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debates of the 4th and 5th centuries in contrast to the word nature. During the theological debates, some philosophical tools (concepts) were needed so that the debates could be held on common basis to all theological schools. The purpose of the debate was to establish the relation, similarities and
519:
Primus defines people exclusively as their desires, whereby desires are states which are sought for arbitrary or nil purpose(s). Primus views that desires, by definition, are each sought as ends in and of themselves and are logically the most precious (valuable) states that one can conceive. Primus
891:
Thisleton NIGNTC commentary on 1 Corinthians "Thinkers in ancient times had a difficulty in expressing the notion of personality"; Barfield in
History of English Words "Take, for instance, the word person...Its present meaning of an individual human being is largely due to the theologians who hit
510:
attempts to capture those states that are universally considered valuable by their nature, allowing one to assign the concept of personhood upon those states. For example, Chris Kelly argues that the value that is intuitively bestowed upon humans, their possessions, animals, and aspects of the
219:
Various debates have focused on questions about the personhood of different classes of entities. Historically, the personhood of women, and slaves has been a catalyst of social upheaval. In most societies today, postnatal humans are defined as persons. Likewise, certain legal entities such as
515:
known as "richness." Richness, Kelly argues, is a product of the "variety" and the "unity" within an entity or agent. According to Kelly, human beings and animals are morally valued and entitled to the status of persons because they are complex organisms whose multitude of psychological and
896:, 1985 New York: St Vladimirs Press p. 27 writes: "although the person and "personal identity" are widely discussed nowadays as a supreme ideal, nobody seems to recognize that historically as well as existentially the concept of the person is indissolubly bound up with theology."
454:
Since then, a number of important changes to the word's meaning and use have taken place, and attempts have been made to redefine the word with varying degrees of adoption and influence. According to Jörg Noller, at least six approaches can be distinguished:
528:
states that rational beings must never be treated merely as a means to an end and that they must also always be treated as an end, Primus offers that the aspects that humans (and some animals) desire, and only those aspects, are ends, by definition.
499:), on the other hand, attempts to define the person as a natural and at the same time self-conscious being: the bodily organism constitutes the person without being identical to it. Rather, it forms with it a "unity without identity".
141:
The criteria for being a person... are designed to capture those attributes which are the subject of our most humane concern with ourselves and the source of what we regard as most important and most problematical in our
95:: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as they were or will be at another time despite any intervening changes.
755:
Richard A. Shweder/Edmund J. Bourne. 1982. Does the
Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally?, in: Anthony J. Marsella/Geoffrey M. White (eds), Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy, Dordrecht, S.
451:), which was identified with the Christ, was defined as a "person" of God. This concept was applied later to the Holy Ghost, the angels and to all human beings. Trinitarianism holds that God has three persons.
831:
Stefaroi, P. (2015). Humanistic
Personology: A Humanistic-Ontological Theory of the Person & Personality. Applications in Therapy, Social Work, Education, Management and Art (Theatre). Charleston SC, USA:
240:
are legally defined as persons. However, some people believe that other groups should be included; depending on the theory, the category of "person" may be taken to include or not pre-natal humans or such
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The Latin word persona was originally used to denote the mask worn by an actor. From this, it was applied to the role he assumed, and, finally, to any character on the stage of life, to any individual.
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distinguishes states of desire (or 'want') from states which are sought instrumentally, as a means to an end (on the basis of perceived 'need'). Primus' approach can thus be contrasted to
314:. A key question in continental philosophy is in what sense we can maintain the modern conception of identity, while realizing many of our prior assumptions about the world are incorrect.
106:(as in "a people"), and this was the original meaning of the word; it subsequently acquired its use as a plural form of person. The plural form "persons" is often used in
1047:
746:
Carrithers, Michael, Steven
Collins, and Steven Lukes, eds. 1985. The category of the person: Anthropology, philosophy, history. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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upon it when they were looking for some term that would enable them to assert the trinity of
Godhead without admitting more than one 'substance'"; John Zizioulas in
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of persons through time. That is to say, the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the
333:
of self, continuity of personality after the death of the physical body, and proposals that there are actually no persons or selves who persist over time at all.
1170:. In: Thomas Kirchhoff (ed.): Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg:
1044:. In Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy. Vol. 2. Edited by J. K. Ryan, Washington: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 20–
359:; Ancient Greek) originally referred to the masks worn by actors on stage. The various masks represented the various "personae" in the stage play.
850:
For a discussion of post-mortal personhood, see Roth, S. (2013) "Dying is only human. The case death makes for the immortality of the person".
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What does it take for individuals to persist from moment to moment – or in other words, for the same individual to exist at different moments?
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for conceiving the natural-rational unity of the person has emerged recently in the concept of the "person life" (Marya
Schechtman)."
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biological components are generally unified towards a singular purpose in any moment, existing and operating with relative harmony.
87:
In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about
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1138:
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Nelson Pike (1967). Hume's Bundle Theory of the Self: A Limited
Defense, American Philosophical Quarterly 4 (2), pp. 159-165.
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Proposed solutions to the problem of personal identity include continuity of the physical body, continuity of an immaterial
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492:) states that persons are essentially animals and that mental or psychological attributes play no role in their identity.
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196:. Personhood continues to be a topic of international debate, and has been questioned during the abolition of
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Other theories attribute personhood to those states that are viewed to possess intrinsic or universal value.
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problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time.
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The self-consciousness-based definition of the person as a being that "can conceive itself as itself" (
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Christian Smith. 2003. Moral, Believing
Animals: Human Personhood and Culture. Oxford University Press
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and, consequently, what makes a person count as a person, differ widely among cultures and contexts.
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728:". The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, vol. 61, no. 1, 1983, pp. 19–34..
459:"The ontological definition of the person as "an individual substance of a rational nature" (
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Personhood is the status of being a person. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in
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477:). In current analytical debate, the focus has shifted to the relationship between bodily
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moral-philosophical definition of a person: whereas Kant's second formulation of the
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48:, depending on context) is a being who has certain capacities or attributes such as
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Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature / Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie
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The moral-philosophical definition of the person as "an end in itself" (
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399:) and God. The philosophical concept of person arose, taking the word "
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291:, this concept of personal identity is sometimes referred to as the
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Lukes, Steven; Carrithers, Michael; Collins, Steven, eds. (1987).
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176:. According to common worldwide general legal practice, only a
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The
Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History
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The plural form "people" is often used to refer to an entire
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130:. The concept of a person can be very challenging to define.
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Persons: A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe
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The Concept of Personality in Greek and Christian Thought
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The concept of person was further developed during the
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878:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
772:. Time (magazine). October 25, 2021. Archived from
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929:"Value Monism, Richness, And Environmental Ethics"
913:. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg:
1199:
1194:(Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies)
852:Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry
816:"Justices, 5–4, Reject Corporate Spending Limit"
287:person, persisting through time. In the modern
1066:Spiritual Discourse and the Meaning of Persons
793:For a discussion of non-human personhood, see
336:
1172:https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403
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915:https://doi.org/10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66403
726:A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Personhood
1097:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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978:"Purism: Logic as the basis of Morality"
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1052:Personalism and the Politics of Culture
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511:natural environment is due to a value
16:Living being regarded as an individual
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1145:Korfmacher, Carsten (May 29, 2006).
1130:The Person: Readings in Human Nature
1068:. New York: St Martin's Press 1994.
1054:. New York: St Martin's Press 1996.
602:Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)
260:
126:An abstract painting of a person by
1192:Rights of Non-Human Persons Program
1153:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1133:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
805:. Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 52–62.
160:, and is closely tied to legal and
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297:problem of personal identity. The
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325:, continuity of consciousness or
1120:. London: Macmillan and Company.
872:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
866:Geddes, Leonard William (1911).
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306:Identity is an issue for both
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560:Beginning of human personhood
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637:Natural person in French law
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427:. Therefore, the logos (the
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927:Kelly, Chris (2014-09-22).
708:"Personhood – Anthropology"
647:Person (Catholic canon law)
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80:. The defining features of
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1082:. London: MacMillan 1992.
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341:In ancient Rome, the word
337:Development of the concept
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1112:Puccetti, Roland (1968).
933:Les ateliers de l'éthique
799:"Persons and non-persons"
279:Personal identity is the
801:, in Peter Singer (ed.)
371:differences between the
251:artificial intelligences
192:, responsibilities, and
27:Person (disambiguation)
1177:Eric T. Olson (2019).
1015:Cite journal requires
814:For corporations, see
526:categorical imperative
308:continental philosophy
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150:
131:
25:. For other uses, see
21:For human people, see
976:Primus (2020-05-23).
905:Noller, Jörg (2019):
875:Catholic Encyclopedia
803:In Defense of Animals
712:Oxford Bibliographies
495:Constitution theory (
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255:extraterrestrial life
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1166:Jörg Noller (2019).
1125:Stephens, William O.
1038:Cornelia J. de Vogel
724:De Craemer, Willy. "
672:Subject (philosophy)
592:Great Ape personhood
587:Corporate personhood
78:legal responsibility
1228:Metaphysics of mind
1223:Main topic articles
1179:"Personal Identity"
1147:"Personal Identity"
822:, January 21, 2010.
657:Personhood movement
312:analytic philosophy
204:, in debates about
894:Being as Communion
820:The New York Times
289:philosophy of mind
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200:and the fight for
147:Harry G. Frankfurt
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62:self-consciousness
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1127:(2006).
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