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factors that led to their present state. Humanitarian groups and media outlets often rely on images of refugees that evoke emotional responses and are said to speak for themselves. The refugees in these images, however, are not asked to elaborate on their experiences, and thus, their narratives are all but erased. From the perspective of the international community, "refugee" is a performative status equated with injury, ill health, and poverty. When people no longer display these traits, they are no longer seen as ideal refugees, even if they still fit the legal definition. For this reason, there is a need to improve current humanitarian efforts by acknowledging the "narrative authority, historical agency, and political memory" of refugees alongside their shared humanity. Dehistorizing and depoliticizing refugees can have dire consequences. Rwandan refugees in
Tanzanian camps, for example, were pressured to return to their home country before they believed it was truly safe to do so. Despite the fact that refugees, drawing on their political history and experiences, claimed that Tutsi forces still posed a threat to them in Rwanda, their narrative was overshadowed by the U.N. assurances of safety. When the refugees did return home, reports of reprisals against them, land seizures, disappearances, and incarceration abounded, as they had feared.
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vetted through the resettlement program in the United States between 2001 and 2016, only five were subsequently arrested on terrorism charges; and 17 of the 600,000 Iraqis and
Syrians who arrived in Germany in 2015 were investigated for terrorism. One study found that European jihadists tend to be 'homegrown': over 90% were residents of a European country and 60% had European citizenship. While the statistics do not support the rhetoric, a PEW Research Center survey of ten European countries (Hungary, Poland, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Greece, UK, France, and Spain) released on 11 July 2016, finds that the majority (ranges from 52% to 76%) of respondents in eight countries (Hungary, Poland, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Greece, and UK) think refugees increase the likelihood of terrorism in their country. Since 1975, in the U.S., the risk of dying in a terror attack by a refugee is 1 in 3.6 billion per year; whereas, the odds of dying in a motor vehicle crash are 1 in 113, by state sanctioned execution 1 in 111,439, or by dog attack 1 in 114,622.
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and expanded their mandate from just humanitarian emergency relief to including human development and protection of the
Palestinian society. Communication with host countries where UNRWA is operating (Syria, Jordan and Lebanon) is very important as the agency's mandate changes per region. UNRWA's Medium Term Strategy is a report that lists all the issues that the Palestinians are facing and UNRWA's plan to mitigate the severeness of the issues. The report shows that UNRWA focusses mostly on food assistance, health care, education and shelter for Palestinian refugees. UNRWA has succeeded in placing over 700 schools with over 500,000 students, 140 health centers, 113 women community centers, and has awarded over 475,000 loans. UNRWA's funding relies mostly on voluntary donations. Fluctuations in these donations result in constraints in carrying out the mandate.
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1774:, is disputed. Additionally, academics have critiqued the lack of a theoretical basis of refugee studies and dominance of policy-oriented research. In response, scholars have attempted to steer the field toward establishing a theoretical groundwork of refugee studies through "situating studies of particular refugee (and other forced migrant) groups in the theories of cognate areas (and major disciplines), an opportunity to use the particular circumstances of refugee situations to illuminate these more general theories and thus participate in the development of social science, rather than leading refugee studies into an intellectual cul-de-sac." Thus, the term
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states must not deport genuine refugees. In contrast, the right to non-refoulement allows states to transfer genuine refugees to third party countries with respectable human rights records. The portable procedural model, proposed by political philosopher Andy Lamey, emphasizes the right to non-refoulement by guaranteeing refugees three procedural rights (to a verbal hearing, to legal counsel, and to judicial review of detention decisions) and ensuring those rights in the constitution. This proposal attempts to strike a balance between the interest of national governments and the interests of refugees.
2892:, especially of children, have been documented. In many refugee camps in three war-torn West African countries, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia, young girls were found to be exchanging sex for money, a handful of fruit, or even a bar of soap. Most of these girls were between 13 and 18 years of age. In most cases, if the girls had been forced to stay, they would have been forced into marriage. They became pregnant around the age of 15 on average. This happened as recently as in 2001. Parents tended to turn a blind eye because sexual exploitation had become a "mechanism of survival" in these camps.
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1594:, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets regardless of their wishes. When the war ended in May 1945, British and United States civilian authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to the Soviet Union millions of former residents of the USSR, including many persons who had left Russia and established different citizenship decades before. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945 to 1947.
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the
Republic of Congo to the DRC, 30,000 Angolans returned home from the DRC and Botswana, Ivorian refugees returned from Liberia, Afghans from Pakistan, and Iraqis from Syria. In 2013, the governments of Kenya and Somalia also signed a tripartite agreement facilitating the repatriation of refugees from Somalia. The UNHCR and the IOM offer assistance to refugees who want to return voluntarily to their home countries. Many developed countries also have Assisted Voluntary Return (AVR) programmes for asylum seekers who want to go back or were
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capacity of the existing health system. Political aversion to refugee access into the existing health system may stem from the wider issue of refugee resettlement. One approach to limiting such barriers is to move from a parallel administrative system in which UNHCR refugees may receive better healthcare than host nationals but is unsustainable financially and politically to that of an integrated care where refugee and host nationals receive equal and more improved care all around. In the 1980s, Pakistan attempted to address
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infrastructure, education, and technology. According to the report, food, shelter, and environmental health are a human's basic needs. United
Nations agency UNRWA (The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) focuses on addressing these issues to relieve Palestinians from any harm. UNRWA was established as a temporary agency that would carry out a humanitarian response mandate for Palestinian refugees in Gaza, the West Bank, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon.
2947:, and the humanitarian aid directed at refugee relief has very rarely been utilized to fund the acquisition of arms. Although conclusions from case studies of refugee mobilizations raised concerns that humanitarian aid may support rebel groups, more recent empirical evidence does not support the generalizability of these concerns. Support from a refugee-receiving state has rarely been used to enable refugees to mobilize militarily, enabling conflict to spread across borders.
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2274:(INA). In other countries, it is often used in different contexts: in everyday usage it refers to a forcibly displaced person who has fled his or her country of origin; in a more specific context it refers to such a person who was, on top of that, granted refugee status in the country the person fled to. Even more exclusive is the Convention refugee status which is given only to persons who fall within the refugee definition of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol.
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attacks that occurred in the previous four years. At the incident level, the 2011 Utøya Norway terror attack by
Breivik demonstrates the impact of this threat perception on a country's risk from domestic terrorism, in particular ethno-nationalist extremism. Breivik portrayed himself as a protector of Norwegian ethnic identity and national security fighting against immigrant criminality, competition and welfare abuse and an Islamic takeover.
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susceptible to malaria infection, which is a significant cause of mortality in children younger than 5. Malaria was the cause of 16% of the deaths in refugee children younger than 5 years of age. Malaria is one of the most commonly reported causes of death in refugees and displaced persons. Since 2014, reports of malaria cases in
Germany had doubled compared to previous years, with the majority of cases found in refugees from Eritrea.
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3114:, the numbers were much lower. There was only 1.4% of refugee students attending schools in Malaysia. This trend is evident across several first settlement countries and carry negative impacts on students once they arrive to their permanent settlement homes, such as the US, and have to navigate a new education system. Some refugees do not have a chance to attend schools in their first settlement countries because they are considered
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3254:, refugees or other migrants. It can also refer to incidents in the country of origin or departure, to large problems whilst on the move or even after arrival in a safe country that involve large groups of displaced persons. At the end of 2020, the UNHCR estimated the number of forcibly displaced people to be about 82.4 million worldwide. Of those, 26.4 million (nearly a third) are refugees while 4.1 million were classified as
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barriers include economic constraints around perceived and actual costs carried by refugees. In addition, refugees must cope with a healthcare workforce unaware of the unique health needs of refugee populations. Perceived legal barriers such as fear that disclosing medical conditions prohibiting reunification of family members and current policies which reduce assistance programs may also limit access to health care services.
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2405:) and it is subject to the overall efficacy of the country's internal administrative and judicial system as well as the characteristics of the refugee flow to which the country responds. This lack of a procedural direction could create a situation where political and strategic interests override humanitarian considerations in the RSD process. There are also no fixed interpretations of the elements in the
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services. The legal restrictions on access to health care and the administrative barriers in
Germany have been criticized since the 1990s for leading to delayed care, for increasing direct costs and administrative costs of health care, and for shifting the responsibility for care from the less expensive primary care sector to costly treatments for acute conditions in the secondary and tertiary sector.
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include all descendants of
Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, regardless of whether they had been granted citizenship elsewhere. This classification process is inconsistent with how all other refugees in the world are classified, including the definition used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the laws concerning refugees in the United States."
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and ensure that no one profits from violence. Yet this is a very complex issue and every situation is different; conflict is a highly transformative force and the pre-war status-quo can never be reestablished completely, even if that were desirable (it may have caused the conflict in the first place). Therefore, the following are of particular importance to the right to return:
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2836:. Despite inclusive stated policies for refugee access to health care on the international levels, potential barriers to that access include language, cultural preferences, high financial costs, administrative hurdles, and physical distance. Specific barriers and policies related to health service access also emerge based on the host country context. For example,
1923:(IDPs), as well as people in refugee-like and IDP-like situations. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and to resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to
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students in the US were still in a transitional status. Refugee students continue to encounter difficulties throughout their years in schools that can hinder their ability to learn. Furthermore, to provide proper support, educators must consider the experiences of students before they settled the US.
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The category of "refugee" tends to have a universalizing effect on those classified as such. It draws upon the common humanity of a mass of people in order to inspire public empathy, but doing so can have the unintended consequence of silencing refugee stories and erasing the political and historical
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had health insurance coverage compared to a little more than half of non-Iraqi immigrants in a
Dearborn, Michigan, study. However, greater barriers existed around transportation, language and successful stress coping mechanisms for refugees versus other immigrants, in addition, refugees noted greater
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The refugee camps were built near rivers or irrigation sites had higher malaria prevalence than refugee camps built on dry lands. The location of the camps lent themselves to better breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and thus a higher likelihood of malaria transmission. Children aged 1â15 were the most
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In a study for the United Kingdom, refugees were found to be 4 percentage points more likely to report a mental health problem compared to the non-immigrant population. This contrasts with the results for other immigrant groups, which were less likely to report a mental health problem compared to the
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To receive refugee status, a person must have applied for asylum, making themâwhile waiting for a decisionâan asylum seeker. However, a displaced person otherwise legally entitled to refugee status may never apply for asylum, or may not be allowed to apply in the country they fled to and thus may not
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The residency status in the host country whilst under temporary UNHCR protection is very uncertain as refugees are only granted temporary visas that have to be regularly renewed. Rather than only safeguarding the rights and basic well-being of refugees in the camps or in urban settings on a temporary
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or sometimes also other migrants. It is usually designed to offer acute and temporary accommodation and services and any more permanent facilities and structures often banned. People may stay in these camps for many years, receiving emergency food, education and medical aid until it is safe enough to
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According to the report of the U.S. Committee for Refugees (1995), 10 to 15 percent of 7.5 million Azerbaijani population were refugees or displaced people. Most of them were 228,840 refugee people of Azerbaijan who fled from Armenia in 1988 as a result of deportation policy of Armenia against ethnic
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On 31 December 1938 both the Nansen Office and High Commission were dissolved and replaced by the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League. This coincided with the flight of 500,000 Spanish Republicans, soldiers as well as civilians, to France after their defeat
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Refugee populations consist of people who are terrified and are away from familiar surroundings. There can be instances of exploitation at the hands of enforcement officials, citizens of the host country, and even United Nations peacekeepers. Instances of human rights violations, child labor, mental
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Providing access to healthcare for refugees through integration into the current health systems of host countries may also be difficult when operating in a resource limited setting. In this context, barriers to healthcare access may include political aversion in the host country and already strained
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were analyzed, providing results for 6,743 adult refugees from seven countries. In the larger studies, 9% were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and 5% with major depression, with evidence of much psychiatric co-morbidity. Five surveys of 260 refugee children from three countries yielded
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has found that aid programmes need to move from short-term models of assistance (such as food or cash handouts) to more sustainable long-term programmes that help refugees become more self-reliant. This can involve tackling difficult legal and economic environments, by improving social services, job
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have the right to be reunited if a family member with permanent right of residency applies for the reunification and can prove the people on the application were a family unit before arrival and wish to live as a family unit since separation. If application is successful this enables the rest of the
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that best describes the asylum seeker's reasons to flee. Once the decision was made the asylum seeker receives either Convention refugee status or a complementary form of protection, and can stay in the countryâor is refused asylum, and then often has to leave. Only after the state, territory or the
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Voluntary return of refugees into their country of origin, in safety and dignity, is based on their free will and their informed decision. In the last couple of years parts of or even whole refugee populations were able to return to their home countries: e.g. 120,000 Congolese refugees returned from
1964:
The responsibilities for the assistance for protection for Palestinian refugees and human development were originally left to the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP). This agency failed to function, which led the agency to stop working. UNRWA took over these responsibilities
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passed minimum standards as part of its definition of refugee, underlined by article 2 (c) of Directive No. 2004/83/EC, essentially reproducing the narrow definition of refugee offered by the UN 1951 Convention. Nevertheless, by virtue of articles 2 (e) and 15 of the same Directive, persons who have
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or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable
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students from an array of factors such as: rejection by peers, low self-esteem, antisocial behavior, negative perceptions of their academic ability, and lack of support from school staff and parents. Because refugees come from various regions globally with their own cultural, religious, linguistic,
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One potential argument for limiting refugee access to healthcare is associated with costs with states desire to decrease health expenditure burdens. However, Germany found that restricting refugee access led to an increase actual expenditures relative to refugees which had full access to healthcare
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Access to services depends on many factors, including whether a refugee has received official status, is situated within a refugee camp, or is in the process of third country resettlement. The UNHCR recommends integrating access to primary care and emergency health services with the host country in
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and other diseases. Displacement of a people can create favorable conditions for disease transmission. Refugee camps are typically heavily populated with poor sanitary conditions. The removal of vegetation for space, building materials or firewood also deprives mosquitoes of their natural habitats,
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Unlike other refugee groups, the UN created a specific entity called the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in the aftermath of the war in 1948, which led to a serious refugee crisis in the Arab region, and was responsible for the displacement of 700,000 Palestinian refugees.
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defined refugee studies as "a comprehensive, historical, interdisciplinary and comparative perspective which focuses on the consistencies and patterns in the refugee experience." Following its publishing, the field saw a rapid increase in academic interest and scholarly inquiry, which has continued
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All students need some form of support to help them overcome obstacles and challenges they may face in their lives, especially refugee children who may experience frequent disruptions. There are a few ways in which schools can help refugee students overcome obstacles to attain success in their new
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of out-groups for domestic societal problems, fears and ethno-nationalist sentiment is not new. In the 1890s, the influx of Eastern European Jewish refugees to London coupled with the rise of anarchism in the city led to a confluence of threat-perception and fear of the refugee out-group. Populist
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healthcare access through the creation of Basic Health Units inside the camps. Funding cuts closed many of these programs, forcing refugees to seek healthcare from the local government. In response to a protracted refugee situation in the West Nile district, Ugandan officials with UNHCR created an
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In Canada, barriers to healthcare access include the lack of adequately trained physicians, complex medical conditions of some refugees and the bureaucracy of medical coverage. There are also individual barriers to access such as language and transportation barriers, institutional barriers such as
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The World Health Organization recommends that all people in areas that are endemic for malaria use long-lasting insecticide nets. A cohort study found that within refugee camps in Pakistan, insecticide treated bed nets were very useful in reducing malaria cases. A single treatment of the nets with
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Even in a supposedly "post-conflict" environment, it is not a simple process for refugees to return home. The UN Pinheiro Principles are guided by the idea that people not only have the right to return home, but also the right to the same property. It seeks to return to the pre-conflict status quo
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Local integration is aiming at providing the refugee with the permanent right to stay in the country of asylum, including, in some situations, as a naturalized citizen. It follows the formal granting of refugee status by the country of asylum. It is difficult to quantify the number of refugees who
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of 1935. On 4 July 1936 an agreement was signed under League auspices that defined a refugee coming from Germany as "any person who was settled in that country, who does not possess any nationality other than German nationality, and in respect of whom it is established that in law or in fact he or
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Every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his
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In addition, because of the differences in language and culture, students are often placed in lower classes due to their lack of English proficiency. Students can also be made to repeat classes because of their lack of English proficiency, even if they have mastered the content of the class. When
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students from Somalia in a Chicago school questioned whether schools were equipped to provide them with a quality education that met the needs of the pupils. The students were not aware of how to use pencils, which caused them to break the tips requiring frequent sharpening. Teachers may even see
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In the PEW survey previously referenced, 50% of respondents believe that refugees are a burden due to job and social benefit competition. When Sweden received over 160,000 asylum seekers in 2015, it was accompanied by 50 attacks against asylum-seekers, which was more than four times the number of
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on 15 December 1946, specified the agency's field of operations. Controversially, this defined "persons of German ethnic origin" who had been expelled, or were to be expelled from their countries of birth into the postwar Germany, as individuals who would "not be the concern of the Organization."
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for one million refugees who refused to be repatriated. Even two years after the end of War, some 850,000 people still lived in DP camps across Western Europe. After the establishment of Israel in 1948, Israel accepted more than 650,000 Jewish refugees by 1950. By 1953, over 250,000 refugees were
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means "a dynamic, longâterm process in which a newcomer becomes a full and equal participant in the receiving society... Compared to the general construct of settlement, refugee integration has a greater focus on social, cultural and structural dimensions. This process includes the acquisition of
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refers to "the process of basic adjustment to life â often in the early stages of transition to the new country â including securing access to housing, education, healthcare, documentation and legal rights employment is sometimes included in this process, but the focus is generally on shortâterm
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Cross-national empirical verification, or rejection, of populist suspicion and fear of refugees' threat to national security and terror-related activities is relatively scarce. Case studies suggest that the threat of an Islamist refugee Trojan House is highly exaggerated. Of the 800,000 refugees
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Historically, refugee populations have often been portrayed as a security threat. In the U.S and Europe, there has been much focus on the narrative that terrorists maintain networks amongst transnational, refugee, and migrant populations. This fear has been exaggerated into a modern-day Islamist
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of 11% for post-traumatic stress disorder. According to this study, refugees resettled in Western countries could be about ten times more likely to have PTSD than age-matched general populations in those countries. Worldwide, tens of thousands of refugees and former refugees resettled in Western
2499:
Non-refoulement is the right not to be returned to a place of persecution and is the foundation for international refugee law, as outlined in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The right to non-refoulement is distinct from the right to asylum. To respect the right to asylum,
2323:
An asylum seeker is a displaced person or immigrant who has formally sought the protection of the state they fled to as well as the right to remain in this country and who is waiting for a decision on this formal application. An asylum seeker may have applied for Convention refugee status or for
2976:, states often resort to anti-refugee violence in response to terrorist attacks or security crises. The study notes that there is evidence to suggest that "the repression of refugees is more consistent with a scapegoating mechanism than the actual ties and involvement of refugees in terrorism."
2557:
Once refugees or asylum seekers have found a safe place and protection of a state or territory outside their territory of origin they are discouraged from leaving again and seeking protection in another country. If they do move onward into a second country of asylum this movement is also called
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that has agreed to admit them as refugees. This can be for permanent settlement or limited to a certain number of years. It is the third durable solution and it can only be considered once the two other solutions have proved impossible. The UNHCR has traditionally seen resettlement as the least
1960:
Another refugee wave started in 1967 after the Six-day-War, where mostly Palestinians living in Gaza and the West Bank were victims of displacement. According to the United Nations, Palestinian refugees struggle with access to health care, food, clean water, sanitation, environmental health and
1956:
The population of Palestinian refugees continues to grow due to multiple UNRWA reclassifications of what is considered to be a refugee. "In 1965, UNRWA changed the eligibility requirements to be a Palestinian refugee to include third-generation descendants, and in 1982, it extended it again, to
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Integrating refugees into the workforce is one of the most important steps to overall integration of this particular migrant group. Many refugees are unemployed, under-employed, under-paid and work in the informal economy, if not receiving public assistance. Refugees encounter many barriers in
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in 26 countries around the world, and this period saw the highest number of refugees ever recorded Refugee children experience traumatic events in their lives that can affect their learning capabilities, even after they have resettled in first or second settlement countries. Educators such as
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Within Australia, officially designated refugees who qualify for temporary protection and offshore humanitarian refugees are eligible for health assessments, interventions and access to health insurance schemes and trauma-related counseling services. Despite being eligible to access services,
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is understood to be "a process in which refugees engage in economic activities (employment or selfâemployment) which are commensurate with individuals' professional goals and previous qualifications and experience, and provide adequate economic security and prospects for career advancement."
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In 1965, UNRWA changed the eligibility requirements to be a Palestinian refugee to include third-generation descendants, and in 1982, it extended it again, to include all descendants of Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, regardless of whether they had been granted
1751:. Although significant contributions had been made before, the latter half of the 20th century saw the establishment of institutions dedicated to the study of refugees, such as the Association for the Study of the World Refugee Problem, which was closely followed by the founding of the
1713:(UN), which itself had been founded in 1945, with a mandate to largely finish the UNRRA's work of repatriating or resettling European refugees. It was dissolved in 1952 after resettling about one million refugees. The definition of a refugee at this time was an individual with either a
3204:
schools have the resources and are able to provide separate classes for refugee students to develop their English skills, it can take the average refugee students only three months to catch up with their peers. This was the case with Somali refugees at some primary schools in Nairobi.
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settled and integrated in their first country of asylum and only the number of naturalisations can give an indication. In 2014 Tanzania granted citizenship to 162,000 refugees from Burundi and in 1982 to 32,000 Rwandan refugees. Mexico naturalised 6,200 Guatemalan refugees in 2001.
2642:
Displacement is a long lasting reality for most refugees. Two-thirds of all refugees around the world have been displaced for over three years, which is known as being in 'protracted displacement'. 50% of refugeesâaround 10 million peopleâhave been displaced for over ten years.
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The emergence of refugee studies as a distinct field of study has been criticized by scholars due to terminological difficulty. Since no universally accepted definition for the term "refugee" exists, the academic respectability of the policy-based definition, as outlined in the
1113:
of 1912â1913 caused 800,000 people to leave their homes. Various groups of people were officially designated refugees beginning in World War I. However, when the First World War began, there were no rules in international law specifically dealing with the situation of refugees.
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One school in NYC has found a method that works for them to help refugee students succeed. This school creates support for language and literacies, which promotes students using English and their native languages to complete projects. Furthermore, they have a learning centered
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are obliged to issue travel documents (i.e. "Convention Travel Document") to refugees lawfully residing in their territory. It is a valid travel document in place of a passport, however, it cannot be used to travel to the country of origin, i.e. from where the refugee fled.
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led to such a very large increase in the number of refugees from Germany that in 1933 the League created a high commission for refugees coming from Germany. Besides other measures by the Nazis which created fear and flight, Jews were stripped of German citizenship by the
1729:
This excluded from its purview a group that exceeded in number all the other European displaced persons put together. Also, because of disagreements between the Western allies and the Soviet Union, the IRO only worked in areas controlled by Western armies of occupation.
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citizenship elsewhere. This classification process is inconsistent with how all other refugees in the world are classified, including the definition used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the laws concerning refugees in the United States.
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and 500,000 Muslims in Greece) most of whom were forcibly repatriated and denaturalized from homelands of centuries or millennia (and guaranteed the nationality of the destination country) by a treaty promoted and overseen by the international community as part of the
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However, in 2013, the UNHCR conducted them in more than 50 countries and co-conducted them parallel to or jointly with governments in another 20 countries, which made it the second largest RSD body in the world The UNHCR follows a set of guidelines described in the
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on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. Between 1933 and 1939, about 200,000 Jews fleeing Nazism were able to find refuge in France, while at least 55,000 Jews were able to find refuge in Palestine before the British authorities closed that destination in 1939.
2716:. These long-term mental problems can severely impede the functionality of the person in everyday situations; it makes matters even worse for displaced persons who are confronted with a new environment and challenging situations. They are also at high risk for
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Statistics found that in places such as Uganda and Kenya, there were gaps in refugee students attending schools. It found that 80% of refugees in Uganda were attending schools, whereas only 46% of students were attending schools in Kenya. Furthermore, for
876:
persons who have fled their country because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public
3297:'s mandate there were 21.3 million refugees worldwide. The overall forced displacement worldwide has reached a total of 65.3 million displaced persons at the end of 2015, while it was 59.5 million 12 months earlier. One in every 113 people globally is an
2772:
School of Medicine demonstrated that twenty percent of Sudanese refugee minors living in the United States had a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. They were also more likely to have worse scores on all the Child Health Questionnaire subscales.
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Aside from students, teachers and school staff also face their own obstacles in working with refugee students. They have concerns about their ability to meet the mental, physical, emotional, and educational needs of students. One study of newly arrived
3362:'s mandate were in low and middle-income countries that themselves are close to situations of conflict. Refugees have historically tended to flee to nearby countries with ethnic kin populations and a history of accepting other co-ethnic refugees. The
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who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence and unable to return there owing to serious and indiscriminate threats to life, physical integrity or freedom resulting from generalized violence or events seriously disturbing public
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come from many different backgrounds, and their reasons for resettlement are even more diverse. The number of refugee children has continued to increase as conflicts interrupt communities at a global scale. In 2014 alone, there were approximately 32
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Little empirical evidence supports concerns that refugees commit crimes at higher rates than natives, and some evidence suggests they may even commit crime at lower rates than natives. Very rarely, refugees have been used and recruited as refugee
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In Europe, fear of immigration, Islamification and job and welfare benefits competition has fueled an increase in violence. Immigrants are perceived as a threat to ethno-nationalist identity and increase concerns over criminality and insecurity.
3199:
It is important to understand the cultural differences amongst newly arrived refugees and school culture, such as that of the U.S. This can be seen as problematic because of the frequent disruptions that it can create in a classroom setting.
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Not all refugees who are supported by the UNHCR live in refugee camps. A significant number, more than half, live in urban settings, such as the ~60,000 Iraqi refugees in Damascus (Syria), and the ~30,000 Sudanese refugees in Cairo (Egypt).
2343:
do not need to apply for asylum on arrival in the third countries as they already went through the UNHCR refugee status determination process whilst being in the first country of asylum and this is usually accepted by the third countries.
3003:
receiving countries in finding and sustaining employment commensurate with their experience and expertise. A systemic barrier that is situated across multiple levels (i.e. institutional, organizational and individual levels) is coined "
1952:
The United Nations defines Palestinian refugees as "persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."
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2811:
leading them to more closely interact with humans. In the 1970s, Afghanese refugees that were relocated to Pakistan were going from a country with an effective malaria control strategy, to a country with a less effective system.
903:. The same form of protection is foreseen for displaced people who, without being refugees, are nevertheless exposed, if returned to their countries of origin, to death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatments.
3331:(2.7 million), who had been the largest refugee group for three decades. Somalis were the third largest group with one million. The countries hosting the largest number of refugees according to UNHCR were Turkey (2.5 million),
925:
is defined as "an organized process of selection, transfer and arrival of individuals to another country. This definition is restrictive, as it does not account for the increasing prevalence of unmanaged migration processes."
909:
The agency defines Palestinian refugees as âpersons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.â
1709:, which was shut down in 1947. While the handover was originally planned to take place at the beginning of 1947, it did not occur until July 1947. The International Refugee Organization was a temporary organization of the
2658:. Protracted displacement leads to skills to atrophy, leading qualifications and experiences to be outdated and incompatible to the changing working environments of receiving countries by the time refugees resettle.
2142:, because they have not left their country. As the nature of war has changed in the last few decades, with more and more internal conflicts replacing interstate wars, the number of IDPs has increased significantly.
2027:
return to their country of origin. There, refugees are at risk of disease, child soldier and terrorist recruitment, and physical and sexual violence. There are estimated to be 700 refugee camp locations worldwide.
9315:
2130:(IDPs) and people in IDP-like situations. These are civilians who have been forced to flee their homes, but who have not reached a neighboring country. IDPs do not fit the legal definition of a refugee under the
763:
in England and Scotland. The word meant "one seeking asylum", until around 1916, when it evolved to mean "one fleeing home", applied in this instance to civilians in Flanders heading west to escape fighting in
1791:
1180:
and Turkish refugees. In all of these cases, a refugee was defined as a person in a group for which the League of Nations had approved a mandate, as opposed to a person to whom a general definition applied.
947:
legal rights, mastering the language and culture, reaching safety and stability, developing social connections and establishing the means and markers of integration, such as employment, housing and health."
2282:
1108:
emigrated in the period 1881â1920). Between the Crimean War of 1853â56 and World War I, at least 2.5 million Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees, primarily from Russia and the Balkans. The
3083:
Not all students adjust the same way to their new setting. One student may take only three months, while others may take four years. One study found that even in their fourth year of schooling, Lao and
2971:
Contrary to popular concerns that refugees cause crime, a more empirically grounded concern is that refugees are at high risk of being targets of anti-refugee violence. According to a 2018 study in the
2596:
has occurred annually on 20 June since 2000 by a special United Nations General Assembly Resolution. 20 June had previously been commemorated as "African Refugee Day" in a number of African countries.
2926:
and other forms of sexual exploitation... In recent weeks, online searches for Ukrainian women and keywords like escorts, porn or sex have shot up dramatically in European countries, according to the
2378:
To receive refugee status, a displaced person must go through a Refugee Status Determination (RSD) process, which is conducted by the government of the country of asylum or the UNHCR, and is based on
2852:
medical conditions. The study also found that refugees had higher healthcare utilization rate (92.1%) as compared to the US overall population (84.8%) and immigrants (58.6%) in the study population.
4147:"La vraye et entière histoire des troubles et guerres civiles advenues de nostre temps, tant en France qu'en Flandres & pays circonvoisins, depuis l'an mil cinq cens soixante, jusques à prÊsent"
9232:
Sundquist, K; Johansson, LM; DeMarinis, V; Johansson, SE; Sundquist, J (2005). "Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity: symptoms in a random sample of female Bosnian refugees".
3207:
The histories of refugee students are often hidden from educators, resulting in cultural misunderstandings. However, when teachers, school staff, and peers help refugee students develop a positive
4281:
Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara (2020). "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration".
1379:, including parts of Europe and China. By the end of the War, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. UNRRA was involved in returning over seven million refugees, then commonly referred to as
3165:, which promotes the idea that there are multiple entry points to engage the students in learning. Both strategies have helped refugee students succeed during their transition into US schools.
852:
5936:
3179:. With the support of educators and the school community, education can help rebuild the academic, social, and emotional well-being of refugee students who have suffered from past and present
6427:
3289:
In 2006, there were 8.4 million UNHCR registered refugees worldwide, the lowest number since 1980. At the end of 2015, there were 16.1 million refugees worldwide. When adding the 5.2 million
1778:
in the context of refugee studies can be referred to as "legal or descriptive rubric", encompassing socioeconomic backgrounds, personal histories, psychological analyses, and spiritualities.
8105:
3076:
refugee students as different from other immigrant groups, as was the case with the Bantu pupils. Teachers may sometimes feel that their work is made harder because of the pressures to meet
2603:. Refugee Week is a nationwide festival designed to promote understanding and to celebrate the cultural contributions of refugees, and features many events such as music, dance and theatre.
1080:
The term "refugee" sometimes applies to people who might fit the definition outlined by the 1951 Convention, were it applied retroactively. There are many candidates. For example, after the
7115:
McGowan, Lee (3 July 2014). "Right-Wing Violence in Germany: Assessing the Objectives, Personalities and Terror Trail of the National Socialist Underground and the State's Response to It".
6599:
1396:
After the Soviet armed forces captured eastern Poland from the Germans in 1944, the Soviets unilaterally declared a new frontier between the Soviet Union and Poland approximately at the
1344:
3989:
6822:
2285:
as agreed in the 1951 Refugee convention. Not all countries have signed and ratified this convention and some countries do not have a legal procedure for dealing with asylum seekers.
1496:
1243:. The Nansen Office was plagued by problems of financing, an increase in refugee numbers, and a lack of co-operation from some member states, which led to mixed success overall.
5645:
2979:
In 2018, US president Donald Trump made some comments about refugees and immigrants in Sweden; he stated that the high numbers of crimes are because of refugees and immigrants.
2651:
2951:
terrorism Trojan Horse in which terrorists hide among refugees and penetrate host countries. 'Muslim-refugee-as-an-enemy-within' rhetoric is relatively new, but the underlying
4407:
1455:. Since the spring of 1945, the Poles had been forcefully expelling the remaining German population in these provinces. When the Allies met in Potsdam on 17 July 1945 at the
7578:
Mendenhall, M.; Bartlett, L.; Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2016). ""If You Need Help, They are Always There for us": Education for Refugees in an International High School in NYC".
3062:
The experiences children go through during times of armed conflict can impede their ability to learn in an educational setting. Schools experience drop-outs of refugee and
7499:
Birman, D., & Tran, N. (2015). The Academic Engagement of Newly Arriving Somali Bantu Students in a U.S. Elementary School. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
8256:
1680:
1640:
captured by the Germans, 3.5 million had died while in German captivity by the end of the war. The survivors on their return to the USSR were treated as traitors (see
8495:
4242:
8043:
3092:
In their first settlement countries, refugee students may encounter negative experiences with education that they can carry with them post settlement. For example:
1747:, the study of their causes and implications has emerged as a legitimate interdisciplinary area of research, and began to rise by mid to late 20th century, after
8074:
7745:
2918:, "there has been a skyrocketing increase in all forms of illegal trafficking of women and girls in the region â and also boys â including forced sex and labor,
1706:
1372:
8170:
6475:
8640:"Subsidized Sales of Insecticide-Treated Nets in Afghan Refugee Camps Demonstrate the Feasibility of a Transition from Humanitarian Aid Towards Sustainability"
2889:
9906:
6457:
6011:
McMurray, J; Breward, K; Breward, M; Alder, R; Arya, N (2014). "Integrated Primary Care Improves Access to Healthcare for Newly Arrived Refugees in Canada".
3077:
2832:
as equitable a manner as possible. Prioritized services include areas of maternal and child health, immunizations, tuberculosis screening and treatment, and
2439:, and international legal instruments. If the entity granting refugee status is a state that has signed the 1951 Refugee Convention then the refugee has the
7440:
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2015). The Educational Experiences of Refugee Children in Countries of First Asylum (Rep.). Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
2927:
8720:
2844:
bureaucratic burdens and lack of entitlement knowledge, and systems level barriers such as conflicting policies, racism and physician workforce shortage.
1478:. Article XII ordered that the remaining German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary be transferred west in an "orderly and humane" manner.
7311:
6315:"Effect of restricting access to health care on health expenditures among asylum-seekers and refugees: a quasi-experimental study in Germany, 1994â2013"
5472:"Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees"
1105:
5495:
3080:
for testing. With refugee children falling behind or struggling to catch up, it can overwhelm teachers and administrators, further leading to anger.
1425:
355:
6435:
2765:
of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress than Swedish-born women. For depression the odds ratio was 9.50 among Bosnian women.
2477:
Have competing claims with others, including the state and its foreign or local business partners (as in Aceh, Angola, Colombia, Liberia and Sudan).
9084:
Rowland, M; Rab, MA; Freeman, T; Durrani, N; Rehman, N (2002). "Afghan refugees and the temporal and spatial distribution of malaria in Pakistan".
8859:
4054:
1154:(1917â1921), most of them aristocrats fleeing the Communist government. It is estimated that about 800,000 Russian refugees became stateless when
3358:
Children were 51% of refugees in 2015 and most of them were separated from their parents or travelling alone. In 2015, 86% of the refugees under
1572:
1528:
1246:
However, the Nansen Office managed to lead fourteen nations to ratify the 1933 Refugee Convention, an early, and relatively modest, attempt at a
697:
3211:, it can help buffer the negative effects refugees' experiences have on them, such as poor academic performance, isolation, and discrimination.
3122:. In other cases, such as Burundians in Tanzania, refugees can get more access to education while in displacement than in their home countries.
9224:
9182:
8983:
8068:, Geneva, Switzerland: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Communications and Public Information Service, 1967
5704:
Lembcke H, Buchmuller T, Leyendecker B (2020). "Refugee mother-child dyads' hair cortisol, post-traumatic stress, and affectionate parenting".
1216:, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. Most European refugees (principally Jews and Slavs) fleeing the
8935:
6924:
Milton, Daniel; Spencer, Megan; Findley, Michael (1 November 2013). "Radicalism of the Hopeless: Refugee Flows and Transnational Terrorism".
6511:
2545:
1880:
1787:
1771:
1752:
1490:
1185:
882:
808:
679:
6841:
2750:, and working. The participants were 1,000 children aged 12 to 16 years from governmental, private, and United Nations Relief Work Agency
2485:
will likely lose the indefinite leave to remain in this country if they return to their country of origin or the country of first asylum.
1482:
1467:
10634:
10509:
6493:
2135:
1617:
1224:
were barred from going to the United States until after World War II, when Congress enacted the temporary Displaced Persons Act in 1948.
825:
6529:
1524:
990:
The idea that a person who sought sanctuary in a holy place could not be harmed without inviting divine retribution was familiar to the
10519:
8580:
Kazmi, JH; Pandit, K (2001). "Disease and dislocation: the impact of refugee movements on the geography of malaria in NWFP, Pakistan".
4824:
4415:
2833:
9287:
2914:
said: "We have some indications on online services that the demand for Ukrainian women for sexual purposes has gone up." According to
2739:, or pieces of it, again and again. Depression is also characteristic for PTSD-patients and may also occur without accompanying PTSD.
10777:
8947:
8125:
5642:
3378:
3312:
3067:
and home practices, the new school culture can conflict with the home culture, causing tension between the student and their family.
2907:
2051:
basis the UNHCR's ultimate goal is to find one of the three durable solutions for refugees: integration, repatriation, resettlement.
7787:
2840:, an often recommended malaria treatment is not currently licensed for use in Germany and must be ordered from outside the country.
1420:
according to the Yalta Conference, which stipulated the continued existence of the German Reich as a whole, which would include its
9675:
6069:
6013:
3172:
2019:
1475:
1228:
8403:
8171:"Problem of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Who Move in an Irregular Manner from a Country in Which They Had Already Found Protection"
2903:
aims to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible mobility of people through planned and well-managed migration policies.
2680:
10626:
10564:
9269:
8306:
3908:
3226:
2566:). UNHCR support in the second country may be less than in the first country and they can even be returned to the first country.
2514:
2271:
1676:
1568:
670:
of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an
2761:
refugee women had symptoms of PTSD three or four years after their arrival in Sweden. These women also had significantly higher
2104:
preferable of the "durable solutions" to refugee situations. However, in April 2000 the then UN High Commissioner for Refugees,
10606:
9937:
9583:
7455:
Mcbrien, J. L. (2005). "Educational Needs and Barriers for Refugee Students in the United States: A Review of the Literature".
6881:
Michael Collyer (1 March 2005). "Secret agents: Anarchists, Islamists and responses to politically active refugees in London".
3828:
2352:
1927:
and find safe refuge in another state or territory and to offer "durable solutions" to refugees and refugee hosting countries.
1908:
4350:"The Punishment of War Crimes Committed against Prisoners of War, Deportees and Refugees during and after the First World War"
1911:(UNRWA). UNHCR also provides protection and assistance to other categories of displaced persons: asylum seekers, refugees who
47:(29.6 million under the mandate of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and 5.9 million under UNRWA's mandate
10601:
8778:
8692:
8463:
8436:
7215:
7053:
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, and Katie Simmons. "Europeans fear wave of refugees will mean more terrorism, fewer jobs."
6619:
4101:
2099:
Third country resettlement involves the assisted transfer of refugees from the country in which they have sought asylum to a
1668:
1421:
1364:
649:
348:
8999:
8353:"The "lost boys of Sudan": functional and behavioral health of unaccompanied refugee minors re-settled in the United States"
6283:
Rowley, EA; Burnham, GM; Drabe, RM (2006). "Evaluating integrated healthcare for refugees and hosts in an African context".
2337:
receive refugee status. This carries certain rights and obligations, according to the legislation of the receiving country.
2328:. Asylum is thus a category that includes different forms of protection. Which form of protection is offered depends on the
10611:
8499:
7723:
3385:. Over 8.2 million refugees fleeing Ukraine have been recorded across Europe, while an estimated 8 million others had been
1321:
899:
fled a war-caused generalized violence are, at certain conditions, eligible for a complementary form of protection, called
8244:
2525:
Family reunification (which can also be a form of resettlement) is a recognized reason for immigration in many countries.
10644:
8286:
751:
in 1540. The word appeared in the English language when French Huguenots fled to Britain in large numbers after the 1685
689:
6967:
Messari, N.; Klaauw, J. van der (1 December 2010). "Counter-Terrorism Measures and Refugee Protection in North Africa".
2393:
After challenging Queen Jezebel, Elijah takes refuge in a cave until the voice of God calls him in this 1860 woodcut by
10792:
10772:
10751:
4597:
3050:
1702:
984:
4765:
4081:
3156:
Providing extensive support and designing curriculum for students to read, write, and speak in their native languages.
2899:
to threaten political enemies or neighbouring countries. It is for this reason amongst others that the United Nations
2869:
population and Ugandan citizens. Local nationals now access health care in facilities initially created for refugees.
10756:
10639:
10482:
8840:
5427:
5027:
2806:
Refugees are often more susceptible to illness for several reasons, including a lack of immunity to local strains of
2474:
People settled on the land know it is not theirs but have nowhere else to go (as in Colombia, Rwanda and Timor-Leste)
1915:
but still need help rebuilding their lives, local civilian communities directly affected by large refugee movements,
1883:(UNHCR) was established on 14 December 1950. It protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the
1841:
869:
4986:
3997:
1424:
as of 31 December 1937. This did not impact on Poland's eastern border, and Stalin refused to be removed from these
1104:
that swept Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries prompted mass Jewish emigration (more than 2 million
510:
10504:
7515:
5616:
2146:
Comparison between the number of refugees and IDPs who are supported by the UNHCR between 1998 and 2014, and 2022.
1998:
1146:
as its head. Nansen and the commission were charged with assisting the approximately 1,500,000 people who fled the
760:
602:
341:
9011:
8923:
5590:
4883:
2700:
Refugees typically report poorer levels of health, compared to other immigrants and the non-immigrant population.
9488:
7161:
Wiggen, Mette (1 December 2012). "Rethinking Anti-Immigration Rhetoric after the Oslo and Utøya Terror Attacks".
5565:
5056:
4249:
3590:
3382:
3168:
Various websites contain resources that can help school staff better learn to work with refugee students such as
3026:
2900:
2736:
1725:
1637:
743:, "a taking refuge, place to flee back to". In Western history, the term was first applied to French Protestant
140:
7004:"Homegrown terrorism and transformative learning: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding radicalization"
10494:
9202:
8731:
5505:
3863:
2709:
2662:
2325:
1823:
1409:
9443:
Schaeffer, P (2010), 'Refugees: On the economics of political migration.' International Migration 48(1): 1â22.
9433:
8899:
8879:
5498:
3301:
or a refugee. In 2015, the total number of displaced people worldwide, including refugees, asylum seekers and
2610:, the World Day of Migrants and Refugees is celebrated in January each year, since instituted in 1914 by Pope
2108:, stated "Resettlement can no longer be seen as the least-preferred durable solution; in many cases it is the
1231:(Nansen Office) was established as a successor agency to the commission. Its most notable achievement was the
1208:. The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially
10787:
10559:
10554:
10038:
6197:
Tuepker, A; Chi, CH (2009). "Evaluating integrated healthcare for refugees and hosts in an African context".
4223:
3868:
2735:, nightmares and sleep-paralysis. Flashbacks are characteristic to the disorder: the patient experiences the
2394:
2382:
or national law. RSD can be done on a case-by-case basis as well as for whole groups of people. Which of the
2015:
1738:
1694:, some 700,000 Palestinian Arabs or 85% of the Palestinian Arab population of territories that became Israel
856:
748:
587:
8195:"Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review"
4205:
2383:
2373:
10782:
10616:
10581:
10532:
10256:
9303:
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2017).
5517:
3302:
3119:
2127:
2126:
UNHCR's mandate has gradually been expanded to include protecting and providing humanitarian assistance to
815:
owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
272:
7090:
10736:
10726:
10593:
9801:
5937:"Ensuring Access to Health Care: Operational Guidance on Refugee Protection and Solutions in Urban Areas"
5666:
3386:
3344:
3316:
3251:
2311:
2221:
2121:
2023:
1920:
1556:
1376:
1046:
to become practically meaningful, and for border crossing to require that people provide identification.
906:
UNRWA has an alternate definition of what is a refugee. An article in the foreign press describes this:
454:
240:
9271:
The truth about asylum â Who's who: Refugee, Asylum Seeker, Refused asylum seeker, Economic migrant
8351:
Geltman, PL; Grant-Knight, W; Mehta, SD; Lloyd-Travaglini, C; Lustig, S; Landgraf, JM; Wise, PH (2005).
5547:
1612:
At the end of World War II, there were more than 5 million "displaced persons" from the Soviet Union in
1400:, despite the protestations from the Polish government-in-exile in London and the western Allies at the
10716:
10055:
9576:
9426:
9041:"Sharp increase of imported Plasmodium vivax malaria seen in migrants from Eritrea in Hamburg, Germany"
5959:"Sharp increase of imported Plasmodium vivax malaria seen in migrants from Eritrea in Hamburg, Germany"
4923:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1995). "Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things".
4058:
3969:
3911:- resettling refugees with the support and funding from private or joint government-private sponsorship
2482:
2094:
1892:
1864:
1762:
1548:
1147:
459:
9447:
2369:
1683:). A further 200,000 Ukrainians left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily between 1944 and 1945.
1302:
10859:
10854:
10741:
10681:
9534:
9465:
8298:
3882:
1904:
1431:
In the last months of World War II, about five million German civilians from the German provinces of
1413:
1194:
642:
597:
196:
9186:
8991:
8140:
Elliott, Mark (June 1973). "The United States and Forced Repatriation of Soviet Citizens, 1944â47".
7469:
7403:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1996). "Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization".
7334:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1996). "Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization".
5750:
Baggio S, Gonçalves L, Heeren A, Heller P, GÊtaz L, Graf M, Rossegger A, Endrass J, Wolff H (2020).
10874:
10686:
10676:
10033:
9845:
9507:
8910:
6163:
Gany, F; De Bocanegra, H (1996). "Overcoming barriers to improving the health of immigrant women".
5752:"The Mental Health Burden of Immigration Detention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
4810:
4255:
4175:
3030:
teachers, counselors, and school staff, along with the school environment, are key in facilitating
2389:
1819:
1579:
in 1961, more than 563,700 refugees from East Germany traveled to West Germany for asylum from the
1567:
in history. In all 15 million Germans were affected, and more than two million perished during the
1363:
The conflict and political instability during World War II led to massive numbers of refugees (see
1064:
972:
20:
8537:"Epidemiology and the Clinical Burden of Malaria in the War-Torn Area, Orakzai Agency in Pakistan"
8041:
8033:
Aggrawal A (2005). "Refugee Medicine". In Payne-James JJ, Byard RW, Corey TS, Henderson C (eds.).
6759:"Refugees, Mobilization, and Humanitarian Aid: Evidence from the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon"
6699:
5751:
4456:
4229:
885:(UNHCR) itself, in addition to the 1951 definition, recognizes the following persons as refugees:
10833:
10731:
10666:
9304:
2539:
2468:
Ownership is unclear as families have expanded or split and division of the land becomes an issue
2406:
2402:
2131:
1812:
1718:
1695:
1417:
1286:
The mandate of the High Commission was subsequently expanded to include persons from Austria and
1236:
1205:
816:
5413:
5399:
3258:
and 48 million being internally displaced. 68% of refugees originates from just five countries (
1479:
1464:
10691:
10320:
10062:
7746:"UNHCR: Ukraine, other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time"
7464:
6731:
3950:
3833:
3371:
3151:
3085:
2758:
2333:
UNHCRâwherever the application was madeârecognises the protection needs does the asylum seeker
2082:
1580:
1544:
1384:
1368:
1356:
1081:
752:
403:
8455:
8075:"A State of Insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Refugee-Populated Areas of Kenya"
7076:
6240:
Lawrie, N; van Damme, W (2003). "The importance of refugee-host relations: Guinea 1990â2003".
5617:"Day 10, Year of #Mygration: Pope Francis World Day of Migrants and Refugees, 14 January 2018"
4146:
2518:
Pro-refugee protest in Melbourne, Australia, with a banner reading "No one is illegal" with a
10746:
10721:
10711:
10701:
10696:
10549:
9617:
9569:
8704:"Raising the voice of the invisible Urban Refugees | Raising the voice of the invisible"
6604:
Does Immigration Increase Crime?: Migration Policy and the Creation of the Criminal Immigrant
3878:
2861:
2708:
Apart from physical wounds or starvation, a large percentage of refugees develop symptoms of
2607:
1659:
conducted population exchanges following the imposition of a new Poland-Soviet border at the
1463:, signed on 2 August 1945, defined the Polish western border as that of 1937, (Article VIII)
1279:
900:
732:, meaning "hiding place". It refers to "shelter or protection from danger or distress", from
277:
8473:
Higgins, C. (2016). "New evidence on refugee status determination in Australia, 1978â1983".
8168:
5553:
3231:
2956:
rhetoric then too propelled debate over migration control and protecting national security.
1003:
10807:
10802:
10706:
10576:
10527:
9921:
9887:
9872:
9708:
9655:
8236:
6758:
6650:
6326:
3892:
3887:
3823:
3795:
3290:
3279:
3180:
2509:
1896:
1601:
1329:
1035:
922:
635:
372:
191:
8887:
8609:
Khamis, V (2005). "Post-traumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children".
8314:
Gelber, Yoav (1993). "The Historical Role of the Central European Immigration to Israel".
6530:"Putin's war in Ukraine is driving a hidden horror: Sex trafficking of women and children"
5810:
388:
8:
10864:
10191:
9996:
9971:
9951:
9855:
9461:
8060:
6651:"Refugee Admissions and Public Safety: Are Refugee Settlement Areas More Prone to Crime?"
6065:"Factors Associated with Healthcare Utilization Among Arab Immigrants and Iraqi Refugees"
5577:
3247:
3115:
3111:
2896:
2713:
2519:
2299:
1564:
1201:
1161:
In 1923, the mandate of the commission was expanded to include the more than one million
1027:
556:
464:
413:
302:
292:
230:
213:
6598:
Owens, Emily G.; Fasani, Francesco; Mastrobuoni, Giovanni; Pinotti, Paolo, eds. (2019),
6330:
4936:
4022:
3169:
1258:
10348:
10330:
10325:
10313:
10147:
9966:
9946:
9916:
9698:
9670:
9386:
9382:
9342:"The Security and Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Refugee Camps and Settlements"
9257:
9218:
9067:
9040:
8814:
8789:
8563:
8536:
8448:
8414:
8331:
8224:
8178:
8157:
7801:
7595:
7482:
7260:
7186:
7140:
7033:
6949:
6906:
6786:
6688:
6625:
6580:
6389:
6349:
6314:
6265:
6222:
6091:
6064:
6038:
5985:
5958:
5729:
5118:
5110:
4940:
4377:
4306:
4160:
3940:
3055:
3004:
2997:
2789:
2743:
2647:
2621:
2440:
2100:
1691:
1587:
1543:
living in Yugoslavia and Romania were deported to slave labour in the Soviet Union, to
1456:
1401:
1294:. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees from
1138:
The first international co-ordination of refugee affairs came with the creation by the
592:
505:
408:
322:
57:
9349:
9097:
9000:"Reich Citizenship Law (English translation at the University of the West of England)"
8666:
8639:
8593:
8515:
8211:
7613:
6253:
5798:
5431:
3308:
10869:
10353:
10271:
10008:
9961:
9899:
9728:
9390:
9339:
9249:
9136:
9101:
9072:
8836:
8819:
8774:
8688:
8671:
8626:
8597:
8568:
8459:
8432:
8374:
8339:
8216:
8194:
8042:
Assembly of Heads of State and Government (Sixth Ordinary Session) (September 1969).
7599:
7486:
7264:
7252:
7211:
7190:
7178:
7144:
7132:
7072:
7025:
6984:
6953:
6941:
6910:
6898:
6790:
6778:
6739:
6705:
6692:
6680:
6629:
6615:
6584:
6572:
6397:
6354:
6257:
6214:
6172:
6142:
6096:
6030:
5990:
5934:
5767:
5733:
5721:
5686:
5187:
5122:
5102:
5033:
5023:
4944:
4381:
4369:
4310:
4298:
4097:
3858:
3208:
3188:
2882:
2866:
2785:
2769:
2728:
2593:
1460:
1338:
1240:
1173:
1151:
1139:
1131:
1073:
848:
836:
792:
546:
519:
312:
9423:"The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees"'
8228:
7037:
6269:
4570:
10797:
10671:
10571:
10401:
10209:
10099:
10050:
10023:
9776:
9771:
9624:
9378:
9318:. Refugee Council on behalf of the Resettlement Inter-Agency Partnership. June 2004
9316:"Understanding Resettlement to the UK: A Guide to the Gateway Protection Programme"
9261:
9241:
9126:
9093:
9062:
9052:
8809:
8801:
8661:
8651:
8618:
8589:
8558:
8548:
8482:
8364:
8323:
8206:
8149:
7587:
7555:
7545:
7474:
7416:
7412:
7370:
7361:
Feldman, Allen (1994). "On Cultural Anesthesia: From Desert Storm to Rodney King".
7347:
7343:
7291:
7244:
7170:
7124:
7015:
6976:
6933:
6890:
6833:
6770:
6670:
6662:
6607:
6562:
6381:
6344:
6334:
6292:
6249:
6226:
6206:
6132:
6086:
6078:
6042:
6022:
5980:
5970:
5763:
5717:
5713:
5678:
5177:
5094:
4932:
4361:
4290:
4093:
4089:
3960:
3903:
3873:
3639:
3184:
3072:
3021:
3016:
2906:
Concerns about human trafficking and sexual violence have been realized during the
2465:
Cannot access what property they have (Colombia, Guatemala, South Africa and Sudan)
2410:
2361:
2075:
1912:
1888:
1744:
1591:
1405:
1380:
1291:
1189:
980:
618:
566:
561:
530:
489:
317:
235:
218:
9522:
7759:
7374:
6551:"Does Halting Refugee Resettlement Reduce Crime? Evidence from the US Refugee Ban"
6476:"Ukrainian refugees increasingly targeted for sexual exploitation, research finds"
10542:
10234:
10045:
9791:
9781:
9245:
9115:"The Ethnicity of Refugees (ER): A new dataset for understanding flight patterns"
8911:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (July 2011).
8768:
8622:
8553:
8426:
7519:
7233:"Does Aid Reduce Anti-refugee Violence? Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Lebanon"
7205:
7174:
7128:
7067:
Nowrasteh, Alex (13 September 2016). Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis.
6937:
6894:
6339:
6063:
Elsouhag, D; Arnetz, B; Jamil, H; Lumley, MA; Broadbridge, CL; Arnetz, J (2015).
5649:
5502:
4887:
4769:
4601:
3955:
3914:
3849:
3790:
3328:
3324:
3176:
2563:
2494:
2452:
2436:
2419:
Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status
1714:
1505:
1504:
school teacher leads a group of refugee children just disembarked from a ship at
1486:
1471:
1232:
1177:
1162:
1143:
999:
963:
844:
756:
693:
683:
571:
551:
474:
469:
449:
429:
327:
297:
225:
9544:
8752:"Tanzania grants citizenship to 162,000 Burundian refugees in historic decision"
8327:
7715:
5019:
UNRWA and Palestinian refugees : from relief and works to human development
3374:
affiliation has been an important feature of debate in refugee-hosting nations.
1792:
United Nations Relief & Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
1590:
against their will into the USSR. On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the
10499:
10443:
10282:
10239:
10167:
9911:
9882:
9807:
9761:
9703:
9660:
9341:
9150:"UNHCR completes challenging repatriation of almost 120,000 Congolese refugees"
9039:
Roggelin, L.; Tappe, D.; Noack, B.; Addo, M.M.; Tannich, E.; Rothe, C. (2016).
8369:
8352:
8248:
5682:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3393:
Refugees and people in refugee-like situations by region between 2008 and 2022
3243:
3220:
2911:
2848:
2724:
2675:
2655:
2579:
2526:
2401:
There is no specific method mandated for RSD (apart from the commitment to the
2357:
2139:
2060:
1884:
1710:
1656:
1613:
1517:
1295:
1283:
she does not enjoy the protection of the Government of the Reich" (article 1).
1053:
1049:
991:
933:
refers to "a nonâorganized process of individual transfer to another country."
895:
804:
800:
667:
287:
203:
135:
9502:
9057:
8290:
8006:
7984:
7962:
7940:
7918:
7896:
7874:
7591:
7550:
7533:
7478:
7248:
7020:
7003:
6611:
6567:
6550:
6372:
Pross, C (1998). "Third Class Medicine: Health Care for Refugees in Germany".
6210:
6082:
6026:
5975:
5851:
5664:
5205:
4861:
4365:
3327:
were the largest group in 2015 at 4.9 million. In 2014, Syrians had overtaken
1948:
This number has gone up to at least 5 million refugees in the last 70 years.
1859:
776:
10848:
10340:
10137:
9926:
9796:
9786:
9744:
9718:
9713:
9650:
9610:
9194:
9140:
9131:
9114:
9003:
8535:
Karim, AM; Hussain, I; Malik, SK; Lee, JH; Cho, IH; Kim, YB; Lee, SH (2016).
8343:
8335:
8044:"OAU convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa"
7296:
7280:"From protection to persecution: Threat environment and refugee scapegoating"
7279:
7256:
7182:
7136:
7029:
6988:
6945:
6902:
6782:
6774:
6743:
6684:
6666:
6576:
6512:"Israel investigating suspected trafficking of 17-year-old Ukrainian refugee"
5191:
5106:
5037:
4373:
4302:
3964:
3945:
3801:
3298:
3255:
3035:
3031:
2340:
2294:
2036:
1924:
1916:
1664:
1641:
1629:
1540:
1314:
1085:
995:
791:
The first modern definition of an international refugee status came with the
671:
515:
186:
161:
148:
9398:
9023:
8967:
8169:
Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme (13 October 1989).
5370:
5368:
4594:
4349:
2443:. Further rights include the following rights and obligations for refugees:
1388:
still in Europe, most of them old, infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled.
666:, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their
10373:
10300:
10079:
10069:
9988:
9738:
9645:
9595:
9253:
9105:
9076:
8823:
8805:
8675:
8656:
8630:
8601:
8572:
8378:
8220:
6401:
6358:
6261:
6218:
6146:
6100:
6034:
5994:
5725:
5690:
4961:
4811:"UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Azerbaijan"
4762:
3898:
3817:
2952:
2919:
2600:
2105:
2005:
1987:
1868:
1748:
1724:
The Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, adopted by the
1560:
1552:
1532:
1501:
1432:
1247:
1221:
1093:
796:
705:
701:
439:
115:
81:
9369:
Weiss, Thomas G. (1999). "Principles, politics, and humanitarian action".
6494:"War in Ukraine causes spike in refugees being recruited for prostitution"
6176:
5400:"Refugee Data Finder. Total number of refugees under UNHCR's mandate 2022"
4555:
The State of The World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action
4117:
4115:
4113:
3814:, a mass movement of population, usually forced by war or natural disaster
3135:
Respect the cultural differences amongst refugees and the new home culture
2617:
1122:
1019:
10537:
10368:
10358:
10308:
10290:
10201:
10162:
9956:
9867:
9850:
8790:"Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission"
8486:
8007:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7985:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7963:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7941:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7919:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7897:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7875:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7850:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7513:
Reconciling Differences: Indochinese Refugee Students in American Schools
6980:
6296:
5365:
5182:
5165:
4906:
Black, Richard. "Fifty years of refugee studies: From theory to policy."
4808:
3854:
3806:
3271:
3267:
3236:
3063:
2923:
2430:
2379:
2265:
1978:
1660:
1621:
1576:
1448:
1444:
1397:
1287:
1266:
1176:. Over the next several years, the mandate was expanded further to cover
1110:
1039:
1031:
1007:
765:
525:
484:
444:
434:
380:
265:
260:
251:
181:
172:
9556:
9517:
8350:
7560:
7512:
6675:
5816:
4611:
4256:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2011
1250:
charter, and in general assisted around one million refugees worldwide.
1006:
in about AD 600. Similar laws were implemented throughout Europe in the
10383:
9723:
9015:
8450:
Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars
8274:
8161:
7534:"The impact of refugee experiences on education: evidence from Burundi"
7329:
7327:
6837:
6458:"Trafficking and sexual exploitation of Ukrainian refugees on the rise"
6393:
6010:
5957:
Roggelin, L; Tappe, D; Noack, B; Addo, M; Tannich, E; Rothe, C (2016).
5442:
5440:
5114:
4880:
4553:
4294:
4230:
Assembly of Heads of State and Government (Sixth Ordinary Session) 1969
4110:
3843:
3138:
Individual efforts to welcome refugees to prevent feelings of isolation
3105:
Little resources to support language development and learning, and more
3096:
Frequent disruption in their education as they move from place to place
2837:
2820:
2794:
2781:
2011:
1826: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1705:(IRO) was founded on 20 April 1946, and took over the functions of the
1672:
1597:
1169:
853:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
726:
282:
126:
71:
9167:"Angola Repatriation: Antonio returns home after 40 years in DR Congo"
9166:
9149:
8900:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees"
8833:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881 â 2001
8751:
8428:
Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State
8387:
8275:"Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943"
7832:
7815:
6649:
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Bansak, Cynthia; Pozo, Susan (March 2021).
6062:
5887:
5594:
5471:
5263:
5139:
4571:"Migrants, refugees, history and precedents | Forced Migration Review"
4427:
4425:
2768:
A study by the Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine at the
2386:
is used often depends on the size of the influx of displaced persons.
1766:
was established as the field's first major interdisciplinary journal.
1443:
fled the advance of the Red Army from the east and became refugees in
847:. However, many countries have implemented laws to protect also those
10429:
10424:
10391:
10363:
10251:
10246:
10182:
10157:
10104:
10018:
9733:
9665:
8912:
8880:"Nansen International Office for Refugee: The Nobel Peace Prize 1938"
7849:
7642:
6534:
6137:
6120:
5863:
5822:
5082:
5017:
4778:
4013:
Volume 3 edited by Israel Gutman, New York: Macmillan, 1990 page 1076
3263:
3039:
2944:
2754:
schools in East Jerusalem and various governorates in the West Bank.
2689:
2281:
Once a displaced person is granted refugee status they enjoy certain
1940:
1935:
1539:
Although not approved by Allies at Potsdam, hundreds of thousands of
1436:
1412:
on 7 May 1945, the Allies occupied the remainder of Germany, and the
1310:
1069:
967:
744:
9231:
8153:
8009:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2008
7987:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2009
7965:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2010
7943:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2011
7921:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2012
7899:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2013
7877:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2014
7773:
7531:
7324:
6385:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5804:
5437:
5414:"Refugee Data Finder. Total number of IDPs of concern to UNHCR 2022"
5098:
1801:
1290:, which Germany annexed after 1 October 1938 in accordance with the
10438:
10410:
10396:
10263:
10229:
10187:
10172:
10132:
9877:
8770:
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821â1922
7316:
5353:
4422:
3993:
3990:
Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
3811:
3363:
3348:
3332:
3162:
2940:
2583:
2471:
Death of owner may leave dependents without clear claim to the land
1645:
1325:
1142:
in 1921 of the High Commission for Refugees and the appointment of
1089:
1023:
208:
155:
101:
9332:
8514:
5956:
5643:
Protracted displacement: uncertain paths to self-reliance in exile
4867:
4731:
4695:
4522:
1002:
in a church or other holy place was first codified in law by King
10434:
10419:
10415:
10177:
10127:
10119:
10109:
10013:
10001:
9756:
9750:
9539:
9457:, in Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Edward Elgar Publishing.
9183:"Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II"
8037:. Vol. 3. London: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 514â525.
6121:"Hurdles to health:Immigrant and refugee healthcare in Australia"
5834:
4849:
4719:
3336:
3275:
3054:
Internally displaced children from other parts of Ukraine in the
2807:
2732:
2717:
2599:
In the United Kingdom World Refugee Day is celebrated as part of
2316:
2304:
1605:
1586:
During the same period, millions of former Russian citizens were
1513:
1440:
1097:
840:
623:
7620:
7577:
7231:
Lehmann, M. Christian; Masterson, Daniel T. R. (November 2020).
4317:
2823:
remained protective throughout the 6 month transmission season.
2421:
to determine which individuals are eligible for refugee status.
1072:
were forced to leave their homes in Anatolia in 1915 during the
747:
looking for a safe place against Catholic persecution after the
10406:
10219:
10152:
10092:
10087:
9894:
9561:
9529:
4743:
3286:, hosting 3.7 million refugees, being the top hosting country.
3283:
2693:
2625:
2611:
2587:
1993:
1983:
1900:
1876:
1633:
1452:
1352:
1348:
1306:
1274:
1262:
1166:
1101:
1057:
780:
119:
67:
9340:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1999).
9333:"UNHCR â Global Trends âForced Displacement in 2014"
9331:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2015).
9302:
8257:"Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal"
7312:"Trump claims vindication for baffling Sweden terror comments"
6282:
5935:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2011).
5166:"UNRWA and the Palestinian Refugees: A History within History"
4809:
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1 September 1995).
4763:"The Institutional Features of the Prisoners of War Treaties,"
4683:
4671:
4329:
2723:
Among other symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder involves
1459:, a chaotic refugee situation faced the occupying powers. The
1076:, and many either died or were murdered on their way to Syria.
10214:
10142:
9693:
9314:
8703:
7002:
Wilner, Alex S.; Dubouloz, Claire-Jehanne (1 February 2010).
6597:
5875:
5665:
Giuntella, O.; Kone, Z.L.; Ruiz, I.; C. Vargas-Silva (2018).
5554:
Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme 1989
5374:
5341:
4486:
3919:
3359:
3294:
3259:
2751:
2727:, over-alertness, sleeplessness, motor difficulties, failing
2685:
1649:
1509:
1217:
1213:
1155:
1127:
1011:
733:
9551:
9483:
Andy Lamey talks about the refugee crisis on Bookbits radio.
9209:
8237:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"
8059:
6408:
5703:
5083:"Refugees unto the Third Generation: UN Aid to Palestinians"
4839:
4837:
4617:
4121:
2270:
In the United States, the term refugee is defined under the
1172:
in 1915 and 1923 due to a series of events now known as the
10224:
9766:
9211:
Statistisches Bundesamt, Die Deutschen Vertreibungsverluste
8245:"Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War"
7390:
The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
6606:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129â155,
5899:
5749:
5496:
Uncharted Territory: Land, Conflict and Humanitarian Action
5329:
4498:
3838:
3367:
3352:
3343:(1 million). the countries that had the largest numbers of
3340:
2762:
2747:
2646:
Protracted displacement can lead to detrimental effects on
1895:. All refugees in the world are under UNHCR mandate except
1625:
1209:
1015:
811:. It defines "refugee" in Article 1.A.2 as any person who:
784:
91:
8062:
Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
7684:
6706:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1999
5911:
4659:
4437:
2888:
and physical trauma/torture, violence-related trauma, and
2712:(PTSD), and show post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) or
2574:
9434:
Strategic Humanitarianism: Host States and Refugee Policy
9350:"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration"
6648:
5232:
4834:
4534:
4474:
4280:
4127:
3996:, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of
1391:
1158:
revoked citizenship for all Russian expatriates in 1921.
832:
9462:
Refugee protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law
9083:
8946:
8934:
5857:
5535:
5452:
5446:
4790:
4784:
3144:
Student centered pedagogy as opposed to teacher centered
2798:
countries probably have post-traumatic stress disorder.
9022:
8968:"Refugees at highest ever level, reaching 65m, says UN"
8878:
6823:"Links Between Terrorism and Migration: An Exploration"
5786:
5359:
4431:
2409:
and countries may interpret them differently (see also
1743:
With the occurrence of major instances of diaspora and
1707:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
1373:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
940:
survival needs rather than longâterm career planning."
799:
and in response to the large numbers of people fleeing
9181:
9113:
RĂźegger, Seraina; Bohnet, Heidrun (16 November 2015).
9038:
8235:
7838:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2017.
7821:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2018.
7804:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2019.
7790:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2020.
7776:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2021.
7762:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2022.
6797:
6162:
5893:
4737:
4701:
3798:, people displaced when conservation areas are created
1188:
involved about two million people (around 1.5 million
824:
In 1967 the definition was basically confirmed by the
9348:
8886:
7855:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2016
7696:
6757:
Masterson, Daniel; Lehmann, M. Christian (May 2020).
6600:"Refugee Waves and Crime: Evidence from EU Countries"
6312:
6239:
5016:ḤanafÄŤ, SÄrÄŤ; Hilal, Leila; Takkenberg, Alex (2014).
5015:
4956:
4954:
4855:
4725:
4009:
Bankier, David "Nuremberg Laws" pages 1076â1077 from
2895:
Large groups of displaced persons could be abused as
820:
or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.
8534:
8404:"Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912â1924"
7672:
6923:
5869:
5774:
5745:
5743:
5317:
5305:
5293:
5081:
Sahlieh, S. Aldeeb Abu; Schiff, Benjamin N. (1996).
4707:
4647:
4635:
4388:
4073:
2928:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2788:
at Warneford Hospital in the United Kingdom. Twenty
1887:
and assists in providing durable solutions, such as
1863:
UNHCR tents at a refugee camp following episodes of
1721:" issued by the International Refugee Organization.
1474:
placing one fourth of Germany's territory under the
795:
in 1921 from the Commission for Refugees. Following
9193:
8966:
7833:"Global forced displacement trends. 2017 (Annexes)"
7816:"Global forced displacement trends. 2018 (Annexes)"
7716:"Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)"
7626:
6118:
4749:
4623:
2374:
Asylum seeker § Status determination processes
843:are generally not encompassed by the international
9024:"Resettlement: A new beginning in a third country"
9010:
8982:
8447:
8402:
8255:
8192:
7660:
6711:
5828:
5281:
4951:
4689:
4677:
4335:
2462:May never have had property (e.g., in Afghanistan)
1648:soldiers imprisoned by the Nazis were sent to the
1624:) in Germany and occupied territories. The Soviet
1575:.) Between the end of War and the erection of the
1383:or DPs, to their country of origin and setting up
868:The 1984 the regional, non-binding Latin-American
9397:
8998:
8388:"From refugee to citizen: a Guatemalan in Mexico"
8106:"Iraqi refugees in Syria feel new strains of war"
7532:Fransen, S.; Vargas-Silva, C.; M. Siegel (2018).
6549:Masterson, Daniel; Yasenov, Vasil (August 2021).
6196:
5740:
5580: 4 December 2000. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
5380:
5347:
4492:
3895:, network that represents non-resident immigrants
2552:
2054:
1968:
1675:were expelled to the east of the new border. The
10846:
9446:Refugee number statistics taken from 'Refugee',
8721:"Shattered dreams of Sudanese refugees in Cairo"
7387:
7230:
6756:
6548:
5660:
5658:
3920:Refugee and Asylum Participatory Action Research
2826:
2503:
2356:For over 30 years, several tens of thousands of
9557:Bridging Youth Refugees and Children's Services
9288:"UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2014, 14th edition"
9012:"Repatriation -- The Dark Side of World War II"
8888:"The Nazi Ostarbeiter (Eastern Worker) Program"
8858:
8424:
8273:
7637:
7635:
6880:
5667:"Reason for immigration and immigrants' health"
5518:"Convention relating to the Status of Refugees"
5335:
5244:
4504:
4323:
2370:Refugee law § Refugee status determination
2347:
1375:(UNRRA) to provide aid to areas liberated from
1359:, at an American Red Cross evacuation camp 1943
1253:
1092:fled to England, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
872:included the following definition of refugees:
9268:
8922:
8357:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
8177:
7001:
5905:
4510:
4443:
4133:
3846:, a banned person who may be killed by anybody
3820:, a website to find accommodation for refugees
3170:Bridging Refugee Youth and Children's Services
2784:was conducted by the psychiatry department of
2780:Many more studies illustrate the problem. One
2140:1969 Organization for African Unity Convention
2115:
1679:occurred from September 1944 to May 1946 (see
9577:
9201:
9112:
8898:
8126:"Global forced displacement hits record high"
8103:
7802:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2019"
7788:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2020"
7774:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2021"
7760:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2022"
7690:
7388:Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; et al. (2014).
6966:
5655:
5238:
5220:
5080:
4987:"UNRWA has changed the definition of refugee"
4540:
4480:
4088:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 121â128.
2624:inside a train at PrzemyĹl GĹĂłwny station in
2546:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2530:family to immigrate to that country as well.
2435:Refugee rights encompass both customary law,
2088:
1881:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1788:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1753:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1480:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
1465:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
1186:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
883:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
809:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
680:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
643:
349:
10481:
10261:
9356:. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994
8522:. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994
8285:
7632:
7525:
7511:Liem Thanh Nguyen, & Henkin, A. (1980).
7277:
6006:
6004:
5930:
5928:
5926:
4796:
4558:. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 13.
3381:began in Europe in late February 2022 after
2865:integrative healthcare model for the mostly
2319:land at Hamburg on the Cap Anamur II in 1986
1042:gained sufficient prevalence for the phrase
8787:
8637:
8579:
8431:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
8053:Refugee Women: Beyond Gender Versus Culture
8035:Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
5917:
5881:
5845:
4283:International Journal of Management Reviews
2488:
2360:refugees have been living in the region of
1573:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
826:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
9584:
9570:
9223:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8454:. American Philosophical Society. p.
7207:Anti-Refugee Violence and African Politics
3246:can refer to movements of large groups of
2637:
1903:between 1947 and 1949, as a result of the
1760:to the present. Most notably in 1988, the
1667:were expelled west of the new border (see
1034:. However, it was not until the advent of
682:(UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for
650:
636:
356:
342:
9130:
9066:
9056:
8813:
8665:
8655:
8562:
8552:
8368:
8210:
7573:
7571:
7559:
7549:
7507:
7505:
7468:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7295:
7278:Savun, Burcu; Gineste, Christian (2019).
7066:
7019:
6674:
6566:
6348:
6338:
6308:
6306:
6158:
6156:
6136:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6090:
6001:
5984:
5974:
5923:
5181:
4606:DPs Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945â1951
2910:. European Commissioner for Home Affairs
1842:Learn how and when to remove this message
1491:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â50)
10469:
9475:
9164:
9147:
8766:
8493:
8385:
8243:
8193:Fazel, M; Wheeler, J; Danesh, J (2005).
8094:
8085:
8032:
7643:"Global Trends Forced Displacement 2015"
7538:IZA Journal of Development and Migration
7436:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7426:
6414:
6371:
6183:
6070:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
6058:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6014:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
5780:
5323:
5311:
5299:
4879:Stein, Barry N., and Silvano M. Tomasi.
4713:
4653:
4641:
4347:
3937:, a plan to create a nation for refugees
3307:
3230:
3147:Building relationships with the students
3049:
2679:
2616:
2573:
2513:
2388:
2351:
2310:
2298:
1992:
1977:
1934:
1858:
1755:. In particular, the 1981 volume of the
1596:
1523:
1495:
1343:
1320:
1301:
1257:
1229:Nansen International Office for Refugees
1121:
1063:
1048:
971:
855:expanded the 1951 definition, which the
775:
688:
9432:Salehyan, Idean; Savun, Burcu (2024). "
9399:"What is resettlement? A new challenge"
8849:
8472:
8445:
8307:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
8139:
8123:
7678:
7454:
7360:
7114:
6830:Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies
6729:
5458:
4868:International Refugee Organization 1994
4665:
4629:
4394:
4080:Reyhani, Adel-Naim (6 September 2022).
4079:
3909:Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program
3227:List of countries by refugee population
3194:
3125:
1632:men were put under the jurisdiction of
1126:Children preparing for evacuation from
10847:
9354:Infoplease 2000â2006 Pearson Education
9203:"Spanish Civil War fighters look back"
8860:"Nairobi to open mission in Mogadishu"
8830:
8749:
8608:
8520:Infoplease 2000â2006 Pearson Education
8313:
8287:"Forced migration in the 20th century"
8104:Dehghanpisheh, Babak (10 April 2013).
8050:
7702:
7568:
7502:
7443:
7402:
7333:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7069:Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 798
7049:
7047:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6303:
6153:
6107:
5792:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5287:
5134:
5132:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4843:
4528:
4348:Segesser, Daniel Marc (1 March 2008).
3829:Forced displacement in popular culture
3305:, was at its highest level on record.
2746:children, most of whom were refugees,
1909:United Nations Relief and Works Agency
1781:
1416:confirmed the unfortunate division of
1392:Post-World War II population transfers
712:
10468:
9825:
9565:
9368:
9330:
9285:
9119:Conflict Management and Peace Science
8682:
8496:"Detainee children 'in suicide pact'"
8072:
7666:
7614:"Figures at a glance | UNHCR US"
7423:
7204:Onoma, Ato Kwamena (7 October 2013).
7203:
6865:
6803:
6717:
6049:
5541:
5386:
5163:
4979:
4568:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4173:
2908:2022âpresent Ukrainian refugee crisis
2847:In the US, all officially designated
2329:
1907:. These refugees are assisted by the
1677:population transfer to Soviet Ukraine
1636:(Death to Spies). Of the 5.7 million
1365:World War II evacuation and expulsion
983:in 1889 made in the aftermath of the
8936:"Patriots ignore greatest brutality"
8516:"International Refugee Organization"
8386:Goldberg, Diana (29 November 2001).
7522:. The Clearinghouse, 54(3), 105â108.
4161:"Base de donnĂŠes du refuge huguenot"
2569:
2278:have official asylum seeker status.
2045:
1824:adding citations to reliable sources
1795:
1239:, for which it was awarded the 1938
1117:
1088:in France, hundreds of thousands of
52:Regions with significant populations
9165:Schmitt, Celine (28 August 2014b).
8835:(Updated ed.). Vintage Books.
8750:Markus, Francis (17 October 2014).
8718:
8494:Holloway, Grant (28 January 2002).
7151:
7044:
7008:Global Change, Peace & Security
6809:
5481:
5250:
5129:
5044:
5022:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
5004:
4937:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.002431
4913:
4893:, vol. 15, no. 1/2, 1981, pp. 5â7.
4243:"Cartagena Declaration on Refugees"
4034:Under Article 28 of the Convention.
2757:Another study showed that 28.3% of
2669:
2069:
2010:A refugee camp is a place built by
1569:expulsions of the German population
1337:by the Nationalists in 1939 in the
1010:. The related concept of political
675:
13:
9827:
9826:
9438:Annual Review of Political Science
9415:
9383:10.1111/j.1747-7093.1999.tb00322.x
9371:Ethics & International Affairs
9305:"Control of Communicable Diseases"
9274:, London, England: Refugee Council
9148:Schmitt, Celine (5 August 2014a).
8425:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024).
8297:
8179:"Fact sheet about Malaria. (n.d.)"
7726:from the original on 10 March 2022
6732:"Why Refugee Warriors are Threats"
5375:Understanding Resettlement to 2004
4891:The International Migration Review
4516:
4261:
4086:Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights
3881:, an Iranian refugee who lived in
2533:
2446:
1732:
1703:International Refugee Organization
1698:from their homes by the Israelis.
1309:child refugees and war orphans in
1030:, nations recognized each other's
864:country of origin or nationality.
14:
10886:
9471:
8701:
8316:The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
7237:American Political Science Review
6555:American Political Science Review
5226:
4618:Statistisches Bundesamt, Die 1958
4122:Convention Protocol relating 1967
4055:"UNHCR data | Global Trends"
4011:The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3351:at 6.9, Syria at 6.6 million and
3278:). 86% of refugees are hosted in
3214:
2982:
2654:, exacerbating the effect of the
2424:
2326:complementary forms of protection
2288:
2259:
1879:, Switzerland, the Office of the
1476:Provisional Polish administration
1414:Berlin declaration of 5 June 1945
1038:in late 18th-century Europe that
1026:was sent to England. By the 1648
870:Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
678:by a contracting state or by the
10829:
10828:
9591:
9538:
9528:
9516:
9310:(Federal Register 82, no. 6890).
8541:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
8124:Edwards, Adrian (20 June 2016).
7999:
7977:
7955:
7933:
7911:
7889:
7867:
7842:
7825:
7808:
7794:
7780:
7766:
7752:
7738:
7708:
7606:
7493:
7396:
7381:
7354:
7304:
7271:
7224:
7197:
7108:
7083:
7060:
6995:
6960:
6917:
6874:
6868:The Functions of Social Conflict
6859:
6750:
6723:
6642:
6591:
6542:
6522:
6504:
6486:
6468:
6450:
6420:
6365:
6313:Bozorgmehr, K; Razum, O (2015).
6276:
6233:
6199:Health Economics, Policy and Law
5950:
5829:Fazel, Wheeler & Danesh 2005
5057:"Medium Term Strategy 2016-2021"
3038:of recently arrived refugee and
2030:
1899:, who fled the current state of
1800:
917:
603:White genocide conspiracy theory
387:
8090:. London and Boston: Routledge.
6730:Adelman, Howard (1 July 1998).
5697:
5635:
5621:Research at The Open University
5609:
5583:
5566:United Nations General Assembly
5559:
5510:
5464:
5420:
5406:
5392:
5256:
5198:
5157:
5074:
4900:
4873:
4817:
4802:
4755:
4588:
4562:
4546:
4449:
4410:[The humanist Nansen].
4400:
4341:
4235:
4028:
4023:League of Nations Treaty Series
4016:
4003:
3982:
3591:Latin America and the Caribbean
3042:children in their new schools.
2901:Sustainable Development Goal 10
2876:
2742:PTSD was diagnosed in 34.1% of
1973:
1811:needs additional citations for
1726:United Nations General Assembly
10470:
8948:"Refugee Status Determination"
8079:New Issues in Refugee Research
8025:
7457:Review of Educational Research
7417:10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050
7348:10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050
7210:. Cambridge University Press.
6763:Journal of Conflict Resolution
6655:International Migration Review
6119:Murray, SB; Skull, SA (2005).
5718:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104470
5652:Overseas Development Institute
5593:. Refugee Week. Archived from
5506:Overseas Development Institute
5087:International Migration Review
4908:International Migration Review
4457:"Displaced Persons Act (1948)"
4414:(in Norwegian). Archived from
4210:Online Etymological Dictionary
4198:
4167:
4153:
4139:
4094:10.4337/9781789903621.refugees
4047:
3864:List of largest refugee crises
3150:Offering praise and providing
2710:post-traumatic stress disorder
2663:Overseas Development Institute
2553:Restriction of onward movement
2272:Immigration of Nationality Act
2055:Integration and naturalisation
1969:Acute and temporary protection
1757:International Migration Review
1644:). Over 1.5 million surviving
985:Herzegovina Uprising (1875â77)
771:
1:
9521:The dictionary definition of
9098:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00341-0
9086:Social Science & Medicine
8990:. 9 July 1979. Archived from
8984:"Refugees: Save Us! Save Us!"
8913:"UNHCR Resettlement Handbook"
8728:Forced Migration Review (FMR)
8594:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00341-0
8582:Social Science & Medicine
8212:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6
7375:10.1525/ae.1994.21.2.02a00100
6254:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14124-4
4925:Annual Review of Anthropology
4785:Patriots ignore greatest 2007
4040:
3869:List of people granted asylum
2991:
2827:Access to healthcare services
2652:refugee workforce integration
2544:Those states that signed the
2504:Right to family reunification
2395:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
2364:, in the heart of the desert.
1943:Palestine refugee camp (2019)
1739:Economic results of migration
1563:). This entailed the largest
1200:The U.S. Congress passed the
951:Refugee workforce integration
857:Organization of African Unity
588:Criticism of multiculturalism
42:
9508:Resources in other libraries
9246:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.12.001
8794:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8788:Mertans, P; Hall, L (2000).
8623:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.013
8554:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004399
7175:10.1080/07393148.2012.729744
7129:10.1080/09644008.2014.967224
6938:10.1080/03050629.2013.834256
6895:10.1080/01419870420000315852
6340:10.1371/journal.pone.0131483
5768:10.18716/ojs/krimoj/2020.2.7
5591:"Refugee Week (UK) About Us"
5447:Refugee Status Determination
5164:Bocco, R. (1 January 2009).
4531:, pp. 323â39, 326 n. 6.
4176:"England's 'First Refugees'"
3976:
3387:displaced within the country
3383:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
3303:internally displaced persons
3252:internally displaced persons
3118:in places like Malaysia for
3045:
3010:
2483:resettled to a third country
2348:Refugee status determination
2128:internally displaced persons
2024:internally displaced persons
1408:of February 1945. After the
1254:Rise of Nazism, 1933 to 1944
755:(the revocation of the 1598
749:first Edict of Fontainebleau
92:Middle East and North Africa
7:
9453:Reyhani, Adel-Naim (2022),
9421:Gibney, Matthew J. (2004),
8854:. Harvard University Press.
8638:Kolaczinski, J. H. (2004).
8142:Political Science Quarterly
6736:Journal of Conflict Studies
5360:Resettlement: new beginning
4825:"ECRI REPORT ON AZERBAIJAN"
4432:Nansen International Office
4354:Immigrants & Minorities
4174:Gwynn, Robin (5 May 1985).
3783:
3345:internally displaced people
3317:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3099:Limited access to schooling
2122:Internally displaced person
2116:Internally displaced person
1921:internally displaced people
1616:. About 3 million had been
1557:Federal Republic of Germany
1377:Axis powers of World War II
721:derives from the root word
10:
10891:
9676:Weberian (three-component)
9427:Cambridge University Press
8924:"Old fears over new faces"
8446:Hassell, James E. (1991).
8370:10.1001/archpedi.159.6.585
7392:. Oxford University Press.
6926:International Interactions
6285:Journal of Refugee Studies
5683:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.01.037
5641:Crawford N. et al. (2015)
4856:United Nations Relief 1994
4773:International Organization
4738:Soviet Prisoners Forgotten
4702:Final Compensation Pending
3970:Third country resettlement
3224:
3218:
3014:
2995:
2880:
2801:
2777:non-immigrant population.
2673:
2537:
2507:
2492:
2450:
2428:
2367:
2292:
2263:
2119:
2095:Third country resettlement
2092:
2089:Third country resettlement
2073:
2058:
2034:
2003:
1939:Eastern part of UNRWA-run
1785:
1763:Journal of Refugee Studies
1736:
1681:Repatriation of Ukrainians
1549:German Democratic Republic
1547:, and subsequently to the
1426:eastern Polish territories
1148:Russian Revolution of 1917
961:
957:
460:Indefinite leave to remain
18:
10824:
10765:
10657:
10625:
10592:
10518:
10490:
10477:
10464:
10382:
10339:
10299:
10281:
10200:
10118:
10078:
9987:
9980:
9935:
9838:
9834:
9821:
9684:
9638:
9634:
9605:
9503:Resources in your library
9466:Inter-Parliamentary Union
9286:UNHCR (8 December 2015).
9195:"Soviet Prisoners-of-War"
9058:10.1186/s12936-016-1366-7
8940:The Sydney Morning Herald
8767:McCarthy, Justin (1995).
8687:. Canada: Anchor Canada.
8328:10.1093/leobaeck/38.1.323
8095:de Zayas, Alfred (2006).
8086:de Zayas, Alfred (1977).
7691:RĂźegger & Bohnet 2015
7592:10.1007/s11256-016-0379-4
7551:10.1186/s40176-017-0112-4
7479:10.3102/00346543075003329
7284:Journal of Peace Research
7249:10.1017/S0003055420000349
7021:10.1080/14781150903487956
6883:Ethnic and Racial Studies
6612:10.1017/9781108626286.006
6568:10.1017/S0003055421000150
6211:10.1017/s1744133109004824
6083:10.1007/s10903-014-0119-3
6027:10.1007/s10903-013-9954-x
5976:10.1186/s12936-016-1366-7
4726:Nazi Ostarbeiter (Eastern
4366:10.1080/02619280802442647
3883:Charles de Gaulle Airport
3397:
3175:22 September 2018 at the
2974:Journal of Peace Research
2834:HIV/AIDS-related services
2632:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
1913:returned home voluntarily
1663:in 1944. About 2,100,000
1204:in 1921, followed by the
1195:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1014:also has a long history:
977:Refugees from Herzegovina
761:Declaration of Indulgence
759:) in France and the 1687
598:Opposition to immigration
141:Aboard aircraft and ships
100:
90:
80:
66:
56:
51:
41:
36:
10798:Pre-industrial East Asia
9132:10.1177/0738894215611865
8970:. BBC News. 20 June 2016
8850:Naimark, Norman (1995).
8475:Refugee Survey Quarterly
7627:Refugees at highest 2016
7297:10.1177/0022343318811432
6969:Refugee Survey Quarterly
6775:10.1177/0022002719885176
6667:10.1177/0197918320920192
6125:Australian Health Review
5706:Psychoneuroendocrinology
5170:Refugee Survey Quarterly
4768:20 February 2020 at the
4595:DP Camps in Europe Intro
2933:
2666:opportunities and laws.
2489:Right to non-refoulement
2112:solution for refugees."
1930:
1854:
1100:. The repeated waves of
698:East German border guard
21:Refugee (disambiguation)
9846:Administrative detainee
9448:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
8882:. The Nobel Foundation.
8852:The Russians in Germany
8831:Morris, Benny (2001) .
8081:(Working Paper No. 16).
6374:Health and Human Rights
5882:Mertans & Hall 2000
5846:Kazmi & Pandit 2001
5501:20 January 2021 at the
5494:Sara Pantuliano (2009)
5206:"The UN Refugee Agency"
4750:Soviet Prisoners-of-War
3834:Ghost town repopulation
3116:undocumented immigrants
2703:
2638:Protracted displacement
2562:by the UNHCR (see also
2540:Refugee travel document
2407:1951 Refugee Convention
2403:1951 Refugee Convention
2380:international, regional
2132:1951 Refugee Convention
2022:) to receive refugees,
1772:1951 Refugee Convention
1719:certificate of identity
1671:), while about 450,000
1638:Soviet prisoners of war
1545:Allied-occupied Germany
1485:31 October 2010 at the
1470:31 October 2010 at the
1418:Allied-occupied Germany
1385:displaced persons camps
1237:refugee travel document
1206:Immigration Act of 1924
817:particular social group
10262:
9543:Quotations related to
9484:
8806:10.3201/eid0602.000202
8657:10.1186/1475-2875-3-15
8303:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7518:20 August 2020 at the
4886:24 August 2019 at the
4690:Forced Repatriation to
4678:Repatriation Dark Side
4336:Greek Turkish refugees
3951:Refugee Studies Centre
3320:
3250:, who could be either
3240:
3059:
2697:
2684:Refugee children from
2629:
2590:
2522:
2398:
2365:
2320:
2308:
2001:
1990:
1944:
1872:
1609:
1588:forcefully repatriated
1536:
1521:
1369:Allies of World War II
1360:
1357:Imperial State of Iran
1333:
1318:
1270:
1135:
1134:between 1936 and 1939.
1082:Edict of Fontainebleau
1077:
1061:
1044:country of nationality
987:
892:
879:
866:
822:
788:
753:Edict of Fontainebleau
709:
511:Immigrant assimilation
404:Immigration by country
10803:Pre-industrial Europe
9537:at Wikimedia Commons
9482:
9344:(UNHCR EXCOM Report).
8892:Collectinghistory.net
8498:. CNN. Archived from
8099:. Palgrave/Macmillan.
8051:Bassel, Leah (2012).
7648:. UNHCR. 20 June 2016
7405:Cultural Anthropology
7336:Cultural Anthropology
7163:New Political Science
6866:Coser, Lewis (1956).
6821:Schmid, Alex (2016).
6165:J Am Med Womens Assoc
5860:, pp. 2061â2072.
5848:, pp. 1043â1055.
5805:Sundquist et al. 2005
5568: Session 55
5348:What is resettlement?
5140:"Where We Work UNRWA"
4775:55, no. 4 (2001), 984
4600:16 March 2014 at the
4569:Bundy, Colin (2016).
4493:Reich Citizenship Law
3879:Mehran Karimi Nasseri
3311:
3234:
3053:
2683:
2620:
2608:Roman Catholic Church
2577:
2517:
2392:
2368:Further information:
2355:
2314:
2302:
2264:Further information:
1996:
1981:
1938:
1919:people and so-called
1905:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1862:
1696:fled or were expelled
1669:Repatriation of Poles
1600:
1527:
1499:
1347:
1324:
1305:
1280:Reich Citizenship Law
1261:
1125:
1067:
1052:
975:
901:subsidiary protection
887:
874:
861:
813:
779:
717:In English, the term
692:
580:Opposition and reform
278:Diplomatic protection
10660: or countries
10471:By country or region
9709:Class discrimination
8930:. 21 September 2006.
8683:Lamey, Andy (2011).
7363:American Ethnologist
7091:"Injury Facts Chart"
5894:Roggelin et al. 2016
5648:25 July 2019 at the
5336:Nairobi to open 2014
5264:"Refugees solutions"
4962:"Palestine refugees"
4324:Hamed-Troyansky 2024
3893:No person is illegal
3888:Nansen Refugee Award
3824:Emergency evacuation
3796:Conservation refugee
3291:Palestinian refugees
3280:developing countries
3195:Cultural differences
3126:Overcoming obstacles
2560:"irregular movement"
2510:Family reunification
1997:Refugee camp in the
1897:Palestinian refugees
1820:improve this article
1602:Palestinian refugees
1330:Battle of Stalingrad
1036:romantic nationalism
1000:right to seek asylum
923:Refugee resettlement
831:People fleeing from
82:Asia and the Pacific
19:For other uses, see
10192:Vanniar (Chieftain)
9205:. 28 February 2003.
9018:on 17 January 2012.
8411:Universiteit Leiden
8293:on 21 October 2015.
8251:on 14 October 2007.
8110:The Washington Post
7055:Pew Research Center
6516:The Times of Israel
6464:. 30 November 2022.
6438:on 27 November 2020
6417:, pp. 514â525.
6331:2015PLoSO..1031483B
5858:Rowland et al. 2002
5831:, pp. 1309â14.
5817:Geltman et al. 2005
5544:, pp. 232â266.
4910:35.1 (2001): 57â78.
4846:, pp. 252â258.
4668:, pp. 253â275.
4505:Forced displacement
4461:Immigration History
4444:Old fears over 2006
4418:on 26 January 2013.
4408:"Humanisten Nansen"
3394:
2890:sexual exploitation
2441:right to employment
2147:
1865:xenophobic violence
1782:UN Refugee Agencies
1565:population transfer
1555:), Austria and the
1422:eastern territories
1202:Emergency Quota Act
1150:and the subsequent
1028:Peace of Westphalia
944:Refugee integration
851:. Accordingly, the
713:Etymology and usage
465:Migration diplomacy
414:Illegal immigration
303:Permanent residency
33:
10773:18th-century Spain
10627:Standard of living
10331:Upper middle class
10326:Lower middle class
9917:Political prisoner
9699:Chattering classes
9671:Spoon class theory
9485:
9450:CD Edition (2004).
9213:. Wiesbaden. 1958.
9006:on 28 August 2012.
8866:. 19 February 2014
8737:on 2 December 2017
8487:10.1093/rsq/hdw008
8281:. 13 October 2003.
8097:A Terrible Revenge
8088:Nemesis at Potsdam
8073:Crisp, J. (1999).
6981:10.1093/rsq/hdq034
6838:10.19165/2016.1.04
6297:10.1093/jrs/fej019
5906:Fact sheet Malaria
5819:, pp. 585â91.
5807:, pp. 158â64.
5432:§ 1101(a)(42)
5239:Dehghanpisheh 2013
5183:10.1093/rsq/hdq001
4295:10.1111/ijmr.12222
4134:Truth about asylum
3941:Refugee Phrasebook
3392:
3389:by late May 2022.
3339:(1.1 million) and
3321:
3313:Ukrainian refugees
3241:
3086:Vietnamese refugee
3078:state requirements
3060:
3058:of western Ukraine
3056:Zakarpattia Oblast
2998:Refugee employment
2698:
2648:refugee employment
2630:
2622:Ukrainian refugees
2591:
2523:
2481:Refugees who were
2399:
2366:
2321:
2309:
2303:Erstaufnahmelager
2145:
2101:safe third country
2002:
1991:
1986:for refugees from
1945:
1873:
1692:1948 Palestine War
1610:
1537:
1522:
1457:Potsdam Conference
1402:Teheran Conference
1361:
1334:
1319:
1271:
1265:refugees from the
1136:
1078:
1062:
1004:Ăthelberht of Kent
988:
937:Refugee settlement
931:refugee relocation
789:
710:
593:Immigration reform
539:Political theories
506:Social integration
409:Immigration policy
323:Identity cleansing
58:Sub-Saharan Africa
31:
10842:
10841:
10820:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10653:
10652:
10460:
10459:
10456:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10354:Lumpenproletariat
9856:illegal immigrant
9817:
9816:
9729:Classless society
9533:Media related to
9489:Library resources
9480:
9189:on 30 March 2008.
9092:(11): 2061â2072.
8994:on 24 April 2011.
8942:. 13 August 2007.
8928:The Seattle Times
8780:978-0-87850-094-9
8719:Mahmoud, Hala W.
8694:978-0-385-66255-0
8465:978-0-87169-817-9
8438:978-1-5036-3696-5
8205:(9467): 1309â14.
7217:978-1-107-03669-7
6870:. The Free Press.
6621:978-1-108-49455-7
6428:"Goal 10 targets"
5884:, pp. 103â9.
5870:Karim et al. 2016
5795:, pp. 81â95.
5623:. 12 January 2018
5597:on 26 August 2020
5461:, pp. 71â93.
4761:James D. Morrow,
4541:Spanish Civil War
4481:Nobel Peace Prize
4103:978-1-78990-362-1
3859:Spanish Civil War
3781:
3780:
3248:displaced persons
3209:cultural identity
3189:social alienation
3120:Rohingya refugees
3102:Language barriers
2883:Human trafficking
2786:Oxford University
2770:Boston University
2729:short term memory
2594:World Refugee Day
2570:World Refugee Day
2257:
2256:
2046:Durable solutions
1875:Headquartered in
1852:
1851:
1844:
1581:Soviet occupation
1461:Potsdam Agreement
1381:displaced persons
1339:Spanish Civil War
1241:Nobel Peace Prize
1174:Armenian genocide
1140:League of Nations
1132:Spanish Civil War
1118:League of Nations
1084:in 1685 outlawed
1074:Armenian genocide
996:ancient Egyptians
859:adopted in 1969:
849:Displaced Persons
837:natural disasters
793:League of Nations
739:, "to flee", and
660:
659:
611:Causes topics
547:Civic nationalism
520:Acculturation Gap
366:
365:
313:Right to homeland
110:
109:
10882:
10860:Forced migration
10855:Aftermath of war
10832:
10831:
10659:
10560:Mexican-American
10488:
10487:
10479:
10478:
10466:
10465:
10267:
10210:Business magnate
10100:Knowledge worker
9985:
9984:
9873:dual or multiple
9836:
9835:
9823:
9822:
9777:Social exclusion
9772:Social cleansing
9686:
9636:
9635:
9625:Economic classes
9586:
9579:
9572:
9563:
9562:
9542:
9532:
9520:
9481:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9394:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9345:
9336:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9311:
9309:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9265:
9228:
9222:
9214:
9206:
9198:
9190:
9185:. Archived from
9178:
9176:
9174:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9144:
9134:
9109:
9080:
9070:
9060:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9019:
9014:. Archived from
9007:
9002:. Archived from
8995:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8943:
8931:
8919:
8917:
8907:
8895:
8883:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8864:Standard Digital
8855:
8846:
8827:
8817:
8784:
8773:. Darwin Press.
8763:
8761:
8759:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8736:
8730:. Archived from
8725:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8706:. Urban Refugees
8698:
8685:Frontier Justice
8679:
8669:
8659:
8634:
8611:Child Abuse Negl
8605:
8588:(7): 1043â1055.
8576:
8566:
8556:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8490:
8469:
8453:
8442:
8421:
8420:on 16 July 2007.
8419:
8413:. Archived from
8408:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8382:
8372:
8347:
8310:
8294:
8289:. Archived from
8282:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8261:
8252:
8247:. Archived from
8240:
8232:
8214:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8174:
8165:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8100:
8091:
8082:
8069:
8067:
8056:
8047:
8038:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7854:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7647:
7639:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7580:The Urban Review
7575:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7553:
7529:
7523:
7509:
7500:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7472:
7452:
7441:
7438:
7421:
7420:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7331:
7322:
7321:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7243:(4): 1335â1342.
7228:
7222:
7221:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7158:
7149:
7148:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7064:
7058:
7057: 11 (2016).
7051:
7042:
7041:
7023:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6846:
6840:. Archived from
6827:
6818:
6807:
6806:, pp. 1â22.
6801:
6795:
6794:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6678:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6570:
6561:(3): 1066â1073.
6546:
6540:
6539:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6518:. 24 March 2022.
6508:
6502:
6501:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6482:. 26 March 2023.
6472:
6466:
6465:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6434:. Archived from
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6352:
6342:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6194:
6181:
6180:
6160:
6151:
6150:
6140:
6138:10.1071/ah050025
6116:
6105:
6104:
6094:
6077:(5): 1305â1312.
6060:
6047:
6046:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5988:
5978:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5932:
5921:
5918:Kolaczinski 2004
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5872:, pp. 1â12.
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5662:
5653:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5587:
5581:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5514:
5508:
5492:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5176:(2â3): 229â252.
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5013:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4920:
4911:
4904:
4898:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4806:
4800:
4797:Forced migration
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4575:www.fmreview.org
4566:
4560:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4360:(1â2): 134â156.
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4326:, p. 64â65.
4321:
4315:
4314:
4278:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4108:
4107:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4057:. Archived from
4051:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4001:
3992:" was signed at
3986:
3961:Refugee children
3904:Political asylum
3874:List of refugees
3640:Northern America
3400:(UN major area)
3395:
3391:
3355:at 4.4 million.
3235:Refugee camp in
3141:Educator support
3112:secondary levels
3022:Refugee children
3017:Refugee children
2867:Sudanese refugee
2819:the insecticide
2670:Medical problems
2527:Divided families
2437:peremptory norms
2411:refugee roulette
2362:Tindouf, Algeria
2330:legal definition
2148:
2144:
2076:Voluntary return
2070:Voluntary return
1847:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1804:
1796:
1745:forced migration
1592:Yalta Conference
1410:German surrender
1406:Yalta Conference
1367:). In 1943, the
1292:Munich Agreement
1190:Anatolian Greeks
807:passed the 1951
783:refugee camp in
652:
645:
638:
619:Economic migrant
567:Plurinationalism
562:Multiculturalism
531:Social exclusion
498:Social processes
490:Voluntary return
391:
368:
367:
358:
351:
344:
318:Voluntary return
231:Lost citizenship
112:
111:
44:
37:Total population
34:
32:Refugees in 2024
30:
16:Displaced person
10890:
10889:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10875:Right of asylum
10845:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10812:
10761:
10649:
10621:
10588:
10572:Underprivileged
10514:
10473:
10472:
10448:
10378:
10335:
10295:
10277:
10196:
10114:
10074:
9976:
9931:
9830:
9829:
9813:
9792:Social position
9782:Social mobility
9680:
9630:
9601:
9600:
9590:
9514:
9513:
9512:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9476:
9474:
9418:
9416:Further reading
9413:
9404:
9402:
9359:
9357:
9321:
9319:
9307:
9293:
9291:
9277:
9275:
9216:
9215:
9172:
9170:
9155:
9153:
9045:Malaria Journal
9029:
9027:
8973:
8971:
8957:
8955:
8915:
8869:
8867:
8843:
8781:
8757:
8755:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8723:
8709:
8707:
8695:
8644:Malaria Journal
8525:
8523:
8505:
8503:
8466:
8439:
8417:
8406:
8393:
8391:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8183:
8181:
8154:10.2307/2149110
8130:
8128:
8114:
8112:
8065:
8028:
8023:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7990:
7988:
7983:
7982:
7978:
7968:
7966:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7939:
7938:
7934:
7924:
7922:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7902:
7900:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7880:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7633:
7625:
7621:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7576:
7569:
7530:
7526:
7520:Wayback Machine
7510:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7470:10.1.1.459.5997
7453:
7444:
7439:
7424:
7401:
7397:
7386:
7382:
7359:
7355:
7332:
7325:
7320:. 7 March 2018.
7310:
7309:
7305:
7276:
7272:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7202:
7198:
7159:
7152:
7117:German Politics
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7065:
7061:
7052:
7045:
7000:
6996:
6965:
6961:
6922:
6918:
6879:
6875:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6847:on 23 July 2020
6844:
6825:
6819:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6755:
6751:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6647:
6643:
6634:
6632:
6622:
6596:
6592:
6547:
6543:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6500:. 4 April 2023.
6492:
6491:
6487:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6386:10.2307/4065298
6370:
6366:
6325:(7): e0131483.
6311:
6304:
6281:
6277:
6238:
6234:
6195:
6184:
6161:
6154:
6117:
6108:
6061:
6050:
6009:
6002:
5963:Malaria Journal
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5844:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5748:
5741:
5702:
5698:
5663:
5656:
5650:Wayback Machine
5640:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5503:Wayback Machine
5493:
5482:
5477:. UNHCR. 1979 .
5474:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5438:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5099:10.2307/2547407
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5055:
5054:
5045:
5030:
5014:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4921:
4914:
4905:
4901:
4888:Wayback Machine
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4770:Wayback Machine
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4602:Wayback Machine
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4567:
4563:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4279:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4104:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4061:on 19 June 2023
4053:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:vol. 171, p. 77
4021:
4017:
4008:
4004:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3956:Right of asylum
3915:Queer migration
3850:Human migration
3791:Asylum shopping
3786:
3399:
3335:(1.6 million),
3329:Afghan refugees
3325:Syrian refugees
3229:
3223:
3217:
3197:
3185:marginalization
3177:Wayback Machine
3128:
3048:
3027:armed conflicts
3019:
3013:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2936:
2885:
2879:
2829:
2804:
2737:traumatic event
2706:
2688:at a clinic in
2678:
2672:
2640:
2635:
2572:
2564:asylum shopping
2555:
2542:
2536:
2534:Right to travel
2512:
2506:
2497:
2495:Non-refoulement
2491:
2455:
2453:Right of return
2449:
2447:Right of return
2433:
2427:
2376:
2350:
2297:
2291:
2268:
2262:
2124:
2118:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2008:
1976:
1971:
1951:
1933:
1867:and rioting in
1857:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1817:
1805:
1794:
1786:Main articles:
1784:
1741:
1735:
1733:Refugee studies
1715:Nansen passport
1618:forced laborers
1529:German refugees
1506:Port of Tilbury
1487:Wayback Machine
1472:Wayback Machine
1394:
1256:
1233:Nansen passport
1212:, Italians and
1144:Fridtjof Nansen
1120:
998:. However, the
970:
964:Right of asylum
960:
920:
881:As of 2011 the
845:right of asylum
774:
757:Edict of Nantes
715:
694:Konrad Schumann
656:
572:Ethnocentricism
552:Social cohesion
475:Right of asylum
470:Non-refoulement
455:Externalization
450:Immigration law
430:Border security
422:History and law
362:
328:Right of return
273:Criminalization
46:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10888:
10878:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10793:Ottoman Empire
10790:
10785:
10780:
10778:Ancient Greece
10775:
10769:
10767:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10752:United Kingdom
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10663:
10661:
10655:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10647:
10645:Home-ownership
10642:
10637:
10631:
10629:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10598:
10596:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10579:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10524:
10522:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10500:American Dream
10497:
10491:
10485:
10475:
10474:
10462:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10446:
10441:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10413:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10388:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10345:
10343:
10337:
10336:
10334:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10317:
10316:
10305:
10303:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10293:
10287:
10285:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10268:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10237:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10206:
10204:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10124:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10084:
10082:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10066:
10065:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10005:
10004:
9993:
9991:
9982:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9943:
9941:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9912:Migrant worker
9909:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9858:
9848:
9842:
9840:
9832:
9831:
9828:By demographic
9819:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9811:
9808:Status Anxiety
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9762:Ranked society
9759:
9754:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9704:Class conflict
9701:
9696:
9690:
9688:
9687: topics
9682:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9661:Mudsill theory
9658:
9653:
9648:
9642:
9640:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9581:
9574:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9552:UNHCR RefWorld
9527:at Wiktionary
9511:
9510:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9487:
9486:
9473:
9472:External links
9470:
9469:
9468:
9460:UNHCR (2001).
9458:
9451:
9444:
9441:
9430:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9395:
9366:
9346:
9337:
9328:
9312:
9300:
9283:
9266:
9234:Eur Psychiatry
9229:
9207:
9199:
9191:
9179:
9162:
9145:
9110:
9081:
9036:
9020:
9008:
8996:
8980:
8964:
8944:
8932:
8920:
8908:
8904:Nobelprize.org
8896:
8884:
8876:
8856:
8847:
8841:
8828:
8785:
8779:
8764:
8747:
8716:
8699:
8693:
8680:
8635:
8606:
8577:
8532:
8512:
8502:on 8 June 2008
8491:
8470:
8464:
8443:
8437:
8422:
8400:
8383:
8348:
8311:
8295:
8283:
8271:
8253:
8241:
8233:
8190:
8175:
8166:
8148:(2): 253â275.
8137:
8121:
8101:
8092:
8083:
8070:
8057:
8048:
8039:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8020:
7998:
7976:
7954:
7932:
7910:
7888:
7866:
7841:
7824:
7807:
7793:
7779:
7765:
7751:
7737:
7707:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7631:
7619:
7605:
7567:
7524:
7501:
7492:
7463:(3): 329â364.
7442:
7422:
7395:
7380:
7353:
7342:(3): 377â404.
7323:
7303:
7270:
7223:
7216:
7196:
7169:(4): 585â604.
7150:
7123:(3): 196â212.
7107:
7082:
7059:
7043:
6994:
6959:
6932:(5): 621â645.
6916:
6889:(2): 278â303.
6873:
6858:
6808:
6796:
6769:(5): 817â843.
6749:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6661:(1): 135â165.
6641:
6620:
6590:
6541:
6538:. 20 May 2022.
6521:
6503:
6485:
6467:
6449:
6419:
6407:
6364:
6302:
6291:(2): 158â186.
6275:
6232:
6205:(2): 159â178.
6182:
6152:
6106:
6048:
6021:(4): 576â585.
6000:
5949:
5922:
5920:, pp. 15.
5910:
5898:
5896:, p. 325.
5886:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5833:
5821:
5809:
5797:
5785:
5773:
5762:(2): 219â233.
5739:
5696:
5654:
5634:
5608:
5582:
5558:
5546:
5534:
5509:
5480:
5463:
5451:
5436:
5419:
5405:
5391:
5379:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5255:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5197:
5156:
5128:
5073:
5043:
5028:
5003:
4991:Foreign Policy
4978:
4950:
4931:(1): 495â523.
4912:
4899:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4833:
4830:. 31 May 2011.
4816:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4754:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4587:
4561:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4448:
4436:
4421:
4412:Arkivverket.no
4399:
4387:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4289:(2): 193â216.
4260:
4248:
4234:
4222:
4197:
4166:
4152:
4138:
4126:
4109:
4102:
4072:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4027:
4015:
4002:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3935:Refugee Nation
3932:
3930:Refugee health
3927:
3925:Refugee crisis
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3379:refugee crisis
3372:denominational
3319:, 5 March 2022
3293:who are under
3256:asylum seekers
3244:Refugee crisis
3221:Refugee crisis
3219:Main article:
3216:
3215:Refugee crisis
3213:
3196:
3193:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3127:
3124:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3047:
3044:
3012:
3009:
3005:canvas ceiling
2993:
2990:
2984:
2983:Representation
2981:
2935:
2932:
2912:Ylva Johansson
2878:
2875:
2862:Afghan refugee
2849:Iraqi refugees
2828:
2825:
2803:
2800:
2705:
2702:
2676:Refugee health
2674:Main article:
2671:
2668:
2656:canvas ceiling
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2580:Syrian refugee
2571:
2568:
2554:
2551:
2538:Main article:
2535:
2532:
2508:Main article:
2505:
2502:
2493:Main article:
2490:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2451:Main article:
2448:
2445:
2429:Main article:
2426:
2425:Refugee rights
2423:
2349:
2346:
2341:Quota refugees
2315:Refugees from
2293:Main article:
2290:
2289:Seeking asylum
2287:
2261:
2260:Refugee status
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2120:Main article:
2117:
2114:
2093:Main article:
2090:
2087:
2083:refused asylum
2074:Main article:
2071:
2068:
2061:Naturalization
2059:Main article:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2004:Main article:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1932:
1929:
1885:United Nations
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1783:
1780:
1734:
1731:
1711:United Nations
1687:Azerbaijanis.
1657:Soviet Ukraine
1614:Western Europe
1541:ethnic Germans
1518:United Kingdom
1393:
1390:
1296:Czechoslovakia
1269:, October 1938
1255:
1252:
1119:
1116:
1096:, Germany and
1056:refugees from
992:ancient Greeks
979:, painting by
959:
956:
919:
916:
896:European Union
805:United Nations
801:Eastern Europe
773:
770:
714:
711:
676:refugee status
674:until granted
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
640:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
621:
613:
612:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
582:
581:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
541:
540:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
513:
508:
500:
499:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
393:
392:
384:
383:
377:
376:
364:
363:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
325:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:Foreign worker
285:
280:
275:
270:
269:
268:
255:
254:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
228:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
204:Naturalization
201:
200:
199:
194:
189:
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
152:
145:
144:
143:
130:
129:
123:
122:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
39:
38:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10887:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10835:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10764:
10758:
10757:United States
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10658:Other regions
10656:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10624:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10591:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10483:United States
10480:
10476:
10467:
10463:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10338:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10077:
10071:
10068:
10064:
10061:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9986:
9983:
9979:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9934:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9922:Socioeconomic
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9824:
9820:
9810:
9809:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9797:Social stigma
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9787:Social orphan
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9745:Nouveau riche
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9719:Class traitor
9717:
9715:
9714:Class society
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9651:Gilbert model
9649:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9620:
9619:
9615:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9607:
9604:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9587:
9582:
9580:
9575:
9573:
9568:
9567:
9564:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9547:at Wikiquote
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9525:
9519:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9419:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9367:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9338:
9334:
9329:
9317:
9313:
9306:
9301:
9289:
9284:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9240:(2): 158â64.
9239:
9235:
9230:
9226:
9220:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9168:
9163:
9151:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8969:
8965:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8918:. p. 19.
8914:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8848:
8844:
8842:0-679-74475-4
8838:
8834:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8772:
8771:
8765:
8753:
8748:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8717:
8705:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8686:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8451:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8423:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8401:
8389:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8363:(6): 585â91.
8362:
8358:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8322:(1): 323â39.
8321:
8317:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8191:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8138:
8127:
8122:
8111:
8107:
8102:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8030:
8008:
8002:
7986:
7980:
7964:
7958:
7942:
7936:
7920:
7914:
7898:
7892:
7876:
7870:
7851:
7845:
7834:
7828:
7817:
7811:
7803:
7797:
7789:
7783:
7775:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7747:
7741:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7711:
7705:, p. 84.
7704:
7699:
7692:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7628:
7623:
7615:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7574:
7572:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7384:
7376:
7372:
7369:(2): 408â18.
7368:
7364:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7330:
7328:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7307:
7298:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7219:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7155:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7050:
7048:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6975:(4): 83â103.
6974:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6869:
6862:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6805:
6800:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6415:Aggrawal 2005
6411:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6248:(9383): 575.
6247:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6174:
6171:(4): 155â60.
6170:
6166:
6159:
6157:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6007:
6005:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5938:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5919:
5914:
5907:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5825:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5794:
5789:
5782:
5781:Holloway 2002
5777:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5671:Public Health
5668:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5638:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5555:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5415:
5409:
5401:
5395:
5388:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5324:Schmitt 2014b
5320:
5313:
5312:Schmitt 2014a
5308:
5301:
5300:Goldberg 2001
5296:
5289:
5284:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5223:
5207:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5029:9780415715041
5025:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4826:
4820:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4654:de Zayas 2006
4650:
4643:
4642:de Zayas 1977
4638:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4608:by Mark Wyman
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4258:, p. 19.
4257:
4252:
4244:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4180:History Today
4177:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4012:
4006:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:refugee women
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Refugee Radio
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Church asylum
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:asylum seeker
3296:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:acculturation
3033:
3032:socialization
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2696:, August 2013
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:two processes
2381:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:Asylum seeker
2286:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:1967 Protocol
2133:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2037:Urban refugee
2031:Urban refugee
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:(such as the
2017:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1846:
1843:
1835:
1832:February 2010
1825:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1809:This section
1807:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Order No. 270
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1315:British India
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:In 1930, the
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Protestantism
1083:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
934:
932:
927:
924:
918:Related terms
915:
911:
907:
904:
902:
897:
891:
886:
884:
878:
873:
871:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
821:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
782:
778:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:asylum seeker
669:
665:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
631:
630:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
610:
609:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
583:
579:
578:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
529:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:Acculturation
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
497:
496:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
421:
420:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
395:
394:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
370:
369:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
236:denaturalized
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:transnational
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
174:
171:
170:
163:
162:Birth tourism
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
151:
150:
149:Jus sanguinis
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
117:
114:
113:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
40:
35:
26:
22:
10808:Soviet Union
10783:Ancient Rome
10640:Homelessness
10565:Upper Middle
10437: /
10418: /
10409: /
10374:Working poor
10270:
10257:Robber baron
10080:Intellectual
10070:Royal family
10034:Ancient Rome
9888:second-class
9860:
9806:
9749:
9748: /
9743:
9739:High society
9646:Elite theory
9623:
9616:
9609:
9596:Social class
9523:
9515:
9493:
9454:
9437:
9422:
9403:. Retrieved
9374:
9370:
9358:. Retrieved
9353:
9320:. Retrieved
9292:. Retrieved
9276:, retrieved
9270:
9237:
9233:
9210:
9187:the original
9171:. Retrieved
9154:. Retrieved
9122:
9118:
9089:
9085:
9048:
9044:
9028:. Retrieved
9016:the original
9004:the original
8992:the original
8987:
8972:. Retrieved
8956:. Retrieved
8951:
8939:
8927:
8903:
8891:
8868:. Retrieved
8863:
8851:
8832:
8800:(2): 103â9.
8797:
8793:
8769:
8756:. Retrieved
8739:. Retrieved
8732:the original
8727:
8708:. Retrieved
8684:
8647:
8643:
8617:(1): 81â95.
8614:
8610:
8585:
8581:
8544:
8540:
8524:. Retrieved
8519:
8504:. Retrieved
8500:the original
8481:(3): 71â93.
8478:
8474:
8449:
8427:
8415:the original
8410:
8392:. Retrieved
8360:
8356:
8319:
8315:
8302:
8291:the original
8279:Radio Prague
8278:
8263:. Retrieved
8249:the original
8202:
8198:
8182:. Retrieved
8145:
8141:
8129:. Retrieved
8113:. Retrieved
8109:
8096:
8087:
8078:
8061:
8052:
8034:
8011:. Retrieved
8001:
7989:. Retrieved
7979:
7967:. Retrieved
7957:
7945:. Retrieved
7935:
7923:. Retrieved
7913:
7901:. Retrieved
7891:
7879:. Retrieved
7869:
7857:. Retrieved
7844:
7827:
7810:
7796:
7782:
7768:
7754:
7740:
7728:. Retrieved
7719:
7710:
7698:
7686:
7679:Edwards 2016
7674:
7662:
7650:. Retrieved
7622:
7608:
7583:
7579:
7561:10419/197465
7541:
7537:
7527:
7495:
7460:
7456:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7389:
7383:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7339:
7335:
7315:
7306:
7287:
7283:
7273:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7206:
7199:
7166:
7162:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7094:
7085:
7068:
7062:
7054:
7014:(1): 33â51.
7011:
7007:
6997:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6842:the original
6829:
6799:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6735:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6676:10419/185072
6658:
6654:
6644:
6633:, retrieved
6603:
6593:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6480:The Guardian
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6442:23 September
6440:. Retrieved
6436:the original
6431:
6422:
6410:
6380:(2): 40â53.
6377:
6373:
6367:
6322:
6318:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6202:
6198:
6168:
6164:
6131:(1): 25â29.
6128:
6124:
6074:
6068:
6018:
6012:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5940:. Retrieved
5913:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5824:
5812:
5800:
5788:
5776:
5759:
5756:Kriminologie
5755:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5674:
5670:
5637:
5625:. Retrieved
5620:
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5595:the original
5585:
5573:
5569:
5561:
5549:
5537:
5527:28 September
5525:. Retrieved
5521:
5512:
5466:
5459:Higgins 2016
5454:
5422:
5408:
5394:
5382:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5267:
5258:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5210:. Retrieved
5200:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5143:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5060:
5018:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4965:
4928:
4924:
4907:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4819:
4804:
4792:
4787:, p. 2.
4780:
4772:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4714:Forced Labor
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4666:Elliott 1973
4661:
4649:
4637:
4630:Naimark 1995
4625:
4613:
4605:
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4574:
4564:
4554:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4439:
4416:the original
4411:
4402:
4397:, p. 1.
4395:Hassell 1991
4390:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4286:
4282:
4251:
4237:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4183:
4179:
4169:
4155:
4141:
4129:
4085:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:the original
4049:
4030:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3984:
3899:Open borders
3818:Emergencybnb
3413:
3376:
3357:
3323:Among them,
3322:
3315:fleeing the
3288:
3242:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3167:
3159:
3152:affirmations
3129:
3108:
3091:
3082:
3069:
3061:
3020:
3001:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:scapegoating
2949:
2937:
2920:prostitution
2915:
2905:
2894:
2886:
2877:Exploitation
2871:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2756:
2741:
2722:
2707:
2699:
2660:
2645:
2641:
2605:
2601:Refugee Week
2598:
2592:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2524:
2498:
2480:
2456:
2434:
2418:
2415:
2400:
2377:
2339:
2334:
2322:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2125:
2109:
2106:Sadako Ogata
2098:
2079:
2064:
2049:
2040:
2009:
2006:Refugee camp
1988:Sierra Leone
1974:Refugee camp
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1893:resettlement
1874:
1869:South Africa
1838:
1829:
1818:Please help
1813:verification
1810:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:World War II
1742:
1723:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1654:
1622:Ostarbeiters
1611:
1585:
1561:West Germany
1553:East Germany
1538:
1533:East Prussia
1520:during 1945.
1433:East Prussia
1430:
1395:
1371:created the
1362:
1351:refugees in
1335:
1285:
1273:The rise of
1272:
1248:human rights
1245:
1226:
1222:Soviet Union
1199:
1183:
1160:
1137:
1106:Russian Jews
1094:South Africa
1079:
1068:One million
1043:
1018:was sent to
989:
976:
950:
949:
943:
942:
936:
935:
930:
928:
921:
912:
908:
905:
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
862:
830:
823:
814:
797:World War II
790:
740:
736:
729:
722:
718:
716:
706:West Germany
702:East Germany
663:
661:
479:
440:Repatriation
307:
154:
147:
116:Legal status
76:12.4 million
45:35.3 million
28:Ethnic group
25:
10727:New Zealand
10444:Untouchable
10369:Proletariat
10359:Pea-pickers
10309:Bourgeoisie
9997:Aristocracy
9883:naturalized
9878:native-born
9377:(1): 1â22.
9278:7 September
8958:25 December
8710:18 December
8547:(1): 1â12.
8115:18 December
8026:Works cited
7703:Bassel 2012
7586:(1): 1â25.
5942:11 February
5793:Khamis 2005
5677:: 102â109.
5578:A/RES/55/76
5288:Markus 2014
5212:18 December
5149:19 December
5066:19 December
4971:19 December
4881:"Foreword."
4844:Morris 2001
4529:Gelber 1993
4466:7 September
4000:and Turkey.
3855:La Retirada
3807:Deportation
3777:10,489,800
3750:20,360,562
3747:20,445,899
3744:20,650,315
3741:21,326,917
3738:29,413,033
3511:10,111,523
3499:12,271,919
3377:An ongoing
3272:South Sudan
3268:Afghanistan
3237:South Sudan
2924:pornography
2744:Palestinian
2431:Refugee law
2266:Refugee Act
2253:57,321,197
2250:32,274,600
2216:29,429,078
2213:14,385,300
2012:governments
1925:seek asylum
1690:During the
1661:Curzon Line
1655:Poland and
1577:Berlin Wall
1449:Brandenburg
1445:Mecklenburg
1398:Curzon Line
1288:Sudetenland
1267:Sudetenland
1130:during the
1111:Balkan Wars
1040:nationalism
1032:sovereignty
1008:Middle Ages
981:UroĹĄ PrediÄ
772:Definitions
766:World War I
526:Persecution
445:Deportation
435:Citizenship
381:Immigration
252:Immigration
182:Citizenship
173:Nationality
96:2.4 million
86:6.8 million
62:7.0 million
10865:Population
10849:Categories
10717:Luxembourg
10607:Inequality
10272:Superclass
10063:Hereditary
10039:Post-Roman
10030:Patrician
9900:adolescent
9724:Classicide
9455:"Refugees"
9360:13 October
9051:(1): 325.
8526:13 October
8184:26 October
7667:Unhcr 2015
7652:11 January
7411:(3): 398.
7290:: 88â102.
7071:(Report).
6804:Weiss 1999
6718:Crisp 1999
6242:The Lancet
5969:(1): 325.
5712:. 104470.
5570:Resolution
5542:Lamey 2011
5387:UNHCR 2015
5093:(2): 610.
4996:3 February
4190:18 January
4082:"Refugees"
4041:References
3844:Homo sacer
3774:10,396,600
3771:10,549,700
3768:10,404,800
3765:10,498,000
3762:11,699,300
3759:14,385,300
3756:17,187,488
3753:19,941,347
3585:1,613,400
3558:2,760,771
3555:2,958,113
3552:3,000,709
3549:3,189,403
3546:8,728,098
3538:5,706,400
3508:9,892,341
3505:9,753,909
3502:9,845,603
3491:2,332,900
3464:6,775,502
3461:6,803,799
3458:7,064,848
3455:7,483,184
3452:7,545,579
3225:See also:
3015:See also:
2996:See also:
2992:Employment
2945:terrorists
2881:See also:
2838:primaquine
2821:permethrin
2795:prevalence
2782:meta-study
2714:depression
2335:officially
2247:17,670,400
2244:14,697,900
2241:14,442,200
2238:12,794,300
2210:10,498,000
2207:10,549,700
2204:10,489,800
2195:10,594,100
2192:12,129,600
2189:11,480,900
1982:A camp in
1737:See also:
1673:Ukrainians
1170:Asia Minor
962:See also:
727:Old French
700:, fleeing
283:Expatriate
136:Birthplace
127:Birthright
72:North Asia
10742:Sri Lanka
10635:Education
10602:Household
10495:Affluence
10430:Rat tribe
10392:Ant tribe
10364:Precariat
10349:Lazzaroni
10291:Bohemians
10252:Overclass
10247:Old money
10183:Spartiate
10158:Kshatriya
10148:Hashashin
10105:Professor
10046:Political
10019:Oligarchy
10009:Hanseaten
9927:Stateless
9907:Convicted
9839:By status
9802:Subaltern
9734:Euthenics
9666:New class
9391:146249937
9219:cite book
9141:0738-8942
9125:: 65â88.
8952:unhcr.org
8344:0075-8744
8336:1758-437X
8131:21 August
7730:3 October
7600:151360887
7487:145725106
7465:CiteSeerX
7265:225129140
7257:0003-0554
7191:143485932
7183:0739-3148
7145:144993061
7137:0964-4008
7030:1478-1158
6989:1020-4067
6954:153556065
6946:0305-0629
6911:144981657
6903:0141-9870
6791:211355603
6783:0022-0027
6744:1715-5673
6693:169331047
6685:0197-9183
6630:216605573
6585:233649843
6577:0003-0554
6535:USA Today
5734:203656224
5522:ohchr.org
5273:26 August
5192:1020-4067
5123:150244760
5107:0197-9183
5038:842364630
4945:146314135
4382:144090544
4374:0261-9288
4311:216204168
4303:1468-2370
4206:"Refugee"
3977:Footnotes
3582:1,628,100
3579:1,587,400
3576:1,534,400
3573:1,522,100
3570:1,152,800
3567:1,500,500
3564:2,300,833
3561:2,602,942
3535:5,620,500
3532:5,715,800
3529:5,104,100
3526:5,060,100
3523:6,317,500
3520:7,942,100
3517:8,608,597
3514:9,945,930
3488:2,300,100
3485:2,408,700
3482:2,924,100
3479:3,068,300
3476:3,377,700
3473:4,126,800
3470:5,531,693
3467:6,687,326
3368:sectarian
3364:religious
3264:Venezuela
3064:immigrant
3046:Obstacles
3040:immigrant
3011:Education
2941:militants
2930:(OSCE)."
2916:USA Today
2897:"weapons"
2305:Jenfelder
2235:5,426,500
2232:4,646,600
2229:5,998,500
2226:5,063,900
2201:9,877,700
2198:9,574,800
2151:End-year
2020:Red Cross
1941:Nur Shams
1917:stateless
1437:Pomerania
1328:refugees
1311:Balachadi
1184:The 1923
1178:Assyrians
1165:who left
1163:Armenians
1152:civil war
1090:Huguenots
1070:Armenians
968:Sanctuary
929:The term
745:Huguenots
241:renounced
10870:Refugees
10834:Category
10766:Historic
10687:Colombia
10677:Cambodia
10612:Personal
10510:Mobility
10439:Freedman
10425:Plebeian
10411:Prisoner
10397:Commoner
10283:Creative
10264:Seigneur
10230:Nobility
10188:Vanniyar
10173:Pendekar
10133:Cossacks
9767:Snobbery
9639:Theories
9545:Refugees
9535:Refugees
9524:Refugees
9335:. UNHCR.
9254:15797701
9106:12406471
9077:27316351
8824:10756143
8676:15191614
8631:15664427
8602:12406471
8573:26809063
8379:15939860
8299:"France"
8229:23060431
8221:15823380
7724:Archived
7722:. 2022.
7516:Archived
7317:NBC News
7100:29 March
7038:55876637
6851:29 March
6635:21 April
6498:CNE News
6462:Euractiv
6402:10343292
6359:26201017
6319:PLOS ONE
6270:45829685
6262:12938671
6219:19187568
6147:15683352
6101:25331684
6035:24293090
5995:27316351
5726:31610408
5691:29576228
5646:Archived
5499:Archived
5428:8 U.S.C.
4897:, JSTOR.
4884:Archived
4766:Archived
4604:, from:
4598:Archived
4245:. UNHCR.
3994:Lausanne
3812:Diaspora
3784:See also
3688:Oceania
3683:453,200
3656:427,350
3653:446,151
3650:453,804
3647:473,211
3644:507,782
3634:350,300
3607:215,924
3604:255,501
3601:305,887
3598:265,306
3595:292,860
3349:Colombia
3333:Pakistan
3173:Archived
3163:pedagogy
2584:Istanbul
2582:girl in
2520:Circle A
2307:Moorpark
2186:Refugees
2138:and the
1646:Red Army
1628:and the
1483:Archived
1468:Archived
1404:and the
1220:and the
1024:Voltaire
741:refugium
704:towards
557:Nativism
373:a series
371:Part of
209:Ius Doni
192:multiple
156:Jus soli
102:Americas
10737:Romania
10732:Nigeria
10617:Poverty
10520:Classes
10505:History
10416:Peasant
10402:Outcast
10341:Working
10321:Burgher
10178:Samurai
10168:OcÄlĹtl
10128:Chhetri
10120:Warrior
10110:Scholar
10024:Russian
10014:Magnate
10002:Aristoi
9981:By type
9868:Citizen
9861:refugee
9757:Poverty
9751:Parvenu
9685:Related
9656:Marxian
9618:Stratum
9494:Refugee
9464:UNHCR,
9405:19 July
9401:. UNHCR
9322:19 July
9294:7 March
9290:. UNHCR
9262:5689933
9169:. UNHCR
9152:. UNHCR
9068:4912711
9030:19 July
9026:. UNHCR
8974:20 June
8954:. UNHCR
8870:18 June
8815:2640853
8754:. UNHCR
8702:Learn.
8564:4725727
8390:. UNHCR
8265:7 March
8162:2149110
7095:nsc.org
7077:2842277
6394:4065298
6350:4511805
6327:Bibcode
6227:5595013
6177:8840732
6092:4405449
6043:5638148
5986:4912711
5627:2 April
5601:24 July
5576:.
5402:. 2022.
5251:Mahmoud
5208:. UNHCR
5115:2547407
4580:9 March
4149:. 1584.
4065:19 June
3730:33,600
3703:69,492
3700:89,994
3697:71,158
3694:70,210
3691:66,795
3680:444,900
3677:430,100
3674:429,600
3671:425,800
3668:424,000
3665:416,400
3662:370,291
3659:391,907
3631:367,400
3628:373,900
3625:377,800
3622:380,700
3619:382,000
3616:352,700
3613:322,403
3610:252,288
3543:Europe
3449:Africa
3337:Lebanon
3282:, with
3276:Myanmar
3131:homes:
2808:malaria
2802:Malaria
2790:surveys
2759:Bosnian
2733:amnesia
2725:anxiety
2718:suicide
2606:In the
2358:Sahrawi
2317:Vietnam
1776:refugee
1606:Galilee
1571:. (See
1514:England
1441:Silesia
1326:Russian
1167:Turkish
1102:pogroms
1098:Prussia
1054:Turkish
958:History
841:poverty
725:, from
719:refugee
708:in 1962
668:country
664:refugee
480:Refugee
396:General
308:Refugee
293:Illegal
187:missing
120:persons
106:800,000
10692:France
10672:Belize
10667:Africa
10594:Income
10550:Middle
10543:Gentry
10407:Outlaw
10314:Petite
10301:Middle
10235:Landed
10220:Gentry
10153:Knight
10093:Priest
10088:Clergy
10051:Family
9989:Ruling
9938:collar
9895:Clique
9611:Status
9491:about
9389:
9260:
9252:
9173:9 July
9156:9 July
9139:
9104:
9075:
9065:
8839:
8822:
8812:
8777:
8758:9 July
8741:9 July
8691:
8674:
8667:434525
8664:
8650:: 15.
8629:
8600:
8571:
8561:
8506:22 May
8462:
8435:
8394:9 July
8377:
8342:
8334:
8227:
8219:
8199:Lancet
8160:
8013:15 May
7991:15 May
7969:15 May
7947:15 May
7925:15 May
7903:15 May
7881:15 May
7598:
7485:
7467:
7263:
7255:
7214:
7189:
7181:
7143:
7135:
7075:
7036:
7028:
6987:
6952:
6944:
6909:
6901:
6789:
6781:
6742:
6691:
6683:
6628:
6618:
6583:
6575:
6400:
6392:
6357:
6347:
6268:
6260:
6225:
6217:
6175:
6145:
6099:
6089:
6041:
6033:
5993:
5983:
5732:
5724:
5689:
5572:
5430:
5190:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5036:
5026:
4943:
4517:France
4380:
4372:
4309:
4301:
4215:15 May
4100:
3998:Greece
3735:Total
3727:35,600
3724:33,800
3721:34,800
3718:41,000
3715:45,300
3712:46,800
3709:53,671
3706:60,954
3398:Region
3284:Turkey
3239:, 2016
3187:, and
3181:trauma
2694:Jordan
2690:Ramtha
2633:Issues
2626:Poland
2612:Pius X
2588:Turkey
2372:, and
2283:rights
1984:Guinea
1901:Israel
1889:return
1877:Geneva
1871:, 2008
1717:or a "
1634:SMERSH
1630:Vlasov
1535:, 1945
1453:Saxony
1353:Tehran
1349:Polish
1307:Polish
1275:Nazism
1060:, 1913
1058:Edirne
890:order.
877:order.
803:, the
787:, 2005
781:Darfur
737:fugere
730:refuge
723:refuge
684:asylum
68:Europe
10788:Aztec
10747:Tibet
10722:Nepal
10712:Italy
10702:India
10697:Haiti
10682:China
10582:Under
10577:Lower
10555:Black
10538:Donor
10533:Black
10528:Upper
10435:Slave
10384:Under
10240:Petty
10215:Elite
10202:Upper
10143:Harii
10138:CuÄuh
9972:White
9952:Green
9851:Alien
9694:Caste
9387:S2CID
9308:(PDF)
9258:S2CID
8916:(PDF)
8735:(PDF)
8724:(PDF)
8418:(PDF)
8407:(PDF)
8332:eISSN
8260:(PDF)
8225:S2CID
8158:JSTOR
8066:(PDF)
7859:8 May
7853:(PDF)
7836:(PDF)
7819:(PDF)
7720:UNHCR
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