 2902: 2763: 1684:, and democracy. While the term was not used, 1653: 216: 14662: 12519: 12175: 12148: 11854: 11309:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 10809: 9921: 9594:, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 28–32, 9086: 8284:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 7612: 7610: 7249: 6965: 6938: 6798: 6678: 6082: 5822: 5795: 4933: 4861: 4837: 4183:It has been argued—for instance by historian 3642:the ballot) in favour of union with Germany; 3372:, together with their proven fidelity to the 3320:: Peace standing in Oriental attire with the 2664:. The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 2545:, a sliver of German East Africa in northern 2479:, for the League of Nations to establish the 2232: 1421: 955: 232: 15674:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 15151:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918) 14875:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884) 14709:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) 11424: 10915:"Why was the Zimmermann Telegram important?" 10705: 10477:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 10318:(First ed.). Stanford University Press. 10082:Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization 9767:Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 9184:Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd (2013). 9047: 8098: 7992: 7959: 7948: 7937: 7889:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Article 177 7871: 7816: 7750: 6268: 5557: 5409: 4320: 4006:programme and the official unveiling of the 3982: 3968: 3945: 3936: 3845: 3720: 3182: 2578: 2577:). The provisions were intended to make the 2570: 2501:German colonies (light blue) were made into 2369:control of the Saar to the League of Nations 1918: 1832: 1635:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 15482:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973) 15305:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936) 13970: 12114:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 11566:Comillas Journal of International Relations 10380:(1960), "The Peace Treaties of 1919–1920", 9233:. Princeton University Press. p. 135. 9206: 8887: 8681:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. 8237: 8165:The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 8072: 7632: 7592:President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" Speech 7455: 6774: 6511: 5771: 4767: 4765: 4763: 3366:Japan's relationship with the United States 3333:had bitter memories of the rhetoric of the 1180:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 15679:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 15538:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022) 15080:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916) 14726:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) 14669: 14655: 12526: 12512: 12155: 12141: 11861: 11847: 11029: 11019:"Peace Without Victory (speech to Senate)" 10994: 10891:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 10618: 9897: 9627:. Princeton University Press. p. 92. 8888:Folly, Martin & Palmer, Niall (2010). 8678:The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945 8635:Europe at War 1939-1945: No Simple Victory 7713: 7702: 7607: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 6738: 6714: 6499: 6205: 6133: 4099:superior orders being allowed as a defence 3177:German delegates in Versailles: Professor 3138:Many in China felt betrayed as the German 2537:went to South Africa and Britain obtained 2459:, which was astride the rail line between 1496:, became known as the "War Guilt" clause. 1428: 1414: 962: 948: 535: 27:One of the treaties that ended World War I 15430:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 15340:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940) 15117:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 14694:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) 11733:Winter, Jay & Prost, Antoine (2020). 11696:Versailles 1919: A Centennial Perspective 11577: 11469:Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years 11449: 11438:Corvinus Journal of International Affairs 10558: 10402:The American Journal of International Law 9858: 9839: 9312: 8404:Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years 8384: 8263: 8167:. Stanford University Press. p. 791. 8105:The Betrayed Ally, China in the Great War 8017:(1940). "Versailles Twenty Years After". 7409: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7138: 6863: 6762: 6304: 5960: 5930: 5660: 5627: 5533: 5521: 5424: 4115: 3750:. Wilson further reduced the garrison to 3151:. There was immense dissatisfaction with 2917:founding members of the League of Nations 2275:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 2074:Lloyd George also intended to maintain a 1462:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1375:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 1186:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 550: 15357:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940) 15161:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 13769:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 12162: 12121:To the Unknown British Soldier in France 11214:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 11087: 10905: 10883: 10855: 10709:(1982), "Versailles after Sixty Years", 10641: 10604:. Melbourne: Scribe. pp. vii, xii. 10493: 10228: 10170: 9737: 9622: 9247: 9228: 9087:Hantke, Max & Spoerer, Mark (2010), 8842: 8674: 8607:The Second World War: A Military History 8599: 8503: 7911:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Article 121 7621: 7364: 7352: 7273: 7261: 7237: 7063: 6702: 6617: 6432: 6408: 6292: 6055: 6031: 5672: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5494: 5482: 5397: 5301: 5260: 5248: 5224: 5164: 4972: 4813: 4801: 4760: 4390: 4386: 4254:The British historian of modern Germany 4245: 4155: 4119: 4050: 3770: 3671: 3528: 3524: 3307: 3241: 3172: 3034: 2823: 2747:To ensure compliance, the Rhineland and 2734: 2602: 2564: 2496: 2375:to France by rescinding the treaties of 2304: 2245:signing the Treaty of Versailles in the 2236: 2054: 1889: 1725: 1577: 1351:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 520: 399: 342: 263: 15379:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945) 15300:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935) 15233:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925) 14699:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854) 14146:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 12434:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 10960:. Amber Books. pp. 126, 168, 200. 10933: 10671: 10539: 10455: 10436: 10376: 10351:(in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d 10322: 10313: 10282: 10207: 10193:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 10188: 10142: 10054: 10035: 9972:. H.F. & G. Weatherby. pp. 8–9 9965: 9122: 9029:Groppe, Pater Lothar (28 August 2004). 9019: 8974: 8868: 8848:The Pity of War: Explaining World War I 8792:The Occupation of the Rhineland 1918–29 8786: 8544:(in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d 8442: 8218: 8196: 8127:"Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal" 7970: 7547: 7494: 7482: 7397: 7321: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7165: 7075: 6950: 6914: 6902: 6726: 6585: 6555: 6157: 6106: 6004: 5918: 5846: 5834: 5783: 5723: 5708: 5648: 5470: 5439: 5176: 5047: 5008: 4996: 4960: 4945: 4921: 4909: 4741: 3661: 3115: 440: 357: 293: 278: 248: 14: 15556: 15362:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941) 15166:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 12107:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay 12075:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 11978:Possible cause of the Second World War 11106: 11016: 10828: 10787: 10768: 10599: 10512: 10363: 10251: 10152:Revue d'Histoire du XIXe siècle – 1848 10098: 10076: 10016: 9988: 9929:. University of North Carolina Press. 9808: 9789: 9759: 9605: 9589: 9570: 9455: 9432: 9372:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 9366: 9356:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 9346: 9321: 9210:& Szabo, Franz A.J., eds. (2007). 9028: 8958:Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 8933: 8906: 8734: 8629: 8575: 8556: 8402:& Glaser, Elisabeth, eds. (1998). 8362: 8305: 8121: 7518: 7376: 7225: 6875: 6822: 6810: 6750: 6690: 6666: 6649: 6632: 6602: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6396: 6361: 6331: 6244: 6232: 6181: 6145: 6094: 6070: 5975: 5888: 5861: 5747: 5735: 5684: 5574: 5545: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5313: 5284: 5272: 5236: 5188: 5071: 5023: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4776: 4754: 4708: 4606:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 4142:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 3553:was held on 11 July 1920. There was a 2864:Former wartime British Prime Minister 2447:. The sovereignty of part of southern 2300: 1333:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 924:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 578: 574:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 372: 139:Principal Allied and Associated Powers 15664:Treaties of the French Third Republic 15450:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement 14738:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858) 14676: 14650: 14099:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 13435:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 12507: 12136: 11842: 11066: 10974: 10955: 10683: 10580: 10399: 10036:Peckham, Robert Shannan, ed. (2003). 9943: 9927:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy 9696: 9660: 9641: 9494: 9410: 9155: 9056: 8952: 8812: 8651: 8467: 8264:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (January 2002). 8137: 8053: 7530: 7506: 7440: 7340: 7087: 7024: 7007: 6995: 6980: 6887: 6839: 6786: 6444: 6420: 6280: 6169: 6121: 6043: 5945: 5876: 5811:Benians, Butler & Carrington 1959 5696: 5451: 5325: 5122: 5083: 5059: 4849: 4621: 4584: 3341:, memories aggravated by the rise of 3187:Johannes Giesberts, Justice Minister 2152:American view, particularly those of 46:Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) 15639:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 15518:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991) 15467:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968) 15248:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930) 15033:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904 14503:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 12398:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 11112:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg 10756:from the original on 6 November 2020 10364:Schiff, Judith Ann (1 August 1996). 9997: 9385:. Greenhaven Press. pp. 52–53. 9286: 9024:. Yale University Press. p. 78. 8755: 8706: 8472:. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. 8280: 8162: 8058:. Cham: Springer. pp. 179–198. 7470: 7428: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7051: 7039: 6926: 6193: 6019: 5987: 5889:Scriba, Arnulf (14 September 2014). 5212: 5136:Proceedings of the National Assembly 5110: 4725: 4651:of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey. 4464: 2648:and was limited to a maximum of six 2513:under the control of Allied states. 2047:Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe) 1660:American entry into World War I 15654:Treaties entered into force in 1920 15644:Peace treaties of the United States 15477:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972) 15258:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932) 14432:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 13226:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 11765:Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide 11017:Wilson, Woodrow (22 January 1917). 10829:Venzon, Anne Cipriano, ed. (1999). 10441:. Strategy and History. Routledge. 10255:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 10101:"'Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses'" 9771:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 9378: 8585:. Vintage Books. pp. 422–424. 8561:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 78. 7214:TNA: The Great War 1914 to 1918 n.d 5882: 5509: 4662:The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 3871:of Germany, companies moved to the 2533:were allocated to Belgium, whereas 2188:and a promised transfer of British 2132:rather than return the area to the 1629:and the Kerensky government in the 1543:, and eventually the outbreak of a 1327:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 24: 15614:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 15487:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974) 15472:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971) 15171:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919) 13165:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 11870:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 11130: 10941:. University of California Press. 10602:A Perfidious Distortion of History 9506:. International Security Readers. 9472:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x 9437:. The Making of the Modern World. 8960:(in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. 8824:(First ed.). Pantheon Books. 7779:Articles 159, 160, 163 and Table 1 5760:Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser 1998 4269:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3646:were cast for the status quo, and 3467:north of the Equator, forming the 3204:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau 3193:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau 2959:in January 1920, he was defeated. 2897:re-militarisation of the Rhineland 2439:, was also to be ceded to Poland. 2414:and cede parts of the province of 1567: 1464:, which led to the war. The other 1309:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 36:Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) 25: 15700: 14954:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896) 14855:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 14721:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855) 11886:Covenant of the League of Nations 11753: 10975:Wilde, Robert (29 January 2020). 10652:. Rice University. Archived from 10494:Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). 9993:. University of California Press. 9526:"Lebensmittelabkommen in Brüssel" 9382:War crimes: a historical overview 8368:Germany After the First World War 8174:"Peace in peril in May-June 1919" 7676:Section V preamble and Article 51 3611:invaded the territory during the 3582:three major outbreaks of violence 3474: 2784:Covenant of the League of Nations 2770:Covenant of the League of Nations 2029:and favored annexation of former 1221:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 711:Covenant of the League of Nations 40:Diplomatic history of World War I 15599:Germany–United Kingdom relations 15325:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938) 13528:Second Battle of the Piave River 13150:Russian invasion of East Prussia 11716:The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 10746:"The Treaty of Versailles, 1919" 9903:"Post-war Settlement (Portugal)" 9811:The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923 9108:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00512.x 8510:. London: Vintage. p. 181. 8385:Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019). 6571:Lemkin, Schabas & Power 2008 6527:Bullivant, Giles & Pape 1999 4747: 4731: 4714: 4701: 4688: 4678: 4654: 4644: 4638: 4511: 4497: 4040: 3766: 3537:In February and March 1920, the 3485: 3030: 2391:that Eugénie provided, in which 2102: 1827:. The Blockade of Germany was a 692: 665: 624: 609: 595: 580: 566: 552: 537: 522: 508: 495: 482: 469: 456: 442: 428: 415: 401: 388: 374: 359: 344: 331: 318: 295: 280: 265: 250: 234: 218: 203: 189: 174: 159: 146: 64: 15659:Treaties of the Empire of Japan 15604:Germany–United States relations 15263:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932) 14599:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 13799:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 12533: 12493:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 12027:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 11999:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 11951:Hague conference on reparations 11264:Memoirs of the Peace Conference 11195:. London: Collins Educational. 10711:Journal of Contemporary History 10316:The Saar: Battleground and Pawn 10099:Probst, Robert (28 June 2019). 9794:. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 9792:A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 9646:. University Press of America. 9358:. pp. 226–251 – via 9186:Deutschland im Ersten Weltkrieg 9162:Versailles and After: 1919–1933 8761:The Journal of American History 8370:. Oxford University Press, US. 8056:History of Military Cartography 5633: 5194: 4631: 4202:The British military historian 3994:In October 1933, following the 3784:in violation of Art. 80 on the 3461:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory 3405:among others, to incorporate a 2163: 2040: 1885: 1819:Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) 1601:. Two alliances faced off, the 1460:, exactly five years after the 1156:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 998:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 879:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 818:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 812:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 773:Hague conference on reparations 15405:Treaty of San Francisco (1951) 15330:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939) 15315:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937) 15218:Washington Naval Treaty (1922) 15146:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917) 15085:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908) 15070:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907 15011:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 14949:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896) 14422:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 14281:Deportations from East Prussia 14078:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 12080:Commission of Responsibilities 11983:International Opium Convention 11471:. Cambridge University Press. 11176:. Cambridge University Press. 10907:"Why the Nazis achieved power" 10865:. Cambridge University Press. 10214:. Cambridge University Press. 9190:Germany in the First World War 9125:The First World War, 1914–1918 9068:. Cambridge University Press. 8986:. Octopus Books. p. 276. 8652:Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). 8348:. Cambridge University Press. 8178:Defense Transportation Journal 7900:Treaty of Trianon, Article 161 7790:Articles 173, 174, 175 and 176 6374:Hirschfeld & Krumeich 2013 4599: 4559: 4258:wrote that during the war the 4025: 3370:Germany's Far East possessions 3142:in China was handed to Japan. 3101:US–German Peace Treaty of 1921 2800:International Opium Convention 2685: 1966: 1955:, and United States President 1849:unrestricted submarine warfare 1768:naval order of 24 October 1918 1120:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 977:Events leading to World War II 929:Commission of Responsibilities 800:International Opium Convention 795:Possible cause of World War II 13: 1: 15669:Treaties of the German Empire 15320:India-Japan Agreement of 1937 15295:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935) 15273:India-Japan Agreement of 1934 15065:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 15043:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905) 14885:Convention of Tientsin (1885) 14333:Ukrainian Canadian internment 11432:Baranyi, Tamás Peter (2019). 11394:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy 11165:Versailles twenty years after 11145:. New York/London: J. Wiley. 11073:. Wellred Books. p. 18. 10679:. Penguin Books. p. 605. 9925:& Foster, Elborg (1988). 9864:The Journal of Modern History 9504:Debating the Democratic Peace 9418:. Stanford University Press. 9314:10.1080/00087041.2019.1694804 9035:Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung 8907:Frucht, Richard, ed. (2004). 8730:(in German). 2 February 1919. 8221:The Collapse of British Power 8202:The Collapse of British Power 7922:Treaty of Sèvres, Article 231 6347:W-R: "shrivelled hand" speech 5895:Deutsches Historisches Museum 5099:March 1919 Brussels agreement 4586:[vɛʁˈzaɪ̯ɐfɛɐ̯ˈtʁaːk] 4527:Aftermath of World War I 4424:Military terms and violations 4304:result of the treaty—such as 4166:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau 4014:that allowed a surface fleet 3761: 3658:from Germany fled to France. 3481:Aftermath of World War I 2805: 2730: 2208:, however, saw the War as a " 1878:member and anti-war activist 1839:was mainly restricted to the 1718:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1647:American Expeditionary Forces 1562: 1339:German ultimatum to Lithuania 1285:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 14991:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898) 14915:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) 14488:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 13787:Estonian War of Independence 13455:Southern Palestine offensive 11796:(Review of Manfred Boemeke, 11767:from the Library of Congress 11377:(Third ed.). Palgrave. 11306:Macmillan, Margaret (2001). 11172:Cooper, John Milton (2010). 11067:Woods, Alan (27 June 2019). 10521:. Michigan: Harper and Row. 10323:Schabas, William A. (2018). 9840:McDougall, Walter A (1978). 9790:Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). 9002:"The Great War 1914 to 1918" 8735:Dreyer, June Teufel (2015). 8675:De Zayas, Alfred M. (1989). 8310:A Concise History of Austria 8249:. Indiana University Press. 8099:Arnander, Christopher & 5036:Barnes & Ebertowski 2011 4786: 4552: 4012:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 4010:(air force), and signed the 3979:World Disarmament Conference 3492:World War I reparations 3072:A discontent bloc of 12–18 " 2814: 2692:World War I reparations 2144:by a slim margin. Wilson, a 2087:, a position opposed by the 2022:World War I reparations 1711: 1676:. They outlined a policy of 1592:War broke out following the 1239:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 1204:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 312:Allied and Associated Powers 70:Cover of the English version 7: 15156:Treaty of Versailles (1919) 15038:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) 14442:USA against Austria-Hungary 13841:Turkish War of Independence 13793:Latvian War of Independence 13518:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 13109:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 12403:Italian reparation payments 12049:Turkish War of Independence 12032:Conference of London (1920) 12004:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 11906:Little Treaty of Versailles 11808:German Historical Institute 11771:Photographs of the document 11451:10.14267/cojourn.2019v4n2a1 11092:. Oxford University Press. 11088:Yearwood, Peter J. (2009). 10329:. Oxford University Press. 10208:Roberts, A.D., ed. (1986). 10189:Ripsman, Norrin M. (2004). 9745:. Oxford University Press. 9642:Lovin, Clifford R. (1997). 9416:German and Republican China 9322:Keylor, William R. (1998). 9214:. Purdue University Press. 8871:Nazi Germany: A New History 8728:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 8582:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography 8019:Political Science Quarterly 5151:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 4610:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 4532:Little Treaty of Versailles 4490: 4414:Minister of Foreign Affairs 4022:over an eight-year period. 3839: 3834:Lausanne Conference of 1932 3668:Occupation of the Rhineland 3463:and all the territories of 3426: 2999: 2903:Status of British Dominions 2788:International Labour Office 2764:International organizations 2646:pre-dreadnought battleships 2640:and military aircraft. The 2486: 2309:Germany after Versailles: 2198:Italian colonies of Somalia 1812: 1801:, Alsace-Lorraine, and the 1722:Occupation of the Rhineland 1654:Role of the Fourteen Points 1553:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1485:Occupation of the Rhineland 1369:Italian invasion of Albania 1363:British guarantee to Poland 901:Turkish War of Independence 884:Conference of London (1920) 836:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 830:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 731:Little Treaty of Versailles 10: 15705: 15649:Treaties concluded in 1919 15310:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 15253:London Naval Treaty (1930) 15243:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) 15228:Klaipėda Convention (1924) 15141:Japan-China Treaty of 1915 15102:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 15075:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 15048:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 15028:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904 14880:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885 14870:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 14860:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 14525:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 14073:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 13533:Second Battle of the Marne 13420:Second battle of the Aisne 13289:Second Battle of Champagne 13130:German invasion of Belgium 11814:9:2 (Spring 2000), 191–205 11579:10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 11490:. Rosen Publishing Group. 11312:. New York: Random House. 11258:. London: Victor Gollancz. 10769:Truitt, Wesley B. (2010). 10723:10.1177/002200948201700305 10540:Steiner, Barry H. (2007). 10314:Russell, Frank M. (1951). 10283:Rudloff, Wilfried (1998). 9899:de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro 9809:Martin, Lawrence (2007) . 9608:"Germany: a New Carthage?" 9374:. Harcourt Brace and Howe. 8873:. Constable. p. 408. 8869:Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). 8219:Barnett, Correlli (2002). 8006: 7867:Articles 198, 201, and 202 7801:Articles 161, 162, and 176 7538: 6317:Château de Versailles 2016 4773:La Seconde Guerre mondiale 4479:cause of World War II 4044: 3865:Communist Party of Germany 3665: 3489: 3478: 3166: 3162: 2853:said that many within the 2819: 2767: 2689: 2673:Germany surrendered eight 2511:League of Nations mandates 2503:League of Nations mandates 2490: 2314: Administered by the 2279:Republic of German Austria 2233:Treaty content and signing 2085:League of Nations mandates 2044: 2027:League of Nations mandates 2005:. Clemenceau had told the 1816: 1715: 1657: 1571: 1481:required Germany to disarm 1215:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 43: 29: 15624:Peace treaties of Germany 15533:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016) 15505: 15387: 15290:He–Umezu Agreement (1935) 15223:Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 15181:Gongota Agreement of 1920 15125: 14813: 14783:Agreement of Paris (1864) 14682: 14631: 14590: 14511: 14450: 14412: 14356: 14345: 14306:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 14249: 14221: 14169: 14091: 14065: 14017: 13910: 13903: 13835:Irish War of Independence 13731: 13613: 13578:Armistice of Villa Giusti 13563:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 13488: 13390: 13317: 13218: 13175:First Battle of the Marne 13122: 13084: 13019: 13010: 12953: 12827: 12816: 12782: 12754: 12716: 12668: 12621: 12614: 12541: 12482: 12442: 12421: 12323: 12316: 12270: 12171: 12098: 12062: 12044:Turkish National Movement 12017: 11991: 11921: 11876: 11647:French Historical Studies 11618:Journal of Modern History 11589:Journal of Modern History 11425:Historiography and memory 11412:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John 11234:The Defeat in the Victory 11044:10.1017/S0034670500023706 10517:A Broken World, 1919-1939 10437:Shuster, Richard (2006). 10017:Pawley, Margaret (2008). 9989:Nelson, Keith L. (1975). 9703:Journal of Modern History 9675:10.1017/S0008938900018707 9575:. Routledge. p. 84. 9352:"Europe after the treaty" 9251:Pacific Historical Review 9048: 8741:. Routledge. p. 60. 8707:Debo, Richard K. (1992). 8287:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 7250:Hantke & Spoerer 2010 6966:Hantke & Spoerer 2010 6939:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6799:Mommsen & Foster 1988 6679:Mommsen & Foster 1988 6083:Tucker & Roberts 2005 5823:Tucker & Roberts 2005 5796:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4934:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4862:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4852:, pp. 126, 168, 200. 4838:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4620:with the Ottoman Empire ( 4402:Soviet invasion of Poland 4047:Leipzig war crimes trials 3962:Reich Minister of Defense 3844:In 1920, the head of the 3710:British Army of the Rhine 3617:Conference of Ambassadors 3432: 2922: 2590:non-commissioned officers 2493:League of Nations mandate 2424:regained its independence 2171:and his foreign minister 2169:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 2076:European balance of power 1951:, British Prime Minister 1949:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1947:, Italian Prime Minister 1641:in March 1918 signed the 1605:(led by Germany) and the 1144:Defense of the Great Wall 1126:Pacification of Manchukuo 896:Turkish National Movement 664: 659: 645: 637: 131: 120: 112: 93: 75: 63: 58: 15619:Peace treaties of France 15584:France–Germany relations 15201:Nine-Power Treaty (1922) 15196:Four-Power Treaty (1921) 15191:Treaty of Trianon (1921) 14704:Treaty of Shimoda (1855) 14458:Constantinople Agreement 13751:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 13614:Co-belligerent conflicts 13583:Second Romanian campaign 13553:Third Transjordan attack 13264:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 13170:Battle of Grand Couronné 12413:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 12408:Sino-German Peace Treaty 11659:10.1215/00161071-8278486 11486:Brezina, Corona (2006). 10585:. W.W. Norton & Co. 10581:Stone, Ralph A. (1973). 10513:Sontag, Richard (1971). 10496:The Treaty of Versailles 10307:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9966:Mullins, Claude (1921). 9833:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9813:. The Lawbook Exchange. 9663:Central European History 9623:Liverman, Peter (1996). 9571:Lentin, Antony (1985) . 9293:The Cartographic Journal 9287:Kent, Alexander (2019). 9212:The Germans and the East 8738:China's Political System 8443:Brezina, Corona (2006). 8103:(2016). "Introduction". 7812:Articles 42, 43, and 180 6269:Arnander & Wood 2016 4547: 4095:prosecutorial discretion 3998:and the founding of the 3740:United States Third Army 3586:Upper Silesia plebiscite 3407:Racial Equality Proposal 3303: 3229:Weimar National Assembly 3133: 2962: 2886:1920 Paisley by-election 2535:German South-West Africa 2455:while the East Prussian 2367:coalmines to France and 2346:and cede control of the 2289:, to the returning of a 2051:Fontainebleau Memorandum 1263:Second Sino-Japanese War 1227:Arab revolt in Palestine 1174:Inner Mongolian Campaign 1075:Second Italo-Senussi War 18:The Treaty of Versailles 15634:Peace treaties of Japan 15629:Peace treaties of Italy 15609:International relations 15594:Germany–Japan relations 15589:Germany–Italy relations 15457:Tokyo Convention (1963) 15410:Treaty of Taipei (1952) 15186:Treaty of Sèvres (1920) 14521:Modus vivendi of Acroma 14473:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 13781:Greater Poland Uprising 13681:National Protection War 13558:Meuse–Argonne offensive 13508:German spring offensive 13503:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 13279:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 13254:Second Battle of Artois 13135:Battle of the Frontiers 11560:Ferrari, Paolo (2015). 11290:. London: John Murray. 11262:Published in the US as 10600:Tampke, Jürgen (2017). 10456:Simkins, Peter (2002). 10326:The Trial of the Kaiser 10229:Roerkohl, Anne (1991). 10164:10.3406/r1848.1920.1652 9606:Lentin, Antony (2012), 9096:Economic History Review 8934:Fuller, J.F.C. (1993). 8504:Campbell, John (2010). 8306:Beller, Steven (2007). 7581:Signatures and Protocol 7456:Ingrao & Szabo 2007 6775:Appiah & Gates 2005 6512:Bartov & Weitz 2013 6257:EB: May Fourth Movement 5772:Ingrao & Szabo 2007 4276:German Democratic Party 3967:authorized the illegal 3788:, Vienna, 15 March 1938 3676:French soldiers in the 3551:East Prussia plebiscite 3384:segregationist policies 3169:Stab-in-the-back legend 3120:Wilson's former friend 3025:Portuguese Armed Forces 2895:, following the German 2437:Greater Poland Uprising 2219:Francesco Saverio Nitti 2059:British Prime Minister 1937:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1925:French Foreign Ministry 1643:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1456:. It was signed in the 1393:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1387:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 81:; 105 years ago 15335:Tripartite Pact (1940) 15176:Svalbard Treaty (1920) 14778:London Protocol (1862) 14546:Paris Peace Conference 14534:Ukraine–Central Powers 14328:Massacres of Albanians 14296:Late Ottoman genocides 14103:Bulgarian occupations 13811:Third Anglo-Afghan War 13775:Hungarian–Romanian War 13593:Naval Victory Bulletin 13588:Armistice with Germany 13538:Hundred Days Offensive 13465:Battle of La Malmaison 13415:Second battle of Arras 13382:Battle of Transylvania 13236:Second Battle of Ypres 13104:Sarajevo assassination 12993:South African Republic 12276:Paris Peace Conference 11800:and Elisabeth Glaser, 11418:. New York: H. Fertig. 11193:The World This Century 11191:Demarco, Neil (1987). 11032:The Review of Politics 10956:Wiest, Andrew (2012). 10268:10.1055/s-0028-1137673 9379:Kim, Henry H. (2000). 9229:Jacobson, Jon (1972). 9123:Hardach, Gerd (1987). 8984:History of World War 1 8611:. Thomas Dunne Books. 8557:Collar, Peter (2012). 8334:Benians, Ernest Alfred 8281:Bell, P.M.H. (1997) . 6500:Ther & Siljak 2001 6206:Wimer & Wimer 1967 4696:Weimarer Republik n.d. 4577: 4569: 4396: 4321: 4251: 4169: 4132: 4116:Historical assessments 4056: 3983: 3969: 3946: 3944:In December 1931, the 3937: 3846: 3789: 3721: 3681: 3534: 3396:White Australia policy 3325: 3296:and colonial minister 3290: 3252: 3237: 3199: 3183: 3131: 3093:Knox–Porter Resolution 3056: 2829: 2796:freedom of association 2780:Paris Peace Conference 2744: 2608: 2579: 2571: 2506: 2451:was to be decided via 2334: 2250: 2063: 1919: 1914: 1863:Armistice with Germany 1833: 1803:left bank of the Rhine 1791:German-occupied France 1756:Hundred Days Offensive 1743: 1589: 1474:Paris Peace Conference 1061:Occupation of the Ruhr 1043:Franco-Polish alliance 686:Paris Peace Conference 15579:Arms control treaties 15528:Kyoto Protocol (1997) 15006:Boxer Protocol (1901) 14556:Treaty of St. Germain 14529:Russia–Central Powers 14483:Sykes–Picot Agreement 14311:Pontic Greek genocide 14286:Destruction of Kalisz 14262:Eastern Mediterranean 13823:Polish–Lithuanian War 13605:Armistice of Belgrade 13568:Armistice of Salonica 13498:Operation Faustschlag 13445:Third Battle of Oituz 13367:Baranovichi offensive 13335:Lake Naroch offensive 13309:Battle of Robat Karim 13284:Vistula–Bug offensive 13259:Battles of the Isonzo 13190:First Battle of Ypres 12429:Regime of the Straits 12289:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 12188:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 11941:Reparation Commission 11823:16 March 2015 at the 11794:"Versailles Revisted" 11545:10.1525/gp.2020.12103 11524:Cox, Michael (2020). 10750:Château de Versailles 10677:Europe Since Napoleon 10479:. Osprey Publishing. 10460:. Osprey Publishing. 9915:10.15463/ie1418.10521 9829:"May Fourth Movement" 9697:Marks, Sally (2013). 9433:Kramer, Alan (2008). 9165:. London: Routledge. 9020:Grebler, Leo (1940). 9006:The National Archives 8478:10.15463/ie1418.10212 8398:Boemeke, Manfred F.; 8015:Albrecht-Carrie, Rene 7509:, pp. 26, 53–54. 4674:The Treaty of Sèvres. 4670:The Treaty of Neuilly 4666:The Treaty of Trianon 4475:stab-in-the-back myth 4394: 4329:The German historian 4249: 4159: 4123: 4054: 3926:disarmament committee 3810:German hyperinflation 3774: 3742:entered Germany with 3675: 3571:Belgian-German border 3539:Schleswig Plebiscites 3532: 3479:Further information: 3343:racial discrimination 3311: 3285: 3245: 3233: 3176: 3126: 3038: 2983:and Foreign Minister 2878:1918 general election 2827: 2738: 2606: 2565:Military restrictions 2557:, which was taken by 2500: 2401:Schleswig Plebiscites 2308: 2283:freedom of navigation 2240: 2058: 2045:Further information: 1893: 1729: 1587: 1297:Battle of Lake Khasan 1210:December 9th Movement 1010:Polish–Lithuanian War 15689:Palace of Versailles 15684:World War I treaties 15564:Treaty of Versailles 14551:Treaty of Versailles 14267:Mount Lebanon famine 14182:in the United States 14150:Russian occupations 13864:Turkish–Armenian War 13805:Polish–Ukrainian War 13745:Ukrainian–Soviet War 13692:Central Asian Revolt 13475:Armistice of Focșani 13205:Battle of Sarikamish 13155:Battle of Tannenberg 12551:Military engagements 12090:List of participants 11923:Treaty of Versailles 11693:Sharp, Alan (2018). 11674:Sharp, Alan (2011). 11373:Sharp, Alan (2018). 11167:. Allen & Unwin. 10919:BBC History Magazine 10885:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10857:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10752:. 22 November 2016. 10619:Ther, Philipp & 10372:on 23 December 2009. 10174:(20 February 1994). 9860:McDougall, Walter A. 9368:Keynes, John Maynard 9348:Keynes, John Maynard 8428:. Cengage Learning. 8204:. Prometheus Books. 8138:Baker, Anni (2004). 7856:Articles 185 and 187 7845:Articles 181 and 190 7698:Article 88 and annex 7379:, pp. vii, xii. 6905:, pp. 112, 114. 6539:Albrecht-Carrie 1940 5891:"Londoner Ultimatum" 4570:Traité de Versailles 4280:Christian democratic 4102:was also acquitted. 3996:rise of Adolf Hitler 3975:147,000 professional 3662:Rhineland occupation 3322:Palace of Versailles 3122:Edward Mandell House 3116:Edward House's views 3066:United States Senate 2994:Fascist dictatorship 2206:Italian nationalists 1923:(Clock Room) at the 1760:Imperial German Navy 1458:Palace of Versailles 1442:Treaty of Versailles 1345:Slovak–Hungarian War 992:Treaty of Versailles 751:Treaty of Versailles 671:Treaty of Versailles 102:Palace of Versailles 54:Treaty of Versailles 15268:Tanggu Truce (1933) 14618:They shall not pass 14541:Treaty of Bucharest 14498:Treaty of Bucharest 14437:USA against Germany 14414:Declarations of war 14118:German occupations 14031:British casualties 13890:Soviet–Georgian War 13817:Egyptian Revolution 13757:Armeno-Georgian War 13621:Somaliland campaign 13573:Armistice of Mudros 13450:Battle of Caporetto 13440:Battle of Mărășești 13410:Zimmermann telegram 13405:February Revolution 13350:Battle of the Somme 13274:Bug-Narew Offensive 13249:Battle of Gallipoli 13241:Sinking of the RMS 13033:Scramble for Africa 13027:Franco-Prussian War 12683:Sinai and Palestine 12218:Act of 5th November 12037:San Remo conference 11992:Subsequent treaties 11961:Lausanne Conference 11699:. Haus Publishing. 11678:. Haus Publishing. 11533:Global Perspectives 11284:Macmillan, Margaret 11252:Lloyd George, David 10996:Williamson, David G 10935:Widenor, William C. 10378:Schmitt, Bernadotte 10106:Süddeutsche Zeitung 9546:Schabas, William A. 9305:2019CartJ..56..275K 8577:Cooper, John Milton 8163:Bane, S.L. (1942). 7485:, pp. 104–105. 7443:, pp. 179–198. 7431:, pp. 275–279. 7252:, pp. 849–864. 7192:, pp. 281–284. 7180:, pp. 281–282. 7156:, pp. 373–380. 7102:, pp. 233–234. 6852:EB: Ruhr occupation 6825:, pp. 251–252. 6741:, pp. 246–247. 6717:, pp. 19, 245. 6693:, pp. 181–182. 6588:, pp. 103–106. 6447:, pp. 223–234. 6423:, pp. 236–237. 6411:, pp. 507–511. 6399:, pp. 257–278. 6376:, pp. 288–289. 6196:, pp. 582–598. 5663:, pp. 278–279. 5577:, pp. 454–505. 5524:, pp. 269–270. 5140:, pp. 631–635. 4999:, pp. 270–273. 4912:, pp. 183–184. 4888:, pp. 182–195. 4876:, pp. 422–424. 4387:Territorial changes 4227:because the former 4125:John Maynard Keynes 3965:Kurt von Schleicher 3824:as a result of the 3605:French Armed Forces 3525:Territorial changes 3272:Paul von Hindenburg 3225:Philipp Scheidemann 3191:, Foreign Minister 2996:three years later. 2957:President of France 2870:Independent Liberal 2481:Free City of Danzig 2301:Territorial changes 2259:Philipp Scheidemann 2007:Chamber of Deputies 1988:John Maynard Keynes 1776:signed an armistice 1766:in response to the 1627:February Revolution 1501:John Maynard Keynes 1377:Apr.–Aug. 1939 1359:Mar.–Aug. 1939 1353:Mar.–Apr. 1939 1299:July–Aug. 1938 1245:Anti-Comintern Pact 1132:January 28 incident 889:San Remo conference 783:Lausanne Conference 55: 14578:Treaty of Lausanne 14493:Paris Economy Pact 14427:UK against Germany 14357:Entry into the war 14323:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 14042:Ottoman casualties 13852:Franco-Turkish War 13732:Post-War conflicts 13716:Russian Revolution 13698:Invasion of Darfur 13663:Kelantan rebellion 13651:Kurdish rebellions 13627:Mexican Revolution 13460:October Revolution 13425:Kerensky offensive 13400:Capture of Baghdad 13377:Monastir offensive 13362:Brusilov offensive 13200:Battle of Kolubara 13039:Russo-Japanese War 12054:Treaty of Lausanne 11931:"War guilt" clause 11509:. Berghahn Books. 11304:Also published as 11274:(Routledge, 2020) 11139:Andelman, David A. 10789:Tucker, Spencer C. 10707:Trachtenberg, Marc 10659:on 29 October 2013 10262:(15). Berlin: 15. 10181:The New York Times 9618:on 31 January 2015 9496:Layne, Christopher 9459:Diplomatic History 9342:on 4 October 2013. 9148:The New York Times 9058:Haigh, Christopher 8400:Feldman, Gerald D. 8078:Gates, Henry Louis 7687:Articles 81 and 83 7665:Articles 45 and 49 7650:Articles 33 and 34 6364:, pp. 397 ff. 6219:The New York Times 4578:Versailler Vertrag 4397: 4365:Posen-West Prussia 4295:National Socialism 4252: 4170: 4162:Georges Clemenceau 4147:Carthaginian peace 4133: 4129:Carthaginian peace 4057: 3806:passive resistance 3790: 3733:Rhineland Bastards 3723:Troupes coloniales 3714:Rhineland Republic 3682: 3535: 3469:South Seas Mandate 3339:White Man's Burden 3331:Japanese diplomacy 3326: 3253: 3200: 3184:Reichspostminister 3057: 2874:British Parliament 2872:opposition in the 2859:Bernadotte Schmitt 2830: 2745: 2609: 2539:German East Africa 2507: 2397:Schleswig-Holstein 2335: 2251: 2064: 2061:David Lloyd George 1980:400,000 civilians. 1953:David Lloyd George 1945:Georges Clemenceau 1920:Salle de l'Horloge 1915: 1908:Georges Clemenceau 1900:David Lloyd George 1894:The heads of the " 1835:Kaiserliche Marine 1744: 1686:self-determination 1631:October Revolution 1590: 1505:Carthaginian peace 1499:Critics including 1399:Invasion of Poland 1389:May–Sep. 1939 1321:First Vienna Award 1198:He–Umezu Agreement 906:Treaty of Lausanne 758:"War Guilt" clause 53: 15551: 15550: 14677:Treaties of Japan 14644: 14643: 14627: 14626: 14611:The Golden Virgin 14605:Mutilated victory 14586: 14585: 14566:Treaty of Trianon 14561:Treaty of Neuilly 14468:Damascus Protocol 14341: 14340: 14301:Armenian genocide 14258:Allied blockades 14230:Belgian refugees 14013: 14012: 13923:Strategic bombing 13899: 13898: 13884:Franco-Syrian War 13858:Greco-Turkish War 13846:Anglo-Turkish War 13829:Polish–Soviet War 13763:German Revolution 13739:Russian Civil War 13722:Finnish Civil War 13548:Battle of Megiddo 13523:Battle of Goychay 13470:Battle of Cambrai 13430:Battle of Mărăști 13345:Battle of Jutland 13325:Erzurum offensive 13180:Siege of Przemyśl 13160:Siege of Tsingtao 13145:Battle of Galicia 13075:Second Balkan War 13063:Italo-Turkish War 13020:Pre-War conflicts 13006: 13005: 12896:Portuguese Empire 12812: 12811: 12774:German New Guinea 12756:Asian and Pacific 12501: 12500: 12478: 12477: 12312: 12311: 12294:Neuilly-sur-Seine 12266: 12265: 12130: 12129: 12009:Treaty of Trianon 11901:Minority Treaties 11878:League of Nations 11812:Strategic Studies 11806:. Cambridge, UK: 11744:978-1-108-84316-4 11725:978-0-333-77630-8 11706:978-1-912208-09-8 11685:978-1-905791-74-3 11516:978-1-78920-454-4 11497:978-1-4042-0442-3 11478:978-0-521-62132-8 11403:978-1-118-88791-2 11384:978-1-137-61139-0 11243:978-1-343-46520-6 11230:Herron, George D. 11221:978-1-107-00821-2 11183:978-0-521-14765-1 11152:978-0-471-78898-0 11121:978-1-84176-408-5 11080:978-1-913026-13-4 11009:978-1-4725-9582-9 10967:978-1-906626-13-6 10921:. 17 January 2017 10898:978-0-521-56626-1 10698:978-0-14-100348-1 10691:. Penguin Books. 10634:978-0-7425-1094-4 10592:978-0-393-00671-1 10573:978-0-415-15039-2 10551:978-0-7914-5988-1 10528:978-0-06-131651-7 10448:978-0-415-35808-8 10336:978-0-19-187244-0 10303:"Ruhr occupation" 10244:978-3-515-05661-8 10078:Pinson, Koppel S. 10069:978-0-8090-9674-9 10028:978-1-84511-457-2 10009:978-0-8214-0831-5 9998:Paul, C. (1985). 9936:978-0-8078-4721-3 9851:978-0-691-05268-7 9801:978-1-444-33840-9 9778:978-0-415-16325-5 9752:978-0-19-829236-4 9582:978-0-416-41130-0 9500:Brown, Michael E. 9448:978-1-846-14013-6 9412:Kirby, William C. 9199:978-3-104-02489-9 9172:978-0-415-12710-3 8967:978-3-518-11246-5 8945:978-0-306-80506-6 8938:. Da Capo Press. 8880:978-0-09-474910-8 8861:978-0-713-99246-5 8814:Evans, Richard J. 8805:978-0-11-290454-0 8748:978-1-317-34964-8 8718:978-0-7735-0828-6 8667:978-0-313-38385-4 8592:978-0-307-27790-9 8568:978-1-84885-946-3 8517:978-1-84595-091-0 8496:978-90-420-0688-1 8342:Carrington, C. E. 8256:978-0-253-00635-6 8230:978-0-330-49181-5 8198:Barnett, Correlli 8151:978-0-275-97354-4 8123:Bailey, Thomas A. 8114:978-1-4738-7501-2 8107:. Pen and Sword. 8091:978-0-19-517055-9 8065:978-3-319-25244-5 6529:, pp. 43–44. 6208:, pp. 13–24. 6046:, pp. 34–49. 5948:, pp. 9, 96. 5651:, pp. 61–62. 5601:, pp. 46–47. 5558:Trachtenberg 1982 5512:, pp. 52–53. 5410:Trachtenberg 1982 5400:, pp. 43–44. 5388:, pp. 28–32. 5263:, pp. 40–41. 4985:Boyer et al. 2009 4900:, pp. 47–48. 4826:Boyer et al. 2009 4771:Raymond Cartier, 4720:On 8 March 1936, 4614:Treaty of Trianon 4542:Septemberprogramm 4537:Minority Treaties 4465:Rise of the Nazis 4455:Wernher von Braun 4339:millenarian hopes 4172:French economist 4091:Llandovery Castle 3897:Treaty of Rapallo 3830:Hoover Moratorium 3756:Warren G. Harding 3691:Gustav Stresemann 3590:c. 60 per cent of 3465:German New Guinea 3354:, was led by its 3324:in the background 3292:Foreign minister 3179:Walther Schücking 3089:Warren G. Harding 3062:Henry Cabot Lodge 3053:League of Nations 3017:League of Nations 2913:international law 2909:British Dominions 2844:(a member of the 2596:for a minimum of 2531:Ruanda and Urundi 2429:Province of Posen 2316:League of Nations 2210:mutilated victory 2186:League of Nations 2134:Republic of China 1977:18–30, as well as 1772:German Revolution 1694:League of Nations 1613:, as well as the 1585: 1438: 1437: 1233:Spanish Civil War 1168:Italo-Soviet Pact 1138:Geneva Conference 1037:Treaty of Rapallo 1031:Treaty of Trianon 1004:Polish–Soviet War 972: 971: 854:Treaty of Trianon 848:Treaty of Trianon 726:Minority Treaties 704:League of Nations 680: 679: 641:French Government 16:(Redirected from 15696: 15574:June 1919 events 15375: 15353: 15286: 15214: 15098: 15061: 15024: 14967: 14940: 14928: 14791: 14734: 14717: 14684:Bakumatsu period 14671: 14664: 14657: 14648: 14647: 14571:Treaty of Sèvres 14463:Treaty of London 14354: 14353: 14132:Northeast France 14063: 14062: 14035:Parliamentarians 13968: 13967: 13930:Chemical weapons 13908: 13907: 13669:Senussi campaign 13639:Muscat rebellion 13633:Maritz rebellion 13601: 13543:Vardar offensive 13372:Battle of Romani 13340:Battle of Asiago 13330:Battle of Verdun 13294:Kosovo offensive 13069:First Balkan War 13017: 13016: 12916:Russian Republic 12825: 12824: 12619: 12618: 12561:Economic history 12528: 12521: 12514: 12505: 12504: 12321: 12320: 12272: 12271: 12173: 12172: 12157: 12150: 12143: 12134: 12133: 12019:Treaty of Sèvres 11863: 11856: 11849: 11840: 11839: 11827:at omniatlas.com 11748: 11729: 11710: 11689: 11670: 11641: 11612: 11583: 11581: 11556: 11530: 11520: 11501: 11482: 11463: 11453: 11419: 11407: 11388: 11369: 11327: 11324:Internet Archive 11301: 11259: 11247: 11225: 11206: 11187: 11168: 11156: 11125: 11103: 11099:978-019922-673-3 11084: 11063: 11026: 11013: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10971: 10952: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10910: 10902: 10880: 10877:Internet Archive 10852: 10844: 10840:978-081533-353-1 10825: 10821:978-185109-420-2 10806: 10802:978-081533-351-7 10784: 10780:978-031338-240-6 10765: 10763: 10761: 10741: 10702: 10680: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10638: 10615: 10611:978-192532-1-944 10596: 10577: 10560:Stevenson, David 10555: 10536: 10533:Internet Archive 10520: 10509: 10505:978-160413-277-9 10490: 10486:978-184176-738-3 10471: 10467:978-184176-348-4 10452: 10433: 10396: 10373: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10340: 10319: 10310: 10298: 10279: 10248: 10225: 10221:978-052122-505-2 10204: 10200:978-027102-398-4 10185: 10167: 10139: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10095: 10073: 10051: 10047:978-186064-796-3 10032: 10013: 9994: 9985: 9982:Internet Archive 9979: 9977: 9962: 9958:978-052104-551-3 9940: 9918: 9894: 9855: 9836: 9835:. 22 March 2024. 9824: 9820:978-158477-708-3 9805: 9786: 9783:Internet Archive 9770: 9756: 9739:Markwell, Donald 9734: 9693: 9657: 9653:978-076180-755-1 9638: 9619: 9602: 9586: 9567: 9563:978-158477-901-8 9537: 9536:on 11 July 2016. 9532:. 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Evans 4204:Correlli Barnett 4185:Gerhard Weinberg 4017: 3990: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3919: 3908: 3893:Genoa Conference 3862: 3849: 3826:Great Depression 3753: 3749: 3745: 3726: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634:were cast, with 3633: 3598:Silesia Province 3591: 3567:Neutral Moresnet 3560: 3556: 3516: 3512: 3500: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3359:Saionji Kinmochi 3215:War Guilt Clause 3208:War Guilt Clause 3186: 3149:May 4th movement 3082:German Americans 3019:went instead to 3009:African colonies 2990:Benito Mussolini 2981:Vittorio Orlando 2969:Kingdom of Italy 2967:Reaction in the 2893:Ramsay MacDonald 2882:House of Commons 2739:Location of the 2722: 2721:US$ 12.5 billion 2714: 2713: 2704: 2672: 2667: 2644:was allowed six 2630:chemical weapons 2599: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2527:British Cameroon 2523:British Togoland 2328: 2322: 2313: 2272: 2241:German delegate 2214:World War I 2158:laws of humanity 2138:Republican Party 2114:European economy 1981: 1978: 1975:French men aged 1974: 1922: 1904:Vittorio Orlando 1858: 1854: 1845:commerce raiders 1838: 1586: 1574:World War I 1545:second World War 1533:Great Depression 1521:Locarno Treaties 1450:World War I 1430: 1423: 1416: 1315:Munich Agreement 1251:Suiyuan campaign 1099:Great Depression 1087:Locarno Treaties 974: 973: 964: 957: 950: 872:Treaty of Sèvres 859:Millerand letter 790:Locarno Treaties 696: 682: 681: 669: 668: 630: 628: 627: 615: 613: 612: 605: 601: 599: 598: 590: 586: 584: 583: 572: 570: 569: 562: 558: 556: 555: 547: 543: 541: 540: 532: 528: 526: 525: 514: 512: 511: 501: 499: 498: 488: 486: 485: 475: 473: 472: 462: 460: 459: 452: 448: 446: 445: 434: 432: 431: 421: 419: 418: 411: 407: 405: 404: 393: 392: 391: 384: 380: 378: 377: 369: 365: 363: 362: 354: 350: 348: 347: 336: 335: 334: 324: 322: 321: 305: 301: 299: 298: 290: 286: 284: 283: 275: 271: 269: 268: 260: 256: 254: 253: 244: 240: 238: 237: 228: 224: 222: 221: 209: 207: 206: 195: 193: 192: 184: 180: 178: 177: 165: 163: 162: 152: 150: 149: 89: 87: 82: 68: 56: 52: 21: 15704: 15703: 15699: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15510: 15501: 15392: 15383: 15369: 15347: 15280: 15208: 15133: 15121: 15092: 15055: 15018: 14961: 14934: 14922: 14817: 14809: 14785: 14728: 14711: 14686: 14678: 14675: 14645: 14640: 14623: 14582: 14514: 14507: 14478:Treaty of Darin 14446: 14408: 14364:Austria-Hungary 14350: 14337: 14318:Rape of Belgium 14245: 14217: 14165: 14159:Western Armenia 14154:Eastern Galicia 14087: 14061: 14025: 14024:Civilian impact 14023: 14009: 13966: 13895: 13727: 13657:Ovambo Uprising 13609: 13595: 13484: 13386: 13313: 13231:Battle of Łomża 13214: 13210:Christmas truce 13185:Race to the Sea 13118: 13080: 13002: 12973:Austria-Hungary 12949: 12884:Empire of Japan 12821: 12819: 12808: 12792:U-boat campaign 12778: 12750: 12712: 12664: 12610: 12591:Popular culture 12537: 12532: 12502: 12497: 12488:Fourteen Points 12474: 12438: 12417: 12308: 12262: 12167: 12161: 12131: 12126: 12094: 12058: 12013: 11987: 11917: 11872: 11867: 11825:Wayback Machine 11756: 11751: 11745: 11732: 11726: 11713: 11707: 11692: 11686: 11673: 11644: 11615: 11586: 11559: 11528: 11523: 11517: 11504: 11498: 11485: 11479: 11466: 11431: 11427: 11422: 11410: 11404: 11391: 11385: 11372: 11350:10.2307/2008855 11332: 11320: 11305: 11298: 11282: 11250: 11244: 11228: 11222: 11209: 11203: 11190: 11184: 11171: 11159: 11153: 11137: 11133: 11131:Further reading 11128: 11122: 11100: 11081: 11023:Digital History 11010: 10985: 10983: 10968: 10949: 10924: 10922: 10909:. BBC Bitesize. 10899: 10873: 10841: 10822: 10803: 10791:, ed. (1999) . 10781: 10759: 10757: 10699: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10649: 10635: 10623:, eds. (2001). 10612: 10593: 10574: 10552: 10529: 10506: 10487: 10468: 10449: 10414:10.2307/2192530 10354: 10352: 10337: 10295: 10245: 10222: 10201: 10172:Reynolds, David 10144:Reinach, Joseph 10124:Current History 10112: 10110: 10092: 10070: 10056:Peukert, Detlev 10048: 10040:. I.B. Tauris. 10029: 10021:. I.B. Tauris. 10010: 9975: 9973: 9959: 9937: 9852: 9821: 9802: 9779: 9753: 9654: 9635: 9583: 9564: 9550:Power, Samantha 9542:Lemkin, Raphael 9518: 9449: 9426: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9336: 9264:10.2307/3642235 9241: 9222: 9208:Ingrao, Charles 9200: 9173: 9135: 9091: 9076: 9040: 9038: 9010: 9008: 8994: 8976:Gilbert, Martin 8968: 8946: 8923: 8900: 8881: 8862: 8844:Ferguson, Niall 8832: 8806: 8773:10.2307/1891015 8749: 8719: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8668: 8645: 8619: 8593: 8569: 8547: 8545: 8518: 8497: 8457: 8436: 8414: 8378: 8364:Bessel, Richard 8356: 8344:, eds. (1959). 8322: 8295: 8257: 8245:, eds. (2013). 8231: 8212: 8152: 8115: 8092: 8080:, eds. (2005). 8074:Appiah, Anthony 8066: 8031:10.2307/2143772 8009: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7861: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7828: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7773: 7768:Part V preamble 7766: 7762: 7755: 7751: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7566: 7559: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7420: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7168:, pp. 8–9. 7164: 7160: 7152:Current History 7149: 7145: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6739:Williamson 2017 6737: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6715:Williamson 2017 6713: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6656: 6648: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471:, p. xiii. 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5967: 5959: 5952: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5825:, p. 1224. 5821: 5817: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5458: 5454:, pp. 2–3. 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5148: 5144: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4840:, p. 1078. 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4748: 4744:, p. 116). 4736: 4732: 4728:, p. 234). 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711:, p. 270). 4706: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4632: 4612:with Bulgaria; 4604: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4581: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4517: 4510: 4505:Politics portal 4503: 4496: 4493: 4467: 4426: 4389: 4381:David Stevenson 4335:interwar period 4287:Weimar Republic 4229:Austrian Empire 4219:of six billion 4193:Austria-Hungary 4189:A World at Arms 4174:Étienne Mantoux 4118: 4049: 4043: 4028: 4015: 3988: 3974: 3929: 3917: 3906: 3860: 3851:Hans von Seeckt 3842: 3778:announcing the 3769: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3695:Aristide Briand 3670: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3613:Klaipėda Revolt 3609:Lithuanian Army 3589: 3558: 3554: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3442:Monroe Doctrine 3379:racial equality 3356:elder statesman 3350:and Ambassador 3306: 3277:Wilhelm Groener 3264:Friedrich Ebert 3171: 3165: 3136: 3118: 3074:Irreconcilables 3033: 3013:Kionga Triangle 3002: 2973:Dalmatian coast 2965: 2925: 2905: 2891:Prime Minister 2838:Harold Nicolson 2822: 2817: 2808: 2776: 2768:Main articles: 2766: 2733: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2679:auxiliary ships 2670: 2665: 2597: 2584: 2567: 2543:Kionga Triangle 2495: 2489: 2445:Polish Corridor 2389:Empress Eugénie 2385:Alsace-Lorraine 2373:Alsace-Lorraine 2333: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2293:to the king of 2287:European rivers 2270: 2247:Hall of Mirrors 2235: 2181:Habsburg Empire 2166: 2142:Senate election 2130:Japanese Empire 2110:Fourteen Points 2105: 2096:Herbert Asquith 2053: 2043: 2031:German colonies 2013:the Rhineland. 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1888: 1857:424,000 people. 1856: 1852: 1829:naval operation 1821: 1815: 1724: 1716:Main articles: 1714: 1706:Edward M. House 1682:open agreements 1674:Fourteen Points 1666: 1664:Fourteen Points 1658:Main articles: 1656: 1599:First World War 1578: 1576: 1570: 1568:First World War 1565: 1434: 1405: 1404: 1265: 1937–1945 1235: 1936–1939 1229: 1936–1939 1217: 1935–1936 1176: 1933–1936 1140: 1932–1934 1128: 1931–1942 1115: 1114: 1105: 1104: 1077: 1923–1932 1063: 1923–1925 1026: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1919–1920 1006: 1919–1920 987: 986: 968: 939: 938: 919: 911: 910: 874: 864: 863: 849: 841: 840: 831: 823: 822: 813: 805: 804: 753: 743: 742: 706: 666: 625: 623: 622: 621: 610: 608: 596: 594: 581: 579: 567: 565: 553: 551: 538: 536: 523: 521: 509: 507: 496: 494: 483: 481: 470: 468: 457: 455: 443: 441: 429: 427: 416: 414: 402: 400: 389: 387: 375: 373: 360: 358: 345: 343: 332: 330: 319: 317: 314: 313: 308: 296: 294: 281: 279: 266: 264: 251: 249: 235: 233: 219: 217: 204: 202: 190: 188: 175: 173: 160: 158: 147: 145: 142: 141: 116:10 January 1920 98:Hall of Mirrors 85: 83: 80: 71: 49: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15702: 15692: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15569:1919 in France 15566: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15514: 15512: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15396: 15394: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15381: 15376: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15137: 15135: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 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14366: 14360: 14358: 14351: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14293: 14291:Sack of Dinant 14288: 14283: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14270: 14269: 14255: 14253: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14239:United Kingdom 14236: 14227: 14225: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14199: 14193:POW locations 14191: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14175: 14173: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14148: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14109: 14101: 14095: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14069: 14067: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14052: 14044: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14028: 14026: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13993:United Kingdom 13990: 13988:Ottoman Empire 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13965: 13964: 13962:Trench warfare 13959: 13958: 13957: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13914: 13912: 13905: 13901: 13900: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13887: 13881: 13875: 13869: 13868: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13838: 13832: 13826: 13820: 13814: 13808: 13802: 13796: 13790: 13784: 13778: 13772: 13766: 13760: 13754: 13748: 13742: 13735: 13733: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13695: 13689: 13683: 13678: 13675:Volta-Bani War 13672: 13666: 13660: 13654: 13648: 13642: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13617: 13615: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13513:Zeebrugge Raid 13510: 13505: 13500: 13494: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13396: 13394: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13321: 13319: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13306: 13304:Battle of Loos 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13222: 13220: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13195:Black Sea raid 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13126: 13124: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13097:Historiography 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13072: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13051:Bosnian Crisis 13048: 13045:Tangier Crisis 13042: 13036: 13030: 13023: 13021: 13014: 13008: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12978:Ottoman Empire 12975: 12970: 12965: 12959: 12957: 12955:Central Powers 12951: 12950: 12948: 12947: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12938:British Empire 12933:United Kingdom 12930: 12925: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12911:Russian Empire 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12833: 12831: 12829:Entente Powers 12822: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12797:North Atlantic 12788: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12722: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12708:Central Arabia 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12674: 12672: 12670:Middle Eastern 12666: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12645: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12627: 12625: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12571:Historiography 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12531: 12530: 12523: 12516: 12508: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12393:Rapallo (1922) 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12328:Rapallo (1920) 12324: 12318: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12280: 12278: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12232:Brest-Litovsk 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12176:During the war 12169: 12168: 12160: 12159: 12152: 12145: 12137: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12066: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12023: 12021: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11995: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11938: 11933: 11927: 11925: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11866: 11865: 11858: 11851: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11828: 11815: 11798:Gerald Feldman 11791: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11762: 11755: 11754:External links 11752: 11750: 11749: 11743: 11730: 11724: 11711: 11705: 11690: 11684: 11671: 11642: 11630:10.1086/670825 11624:(3): 632–659. 11613: 11601:10.1086/716966 11595:(4): 896–930. 11584: 11572:(2): 117–126. 11557: 11521: 11515: 11502: 11496: 11483: 11477: 11464: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11420: 11408: 11402: 11389: 11383: 11370: 11344:(3): 355–373. 11338:World Politics 11330: 11329: 11328: 11318: 11296: 11279: 11278: 11268: 11267: 11266: 11248: 11242: 11226: 11220: 11207: 11201: 11188: 11182: 11169: 11161:Birdsall, Paul 11157: 11151: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11120: 11108:Zaloga, Steven 11104: 11098: 11085: 11079: 11064: 11027: 11014: 11008: 10992: 10972: 10966: 10953: 10947: 10931: 10911: 10903: 10897: 10881: 10871: 10853: 10845: 10839: 10826: 10820: 10807: 10801: 10785: 10779: 10766: 10742: 10717:(3): 487–506, 10703: 10697: 10681: 10673:Thomson, David 10669: 10639: 10633: 10616: 10610: 10597: 10591: 10578: 10572: 10556: 10550: 10537: 10527: 10510: 10504: 10491: 10485: 10472: 10466: 10453: 10447: 10434: 10397: 10388:(1): 101–110, 10374: 10361: 10341: 10335: 10320: 10311: 10299: 10293: 10280: 10249: 10243: 10226: 10220: 10205: 10199: 10186: 10168: 10140: 10119: 10096: 10090: 10074: 10068: 10052: 10046: 10033: 10027: 10014: 10008: 9995: 9986: 9963: 9957: 9947:, ed. (1968). 9941: 9935: 9919: 9895: 9876:10.1086/241846 9856: 9850: 9837: 9825: 9819: 9806: 9800: 9787: 9777: 9763:, ed. (1999). 9761:Martel, Gordon 9757: 9751: 9735: 9723:10.1086/670825 9715:10.1086/670825 9709:(3): 632–659. 9694: 9669:(3): 231–255, 9658: 9652: 9639: 9633: 9620: 9603: 9587: 9581: 9568: 9562: 9538: 9522: 9516: 9492: 9466:(3): 257–278. 9453: 9447: 9430: 9424: 9408: 9391: 9376: 9364: 9344: 9334: 9319: 9299:(4): 275–279. 9284: 9258:(4): 503–526. 9245: 9239: 9226: 9220: 9204: 9198: 9181: 9171: 9153: 9151:. 3 July 1921. 9139: 9133: 9120: 9102:(4): 849–864, 9084: 9074: 9060:, ed. (1990). 9054: 9026: 9017: 8998: 8992: 8972: 8966: 8954:Geyer, Michael 8950: 8944: 8931: 8921: 8904: 8898: 8885: 8879: 8866: 8860: 8840: 8830: 8810: 8804: 8784: 8767:(3): 582–598, 8753: 8747: 8732: 8723: 8717: 8704: 8687: 8672: 8666: 8649: 8643: 8631:Davies, Norman 8627: 8617: 8597: 8591: 8573: 8567: 8554: 8534: 8516: 8501: 8495: 8482: 8465: 8455: 8440: 8434: 8422:Boyer, Paul S. 8418: 8412: 8395: 8382: 8376: 8360: 8354: 8330: 8320: 8303: 8293: 8278: 8261: 8255: 8243:Weitz, Eric D. 8235: 8229: 8216: 8210: 8194: 8169: 8160: 8150: 8135: 8119: 8113: 8096: 8090: 8070: 8064: 8051: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7991: 7980: 7969: 7958: 7947: 7936: 7925: 7914: 7903: 7892: 7881: 7870: 7859: 7848: 7837: 7826: 7815: 7804: 7793: 7782: 7771: 7760: 7749: 7734: 7723: 7712: 7701: 7690: 7679: 7668: 7654: 7642: 7631: 7620: 7606: 7595: 7584: 7564: 7545: 7536: 7535: 7523: 7521:, p. 416. 7511: 7499: 7497:, p. 108. 7487: 7475: 7473:, p. 335. 7460: 7458:, p. 262. 7445: 7433: 7418: 7410:Stevenson 1998 7402: 7400:, p. 278. 7381: 7369: 7357: 7345: 7343:, p. 107. 7326: 7324:, p. 319. 7314: 7312:, p. 318. 7302: 7300:, p. 316. 7290: 7288:, p. 392. 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7204:, p. 285. 7202:Bassiouni 2002 7194: 7190:Bassiouni 2002 7182: 7178:Bassiouni 2002 7170: 7158: 7143: 7141:, p. 268. 7139:Bassiouni 2002 7128: 7126:, p. 281. 7116: 7114:, p. 254. 7104: 7092: 7080: 7078:, p. 408. 7068: 7056: 7044: 7042:, p. 229. 7029: 7012: 7010:, p. 235. 7000: 6998:, p. 220. 6985: 6970: 6968:, p. 852. 6955: 6953:, p. 120. 6943: 6941:, p. 967. 6931: 6929:, p. 133. 6919: 6917:, p. 116. 6907: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6864:Blakemore 2019 6856: 6844: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6801:, p. 129. 6791: 6779: 6777:, p. 781. 6767: 6765:, p. 155. 6763:McDougall 1978 6755: 6743: 6731: 6729:, p. 147. 6719: 6707: 6705:, p. 135. 6695: 6683: 6681:, p. 273. 6671: 6669:, p. 117. 6654: 6637: 6622: 6607: 6590: 6575: 6573:, p. 198. 6560: 6543: 6531: 6516: 6514:, p. 490. 6504: 6502:, p. 123. 6485: 6483:, p. xii. 6473: 6461: 6449: 6437: 6435:, p. 414. 6425: 6413: 6401: 6378: 6366: 6351: 6336: 6321: 6309: 6307:, p. 281. 6305:Bassiouni 2002 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6134:de Meneses n.d 6126: 6111: 6109:, p. 110. 6099: 6097:, p. 191. 6087: 6085:, p. 426. 6075: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6034:, p. 181. 6024: 6009: 6007:, p. 104. 5992: 5980: 5965: 5961:Stevenson 1998 5950: 5935: 5933:, p. 274. 5931:Bassiouni 2002 5923: 5921:, p. 276. 5908: 5881: 5879:, p. 237. 5866: 5864:, p. 156. 5851: 5839: 5837:, p. 496. 5827: 5815: 5813:, p. 658. 5800: 5798:, p. 437. 5788: 5776: 5774:, p. 261. 5764: 5762:, p. 325. 5752: 5750:, p. lii. 5740: 5728: 5726:, p. 107. 5713: 5711:, p. 193. 5701: 5689: 5687:, p. 114. 5677: 5665: 5661:Bassiouni 2002 5653: 5641: 5632: 5630:, p. 271. 5628:Bassiouni 2002 5615: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5562: 5560:, p. 490. 5550: 5538: 5536:, p. 272. 5534:Bassiouni 2002 5526: 5522:Bassiouni 2002 5514: 5499: 5497:, p. 127. 5487: 5475: 5456: 5444: 5442:, p. 605. 5429: 5427:, p. 269. 5425:Bassiouni 2002 5414: 5412:, p. 499. 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5328:, p. 187. 5318: 5306: 5289: 5277: 5275:, p. 439. 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5215:, p. 791. 5205: 5193: 5181: 5179:, p. 184. 5169: 5167:, p. 348. 5157: 5142: 5127: 5125:, p. 651. 5115: 5113:, p. 145. 5103: 5088: 5086:, p. 650. 5076: 5064: 5062:, p. 213. 5052: 5040: 5028: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4987:, p. 526. 4977: 4965: 4963:, p. 102. 4950: 4948:, p. 101. 4938: 4936:, p. 638. 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4864:, p. 429. 4854: 4842: 4830: 4828:, p. 153. 4818: 4816:, p. 107. 4806: 4804:, p. 114. 4790: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4759: 4746: 4730: 4713: 4700: 4687: 4677: 4653: 4643: 4630: 4616:with Hungary; 4608:with Austria; 4598: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4508: 4492: 4489: 4485:Hermann Göring 4466: 4463: 4425: 4422: 4388: 4385: 4370:Czechoslovakia 4331:Detlev Peukert 4278:(DDP) and the 4273:social liberal 4197:Eastern Europe 4117: 4114: 4066:von Hindenburg 4045:Main article: 4042: 4039: 4027: 4024: 3911:Krümper system 3887:was bought by 3841: 3838: 3822:Herbert Hoover 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3666:Main article: 3663: 3660: 3640:90 per cent of 3575:Hultschin area 3526: 3523: 3490:Main article: 3487: 3484: 3476: 3475:Implementation 3473: 3403:Wellington Koo 3392:William Hughes 3388:Arthur Balfour 3305: 3302: 3294:Hermann Müller 3189:Otto Landsberg 3164: 3161: 3159:deteriorated. 3144:Wellington Koo 3135: 3132: 3117: 3114: 3097:Central Powers 3032: 3029: 3001: 2998: 2985:Sidney Sonnino 2964: 2961: 2952:Ferdinand Foch 2924: 2921: 2904: 2901: 2855:Foreign Office 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2765: 2762: 2732: 2729: 2712:US$ 33 billion 2690:Main article: 2687: 2684: 2650:light cruisers 2626:the arms trade 2566: 2563: 2519:German Kamerun 2491:Main article: 2488: 2485: 2412:Czechoslovakia 2408:Central Europe 2340:Western Europe 2331:Weimar Germany 2325: 2319: 2310: 2302: 2299: 2234: 2231: 2204:respectively. 2173:Sidney Sonnino 2165: 2162: 2154:Robert Lansing 2104: 2101: 2042: 2039: 1968: 1965: 1957:Woodrow Wilson 1912:Woodrow Wilson 1887: 1884: 1880:Robert Smillie 1853:763,000 German 1825:Atlantic Ocean 1817:Main article: 1814: 1811: 1736:Château-Salins 1713: 1710: 1670:Woodrow Wilson 1655: 1652: 1639:Vladimir Lenin 1607:Triple Entente 1603:Central Powers 1572:Main article: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1509:Ferdinand Foch 1466:Central Powers 1436: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401:Sep. 1939 1396: 1395:Aug. 1939 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1371:Apr. 1939 1366: 1365:Mar. 1939 1360: 1354: 1348: 1347:Mar. 1939 1342: 1341:Mar. 1939 1336: 1335:Mar. 1939 1330: 1329:Mar. 1939 1324: 1323:Nov. 1938 1318: 1317:Sep. 1938 1312: 1311:Sep. 1938 1306: 1305:Aug. 1938 1303:Bled Agreement 1300: 1294: 1288: 1287:Mar. 1938 1282: 1281:Mar. 1938 1276: 1266: 1260: 1257:Xi'an Incident 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1150:Battle of Rehe 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1064: 1058: 1055:Corfu incident 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 988: 984: 983: 982: 979: 978: 970: 969: 967: 966: 959: 952: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 931: 926: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 892: 891: 886: 875: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 821: 820: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 797: 792: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 760: 754: 749: 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 735: 734: 733: 723: 718: 713: 707: 702: 701: 698: 697: 689: 688: 678: 677: 662: 661: 657: 656: 647: 643: 642: 639: 635: 634: 620: 619: 606: 603:Czechoslovakia 591: 576: 563: 548: 533: 518: 505: 492: 479: 466: 453: 438: 425: 412: 397: 385: 370: 355: 340: 328: 311: 310: 309: 307: 306: 291: 276: 261: 245: 229: 213: 199: 185: 182:United Kingdom 169: 167:British Empire 156: 137: 136: 135: 133: 129: 128: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 95: 91: 90: 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15701: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15509: 15504: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15391: 15386: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15351: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15284: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15212: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15096: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15059: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15022: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14965: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14938: 14933: 14930: 14926: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14789: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14732: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14715: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14672: 14667: 14665: 14660: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14649: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14630: 14620: 14619: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14600: 14596: 14595: 14593: 14589: 14579: 14576: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14453: 14449: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14404:United States 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14355: 14352: 14349: 14344: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14248: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14224: 14220: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14139: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14090: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14064: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14021: 14016: 14006: 14005:United States 14003: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13960: 13956: 13955:Convoy system 13953: 13952: 13951: 13950:Naval warfare 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13906: 13902: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13882: 13879: 13876: 13873: 13870: 13865: 13862: 13859: 13856: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13833: 13830: 13827: 13824: 13821: 13818: 13815: 13812: 13809: 13806: 13803: 13800: 13797: 13794: 13791: 13788: 13785: 13782: 13779: 13776: 13773: 13770: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13752: 13749: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13730: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13710:Kaocen revolt 13708: 13705: 13704:Easter Rising 13702: 13699: 13696: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13673: 13670: 13667: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13655: 13652: 13649: 13646: 13643: 13640: 13637: 13634: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13606: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13269:Great Retreat 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13140:Battle of Cer 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13083: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13061: 13058: 13057:Agadir Crisis 13055: 13052: 13049: 13046: 13043: 13040: 13037: 13034: 13031: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13009: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12956: 12952: 12946: 12945:United States 12943: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12862:French Empire 12860: 12859: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12815: 12805: 12804:Mediterranean 12802: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12784:Naval warfare 12781: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12671: 12667: 12661: 12660:Italian Front 12658: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12648:Eastern Front 12646: 12644: 12643:Western Front 12641: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12601:Puppet states 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12543: 12540: 12536: 12529: 12524: 12522: 12517: 12515: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12322: 12319: 12315: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12165: 12158: 12153: 12151: 12146: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12123: 12122: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12020: 12016: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11864: 11859: 11857: 11852: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11746: 11740: 11736: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11717: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11677: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11489: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11444:(2–4): 1–32. 11443: 11439: 11435: 11430: 11429: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11395: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11334:Parker, R.A.C 11331: 11325: 11321: 11319:0-375-76052-0 11315: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11297:0-7195-5939-1 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11213: 11208: 11204: 11202:0-00-322217-9 11198: 11194: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11135: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11095: 11091: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11015: 11011: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10982: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10959: 10954: 10950: 10948:0-520-04962-4 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10872:0-52144-317-2 10868: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10836: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10655: 10648: 10644: 10643:Thompson, Ewa 10640: 10636: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10519: 10518: 10511: 10507: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10294:3-525-36056-8 10290: 10286: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10256: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10154:(in French). 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10093: 10091:0-88133-434-0 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9971: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9923:Mommsen, Hans 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9812: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9769: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9640: 9636: 9634:0-691-02986-5 9630: 9626: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9612:History Today 9609: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9592:History Today 9588: 9584: 9578: 9574: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9528:(in German). 9527: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9394: 9392:0-7377-0171-4 9388: 9384: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9335:0-669-41711-4 9331: 9327: 9326: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9240:0-691-05190-9 9236: 9232: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9036: 9032: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8993:0-7064-0398-3 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8913: 8912: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8788:Edmonds, J.E. 8785: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8757:Duff, John B. 8754: 8750: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8690: 8688:0-8032-1680-7 8684: 8680: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8637:. Pan Books. 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8338:Butler, James 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8279: 8276:(3): 244–291. 8275: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8101:Wood, Frances 8097: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7973: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7661: 7659: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7465: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7442: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7276:, p. 16. 7275: 7274:Weinberg 2008 7270: 7263: 7262:Reynolds 1994 7258: 7251: 7246: 7239: 7238:Markwell 2006 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7125: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7090:, p. 53. 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 68. 7065: 7064:Corrigan 2011 7060: 7054:, p. 78. 7053: 7048: 7041: 7036: 7034: 7027:, p. 26. 7026: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6990: 6983:, p. 25. 6982: 6977: 6975: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6878:, p. 13. 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6824: 6819: 6813:, p. 87. 6812: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6789:, p. 21. 6788: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6753:, p. 94. 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6703:Jacobson 1972 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6652:, p. 78. 6651: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6620:, p. 92. 6619: 6618:Liverman 1996 6614: 6612: 6605:, p. 84. 6604: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6558:, p. 75. 6557: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6459:, p. 10. 6458: 6453: 6446: 6441: 6434: 6433:Ferguson 1998 6429: 6422: 6417: 6410: 6409:Kawamura 1997 6405: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6343: 6341: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6293:De Zayas 1989 6289: 6283:, p. 18. 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6247:, p. 60. 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6220: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6124:, p. 52. 6123: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6073:, p. 22. 6072: 6067: 6065: 6058:, p. 75. 6057: 6056:Slavicek 2010 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6032:Campbell 2010 6028: 6022:, p. 22. 6021: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5990:, p. 26. 5989: 5984: 5978:, p. 26. 5977: 5972: 5970: 5963:, p. 10. 5962: 5957: 5955: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5849:, p. 74. 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5786:, p. 34. 5785: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5738:, p. 24. 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5675:, p. 73. 5674: 5673:Slavicek 2010 5669: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5613:, p. 65. 5612: 5611:Slavicek 2010 5607: 5600: 5599:Slavicek 2010 5595: 5589:, p. 48. 5588: 5587:Slavicek 2010 5583: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5495:Yearwood 2009 5491: 5485:, p. 44. 5484: 5483:Slavicek 2010 5479: 5473:, p. 21. 5472: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5398:Slavicek 2010 5394: 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 28. 5375: 5370: 5364:, p. 34. 5363: 5358: 5352:, p. 43. 5351: 5346: 5340:, p. 34. 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5316:, p. 21. 5315: 5310: 5304:, p. 43. 5303: 5302:Slavicek 2010 5298: 5296: 5294: 5287:, p. 22. 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5261:Slavicek 2010 5257: 5251:, p. 12. 5250: 5249:Weinberg 1994 5245: 5239:, p. 84. 5238: 5233: 5227:, p. 37. 5226: 5225:Slavicek 2010 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5191:, p. 15. 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5165:Roerkohl 1991 5161: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5050:, p. 78. 5049: 5044: 5038:, p. 14. 5037: 5032: 5026:, p. 18. 5025: 5020: 5018: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4973:Weinberg 1994 4969: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4924:, p. 71. 4923: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4814:Slavicek 2010 4810: 4803: 4802:Slavicek 2010 4798: 4796: 4791: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4756: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4727: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4593: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451:Norman Davies 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4412:, the Polish 4411: 4405: 4403: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4379:According to 4377: 4375: 4372:and parts of 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4349:rapprochement 4346: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267:, namely the 4266: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4079:von Mackensen 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4048: 4041:War criminals 4038: 4036: 4035: 4023: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3759: 3757: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3659: 3652:4,100 people, 3636:477,119 votes 3632:528,105 votes 3628: 3626: 3622: 3621:Memel Statute 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563:Eupen-Malmedy 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3493: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3448:north of the 3447: 3446:Pacific Ocean 3443: 3439: 3438:paternalistic 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352:Chinda Sutemi 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3298:Johannes Bell 3295: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3269:Field Marshal 3265: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3197:Carl Melchior 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3157:Western world 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3031:United States 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:H. H. Asquith 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2846:South African 2843: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2737: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2663: 2659: 2658:torpedo boats 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:armoured cars 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2588:soldiers and 2581: 2575: 2574: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473:Vistula River 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:Upper Silesia 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:secret ballot 2358: 2357:Herman Baltia 2353: 2349: 2348:Eupen-Malmedy 2345: 2341: 2332: 2317: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2243:Johannes Bell 2239: 2230: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:Eastern China 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2103:American aims 2100: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754:launched the 1753: 1752:Allied forces 1749: 1748:Western Front 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1575: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Allied Powers 1451: 1447: 1443: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383:May 1939 1382: 1381:Pact of Steel 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357:Danzig Crisis 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293:May 1938 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049:March on Rome 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 981: 980: 976: 975: 965: 960: 958: 953: 951: 946: 945: 943: 942: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 915: 914: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 890: 887: 885: 882: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 845: 844: 837: 834: 833: 827: 826: 819: 816: 815: 809: 808: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 765: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 752: 747: 746: 739: 736: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 705: 700: 699: 695: 691: 690: 687: 684: 683: 676: 672: 663: 658: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 618: 607: 604: 592: 589: 577: 575: 564: 561: 549: 546: 534: 531: 519: 517: 506: 504: 493: 491: 480: 478: 467: 465: 454: 451: 439: 437: 426: 424: 413: 410: 398: 396: 386: 383: 371: 368: 356: 353: 341: 339: 329: 327: 316: 315: 304: 292: 289: 277: 274: 262: 259: 247: • 246: 243: 231: • 230: 227: 215: • 214: 212: 201: • 200: 198: 187: • 186: 183: 171: • 170: 168: 157: 155: 154:United States 144: 143: 140: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 78: 74: 67: 62: 57: 51: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15155: 14616: 14609: 14597: 14550: 14204: / 14136: 13971:Conscription 13935:Cryptography 13872:Iraqi Revolt 13299:Siege of Kut 13242: 12820:participants 12769:German Samoa 12703:South Arabia 12368:Tartu (1921) 12353:Alexandropol 12333:Tartu (1920) 12283: 12119: 12112: 12105: 11973:Stresa Front 11922: 11896:Organisation 11832: 11811: 11802: 11786: 11734: 11715: 11695: 11675: 11650: 11646: 11621: 11617: 11592: 11588: 11569: 11565: 11539:(1): 12103. 11536: 11532: 11506: 11487: 11468: 11441: 11437: 11415: 11393: 11374: 11341: 11337: 11322:– via 11308: 11287: 11271: 11263: 11255: 11233: 11211: 11192: 11173: 11164: 11142: 11111: 11089: 11069: 11038:(1): 13–24. 11035: 11031: 11022: 10999: 10984:. Retrieved 10980: 10957: 10938: 10923:. Retrieved 10888: 10875:– via 10861: 10848: 10830: 10814:. ABC=CLIO. 10811: 10792: 10770: 10758:. Retrieved 10749: 10714: 10710: 10688: 10676: 10661:. Retrieved 10654:the original 10624: 10601: 10582: 10563: 10541: 10531:– via 10516: 10495: 10476: 10457: 10438: 10408:(1): 34–49. 10405: 10401: 10385: 10381: 10370:the original 10353:. Retrieved 10348: 10325: 10315: 10306: 10284: 10259: 10253: 10234: 10230: 10210: 10190: 10179: 10155: 10151: 10127: 10123: 10111:. Retrieved 10104: 10081: 10059: 10037: 10018: 9999: 9990: 9980:– via 9974:. Retrieved 9968: 9948: 9945:Mowat, C. L. 9926: 9906: 9867: 9863: 9841: 9832: 9810: 9791: 9781:– via 9766: 9742: 9706: 9702: 9666: 9662: 9643: 9624: 9616:the original 9611: 9591: 9572: 9553: 9534:the original 9503: 9463: 9457: 9434: 9415: 9402:– via 9396:. 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Praeger. 10685:Tooze, Adam 10621:Siljak, Ana 10109:(in German) 9870:(1): 4–23, 9157:Henig, Ruth 9127:. Penguin. 9037:(in German) 8980:Taylor, AJP 8025:(1): 1–24. 7999:Article 295 7966:Article 430 7955:Article 429 7944:Article 428 7878:Article 231 7823:Article 115 7757:Article 156 7746:Article 119 7639:Article 246 7519:Davies 2007 7377:Tampke 2017 7226:Keynes 1920 6876:Zaloga 2002 6823:Nelson 1975 6811:Pawley 2008 6751:Pawley 2008 6691:Pawley 2008 6667:Pawley 2008 6650:Collar 2012 6633:Pawley 2008 6603:Pawley 2008 6481:Martin 2007 6469:Martin 2007 6457:Kramer 2008 6397:Lauren 1978 6362:Pinson 1964 6332:Probst 2019 6245:Dreyer 2015 6233:Schiff 1996 6184:, ch 22–23. 6182:Cooper 2011 6146:Bailey 1945 6095:Tucker 1999 6071:Sontag 1971 5976:Lentin 2012 5897:(in German) 5862:Martel 2010 5748:Martin 2007 5736:Frucht 2004 5685:Truitt 2010 5575:Cooper 2011 5546:Wilson 1917 5386:Lentin 1992 5374:Lentin 1992 5362:Keylor 1998 5350:Keylor 1998 5338:Keynes 1920 5314:Lentin 2012 5285:Lentin 2012 5273:Venzon 1999 5237:Lentin 1985 5189:Rubner 1919 5072:Fuller 1993 5024:Martel 1999 4898:Bessel 1993 4886:Beller 2007 4874:Cooper 2011 4777:Groppe 2004 4755:Keynes 1919 4709:Lauren 1978 4639:Reparations 4446:Reichsmarks 4442:Reichsmarks 4438:Reichsmarks 4361:Sudetenland 4271:(SPD), the 4208:peace terms 4109:in absentia 4074:von Tirpitz 4026:Territorial 4020:Reichsmarks 4000:Nazi regime 3952:Reichsmarks 3933:Reichsmarks 3907:800,000 men 3877:Switzerland 3873:Netherlands 3786:Heldenplatz 3767:Reparations 3744:200,000 men 3729:Black Shame 3706:Second Army 3648:2,124 votes 3486:Reparations 3427:dōbun dōshǖ 2834:Philip Kerr 2749:bridgeheads 2698:Article 231 2686:Reparations 2675:battleships 2666:15,000 men, 2642:German navy 2585:100,000 men 2559:New Zealand 2457:Soldau area 2194:Aozou strip 2192:and French 2018:Saar Valley 1967:French aims 1650:surrender. 1615:Middle East 1594:July Crisis 1494:Article 231 1489:reparations 1479:The treaty 1113: 1930s 1024: 1920s 985: 1910s 934:The Inquiry 763:Reparations 242:New Zealand 15558:Categories 14451:Agreements 14251:War crimes 14127:Luxembourg 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3957:Reichsmark 3947:Reichswehr 3938:Reichswehr 3930:82,788,604 3856:Truppenamt 3847:Reichswehr 3815:Dawes Plan 3762:Violations 3748:15,000 men 3687:Young Plan 3654:including 3625:until 1939 3416:, such as 3167:See also: 3153:Duan Qirui 2876:after the 2806:War Crimes 2782:, was the 2731:Guarantees 2707:gold marks 2703:1 May 1921 2671:1,500 men. 2662:submarines 2654:destroyers 2618:Heligoland 2580:Reichswehr 2573:Reichswehr 2547:Mozambique 2477:Baltic Sea 2453:plebiscite 2377:Versailles 2352:plebiscite 2257:headed by 2255:government 2225:should be 2081:Royal Navy 1984:zone rouge 1872:Max Rubner 1799:Luxembourg 1740:Marieulles 1698:annexation 1678:free trade 1633:, the new 1563:Background 1541:Nazi Party 1529:Young Plan 1525:Dawes Plan 1291:May Crisis 1275: 1937 1259: 1936 1253: 1936 1247: 1936 1241: 1936 1223: 1936 1206: 1935 1200: 1935 1194: 1935 1188: 1935 1182: 1934 1170: 1933 1164: 1933 1158: 1933 1152: 1933 1146: 1933 1134: 1932 1122: 1931 1101: 1929 1095: 1929 1093:Young Plan 1089: 1925 1083: 1924 1081:Dawes Plan 1071: 1925 1068:Mein Kampf 1057: 1923 1051: 1922 1045: 1921 1039: 1920 1033: 1920 1000: 1919 994: 1919 778:Young Plan 768:Dawes Plan 675:Wikisource 638:Depositary 106:Versailles 30:See also: 14815:Meiji era 14348:Diplomacy 14055:Olympians 13978:Australia 13945:Logistics 13878:Vlora War 13807:(1918–19) 13783:(1918–19) 13777:(1918–19) 13765:(1918–19) 13712:(1916–17) 13694:(1916–17) 13645:Zaian War 13635:(1914–15) 13355:first day 13243:Lusitania 13071:(1912–13) 13065:(1911–12) 13053:(1908–09) 13047:(1905–06) 13029:(1870–71) 12818:Principal 12678:Gallipoli 12581:Memorials 12566:Geography 12556:Aftermath 12317:Aftermath 12099:Paintings 11667:225470429 11638:154166326 11609:244955175 11553:216506161 11460:213836404 11366:155654607 11232:(2015) . 11060:145794771 10986:5 October 10981:ThoughtCo 10887:(2008) . 10739:154283533 10687:(2007) . 10430:147122057 9892:144670397 9731:154166326 9691:144072556 9508:MIT Press 9488:154765654 9280:154956368 9159:(1995) 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12688:Caucasus 12623:European 12615:Theatres 12470:Portugal 12422:Montreux 12388:Lausanne 12193:Damascus 12166:treaties 12070:Big Four 11913:Mandates 11821:Archived 11414:(1972). 11286:(2001). 11254:(1938). 11163:(1941). 11141:(2008). 11110:(2002). 10998:(2017). 10937:(1980). 10859:(1994). 10754:Archived 10675:(1970). 10645:(n.d.). 10276:72845627 10146:(1920). 10136:45325166 10080:(1964). 10058:(1992). 9901:(n.d.). 9741:(2006). 9596:ProQuest 9552:(2008). 9480:24909920 9414:(1984). 9370:(1920). 9350:(1919). 9116:91180171 8978:(1974). 8956:(1984). 8846:(1998). 8816:(1989). 8633:(2007). 8603:(2011). 8579:(2011). 8366:(1993). 8200:(1986). 8190:44123331 8125:(1945). 7628:Part XII 7561:Preamble 5510:Kim 2000 4641:section. 4637:See the 4491:See also 4089:and the 3840:Military 3795:the Ruhr 3781:Anschluß 3559:99.3% of 3555:90% turn 3499:US$ 12.5 3454:Prussian 3069:treaty. 3039:Senator 3005:Portugal 3000:Portugal 2934:Lorraine 2868:and the 2743:(yellow) 2594:officers 2551:Shandong 2515:Togoland 2487:Mandates 2344:Moresnet 2190:Jubaland 2177:Anglican 2146:Democrat 2140:won the 2122:Shandong 1995:Napoleon 1961:Big Four 1896:Big Four 1813:Blockade 1764:mutinied 1762:at Kiel 1732:Mulhouse 1527:and the 1516:pacified 1273:incident 738:Mandates 545:Portugal 464:Honduras 108:, France 94:Location 15511:(1989–) 14374:Germany 14274:Germany 14202:Germany 14122:Belgium 14107:Albania 14066:Disease 14046:Sports 13998:Ireland 13911:Warfare 13904:Aspects 13092:Origins 13085:Prelude 12988:Senussi 12968:Germany 12963:Leaders 12901:Romania 12842:Belgium 12837:Leaders 12736:Kamerun 12718:African 12653:Romania 12631:Balkans 12546:Outline 12450:Denmark 12373:Cilicia 12348:Suwałki 12299:Trianon 12241:Ukraine 11968:Locarno 11891:Members 11787:My 1919 11358:2008855 11052:1405810 10760:2 March 10422:2192530 9976:2 March 9884:1877866 9683:4545835 9439:Penguin 9398:2 March 9301:Bibcode 9272:3642235 9011:7 April 8982:(ed.). 8781:1891015 8694:2 March 8391:History 8047:2143772 8007:Sources 4363:and in 4354:autarky 4241:Belgium 4213:Russian 3989:200,000 3515:US$ 500 3511:US$ 250 3450:Equator 3422:Chinese 3418:Koreans 3374:Entente 3163:Germany 3110:Hungary 3106:Austria 3049:Johnson 2949:Marshal 2820:Britain 2757:Coblenz 2753:Cologne 2475:on the 2269:within 2196:to the 1927:on the 1795:Belgium 1784:Belgium 1702:Inquiry 1555:on the 1539:of the 716:Members 654:English 632:Germany 617:Uruguay 560:Romania 477:Liberia 395:Ecuador 338:Bolivia 326:Belgium 132:Parties 100:in the 84: ( 14394:Russia 14369:France 14197:Canada 14112:Serbia 13983:Canada 13940:Horses 13892:(1921) 13886:(1920) 13880:(1920) 13874:(1920) 13866:(1920) 13819:(1919) 13813:(1919) 13759:(1918) 13724:(1918) 13718:(1917) 13706:(1916) 13700:(1916) 13665:(1915) 13077:(1913) 13059:(1911) 13041:(1905) 12998:Darfur 12923:Serbia 12906:Russia 12869:Greece 12857:France 12847:Brazil 12693:Persia 12636:Serbia 12465:Sweden 12460:Norway 12455:Greece 12378:Angora 12358:Moscow 12338:Warsaw 12304:Sèvres 12253:Vienna 12248:Berlin 12236:Russia 12228:Buftea 12223:Acroma 12198:London 11741: 11722: 11703: 11682: 11665: 11636: 11607: 11551: 11513: 11494: 11475: 11458: 11400: 11381: 11364: 11356: 11316: 11294: 11276:online 11240: 11218: 11199: 11180: 11149: 11118: 11096: 11077: 11058: 11050: 11006: 10964: 10945: 10895: 10869: 10837: 10818: 10799: 10777: 10737: 10731:260557 10729: 10695: 10631: 10608: 10589: 10570: 10548: 10525: 10502: 10483: 10464: 10445: 10428: 10420: 10394:985606 10392: 10333: 10291: 10274: 10241: 10218: 10197: 10134: 10088: 10066: 10044: 10025: 10006: 9955: 9933: 9890: 9882: 9848: 9817: 9798: 9775: 9749: 9729: 9721: 9689: 9681: 9650: 9631: 9598: 9579: 9560: 9548:& 9514: 9486: 9478: 9445: 9422: 9389: 9332: 9278: 9270: 9237: 9218: 9196: 9169: 9131: 9114: 9072: 8990: 8964: 8942: 8919: 8896: 8877: 8858: 8828: 8802: 8779: 8745: 8715: 8685: 8664: 8641: 8615: 8589: 8565: 8524: 8514: 8493: 8453: 8432: 8410: 8374: 8352: 8340:& 8318: 8291: 8253: 8241:& 8227: 8208: 8188: 8148: 8111: 8088: 8076:& 8062: 8045: 8037: 7977:Part I 4672:, and 4574:German 4566:French 4374:Poland 4310:Czechs 4016:35% of 3918:10% of 3885:Bofors 3881:Sweden 3879:, and 3861:18,000 3693:, and 3594:Oppeln 3547:German 3543:Danish 3507:Leuven 3414:Asians 3220:Diktat 2930:Alsace 2923:France 2911:under 2465:Danzig 2461:Warsaw 2433:Poznań 2420:Poland 2329: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2295:Hedjaz 2003:Senate 1973:25% of 1933:Russia 1910:, and 1780:France 1750:, the 1738:, and 1637:under 1619:Africa 1611:Europe 1444:was a 918:Others 650:French 629: 614: 600: 585: 571: 557: 542: 530:Poland 527: 513: 503:Panama 500: 487: 474: 461: 447: 433: 420: 409:Greece 406: 379: 364: 352:Brazil 349: 323: 300: 285: 273:France 270: 255: 239: 223: 208: 197:Canada 194: 179: 164: 151: 76:Signed 38:, and 15506:Post- 15374:] 15352:] 15285:] 15213:] 15097:] 15060:] 15023:] 14966:] 14939:] 14927:] 14790:] 14733:] 14716:] 14591:Other 14384:Japan 14379:Italy 14206:camps 14050:Rugby 13600:] 12879:Japan 12874:Italy 12852:China 12746:North 12443:Egypt 12258:Batum 12063:Other 11663:S2CID 11634:S2CID 11605:S2CID 11549:S2CID 11529:(PDF) 11456:S2CID 11362:S2CID 11354:JSTOR 11056:S2CID 11048:JSTOR 10735:S2CID 10727:JSTOR 10657:(PDF) 10650:(PDF) 10426:S2CID 10418:JSTOR 10390:JSTOR 10272:S2CID 10233:[ 10132:JSTOR 9888:S2CID 9880:JSTOR 9727:S2CID 9719:JSTOR 9687:S2CID 9679:JSTOR 9484:S2CID 9476:JSTOR 9276:S2CID 9268:JSTOR 9188:[ 9112:S2CID 9092:(PDF) 8777:JSTOR 8186:JSTOR 8043:JSTOR 5901:5 May 4548:Notes 4306:Poles 4221:marks 3970:Umbau 3889:Krupp 3304:Japan 3134:China 3045:Lodge 3041:Borah 3021:Spain 2977:Fiume 2963:Italy 2717:bonds 2638:tanks 2469:Memel 2431:(now 2291:Quran 2267:Rhine 2227:tried 2202:Libya 2175:, an 2124:, in 1999:Rhine 1271:Panay 450:Hejaz 436:Haiti 367:China 303:Japan 288:Italy 258:India 14171:POWs 13490:1918 13392:1917 13318:1916 13219:1915 13123:1914 12928:Siam 12731:East 12383:Kars 12211:1918 12206:1916 11833:Link 11739:ISBN 11720:ISBN 11701:ISBN 11680:ISBN 11511:ISBN 11492:ISBN 11473:ISBN 11398:ISBN 11379:ISBN 11314:ISBN 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