1151:
2312:
3956:
2758:
1956:
2295:
2737:
1925:
1485:
2829:
2687:
1312:
2274:
2888:
1892:
2789:
2052:
2849:
2451:
131:
2707:
3428:
1613:
3347:
1699:
3544:
1988:
1783:
2511:
3124:
3716:
3250:
1741:
15638:
2531:
2431:
3051:
1661:
1853:
12612:
2481:
1020:
2909:
12600:
2020:
847:
1819:
2401:
99:
3842:
1558:
larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. Using patterns within the
3397:, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the
3089:
to all other animals. Despite their morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are. Sponges lack the complex organization found in most other animal phyla; their cells are differentiated, but
1557:
The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla, along with their principal habitats (terrestrial, fresh water, and marine), and free-living or parasitic ways of life. Species estimates shown here are based on numbers described scientifically; much
3575:
was uncertain whether sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.
3691:
divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla: coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and
Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal phylum, sponges. The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom
2266:
decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals. Objects such as sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North
America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in
3570:
from man (with blood, 2 legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, 4 legs, sensitive soul) and other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul).
9623:
Srivastava, Mansi; Begovic, Emina; Chapman, Jarrod; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Hellsten, Uffe; Kawashima, Takeshi; Kuo, Alan; Mitros, Therese; Salamov, Asaf; Carpenter, Meredith L.; Signorovitch, Ana Y.; Moreno, Maria A.; Kamm, Kai; Grimwood, Jane; Schmutz, Jeremy (1 August 2008).
3197:
and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However, over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some
2311:
8040:
Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South
Australia".
946:. During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised, making the formation of complex structures possible. This may be calcified, forming structures such as
2227:
Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the
Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago. Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the
10617:
Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (2014).
1061:
into a hollow sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the seabed, and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first
3093:
The comb jellies and
Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both mouth and anus. Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but these are not organised into discrete
7366:
Hookabe, Natsumi; Kajihara, Hiroshi; Chernyshev, Alexei V.; Jimi, Naoto; Hasegawa, Naohiro; Kohtsuka, Hisanori; Okanishi, Masanori; Tani, Kenichiro; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Tsuchida, Shinji; Ueshima, Rei (2022).
6580:"Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"
3792:
have been used as lashings and bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats. Dyestuffs including
2374:
Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines.
2995:
for the
Xenacoelamorpha + Ambulacraria; this is either within Deuterostomia, as sister to Chordata, or the Deuterostomia are recovered as paraphyletic, and Xenambulacraria is sister to the proposed clade
16464:
10786:"Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology"
8793:
Dellaporta, Stephen; Holland, Peter; Schierwater, Bernd; Jakob, Wolfgang; Sagasser, Sven; Kuhn, Kerstin (April 2004). "The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of
Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary".
6887:
Hebert, Paul D.N.; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Zakharov, Evgeny V.; Telfer, Angela C.; Levesque-Beaudin, Valerie; Milton, Megan A.; Pedersen, Stephanie; Jannetta, Paul; deWaard, Jeremy R. (1 August 2016).
2206:. The apparent suddenness of the event may however be an artifact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared simultaneously. That view is supported by the discovery of
440:. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex
7806:
Maloof, A. C.; Porter, S. M.; Moore, J. L.; Dudas, F. O.; Bowring, S. A.; Higgins, J. A.; Fike, D. A.; Eddy, M. P. (2010). "The earliest
Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change".
2662:
Giribet and
Edgecombe (2020) provide what they consider to be a consensus internal phylogeny of the animals, embodying uncertainty about the structure at the base of the tree (dashed lines).
3438:
The
Spiralia are a large group of protostomes that develop by spiral cleavage in the early embryo. The Spiralia's phylogeny has been disputed, but it contains a large clade, the superphylum
9098:
Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (19 March 2021).
10825:
Kim, Chang Bae; Moon, Seung Yeo; Gelder, Stuart R.; Kim, Won (September 1996). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods Evidenced from Molecules and Morphology".
7369:"Molecular Phylogeny of the Genus Nipponnemertes (Nemertea: Monostilifera: Cratenemertidae) and Descriptions of 10 New Species, With Notes on Small Body Size in a Newly Discovered Clade"
1453:
adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms. Animals are however not particularly
2273:
7080:
16457:
12239:
12193:
11421:
11473:
Pearnchob, N.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier, R. (2003). "Pharmaceutical applications of shellac: moisture-protective and taste-masking coatings and extended-release matrix tablets".
8291:
Breyer, J. A. (1995). "Possible new evidence for the origin of metazoans prior to 1 Ga: Sediment-filled tubes from the Mesoproterozoic Allamoore Formation, Trans-Pecos Texas".
10359:
Simakov, Oleg; Kawashima, Takeshi; Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Jenkins, Jerry; Koyanagi, Ryo; Mitros, Therese; Hisata, Kanako; Bredeson, Jessen; Shoguchi, Eiichi (26 November 2015).
11682:
12278:
2647:
signalling pathways which may have enabled animals to become multicellular by providing a pattern for the body's system of axes (in three dimensions), and another 7 are for
3105:
The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially resemble amoebae. Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.
5811:
3090:
in most cases not organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals. They typically feed by drawing in water through pores, filtering out small particles of food.
9720:
Brusca, Richard C. (2016). "Introduction to the Bilateria and the Phylum Xenacoelomorpha | Triploblasty and Bilateral Symmetry Provide New Avenues for Animal Radiation".
3166:
or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.
2294:
16450:
11995:
6335:
4873:
4143:
alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (
11785:
10156:
Hejnol, A.; Martindale, M.Q. (2009). "The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore – open questions about questionable openings". In Telford, M.J.; Littlewood, D.J. (eds.).
1296:, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process, but the adults primarily consume nectar from flowers. Other animals may have very specific
9365:
Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (9 October 2017).
6448:
11966:
7179:
Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies".
12017:
11865:
8230:
4787:
3205:
Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages, the
8757:
10977:
8565:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018).
2252:
worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist
10050:
8864:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Eernisse, Douglas J (2001). "Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences".
3277:
develops into the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops secondarily. Most protostomes have
12486:
6383:
Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs".
3085:
Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a
8976:
4563:
3668:("branches" with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and annelids), and
632:, single-celled organisms no longer considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as
11155:
3181:
that constrict the body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten the body; these enable soft-bodied animals with a
8945:
2150:
establishes their nature. Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they were capable of living entirely by
15148:
6701:
4819:
15968:
15153:
9744:
3629:(a chaotic mess) and split the group into three new phyla: worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his
9978:
9155:
Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017).
8433:
8079:; Bose, Pradip K.; Pfluger, Friedrich (2 October 1998). "Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from india".
3614:
3606:
11708:
8518:
Laumer, Christopher E.; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G.; Pearse, Vicki B.; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018).
7933:
6601:
15011:
12581:
12158:
6361:
5587:
4951:
3621:, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by
3598:
4653:
3602:
3594:
11656:
6814:
6502:"Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting an Indian major carp and a cat fish in wetlands of Punjab, India"
4500:
Boly, Melanie; Seth, Anil K.; Wilke, Melanie; Ingmundson, Paul; Baars, Bernard; Laureys, Steven; Edelman, David; Tsuchiya, Naotsugu (2013).
2612:. Their relationships are still disputed; the sister group to all other animals could be the Porifera or the Ctenophora, both of which lack
7781:
6272:
4593:
3635:, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely
1150:
11734:
7676:
Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (20 September 2018).
4670:
4376:
Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Callow, Richard H. T.; Brasier, Martin D. (November 2014). "Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze".
3788:, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world. Animal fibres such as wool are used to make textiles, while animal
1516:), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long. The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were
1457:; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) or in the most extreme cold deserts of continental
17020:
12396:
9865:
Philippe, H.; Brinkmann, H.; Copley, R.R.; Moroz, L. L.; Nakano, H.; Poustka, A.J.; Wallberg, A.; Peterson, K. J.; Telford, M.J. (2011).
9771:"Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris"
4681:
3610:
3234:
12229:
9601:
555:, but its identity as an animal is heavily contested. Nearly all modern animal phyla became clearly established in the fossil record as
12185:
11417:
4170:
4070:
11891:
10939:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
10758:
10003:
Cannon, Johanna T.; Vellutini, Bruno C.; Smith III, Julian.; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (3 February 2016).
9300:
Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023).
9206:
Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (17 May 2023).
3273:) undergo spiral cleavage. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but in protostomes the first opening of the
2617:
17214:
11678:
7491:
Love, Gordon; et al. (5 February 2009). "Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period".
6247:
12448:
12262:
11630:
10951:
3189:. They also have a gut that extends through the basically cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary
17240:
15674:
12024:
11781:
11451:
9802:
4623:
4470:
3131:
body plan. With an elongated body and a direction of movement the animal has head and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the
1562:
hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in 2011.
11217:
10173:
7899:
5799:
4866:"Scientists discovered the first animal that doesn't need oxygen to live. It's changing the definition of what an animal can be"
4734:
11838:
7853:
814:'having breath or soul'. The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia. In colloquial usage, the term
16587:
11991:
11944:
11600:
6327:
4865:
17360:
12427:
12369:
12342:
12311:
12168:
12135:
12093:
11818:
11765:
11577:
11550:
11525:
11194:
11095:
11038:
11008:
10917:
10887:
10531:
10500:
10471:
10440:
10343:
10318:
10287:
10262:
10233:
10204:
10167:
10140:
9738:
9699:
9581:
9556:
9531:
9506:
9475:
9431:
9281:
9072:
8267:
8024:
7657:
7416:
7262:
7228:
7149:
7122:
7003:
6836:
Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Worm, Boris (23 August 2011). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.).
6794:
6760:
6653:
6310:
6197:
6019:
5994:
5961:
5936:
5703:
5674:
5647:
5618:
5566:
5490:
5412:
5370:
5324:
5299:
5262:
5231:
5193:
5155:
5128:
5093:
5062:
5013:
4982:
4713:
4432:
2212:, the earliest known Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from
17245:
12113:. Souvenir Press. pp. 2–8, 30–35, 60–64, 88–94, 118–124, 148–153, 178–184, 208–213, 238–244, 270–278, 306–312, 338–344.
11395:
11340:
11275:
9928:
Perseke, M.; Hankeln, T.; Weich, B.; Fritzsch, G.; Stadler, P.F.; Israelsson, O.; Bernhard, D.; Schlegel, M. (August 2007).
4046:
17365:
8837:
Finnerty, John (June 2001). "Cnidarians Reveal Intermediate Stages in the Evolution of Hox Clusters and Axial Complexity".
7534:
Shen, Bing; Dong, Lin; Xiao, Shuhai; Kowalewski, Michał (2008). "The Avalon Explosion: Evolution of Ediacara Morphospace".
3566:, based on his own observations, into those with blood (roughly, the vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then
3221:. However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to
2267:
Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.
1354:
indirectly acquire the nutrients by eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidize
11362:
6437:
5019:
110:
16953:
13959:
7293:
11973:
6478:
3281:, where cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms by
12673:
12028:
11861:
8211:
4756:
4228:
de Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip; Gauthier, Jacques, eds. (2020). "Metazoa E. Haeckel 1874 , converted clade name".
1347:
17010:
11336:
11118:
4249:
2154:, but as they became specialized for aerobic metabolism they became fully dependent on oxygen in their environments.
8768:
8665:"Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha"
4791:
17309:
17015:
15249:
13993:
12710:
10973:
4092:
3288:
The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include
2113:
estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a
1350:, eat the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients, while carnivores and other animals on higher
10718:"Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia"
8188:
2140:. It had long been doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals, but the discovery of the animal lipid
17206:
13988:
12705:
12616:
11918:
10947:
9775:
3750:
make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.
3534:
2639:. 25 of these are novel core gene groups, found only in animals; of those, 8 are for essential components of the
2258:, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution. Around the same time, the layered mats of
230:
12490:
8314:
3265:
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial
1001:
chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).
17193:
16938:
10827:
8966:
5695:
1014:
386:
4553:
114:
17327:
16926:
14072:
14062:
14045:
12789:
12779:
12762:
11541:
Munro, John H. (2003). "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins, David (ed.).
11147:
8496:
8122:
Matz, Mikhail V.; Frank, Tamara M.; Marshall, N. Justin; Widder, Edith A.; Johnsen, Sönke (9 December 2008).
3538:
3955:
472:
105:
104:
17370:
11181:
Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources
8918:
4705:
4058:
1113:
962:) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Animal cells uniquely possess the
116:
8373:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
7958:
Dunn, F. S.; Kenchington, C. G.; Parry, L. A.; Clark, J. W.; Kendall, R. S.; Wilby, P. R. (25 July 2022).
6697:
4135:
to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly 100,000
3118:
17355:
17136:
15667:
15340:
15334:
11122:
8226:
5727:
2301:
2208:
102:
8919:"A catalogue of Bilaterian-specific genes – their function and expression profiles in early development"
6037:"Molecular Timetrees Reveal a Cambrian Colonization of Land and a New Scenario for Ecdysozoan Evolution"
2105:(24-ipc) has been found in rocks from roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and
115:
111:
11309:
10492:
9770:
9721:
9064:
6748:
5185:
4998:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
3162:. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a
3143:
The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the
9929:
5833:
Jervis, M. A.; Kidd, N. A. C. (November 1986). "Host-Feeding Strategies in Hymenopteran Parasitoids".
3813:
including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days of agriculture.
2757:
106:
17278:
16442:
15811:
12626:
12392:
11704:
10428:
7921:
6738:
6579:
5254:
5248:
5223:
5217:
1955:
1262:
130:
112:
109:
103:
38:
9949:
8878:
6405:
6357:
5583:
4947:
3877:. A wide variety of animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and
113:
16997:
16943:
12604:
8616:"The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition"
6784:
6268:
3731:
3622:
3547:
1924:
1270:
923:
12330:
Keep Watching the Skies!: American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, The 21st Century Edition
11087:
9157:"Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals"
4645:
4001:
3672:(echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms). This division into four was followed by the embryologist
2736:
17032:
15896:
15526:
14077:
13952:
12794:
12517:
11652:
9691:
7850:"New Timeline for Appearances of Skeletal Animals in Fossil Record Developed by UCSB Researchers"
6810:
5639:
5473:
Bernstein, H.; Hopf, F. A.; Michod, R. E. (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".
5430:
4506:
4424:
3913:. There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as
3818:
2318:
1508:
and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the
1010:
633:
108:
31:
17:
17314:
17291:
9498:
9492:
7774:
6264:
5362:
5356:
4585:
3169:
Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as food, favouring
17076:
15660:
12666:
12645:
12639:
12334:
11730:
10310:
10304:
9944:
8873:
6400:
5054:
4667:
3631:
3563:
3386:
3385:, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into
3366:
2981:
2102:
1278:
1242:
1158:
1086:, also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs.
862:
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are
595:
445:
107:
12388:
12359:
12301:
11567:
11186:
10877:
7649:
7643:
7139:
6752:
6742:
6643:
6187:
5291:
5145:
4699:
4678:
3593:. In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of
2686:
17286:
16124:
15774:
14040:
12757:
12328:
12125:
10907:
10620:"Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia"
10432:
10422:
9930:"The mitochondrial DNA of Xenoturbella bocki: genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis"
9685:
9597:
9058:
9004:
8420:
7252:
7218:
7112:
5179:
5120:
5110:
4273:
Nielsen, Claus (2008). "Six major steps in animal evolution: are we derived sponge larvae?".
2656:
2640:
2151:
1509:
1484:
1289:
1282:
1094:
891:
882:, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally. With very few exceptions, animals
651:
613:
406:
17301:
11808:
11178:
11079:
11028:
8917:
Kraemer-Eis, Andrea; Ferretti, Luca; Schiffer, Philipp; Heger, Peter; Wiehe, Thomas (2016).
7678:"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals"
6987:
5978:
5279:
5042:
2828:
17162:
17123:
17042:
15789:
15242:
11887:
10836:
10672:
10560:
10374:
10254:
10085:
10018:
9884:
9637:
9378:
9313:
9111:
9013:
8676:
8442:
8429:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
8302:
8135:
8088:
8050:
7971:
7929:
7815:
7689:
7598:
7543:
7500:
7445:
7167:; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.
6392:
6229:
6149:
6099:
6048:
5986:
5877:
5754:
5523:
5116:
4034:
3182:
2648:
1589:
1301:
1109:
1102:
1098:
935:
911:
572:
17255:
12566:
McCone, Kim R. (1987). "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen". In Meid, W. (ed.).
11260:
11243:
10762:
10463:
10457:
4173:
for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this general body plan.
3991:
from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the
3493:. The molluscs, the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes
1416:
Animals evolved in the sea. Lineages of arthropods colonised land around the same time as
8:
16617:
15453:
15388:
14855:
14639:
11080:
10004:
8887:
8614:
Ros-Rocher, Núria; Pérez-Posada, Alberto; Leger, Michelle M.; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2021).
8371:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008).
7880:"The Cambrian "explosion" of metazoans and molecular biology: would Darwin be satisfied?"
7875:
6140:
5050:
4118:
3974:
3933:
3673:
3661:
2609:
1311:
1023:
883:
699:
425:
398:
17268:
15652:
11058:
10840:
10676:
10564:
10378:
10089:
10022:
9888:
9641:
9382:
9334:
9317:
9245:"A screen for gene paralogies delineating evolutionary branching order of early Metazoa"
9228:
9115:
9017:
9000:"Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty"
8680:
8446:
8306:
8139:
8092:
8054:
7975:
7819:
7742:
7693:
7602:
7547:
7504:
7449:
6396:
6233:
6214:
6153:
6103:
6052:
5881:
5758:
5527:
958:. In contrast, the cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and
17114:
16911:
16833:
16119:
15801:
14865:
14057:
14035:
14023:
13998:
13945:
13222:
12774:
12752:
12740:
12715:
12575:
12548:
12444:
12082:
12066:
11626:
11498:
10937:
10903:
10693:
10660:
10578:
10395:
10360:
10042:
9970:
9905:
9866:
9730:
9663:
9399:
9367:"Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals"
9347:
9132:
9099:
9034:
8999:
8971:
8937:
8899:
8819:
8699:
8664:
8640:
8615:
8591:
8566:
8542:
8520:"Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias"
8519:
8465:
8428:
8397:
8372:
8334:
8161:
7992:
7959:
7831:
7751:
7726:
7619:
7586:
7567:
7468:
7433:
7341:
7196:
7049:
6967:
6954:
6937:
6913:
6888:
6864:
6837:
6526:
6501:
6418:
6161:
5909:
5893:
5850:
5846:
5780:
5455:
5400:
4923:
4896:
4841:
4814:
4530:
4501:
4401:
4306:
4255:
4184:
4023:
3730:
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of
3710:
3530:
3459:
2952:
2627:
common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
2355:, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the
2323:
2162:
1579:
1559:
1479:
1398:
1339:
1274:
997:, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Typically, there is also an internal
735:
625:
603:
579:
common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
560:
275:
125:
8330:"The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution"
5482:
4615:
4502:"Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions"
4478:
4356:
3652:
17149:
16889:
16805:
16707:
16477:
15911:
15199:
15125:
15106:
14816:
14399:
14067:
14030:
14018:
14008:
13644:
13564:
12914:
12784:
12747:
12735:
12725:
12659:
12423:
12365:
12338:
12307:
12274:
12164:
12131:
12089:
11814:
11761:
11573:
11546:
11521:
11490:
11210:
11190:
11179:
11091:
11034:
11004:
10913:
10883:
10873:
10852:
10807:
10739:
10698:
10641:
10596:
10591:
10548:
10527:
10496:
10467:
10436:
10400:
10339:
10314:
10283:
10258:
10229:
10200:
10163:
10157:
10136:
10113:
10108:
10073:
10046:
10034:
9962:
9910:
9847:
9794:
9734:
9695:
9655:
9577:
9552:
9527:
9502:
9471:
9427:
9404:
9351:
9339:
9277:
9188:
9137:
9068:
9039:
8891:
8811:
8728:
8704:
8645:
8596:
8547:
8470:
8402:
8353:
8293:
8273:
8263:
8153:
8104:
8020:
7997:
7891:
7879:
7756:
7725:
Zimorski, Verena; Mentel, Marek; Tielens, Aloysius G. M.; Martin, William F. (2019).
7707:
7671:
7669:
7653:
7624:
7571:
7559:
7516:
7473:
7412:
7368:
7345:
7319:
7258:
7224:
7145:
7118:
7068:
6999:
6959:
6918:
6869:
6790:
6756:
6649:
6531:
6306:
6300:
6193:
6165:
6135:
6117:
6066:
6015:
5990:
5957:
5932:
5901:
5784:
5772:
5699:
5670:
5643:
5614:
5562:
5539:
5535:
5496:
5486:
5447:
5408:
5366:
5320:
5295:
5280:
5258:
5227:
5189:
5151:
5124:
5089:
5085:
5058:
5043:
5009:
4978:
4928:
4846:
4730:
4709:
4535:
4428:
4393:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4259:
4245:
4082:
4050:
4038:
3866:
3266:
2364:
2229:
1538:
1475:
1379:
1371:
1327:
1315:
1297:
1174:
986:
564:
334:
12552:
11834:
11502:
9974:
8941:
8823:
7849:
7200:
6976:
Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates.
6971:
6422:
5913:
5868:
Meylan, Anne (22 January 1988). "Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass".
5854:
4405:
3996:
2887:
1112:, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through
17350:
16187:
16066:
15958:
15901:
15841:
15836:
15764:
15749:
15441:
15330:
15300:
15171:
15117:
14871:
14317:
13982:
12699:
12540:
12270:
12062:
11940:
11604:
11482:
11255:
10844:
10797:
10729:
10688:
10680:
10631:
10586:
10568:
10390:
10382:
10365:
10133:
The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history
10103:
10093:
10026:
10009:
9954:
9900:
9892:
9875:
9837:
9784:
9667:
9645:
9394:
9386:
9329:
9321:
9252:
9244:
9223:
9215:
9178:
9168:
9127:
9119:
9100:"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria"
9029:
9021:
8929:
8903:
8883:
8846:
8803:
8737:
8694:
8684:
8635:
8627:
8586:
8578:
8537:
8527:
8460:
8450:
8392:
8384:
8343:
8310:
8165:
8143:
8096:
8058:
7987:
7979:
7835:
7823:
7746:
7738:
7697:
7614:
7606:
7585:
Chen, Zhe; Chen, Xiang; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (1 June 2018).
7551:
7508:
7463:
7453:
7380:
7331:
7188:
7156:
7039:
6995:
6949:
6908:
6900:
6859:
6849:
6591:
6521:
6513:
6410:
6237:
6157:
6107:
6090:
6056:
5885:
5842:
5762:
5531:
5478:
5439:
4918:
4908:
4836:
4828:
4525:
4515:
4456:
4385:
4338:
4310:
4282:
4237:
4190:
4097:
3921:
3870:
3735:
3374:
3305:
2503:
2356:
2341:
2254:
2213:
1891:
1402:
1367:
955:
343:
14803:
12214:
Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003),
7666:
7407:
Hickman, Cleveland P.; Keen, Susan L.; Larson, Allan; Eisenhour, David J. (2018).
6938:"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"
5559:
Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Volume 11, Progress in Asexual Reproduction
5459:
5079:
3830:
since their discovery in the 18th century. Some medicines such as the cancer drug
810:
17128:
16749:
16360:
16265:
16227:
16182:
16114:
15871:
15831:
15816:
15709:
15641:
15516:
15471:
15365:
15360:
15350:
15235:
15044:
14219:
13925:
13831:
13682:
13585:
13442:
12975:
12630:
11389:
11332:
11283:
10517:
10418:
9842:
9825:
8255:
8076:
6854:
6414:
5979:
5889:
5428:
Charlesworth, D.; Willis, J. H. (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
5287:
5005:
4685:
4674:
4361:
3945:
3890:
3810:
3589:
3431:
3214:
3095:
2992:
2784:
2285:
2233:
2110:
1733:
1525:
1293:
1131:
751:
719:
608:
568:
523:
17141:
10661:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
8377:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
8100:
7587:"Late Ediacaran trackways produced by bilaterian animals with paired appendages"
7336:
3952:, and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.
3517:. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because they share
17201:
17188:
17154:
16798:
16763:
16756:
16735:
16714:
16691:
16571:
16420:
16365:
16355:
16197:
16011:
15963:
15876:
15851:
15846:
15826:
15821:
15724:
15714:
15140:
15130:
15094:
15069:
14758:
14549:
14450:
14372:
14181:
14013:
13590:
13568:
13386:
13298:
13276:
13239:
12730:
12154:
11366:
10684:
9325:
9219:
9025:
8607:
7983:
4999:
4062:
3937:
3878:
3823:
3724:
3657:
3455:
3439:
2997:
2848:
2788:
2450:
2118:
2106:
1584:
1391:
1343:
967:
739:
695:
691:
671:
552:
11443:
10802:
10785:
9958:
9390:
9173:
9156:
8807:
8148:
8123:
7385:
7286:
7192:
6596:
6517:
6242:
6084:
Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil H.; Jenkins, Farish A. Jr. (6 April 2006).
6061:
6036:
5767:
5742:
5340:
Hamilton, William James; Boyd, James Dixon; Mossman, Harland Winfield (1945).
2706:
2623:
Hox genes are found in the Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Bilateria. 6,331 groups of
1034:
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction. They produce
804:
17344:
17037:
16965:
16858:
16826:
16812:
16791:
16777:
16728:
16721:
16640:
16513:
16144:
16129:
16091:
16016:
15952:
15938:
15886:
15881:
15795:
15784:
15779:
15759:
15754:
15729:
15325:
15176:
14975:
14967:
14797:
14718:
14658:
14569:
14543:
14272:
13735:
13639:
13138:
11054:
10933:
10759:"Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa | Of molluscs, worms, and lophophores..."
9452:
8424:
8277:
7164:
6474:
6183:
4558:
4520:
4342:
4294:
4144:
4132:
4054:
4042:
4027:
4018:
4006:
3914:
3753:
3738:
and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species. Marine fish of many species are
3688:
3677:
3617:. Since then, the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the
3580:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3427:
3210:
3170:
3159:
3132:
2991:
An alternative phylogeny, from Kapli and colleagues (2021), proposes a clade
2811:
2426:
2327:
2259:
2249:
2166:
1917:
1433:
1421:
1351:
1335:
1170:
1121:
963:
919:
867:
723:
667:
617:
599:
323:
226:
12544:
10734:
10717:
10636:
10619:
10549:"Evolution of the bilaterian body plan: What have we learned from annelids?"
10098:
9789:
8567:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
8455:
7702:
7677:
7555:
7458:
5664:
3901:
all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are mammals, namely
17054:
16987:
16851:
16819:
16784:
16770:
16742:
16668:
16647:
16340:
16335:
16310:
16285:
16275:
16202:
16071:
15945:
15906:
15891:
15866:
15861:
15806:
15739:
15549:
15535:
15209:
15036:
15016:
14956:
14860:
14833:
14780:
14738:
14705:
14480:
14258:
14197:
13937:
13841:
13836:
13724:
13580:
13466:
13352:
13255:
13234:
13104:
13055:
13011:
12992:
12234:
11494:
10811:
10743:
10702:
10645:
10600:
10573:
10404:
10225:
10038:
9966:
9914:
9851:
9659:
9408:
9343:
9192:
9141:
9123:
9043:
8895:
8850:
8815:
8708:
8689:
8649:
8600:
8551:
8474:
8406:
8388:
8357:
8157:
8001:
7895:
7760:
7711:
7628:
7610:
7563:
7520:
7477:
7160:
7108:
6963:
6922:
6904:
6873:
6535:
6382:
6169:
6121:
6086:"A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan"
6070:
5905:
5776:
5543:
5451:
4932:
4913:
4850:
4832:
4764:
4539:
4397:
4302:
4066:
3988:
3858:
3806:
3743:
3681:
3584:
3543:
3398:
3329:
3297:
3258:
3244:
3222:
3155:
3099:
3086:
3035:
3015:
2824:
2382:
2263:
2241:
2202:
2194:
2051:
1633:
1612:
1355:
1063:
1046:
994:
971:
943:
663:
515:
507:
417:
11486:
10856:
10117:
9798:
8180:
8108:
6182:
5500:
5045:
Additives and crystallization processes: from fundamentals to applications
4241:
2510:
1987:
1782:
17227:
17108:
16916:
16661:
16395:
16370:
16315:
16290:
16212:
16207:
16172:
16162:
15856:
15769:
15508:
15383:
15100:
15026:
14878:
14842:
14822:
14770:
14744:
14634:
14582:
14555:
14537:
14510:
14277:
14146:
14135:
13802:
13773:
13759:
13749:
13334:
13150:
13063:
12845:
10523:
8962:
7159:... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies,
3854:
3831:
3715:
3518:
3447:
3402:
3390:
3301:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3206:
3186:
3174:
3136:
3075:
3031:
3011:
2870:
2719:
2652:
2636:
2446:
2280:
2178:
2146:
2141:
2114:
1740:
1454:
1285:
1234:
1214:
1202:
1186:
947:
879:
746:
for sports, trophies or profits. Non-human animals are also an important
727:
711:
707:
556:
382:
178:
70:
63:
11391:
Major colourants and dyestuffs, mainly produced in horticultural systems
10784:
Giribet, G.; Distel, D.L.; Polz, M.; Sterrer, W.; Wheeler, W.C. (2000).
10386:
10030:
9896:
9650:
9625:
8631:
8532:
7727:"Energy metabolism in anaerobic eukaryotes and Earth's late oxygenation"
7512:
6112:
6085:
5315:
Ville, Claude Alvin; Walker, Warren Franklin; Barnes, Robert D. (1984).
3346:
1533:
which may have reached 39 meters. Several animals are microscopic; some
890:(able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their
17099:
17047:
16994:
16581:
16494:
16428:
16390:
16320:
16300:
16295:
16280:
16250:
16222:
16177:
16167:
16139:
16134:
16076:
16051:
15744:
15719:
15600:
15481:
15181:
15005:
14996:
14981:
14849:
14786:
14645:
14606:
14601:
14487:
14404:
14299:
14211:
13899:
13884:
13879:
13860:
13855:
13783:
13730:
13700:
13692:
13634:
13508:
13500:
13483:
13263:
13175:
13128:
13068:
13030:
13004:
12850:
12835:
10848:
10131:
Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005).
9183:
7053:
5897:
5387:
The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge, Volume 10
4157:
3961:
3757:
3490:
3478:
3410:
3406:
3394:
3362:
3293:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3123:
3079:
3039:
3007:
2928:
2702:
2632:
2597:
2476:
2430:
2395:
2221:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2121:
origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil record.
2098:
2092:
2044:
1605:
1542:
1517:
1497:
1489:
1458:
1445:, about 375 million years ago. Animals occupy virtually all of earth's
1429:
1425:
1417:
1366:
and other biomolecules, which allows the animal to grow and to sustain
1305:
1090:
1071:
863:
775:
655:
584:
530:
511:
483:
479:
437:
327:
256:
53:
16472:
12651:
11914:
11333:"Rabbit project development strategies in subsistence farming systems"
10582:
9302:"Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals"
9208:"Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals"
8742:
8724:"Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects"
8723:
8613:
8582:
8348:
8329:
7434:"Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis"
7114:
Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources
6893:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4389:
4329:
Rothmaler, Werner (1951). "Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen".
3050:
2480:
17263:
17175:
16654:
16633:
16535:
16345:
16325:
16217:
16096:
16031:
16021:
16006:
16001:
15982:
15734:
15559:
15521:
15476:
15466:
15406:
15227:
15080:
15021:
14729:
14694:
14652:
14629:
14611:
14498:
14434:
14309:
14186:
14129:
14116:
13968:
13865:
13812:
13807:
13778:
13767:
13716:
13711:
13663:
13575:
13362:
13357:
13319:
13168:
13160:
13089:
13041:
12962:
12949:
12930:
12925:
12884:
12084:
Hunting and Fishing for Sport: Commerce, Controversy, Popular Culture
11003:. Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes. pp. 94–96.
7953:
7951:
7827:
5514:
Pusey, Anne; Wolf, Marisa (1996). "Inbreeding avoidance in animals".
4233:
3941:
3886:
3862:
3798:
3769:
3761:
3747:
3669:
3644:
3636:
3572:
3506:
3443:
3382:
3354:
3341:
3218:
3199:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3114:
3071:
3023:
3003:
2908:
2883:
2801:
2771:
2493:
2360:
2352:
2217:
2186:
2136:
2125:
1698:
1520:
1437:
1395:
1383:
1258:
1254:
1230:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1027:
1019:
998:
975:
875:
763:
715:
637:
591:
534:
487:
475:
464:
441:
245:
211:
142:
17070:
9491:
Langstroth, Lovell; Langstroth, Libby (2000). Newberry, Todd (ed.).
8062:
7960:"A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK"
7251:
Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (2015).
7044:
7027:
5443:
2530:
1660:
17180:
17093:
17027:
16972:
16559:
16543:
16508:
16400:
16380:
16375:
16350:
16330:
16305:
16270:
16260:
16255:
16086:
16061:
16041:
15701:
15610:
15554:
15486:
15421:
15307:
15295:
15267:
15087:
15049:
14950:
14927:
14474:
14469:
14461:
14391:
14266:
14141:
14124:
14102:
14052:
13889:
13873:
13796:
13788:
13743:
13706:
13687:
13676:
13658:
13652:
13513:
13454:
13430:
13327:
13208:
13097:
12981:
12872:
12863:
12769:
12611:
11989:
10716:
Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (May 2005).
9257:
8933:
5719:
4087:
3894:
3874:
3693:
3618:
3482:
3451:
3422:
3313:
3289:
3270:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3027:
3019:
2967:
2903:
2844:
2752:
2732:
2682:
2644:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2237:
2198:
2012:
1980:
1884:
1852:
1845:
1811:
1775:
1691:
1653:
1597:
1442:
1410:
1250:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1198:
1154:
1127:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1050:
982:
939:
915:
907:
887:
855:
783:
779:
767:
755:
747:
731:
629:
519:
503:
495:
457:
449:
402:
394:
330:
266:
261:
251:
155:
12472:
Hayagrīva: The Mantrayānic Aspect of Horse-cult in China and Japan
11758:
Gun Dog Breeds, A Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs
8517:
8488:
7948:
4977:(2nd, revised ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 48.
4026:, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film, such as in
3381:, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the
1169:
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their
934:
All animals are composed of cells, surrounded by a characteristic
17322:
17232:
17219:
17059:
16977:
16958:
16518:
16503:
16405:
16385:
16081:
16056:
16046:
16036:
15992:
15929:
15605:
15593:
15531:
15461:
15436:
15396:
15375:
15345:
15203:
14938:
14775:
14621:
14528:
14517:
14381:
14287:
14243:
14151:
13849:
13825:
13817:
13754:
13668:
13488:
13475:
13408:
13399:
13344:
13269:
12300:
Gregersdotter, Katarina; Höglund, Johan; Hållén, Nicklas (2016).
11148:"Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics. Counting chickens"
10616:
10074:"Cleavage patterns and the topology of the metazoan tree of life"
8792:
7852:. The Regents of the University of California. 10 November 2010.
7675:
6811:"How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million, new estimate says"
5690:
Allen, Larry Glen; Pondella, Daniel J.; Horn, Michael H. (2006).
3992:
3965:
3846:
3827:
3802:
3794:
3773:
3765:
3739:
3640:
3510:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3378:
3358:
3350:
3317:
3054:
Non-bilaterians include sponges (centre) and corals (background).
2463:
2413:
2170:
2130:
1948:
1875:
1724:
1534:
1446:
1406:
1375:
1363:
1323:
1190:
1117:
1058:
1042:
1035:
675:
499:
491:
453:
433:
421:
390:
198:
188:
77:
10456:
Prewitt, Nancy L.; Underwood, Larry S.; Surver, William (2003).
10002:
8916:
6886:
5557:
Adiyodi, K. G.; Hughes, Roger N.; Adiyodi, Rita G. (July 2002).
1504:) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190
17005:
16948:
16933:
16883:
16613:
16245:
16106:
15588:
15290:
15285:
15259:
14796:
14593:
14225:
14167:
13894:
13628:
12828:
12686:
12635:
12599:
11114:
10358:
8203:
6035:
Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Daley, Allison C.; Pisani, Davide (2013).
4331:
Feddes Repertorium, Journal of Botanical Taxonomy and Geobotany
4140:
4136:
4122:
does not have mitochondrial DNA or utilize aerobic respiration.
3969:
3910:
3898:
3777:
3325:
3213:. It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the
3178:
3163:
2245:
2158:
2019:
1624:
1568:
1387:
1135:
1097:
within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful
1054:
1038:
990:
959:
903:
895:
851:
846:
548:
543:
538:
429:
168:
84:
9622:
2079:
Total number of described extant species as of 2013: 1,525,728
16982:
16609:
16553:
16548:
16154:
16026:
15618:
15576:
15569:
15564:
15401:
15355:
15317:
15275:
15163:
11472:
9826:"Resolving Animal Phylogeny: A Sledgehammer for a Tough Nut?"
8663:
Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 December 2020).
7365:
6889:"Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects"
6698:"There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird"
6189:
Diversity of Life: The Illustrated Guide to the Five Kingdoms
5342:
Human embryology: (prenatal development of form and function)
3920:
A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted
3882:
3835:
3789:
3781:
3514:
3502:
3494:
3413:. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.
3194:
3190:
3177:
and a mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular
3147:
2326:, starting some 539 mya, and found in the fossil beds of the
2288:(c. 635–542 mya) is one of the earliest animal species known.
2236:. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early
1505:
1450:
1359:
1331:
1281:
between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/
1246:
1139:
899:
787:
759:
647:
641:
468:
410:
11707:. Animal Cell Technology Industrial Platform. 10 June 2013.
11305:
9864:
6642:
Balian, E. V.; Lévêque, C.; Segers, H.; Martens, K. (2008).
4897:"Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche"
4439:'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.
3058:
Several animal phyla lack bilateral symmetry. These are the
2165:, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such as the
1420:, probably between 510 and 471 million years ago during the
850:
Animals are unique in having the ball of cells of the early
16921:
16525:
16473:
16192:
15684:
15496:
15431:
15426:
15416:
15411:
15280:
14420:
9927:
9299:
9205:
8370:
8315:
10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0269:PNEFTO>2.3.CO;2
7724:
3949:
3720:
3498:
3389:, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the
3321:
3309:
3158:, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues
3102:, having only two main germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.
2624:
2400:
1818:
1266:
951:
871:
743:
683:
659:
576:
522:, the latter of which contains the vertebrates. The simple
373:
370:
364:
17167:
12299:
12053:
Plous, S. (1993). "The Role of Animals in Human Society".
10424:
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution
7406:
6641:
6328:"The longest animal alive may be one you never thought of"
4815:"Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles"
818:
is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals. The term
537:. Earlier evidence of animals is still controversial; the
448:
with each other and their environments, forming intricate
15682:
12293:
10944:
The System of Nature through the Three Kingdoms of Nature
9817:
9364:
9154:
9097:
8967:"The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA"
8765:
Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Embryology
8019:(7th ed.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. p. 526.
7957:
7780:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022.
7141:
Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function
4227:
3906:
3902:
3841:
3785:
771:
762:
since the earliest times, and are frequently featured in
703:
687:
679:
413:, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor.
355:
349:
10783:
10135:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 717.
9366:
9301:
9207:
8124:"Giant Deep-Sea Protist Produces Bilaterian-like Traces"
6034:
5692:
Ecology of marine fishes: California and adjacent waters
5477:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–370.
3373:
The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared
808:
of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin
13618:
11679:"EU statistics show decline in animal research numbers"
11060:
Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen
10715:
8121:
7250:
7106:
6838:"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"
6835:
4997:
4499:
3554:, breaking up Linnaeus's "Vermes" into 9 phyla by 1809.
3217:, with all other bilaterians belonging to the subclade
2367:
indicate approximately how many millions of years ago (
1288:. Almost all multicellular predators are animals. Some
12622:
12445:"Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal"
11418:"Guidance for Industry: Cochineal Extract and Carmine"
10455:
8039:
7805:
7533:
7400:
7069:"A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases"
6994:. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A.
6786:
Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity
6083:
4444:
4375:
3505:, while the annelids are the segmented worms, such as
2322:
is one of the many animal species that emerged in the
1552:
529:
Animals first appear in the fossil record in the late
463:
Most living animal species belong to the infrakingdom
12648:– multimedia database of endangered/protected species
10130:
7914:
5147:
Biology: Concepts and Applications without Physiology
3696:, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of Animalia.
1617:
1101:
traits. Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for
352:
346:
12487:"Lion Depiction across Ancient and Modern Religions"
11001:
Histoire du Développement de la Biologie, Volume III
9867:"Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to
9626:"The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans"
9490:
8419:
8075:
5556:
3639:, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms,
2197:, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the
1541:
within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20
367:
12531:Wunn, Ina (January 2000). "Beginning of Religion".
12130:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 31–33 and passim.
10197:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1; Volume 3
8998:Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018).
7287:"Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness"
6305:. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives.
6192:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 115–116.
5662:
5472:
5339:
4813:Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (January 2003).
4037:and mammals feature in mythology and religion. The
3257:, the blastopore develops into the mouth, while in
3135:. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles enable
2216:, England. It is thought to be one of the earliest
1896:
1857:
1787:
1745:
1703:
1665:
1529:, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and
981:With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and
361:
358:
12303:Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism
12081:
10005:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
9494:A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay
9424:Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life
7884:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
7320:"An updated classification of the phylum Nemertea"
7102:
7100:
7098:
5427:
3269:during cell division, while many protostomes (the
2109:algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on
2056:
2024:
1992:
1960:
1929:
1265:where the predator feeds on another organism, its
620:divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular
12320:
11671:
11022:
11020:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6028:
5689:
5666:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities
5611:Geomorphology and environmental impact assessment
5399:
5389:. Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1918. p. 281.
5314:
4820:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
3253:The bilaterian gut develops in two ways. In many
2248:period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of
17342:
15969:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
11813:. University of New Hampshire Press. p. 9.
11545:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–215.
11520:. Princeton University Press. pp. 230–231.
10824:
10659:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (April 2017).
10155:
9295:
9293:
9243:Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (17 July 2019).
9056:
8863:
8564:
8248:
7584:
7292:. JMBA Global Marine Environment. pp. 4–5.
6789:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111.
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6376:
6138:(21 November 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land".
5741:Simpson, Alastair G.B; Roger, Andrew J. (2004).
4221:
3228:
2124:The first body fossils of animals appear in the
2097:Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the
1549:) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.
456:, and the study of animal behaviors is known as
15116:
11065:Anthropogeny or the Development story of Humans
10553:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10546:
10361:"Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins"
9679:
9677:
9576:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 84–85.
8910:
8786:
8434:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7311:
7220:Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes
7095:
6186:; Schwartz, Karlene V.; Dolan, Michael (1999).
5977:Garrett, Reginald; Grisham, Charles M. (2010).
5112:Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2004–2005 Edition
3550:led the creation of a modern classification of
1015:Asexual reproduction § Examples in animals
1004:
101:
37:"Animalia" redirects here. For other uses, see
12160:Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things
11235:
11017:
10882:. Harvard University Press. pp. 130–134.
10612:
10610:
10159:Animal Evolution – Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
9715:
9713:
9711:
9687:Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution
9242:
9093:
9091:
8069:
5976:
5608:
5177:
3940:are based on animals. In China and Japan, the
1093:during sexual reproduction generally leads to
1026:is nearly universal in animals, such as these
452:. The scientific study of animals is known as
401:, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the
16458:
15668:
15243:
13953:
12667:
12512:Read, Kay Almere; Gonzalez, Jason J. (2000).
12505:
12218:, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003.
11827:
11142:
11140:
11067:] (in German). W. Engelmann. p. 202.
11033:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–8.
10868:
10866:
10486:
9858:
9426:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 67.
9290:
9271:
9050:
8857:
8715:
8014:
7874:
7432:Gold, David; et al. (22 February 2016).
7144:. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282.
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6662:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
5861:
4266:
3857:to help chase down and retrieve animals, and
526:have an uncertain position within Bilateria.
13967:
12511:
12361:Son of the 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen
12326:
10777:
10658:
10516:Miller, Stephen A.; Harley, John P. (2006).
10515:
10333:
9996:
9921:
9674:
8662:
8489:"Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration"
8181:"Single-celled giant upends early evolution"
8172:
7718:
7359:
7137:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
5740:
5663:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996).
5584:"Concepts of Biology: How Animals Reproduce"
5421:
4894:
4857:
4812:
3524:
3119:Symmetry (biology) § Bilateral symmetry
2117:origin, while analyses of sponges recover a
1370:and fuel other biological processes such as
1181:(further divided into subcategories such as
17021:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
14832:
13054:
12351:
12183:
12117:
11276:"Shellfish climbs up the popularity ladder"
11211:"World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture"
11109:
11107:
10607:
10162:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–40.
10149:
9708:
9088:
8997:
8955:
8656:
8217:. In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P. H. (eds.).
8033:
6302:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
6009:
5926:
5466:
4722:
4324:
4322:
4320:
3861:to catch birds and mammals, while tethered
3809:have been made from the bodies of insects.
3235:Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
3202:have extremely simplified body structures.
636:, which are effective at demonstrating the
16465:
16451:
15675:
15661:
15250:
15236:
13960:
13946:
13028:
12674:
12660:
12580:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11330:
11248:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
11137:
10909:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
10863:
10540:
9549:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
9524:The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 16
9497:. University of California Press. p.
8327:
8212:"Origins and early evolution of predation"
8015:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005).
7317:
7257:. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
7212:
7210:
7107:Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.;
7028:"The Number of Living Species of Molluscs"
6783:Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009).
6782:
6769:
6716:
6616:
6206:
6014:(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 376.
5832:
5724:Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals
5609:Marchetti, Mauro; Rivas, Victoria (2001).
4975:Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology
4554:"The use of non-human animals in research"
4171:File:Annelid redone w white background.svg
3742:for food. A smaller number of species are
3442:, and smaller groups of phyla such as the
1492:is the largest animal that has ever lived.
1134:, where fertile eggs are produced without
1070:with a digestive chamber and two separate
14210:
13221:
12149:
12147:
11990:The Humane Society of the United States.
11800:
11559:
11543:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
11534:
11259:
11026:
10926:
10912:. Bloomsbury. pp. 111–119, 270–271.
10801:
10733:
10692:
10635:
10590:
10572:
10459:BioInquiry: making connections in biology
10394:
10334:Tobin, Allan J.; Dusheck, Jennie (2005).
10107:
10097:
10071:
9948:
9904:
9841:
9788:
9649:
9398:
9333:
9256:
9227:
9182:
9172:
9131:
9033:
8991:
8877:
8741:
8698:
8688:
8639:
8590:
8541:
8531:
8464:
8454:
8396:
8347:
8321:
8254:
8147:
8115:
7991:
7750:
7701:
7618:
7467:
7457:
7384:
7335:
7043:
7012:
6953:
6929:
6912:
6863:
6853:
6595:
6542:
6525:
6499:
6404:
6241:
6111:
6060:
6010:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2007).
5766:
5734:
5513:
4922:
4912:
4840:
4691:
4529:
4519:
4418:
4328:
2305:, an Ediacaran predator (c. 560 mya)
1082:. In most cases, a third germ layer, the
616:expanded into 14 phyla by 1809. In 1874,
583:that lived about 650 Mya during the
533:period and diversified in the subsequent
14115:
13088:
13012:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
12960:
12484:
12260:
11810:The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History
11475:Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
11448:The Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912–1954)
11363:"Ancient fabrics, high-tech geotextiles"
11241:
11104:
11077:
10950: ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii).
10932:
10199:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 767.
9762:
9526:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 523.
8836:
8767:. 1 May 2012. p. 38. Archived from
8423:; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.;
8209:
7138:Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017).
6829:
6257:
6176:
5277:
5246:
5108:
4939:
4317:
3954:
3840:
3772:molluscs are hunted or farmed for food.
3714:
3542:
3426:
3345:
3285:, through invagination of the endoderm.
3248:
3122:
3049:
3000:, consisting of Chordata + Protostomia.
2244:such as tracks and burrows found in the
1483:
1390:consume organic matter produced through
1310:
1257:. In carnivorous or omnivorous species,
1149:
1018:
845:
478:. The vast majority belong to two large
17002:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
15700:
14100:
12918:
12813:
12681:
12568:Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz
12422:. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. p. 8.
12417:
12383:
12381:
12025:United States Department of Agriculture
11176:
11053:
10417:
9823:
9768:
9683:
9272:Bhamrah, H. S.; Juneja, Kavita (2003).
8721:
8328:Budd, Graham E.; Jensen, Sören (2017).
7411:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
7216:
7207:
6435:
6294:
6292:
6290:
5797:
5656:
5354:
5178:Hillmer, Gero; Lehmann, Ulrich (1983).
5150:. Cengage Learning. pp. 362, 365.
5040:
4972:
4895:Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010).
4779:
4749:
4272:
4230:Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode
4073:are the subjects of myths and worship.
3680:in 1857, and the comparative anatomist
3361:and is expanding its wings. Like other
1441:started to move on to land in the late
1049:and the larger, non-motile gametes are
985:—animal bodies are differentiated into
596:into those with blood and those without
486:, which includes organisms such as the
14:
17343:
15928:
15257:
15218:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
13006:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
12976:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
12565:
12442:
12420:Scarabs, A Reflection of Ancient Egypt
12357:
12261:Paterson, Jennifer (29 October 2013).
12221:
12190:Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert
12144:
12123:
12079:
11859:
11755:
11515:
10998:
10277:
10248:
9719:
9571:
9546:
9465:
9446:
9421:
8961:
8951:from the original on 26 February 2018.
8722:Giribet, Gonzalo (27 September 2016).
8290:
8262:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 176–177.
8178:
7808:Geological Society of America Bulletin
7641:
7254:Parasite Diversity and Diversification
6737:
6645:Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment
6325:
6212:
5867:
5814:from the original on 30 September 2017
5800:"Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism"
5344:. Williams & Wilkins. p. 330.
5219:Encyclopedia of reproduction, Volume 1
5215:
5077:
4888:
4863:
4737:from the original on 20 September 2007
2169:. Extant phyla in these rocks include
2157:Many animal phyla first appear in the
2086:
1292:use multiple methods; for example, in
17075:
17074:
16446:
15656:
15231:
13941:
12947:
12655:
12469:
12451:from the original on 22 November 2016
12227:
12153:
12052:
11890:. Keeping Insects. 18 February 2011.
11868:from the original on 12 February 2011
11705:"Vaccines and animal cell technology"
11603:. Animal Health Trust. Archived from
11540:
11261:10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035
10902:
10872:
10756:
10194:
9551:. Rastogi Publications. p. 184.
9521:
9057:Giribet, G.; Edgecombe, G.D. (2020).
7936:from the original on 16 February 2018
7856:from the original on 3 September 2014
7284:
7178:
7083:from the original on 21 February 2022
7025:
6985:
6935:
6695:
6577:
6472:
6222:International Journal of Astrobiology
6215:"The thermal limits to life on Earth"
6134:
5951:
5669:(Third ed.). Blackwell Science.
5507:
5319:. Saunders College Pub. p. 467.
5143:
5022:from the original on 23 December 2016
4954:from the original on 21 November 2007
4697:
4421:The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
3873:have been used to poison the tips of
3838:or other molecules of animal origin.
3328:. The deuterostomes also include the
3300:. The chordates are dominated by the
3150:, which have a bilaterally symmetric
2585:
2346:
926:into specialised tissues and organs.
17328:0EA9A33B-6B31-4551-B4E2-A772AAF96231
17279:f38e12bf-0be7-4f13-b739-e2bc1b763ae0
17207:dada6f44-b7b5-4c0a-9f32-980f54b02c36
13277:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
12530:
12378:
12230:"The top 10 animal portraits in art"
11806:
11565:
10954:from the original on 10 October 2008
10547:Shankland, M.; Seaver, E.C. (2000).
10302:
10219:
10176:from the original on 28 October 2018
9470:. Mittal Publications. p. 106.
8888:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003003170.x
8236:from the original on 30 October 2019
8179:Reilly, Michael (20 November 2008).
7490:
7431:
7318:Chernyshev, A. V. (September 2021).
6454:from the original on 19 October 2021
6438:"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology"
6364:from the original on 31 January 2018
6298:
6287:
6275:from the original on 6 November 2018
5956:. Rastogi Publications. p. 26.
5929:Understanding Science: Upper Primary
5718:
5633:
5613:. Taylor & Francis. p. 84.
4876:from the original on 10 January 2022
4864:Andrew, Scottie (26 February 2020).
4728:
4701:Biology: Investigating Life on Earth
922:that is unique to animals, allowing
822:is derived from Ancient Greek μετα (
16954:Integrative and conjugative element
12327:Warren, Bill; Thomas, Bill (2009).
12196:from the original on 11 August 2016
12184:De Jaucourt, Louis (January 2011).
12108:
11915:"So, you think you want a reptile?"
11841:from the original on 10 August 2011
11685:from the original on 6 October 2017
11223:from the original on 28 August 2015
10282:. Infobase Publishing. p. 64.
9468:Continuity And Evolution Of Animals
7743:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.030
6704:from the original on 10 August 2018
6578:Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (30 August 2013).
6253:from the original on 24 April 2019.
5743:"The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes"
4785:
3826:. Animals have been used to create
3699:
1553:Numbers and habitats of major phyla
1545:, and one of the smallest species (
428:, of which around 1.05 million are
24:
13311:
13117:
12874:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
12485:Grainger, Richard (24 June 2012).
12443:Biswas, Soutik (15 October 2015).
12216:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
12111:The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes
12067:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00906.x
11967:"Animals in Healthcare Facilities"
11912:
11306:"Breeds of Cattle at Cattle Today"
11244:"The State of the World's Insects"
11242:Eggleton, Paul (17 October 2020).
11082:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
10222:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals
9984:from the original on 24 April 2019
9750:from the original on 24 April 2019
9604:from the original on 25 March 2018
9276:. Anmol Publications. p. 58.
8571:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
8223:The Paleontological Society Papers
8191:from the original on 29 March 2013
7117:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 90.
6955:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
6604:from the original on 24 April 2019
6338:from the original on 19 March 2018
6162:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100
5847:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1986.tb00660.x
5581:
4475:English Oxford Living Dictionaries
3454:. All of these are grouped as the
1277:imposed on one another lead to an
1045:; the smaller, motile gametes are
1011:Sexual reproduction § Animals
854:(1) develop into a hollow ball or
841:
826:) 'after' (in biology, the prefix
97:
25:
17382:
17011:Diversity-generating retroelement
12592:
12399:from the original on 14 June 2016
12281:from the original on 14 June 2016
11998:from the original on 7 April 2012
11711:from the original on 13 July 2016
11454:from the original on 30 July 2022
11424:from the original on 13 July 2016
11398:from the original on 6 March 2018
11337:Food and Agriculture Organization
11312:from the original on 15 July 2011
11158:from the original on 15 July 2016
11119:Food and Agriculture Organization
10980:from the original on 28 July 2013
10338:. Cengage Learning. p. 497.
10072:Valentine, James W. (July 1997).
10053:from the original on 30 July 2022
9805:from the original on 17 June 2020
8499:from the original on 7 March 2018
7902:from the original on 16 July 2018
7787:from the original on 2 April 2022
7731:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
7299:from the original on 2 March 2018
6744:Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites
6481:from the original on 1 March 2018
5590:from the original on 6 March 2018
5475:Molecular Genetics of Development
5358:Development of vertebrate anatomy
4945:
4656:from the original on 30 July 2022
4596:from the original on 12 June 2018
4586:"Nonhuman definition and meaning"
4566:from the original on 12 June 2018
3995:. Major animal paintings include
3822:serve a major role in science as
3704:
3173:, the development of a head with
1175:how they consume organic material
17016:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
16588:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
15637:
15636:
13918:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
12610:
12598:
12559:
12524:
12478:
12463:
12436:
12411:
12254:
12242:from the original on 18 May 2016
12228:Jones, Jonathan (27 June 2014).
12208:
12177:
12102:
12073:
12046:
12010:
11983:
11959:
11947:from the original on 7 July 2016
11933:
11921:from the original on 3 July 2016
11906:
11894:from the original on 7 July 2016
11880:
11853:
11788:from the original on 29 May 2016
11774:
11749:
11737:from the original on 4 June 2016
11733:. National Institute of Health.
11723:
11697:
11659:from the original on 1 July 2016
11645:
11633:from the original on 8 June 2016
11619:
11593:
11509:
11466:
11436:
11410:
11381:
11365:. Natural Fibres. Archived from
11355:
11324:
11298:
11268:
11203:
11170:
11125:from the original on 19 May 2009
11071:
11047:
10992:
10966:
10896:
10818:
10750:
10709:
10652:
10509:
10480:
10449:
10411:
10352:
10327:
10296:
10271:
10242:
10213:
10188:
10124:
10065:
9616:
9590:
9565:
9540:
9515:
9484:
9459:
9440:
9415:
9358:
9265:
9236:
9199:
9148:
8830:
8750:
8626:(2). The Royal Society: 200359.
8558:
8511:
8481:
8413:
8364:
8284:
8008:
7868:
7842:
7799:
7066:
6936:Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018).
6817:from the original on 1 July 2018
5407:. WCB McGraw-Hill. p. 156.
4626:from the original on 6 July 2022
4453:The American Heritage Dictionary
4287:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00231.x
4197:
4176:
4163:
4093:Lists of organisms by population
3927:
3469:The Lophotrochozoa includes the
3458:, which has a sister group, the
3045:
3022:. A competing hypothesis is the
2907:
2886:
2847:
2827:
2787:
2756:
2735:
2705:
2685:
2529:
2509:
2479:
2449:
2429:
2399:
2310:
2293:
2272:
2050:
2018:
1986:
1954:
1923:
1890:
1851:
1817:
1781:
1739:
1697:
1659:
1611:
575:485.4 Mya. 6,331 groups of
381:). With few exceptions, animals
342:
129:
61:
17253:Lygaeoidea Species File (new):
11992:"U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics"
11572:. CRC Press. pp. 248–250.
11343:from the original on 6 May 2016
11331:Lukefahr, S. D.; Cheeke, P. R.
10722:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10624:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10309:. Infobase Publishing. p.
9824:Telford, Maximilian J. (2008).
9776:Journal of Experimental Biology
8979:from the original on 4 May 2018
8796:Development Genes and Evolution
7767:
7645:Evolution!: facts and fallacies
7635:
7578:
7527:
7484:
7425:
7278:
7244:
7172:
7131:
7060:
6979:
6880:
6803:
6493:
6466:
6429:
6350:
6319:
6128:
6077:
6003:
5970:
5945:
5920:
5826:
5791:
5712:
5683:
5627:
5602:
5575:
5550:
5393:
5379:
5348:
5333:
5308:
5271:
5240:
5209:
5171:
5137:
5102:
5071:
5034:
4991:
4966:
4806:
4638:
4608:
4578:
4546:
4150:
4125:
4111:
3849:retrieving a duck during a hunt
3664:to group the animals into four
3535:History of zoology through 1859
2220:, catching small prey with its
2128:, represented by forms such as
993:, which enable locomotion, and
602:created the first hierarchical
16939:Defective interfering particle
14697:
14693:
14453:
14449:
13105:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
12570:. Innsbruck. pp. 101–154.
12275:10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0044
12127:A History of Western Astrology
12018:"U.S. Rabbit Industry profile"
11681:. Speaking of Research. 2013.
11569:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
11282:. January 2002. Archived from
11086:(2nd ed.). Gale. p.
10999:De Wit, Hendrik C. D. (1994).
10828:Journal of Molecular Evolution
9371:Nature Ecology & Evolution
8219:The fossil record of predation
7964:Nature Ecology & Evolution
6326:Davies, Ella (20 April 2016).
5931:. Blake Education. p. 9.
5798:Stevens, Alison N. P. (2010).
5696:University of California Press
4493:
4463:
4412:
4369:
4362:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4349:
3816:Animals such as the fruit fly
3026:clade, which would consist of
2628:
654:many other animal species for
580:
563:, which began around 539
13:
1:
16927:Clonally transmissible cancer
12948:
11835:"AmphibiaWeb – Dendrobatidae"
11444:"How Shellac Is Manufactured"
10879:The Lying Stones of Marrakech
10761:UCMP Berkeley. Archived from
9060:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
7223:. CRC Press. pp. 13–14.
7181:Biodiversity and Conservation
6506:Journal of Parasitic Diseases
5483:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7
5278:Hamilton, Matthew B. (2009).
5001:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4706:Jones & Bartlett Learning
4214:
4010:
3978:
3539:History of zoology since 1859
3229:Protostomes and deuterostomes
1263:consumer–resource interaction
830:stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ (
606:for animals in 1758 with his
17361:Cryogenian first appearances
13717:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
11027:Valentine, James W. (2004).
10487:Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1998).
9843:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.016
9684:Minelli, Alessandro (2009).
9447:Jessop, Nancy Meyer (1970).
6855:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
6500:Kaur, H.; Singh, R. (2011).
6477:. Tree of Life Web Project.
6473:Fiala, Ivan (10 July 2008).
6415:10.1080/08912960410001715132
5985:. Cengage Learning. p.
5954:Genetics Classical To Modern
5890:10.1126/science.239.4838.393
5536:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8
5403:; Stoffolano, J. G. (1998).
3401:or horsehair worms, and the
3335:
3108:
2608:, have body plans that lack
2592:The most basal animals, the
2335:
1464:
1108:Some animals are capable of
1091:mating with a close relative
1005:Reproduction and development
929:
894:, but some animals, such as
834:) 'animals', plural of ζῷον
793:
7:
17366:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
16480:, and comparable structures
13774:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
13514:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
13329:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
13240:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
13129:Loricifera (corset animals)
12474:. Brill Archive. p. 9.
12263:"Animals in Film and Media"
11115:"Fisheries and Aquaculture"
10489:Parasites in social insects
9769:Quillin, K. J. (May 1998).
9274:An Introduction to Porifera
8758:"Evolution and Development"
8493:Fossil Calibration Database
8227:The Paleontological Society
8101:10.1126/science.282.5386.80
7642:Schopf, J. William (1999).
7373:Frontiers in Marine Science
7337:10.15298/invertzool.18.3.01
6942:Annual Review of Entomology
5927:Clutterbuck, Peter (2000).
5728:University of Chicago Press
5184:. Translated by J. Lettau.
4275:Evolution & Development
4076:
3416:
3225:than to other bilaterians.
2359:, with which they form the
2302:Auroralumina attenboroughii
2209:Auroralumina attenboroughii
1823:
876:produce their own nutrients
551:period at the start of the
547:has been dated back to the
10:
17387:
13664:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
13410:Annelida (segmented worms)
13235:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
13151:Onychophora (velvet worms)
12364:. ECW Press. p. 200.
11078:Hutchins, Michael (2003).
10685:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
10493:Princeton University Press
9598:"Introduction to Placozoa"
9572:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
9449:Biosphere; a study of life
9326:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6
9220:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6
9065:Princeton University Press
9026:10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5
7984:10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x
7775:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
7648:. Academic Press. p.
7026:Nicol, David (June 1969).
6749:Princeton University Press
6360:. Guinness World Records.
5804:Nature Education Knowledge
5730:. pp. 1–6 and passim.
5222:. Academic Press. p.
5186:Cambridge University Press
4590:Collins English Dictionary
4423:(2nd ed.). New York:
3708:
3528:
3420:
3339:
3238:
3232:
3112:
2616:, which are important for
2339:
2090:
1473:
1145:
1008:
924:cells to be differentiated
802:comes from the Latin noun
36:
29:
17083:
16902:
16876:
16843:
16699:
16685:
16678:
16625:
16608:
16601:
16569:
16534:
16492:
16485:
16418:
16236:
16153:
16105:
15990:
15981:
15924:
15696:
15692:
15687:phyla/divisions by domain
15632:
15545:
15504:
15495:
15452:
15374:
15316:
15266:
15194:
15162:
15139:
15066:
15035:
14995:
14966:
14946:
14937:
14925:
14921:
14766:
14757:
14728:
14713:
14704:
14691:
14687:
14620:
14592:
14577:
14568:
14527:
14506:
14497:
14460:
14447:
14443:
14430:
14417:
14413:
14390:
14370:
14366:
14362:
14308:
14295:
14286:
14253:
14240:
14206:
14195:
14177:
14164:
14111:
14096:
14092:
13976:
13914:
13712:Asterozoans inc. starfish
13614:
13607:
13558:
13509:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
13499:
13490:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
13474:
13465:
13450:
13441:
13426:
13419:
13395:
13384:
13343:
13335:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
13318:
13307:
13296:
13248:
13230:
13217:
13206:
13159:
13146:
13137:
13124:
13113:
13081:
13064:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
13050:
13039:
13024:
13000:
12991:
12971:
12956:
12943:
12908:
12883:
12859:
12844:
12836:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
12824:
12809:
12693:
12306:. Springer. p. 147.
11807:King, Richard J. (2013).
11516:Barber, E. J. W. (1991).
11388:"Cochineal and Carmine".
11177:Helfman, Gene S. (2007).
10976:. Reverso Dictionnnaire.
10803:10.1080/10635159950127385
10429:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
10306:Encyclopedia of evolution
10303:Rice, Stanley A. (2007).
10251:Biology Coloring Workbook
9959:10.1007/s12064-007-0007-7
9422:Sumich, James L. (2008).
9391:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3
9174:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008
8866:Evolution and Development
8808:10.1007/s00427-004-0390-8
8149:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.028
7386:10.3389/fmars.2022.906383
7091:– via ResearchGate.
6648:. Springer. p. 628.
6597:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3
6518:10.1007/s12639-011-0061-4
6243:10.1017/S1473550413000438
6062:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.026
5768:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038
5634:Levy, Charles K. (1973).
5405:The science of entomology
5078:Becker, Wayne M. (1991).
4698:Avila, Vernon L. (1995).
4419:Cresswell, Julia (2010).
4047:cow is sacred in Hinduism
3993:cave paintings at Lascaux
3525:History of classification
3357:has emerged from its dry
3279:schizocoelous development
3014:, has been proposed as a
3006:, a clade which contains
2901:
2881:
2874:
2842:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2782:
2775:
2750:
2730:
2723:
2700:
2680:
2673:
2655:proteins involved in the
2527:
2507:
2497:
2474:
2467:
2444:
2424:
2417:
2393:
2386:
2224:as modern cnidarians do.
2077:
1273:to avoid being fed upon.
1271:anti-predator adaptations
1177:. Such groupings include
1165:), feed on other animals.
1103:avoiding close inbreeding
604:biological classification
467:, a highly proliferative
281:
274:
242:
237:
126:Scientific classification
124:
96:
48:
39:Animalia (disambiguation)
16944:Endogenous viral element
14423:
14419:
13270:Rotifera (wheel animals)
13069:Priapulida (penis worms)
12470:van Gulik, Robert Hans.
12418:Ben-Tor, Daphna (1989).
12358:Crouse, Richard (2008).
12080:Hummel, Richard (1994).
12055:Journal of Social Issues
11864:. Animal Diversity Web.
11756:Fergus, Charles (2002).
11653:"Animal Experimentation"
11629:. Animal Research.info.
11566:Pond, Wilson G. (2004).
11185:. Island Press. p.
10757:Speer, Brian R. (2000).
10195:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
9522:Safra, Jacob E. (2003).
6269:British Antarctic Survey
5355:Philips, Joy B. (1975).
5041:Sangwal, Keshra (2007).
4973:Minkoff, Eli C. (2008).
4521:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625
4343:10.1002/fedr.19510540208
4104:
3625:, who called the Vermes
3623:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
3548:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
1449:and microhabitats, with
1378:animals living close to
1245:between animals of each
436:, and around 65,000 are
383:consume organic material
27:Kingdom of living things
15897:Thermodesulfobacteriota
13484:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
13456:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
13177:Tardigrada (waterbears)
13170:Arthropoda (arthropods)
12545:10.1163/156852700511612
12518:Oxford University Press
12489:. Alert. Archived from
12335:McFarland & Company
12124:Tester, S. Jim (1987).
11784:. The Falconry Centre.
10249:Alcamo, Edward (1998).
10099:10.1073/pnas.94.15.8001
9790:10.1242/jeb.201.12.1871
9692:Oxford University Press
8456:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
7703:10.1126/science.aat7228
7556:10.1126/science.1150279
7459:10.1073/pnas.1512614113
7217:Pandian, T. J. (2020).
7193:10.1023/A:1008994925673
6992:Crustacea: Malacostraca
6986:Poore, Hugh F. (2002).
6436:Curtice, Brian (2020).
6213:Clarke, Andrew (2014).
5640:Appleton-Century-Crofts
5431:Nature Reviews Genetics
5247:Schwartz, Jill (2010).
4731:"Animal Cell Structure"
4507:Frontiers in Psychology
4425:Oxford University Press
4100:, observed on 4 October
4049:. Among other mammals,
3915:individuals with rights
3819:Drosophila melanogaster
3676:in 1828, the zoologist
2319:Anomalocaris canadensis
1469:
710:animal, have been used
634:molecular phylogenetics
628:with Animalia) and the
32:Animal (disambiguation)
13659:Anthozoans inc. corals
13358:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
12642:'s database of animals
12640:University of Michigan
12514:Mesoamerican Mythology
12109:Lau, Theodora (2005).
11972:. 2012. Archived from
11030:On the Origin of Phyla
10574:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4434
10462:. John Wiley. p.
10220:Hyde, Kenneth (2004).
9466:Sharma, N. S. (2005).
9124:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741
8690:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162
8421:Parfrey, Laura Wegener
8389:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
7611:10.1126/sciadv.aao6691
7163:; 4 genera, 9spp. and
6905:10.1098/rstb.2015.0333
5561:. Wiley. p. 116.
5253:. Peterson's. p.
5216:Knobil, Ernst (1998).
5109:Magloire, Kim (2004).
4914:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32
4833:10.1098/rstb.2002.1188
3987:Animals have been the
3984:
3889:, and birds including
3850:
3727:
3632:Philosophie Zoologique
3587:classification in his
3555:
3435:
3370:
3262:
3140:
3055:
2657:control of development
2371:) the lineages split.
2103:24-Isopropylcholestane
1493:
1319:
1279:evolutionary arms race
1166:
1163:Ficedula superciliaris
1159:ultramarine flycatcher
1089:Repeated instances of
1031:
859:
809:
803:
640:relationships between
119:
17287:Paleobiology Database
16125:Neocallimastigomycota
13789:Hexapods inc. insects
13099:Nematoda (roundworms)
12267:Oxford Bibliographies
11782:"History of Falconry"
11731:"Medicines by Design"
11487:10.1081/ddc-120024188
10735:10.1093/molbev/msi111
10665:Nature Communications
10637:10.1093/molbev/msu143
10280:The First Vertebrates
10278:Holmes, Thom (2008).
9547:Kotpal, R.L. (2012).
9012:(1730 (2018)): 1730.
9005:Nature Communications
8260:Trace fossil analysis
8210:Bengtson, S. (2002).
7073:Herpetological Review
6299:Wood, Gerald (1983).
5952:Gupta, P. K. (1900).
5188:Archive. p. 54.
5144:Starr, Cecie (2007).
5081:The world of the cell
4948:"Concepts of Biology"
4729:Davidson, Michael W.
4242:10.1201/9780429446276
3958:
3944:has been seen as the
3844:
3734:livestock species in
3718:
3546:
3529:Further information:
3462:, which includes the
3434:in a sea snail embryo
3430:
3367:divided into segments
3349:
3283:enterocoelic pouching
3252:
3233:Further information:
3126:
3053:
2649:transcription factors
2633:650 million years ago
2618:body plan development
2363:. The dates on the
2340:Further information:
2152:anaerobic respiration
2091:Further information:
1510:African bush elephant
1502:Balaenoptera musculus
1487:
1474:Further information:
1338:(collectively called
1322:Most animals rely on
1314:
1302:hawksbill sea turtles
1197:(subcategorized into
1153:
1095:inbreeding depression
1053:. These fuse to form
1022:
920:embryonic development
849:
754:, having appeared in
614:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
473:bilaterally symmetric
471:whose members have a
407:embryonic development
118:
17202:Fauna Europaea (new)
17043:Transposable element
17033:Spiegelman's Monster
15790:Coprothermobacterota
15517:Evolutionary history
12982:Chordata (chordates)
12636:Animal Diversity Web
12629:12 June 2011 at the
12623:Tree of Life Project
12607:at Wikimedia Commons
12493:on 23 September 2016
11518:Prehistoric Textiles
11450:. 18 December 1937.
11308:. Cattle-today.com.
10255:The Princeton Review
9733:. pp. 345–372.
9574:Invertebrate Zoology
9167:(24): 3864–3870.e4.
8851:10.1093/icb/41.3.608
8229:. pp. 289–317.
7930:Royal Ontario Museum
7876:Conway-Morris, Simon
7814:(11–12): 1731–1774.
7324:Invertebrate Zoology
6696:Hogenboom, Melissa.
5586:. OpenStax College.
5181:Fossil Invertebrates
5117:The Princeton Review
4684:30 July 2022 at the
4673:30 July 2022 at the
3934:signs of the Western
3308:), which consist of
3261:it becomes the anus.
3183:hydrostatic skeleton
3160:form distinct organs
3154:. The Bilateria are
1269:, who often evolves
1110:asexual reproduction
1057:, which develop via
936:extracellular matrix
870:. Unlike plants and
573:Ordovician radiation
510:, which include the
30:For other uses, see
17371:Biology terminology
15454:Natural environment
15095:Gunflint microbiota
14856:Klebsormidiophyceae
14640:Hyphochytriomycetes
13432:Mollusca (molluscs)
12917:of the animal root
12520:. pp. 132–134.
11860:Heying, H. (2003).
11760:. The Lyons Press.
11607:on 12 December 2017
11601:"Genetics Research"
10904:Leroi, Armand Marie
10841:1996JMolE..43..207K
10677:2017NatCo...8....9F
10565:2000PNAS...97.4434S
10387:10.1038/nature16150
10379:2015Natur.527..459S
10090:1997PNAS...94.8001V
10031:10.1038/nature16520
10023:2016Natur.530...89C
9897:10.1038/nature09676
9889:2011Natur.470..255P
9651:10.1038/nature07191
9642:2008Natur.454..955S
9383:2017NatEE...1.1737W
9318:2023Natur.618..110S
9116:2021SciA....7.2741K
9018:2018NatCo...9.1730P
8681:2020SciA....6.5162K
8632:10.1098/rsob.200359
8533:10.7554/eLife.36278
8526:. 2018, 7: e36278.
8447:2011PNAS..10813624P
8441:(33): 13624–13629.
8383:(1496): 1435–1443.
8307:1995Geo....23..269B
8140:2008CBio...18.1849M
8093:1998Sci...282...80S
8055:2010NatGe...3..653M
7976:2022NatEE...6.1095D
7820:2010GSAB..122.1731M
7694:2018Sci...361.1246B
7688:(6408): 1246–1249.
7603:2018SciA....4.6691C
7548:2008Sci...319...81S
7513:10.1038/nature07673
7505:2009Natur.457..718L
7450:2016PNAS..113.2684G
6397:2004HBio...16...71M
6234:2014IJAsB..13..141C
6154:2005SciAm.293f.100C
6141:Scientific American
6113:10.1038/nature04639
6104:2006Natur.440..757D
6053:2013CBio...23..392R
5882:1988Sci...239..393M
5759:2004CBio...14.R693S
5636:Elements of Biology
5528:1996TEcoE..11..201P
5401:Romoser, William S.
5282:Population genetics
5250:Master the GED 2011
5051:John Wiley and Sons
4786:Bergman, Jennifer.
4767:on 28 February 2018
4131:The application of
4119:Henneguya zschokkei
3975:Alexander Coosemans
3881:, reptiles such as
3824:experimental models
3746:. Humans and their
3744:farmed commercially
3740:caught commercially
3674:Karl Ernst von Baer
3670:zoophytes (radiata)
3662:comparative anatomy
3627:une espèce de chaos
3568:arranged on a scale
3446:which includes the
3078:, and corals), and
2281:Dickinsonia costata
2087:Evolutionary origin
1399:inorganic compounds
1318:mussels and shrimps
1275:Selective pressures
1024:Sexual reproduction
884:respire aerobically
17356:Kingdoms (biology)
16912:Bio-like structure
16834:Tolecusatellitidae
16120:Blastocladiomycota
14866:Coleochaetophyceae
14246:
14242:
14170:
14166:
13645:Calcareous sponges
12830:Porifera (sponges)
12034:on 20 October 2013
11627:"Drug Development"
11286:on 5 November 2012
10946:] (in Latin) (
10874:Gould, Stephen Jay
10849:10.1007/PL00006079
9830:Developmental Cell
9731:Sinauer Associates
8972:The New York Times
8839:American Zoologist
8427:(16 August 2011).
8335:Biological Reviews
7922:"The Tree of Life"
7285:Fontaneto, Diego.
7032:Systematic Zoology
6899:(1702): 20150333.
6813:. 24 August 2011.
6385:Historical Biology
6136:Clack, Jennifer A.
5835:Biological Reviews
4378:Biological Reviews
4365:. Merriam-Webster.
4203:The French prefix
4185:History of Animals
4033:Animals including
3985:
3867:used to catch fish
3851:
3728:
3711:Animals in culture
3583:created the first
3556:
3531:Taxonomy (biology)
3436:
3387:repeating segments
3371:
3263:
3141:
3137:peristaltic motion
3056:
2610:bilateral symmetry
2586:Internal phylogeny
2347:External phylogeny
2324:Cambrian explosion
2163:Cambrian explosion
2161:record during the
1576:Described species
1539:obligate parasites
1521:sauropod dinosaurs
1514:Loxodonta africana
1494:
1480:Smallest organisms
1380:hydrothermal vents
1320:
1298:feeding behaviours
1167:
1032:
886:. All animals are
860:
561:Cambrian explosion
432:, over 85,000 are
399:reproduce sexually
335:biological kingdom
120:
17338:
17337:
17077:Taxon identifiers
17068:
17067:
16898:
16897:
16872:
16871:
16868:
16867:
16806:Portogloboviridae
16708:Alphasatellitidae
16602:Non-cellular life
16597:
16596:
16478:non-cellular life
16440:
16439:
16436:
16435:
16414:
16413:
15977:
15976:
15920:
15919:
15912:Verrucomicrobiota
15650:
15649:
15628:
15627:
15301:chemical elements
15225:
15224:
15190:
15189:
15126:Spironematellidae
15107:Meteora sporadica
15062:
15061:
15058:
15057:
14991:
14990:
14917:
14916:
14913:
14912:
14909:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14901:
14900:
14897:
14896:
14893:
14892:
14889:
14888:
14817:Prasinodermophyta
14753:
14752:
14683:
14682:
14679:
14678:
14675:
14674:
14671:
14670:
14667:
14666:
14564:
14563:
14400:Centroplasthelida
14358:
14357:
14354:
14353:
14350:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14342:
14341:
14338:
14337:
14334:
14333:
14236:
14235:
14160:
14159:
13935:
13934:
13910:
13909:
13603:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13554:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13546:
13545:
13542:
13541:
13538:
13537:
13534:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13526:
13525:
13522:
13521:
13380:
13379:
13376:
13375:
13292:
13291:
13288:
13287:
13202:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13194:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13186:
13185:
13077:
13076:
13020:
13019:
12939:
12938:
12904:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12646:Wildscreen Arkive
12603:Media related to
12429:978-965-278-083-6
12371:978-1-55490-330-6
12344:978-1-4766-2505-8
12313:978-1-137-49639-3
12170:978-0-486-21901-1
12137:978-0-85115-446-6
12095:978-0-87972-646-1
12088:. Popular Press.
11913:Kaplan, Melissa.
11820:978-1-61168-225-0
11767:978-1-58574-618-7
11579:978-0-8247-5496-9
11552:978-0-521-34107-3
11527:978-0-691-00224-8
11196:978-1-59726-760-1
11097:978-0-7876-5777-2
11040:978-0-226-84548-7
11010:978-2-88074-264-5
10919:978-1-4088-3622-4
10889:978-0-674-06167-5
10765:on 16 August 2000
10533:978-0-07-063682-8
10502:978-0-691-05924-2
10473:978-0-471-20228-8
10442:978-0-618-61916-0
10373:(7579): 459–465.
10345:978-0-534-40653-0
10336:Asking about life
10320:978-0-8160-5515-9
10289:978-0-8160-5958-4
10264:978-0-679-77884-4
10235:978-0-7575-0997-1
10206:978-0-85229-961-6
10169:978-0-19-957030-0
10142:978-0-521-83762-0
10084:(15): 8001–8005.
9883:(7333): 255–258.
9783:(12): 1871–1883.
9740:978-1-60535-375-3
9701:978-0-19-856620-5
9636:(7207): 955–960.
9600:. UCMP Berkeley.
9583:978-0-03-056747-6
9558:978-81-7133-903-7
9533:978-0-85229-961-6
9508:978-0-520-22149-9
9477:978-81-8293-018-6
9433:978-0-7637-5730-4
9377:(11): 1737–1746.
9312:(7963): 110–117.
9283:978-81-261-0675-2
9074:978-0-6911-7025-1
8743:10.1111/zsc.12215
8729:Zoologica Scripta
8583:10.1111/jeu.12691
8349:10.1111/brv.12239
8269:978-3-540-47226-1
8043:Nature Geoscience
8026:978-0-8053-7171-0
7926:The Burgess Shale
7659:978-0-12-628860-5
7499:(7230): 718–721.
7444:(10): 2684–2689.
7418:978-1-260-08427-6
7264:978-1-107-03765-6
7230:978-1-000-05490-3
7187:(12): 1663–1681.
7151:978-0-19-878555-2
7124:978-0-309-52075-1
7109:Wilson, Edward O.
7005:978-0-643-06901-5
6796:978-1-60344-269-5
6762:978-0-691-12085-0
6655:978-1-4020-8259-7
6312:978-0-85112-235-9
6199:978-0-7637-0862-7
6098:(7085): 757–763.
6021:978-0-07-722124-9
5996:978-0-495-10935-8
5963:978-81-7133-896-2
5938:978-1-86509-170-9
5876:(4838): 393–395.
5705:978-0-520-24653-9
5676:978-0-86542-845-4
5649:978-0-390-55627-1
5620:978-90-5809-344-8
5568:978-0-471-48968-9
5516:Trends Ecol. Evol
5492:978-0-12-017624-3
5414:978-0-697-22848-2
5372:978-0-8016-3927-2
5361:. Mosby. p.
5326:978-0-03-062451-3
5301:978-1-4051-3277-0
5264:978-0-7689-2885-3
5233:978-0-12-227020-8
5195:978-0-521-27028-1
5157:978-0-495-38150-1
5130:978-0-375-76393-9
5095:978-0-8053-0870-9
5086:Benjamin Cummings
5064:978-0-470-06153-4
5015:978-0-8153-3218-3
4984:978-0-7641-3920-8
4794:on 29 August 2007
4757:"Palaeos:Metazoa"
4715:978-0-86720-942-6
4708:. pp. 767–.
4434:978-0-19-954793-7
4390:10.1111/brv.12090
4083:Animal coloration
3959:Artistic vision:
3871:Poison dart frogs
3853:People have used
3133:basis of the head
2988:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2921:
2920:
2860:
2859:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2504:Choanoflagellatea
2365:phylogenetic tree
2357:choanoflagellates
2230:Trezona Formation
2084:
2083:
1476:Largest organisms
1348:primary consumers
1346:. Herbivores, as
1316:Hydrothermal vent
565:million years ago
416:Over 1.5 million
409:. Animals form a
317:
316:
233:
16:(Redirected from
17378:
17331:
17330:
17318:
17317:
17305:
17304:
17295:
17294:
17282:
17281:
17272:
17271:
17259:
17258:
17249:
17248:
17236:
17235:
17223:
17222:
17210:
17209:
17197:
17196:
17184:
17183:
17171:
17170:
17158:
17157:
17145:
17144:
17132:
17131:
17119:
17118:
17117:
17104:
17103:
17102:
17072:
17071:
16683:
16682:
16623:
16622:
16606:
16605:
16490:
16489:
16467:
16460:
16453:
16444:
16443:
16188:Anthocerotophyta
16067:Hemimastigophora
15988:
15987:
15959:Nitrososphaerota
15926:
15925:
15902:Thermomicrobiota
15842:Kiritimatiellota
15837:Ignavibacteriota
15802:Deferribacterota
15765:Campylobacterota
15750:Bdellovibrionota
15698:
15697:
15694:
15693:
15677:
15670:
15663:
15654:
15653:
15640:
15639:
15512:
15502:
15501:
15442:tropical cyclone
15392:
15252:
15245:
15238:
15229:
15228:
15172:Collodictyonidae
15118:Hemimastigophora
15114:
15113:
15073:
14944:
14943:
14935:
14934:
14931:
14923:
14922:
14872:Zygnematophyceae
14830:
14829:
14810:
14794:
14793:
14764:
14763:
14711:
14710:
14702:
14701:
14698:
14689:
14688:
14575:
14574:
14504:
14503:
14458:
14457:
14454:
14445:
14444:
14428:
14427:
14424:
14415:
14414:
14388:
14387:
14375:
14368:
14367:
14364:
14363:
14318:Choanoflagellata
14293:
14292:
14251:
14250:
14247:
14208:
14207:
14204:
14203:
14200:
14175:
14174:
14171:
14113:
14112:
14109:
14108:
14105:
14098:
14097:
14094:
14093:
14005:
13985:
13962:
13955:
13948:
13939:
13938:
13616:
13615:
13572:
13472:
13471:
13448:
13447:
13424:
13423:
13393:
13392:
13389:
13316:
13315:
13309:
13308:
13305:
13304:
13301:
13228:
13227:
13219:
13218:
13215:
13214:
13211:
13144:
13143:
13122:
13121:
13115:
13114:
13086:
13085:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13044:
13037:
13036:
13033:
13026:
13025:
12998:
12997:
12969:
12968:
12965:
12958:
12957:
12945:
12944:
12922:
12857:
12856:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12811:
12810:
12722:
12702:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12653:
12652:
12615:Data related to
12614:
12602:
12586:
12585:
12579:
12571:
12563:
12557:
12556:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12482:
12476:
12475:
12467:
12461:
12460:
12458:
12456:
12440:
12434:
12433:
12415:
12409:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12385:
12376:
12375:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12286:
12258:
12252:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12225:
12219:
12212:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12181:
12175:
12174:
12151:
12142:
12141:
12121:
12115:
12114:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12087:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12050:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12033:
12027:. Archived from
12022:
12014:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12003:
11987:
11981:
11980:
11979:on 4 March 2016.
11978:
11971:
11963:
11957:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11937:
11931:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11910:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11899:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11873:
11857:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11846:
11831:
11825:
11824:
11804:
11798:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11778:
11772:
11771:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11727:
11721:
11720:
11718:
11716:
11701:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11649:
11643:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11623:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11597:
11591:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11563:
11557:
11556:
11538:
11532:
11531:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11440:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11414:
11408:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11319:
11317:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11280:Seafood Business
11272:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11228:
11222:
11215:
11207:
11201:
11200:
11184:
11174:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11154:. 27 July 2011.
11144:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11111:
11102:
11101:
11085:
11075:
11069:
11068:
11051:
11045:
11044:
11024:
11015:
11014:
10996:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10985:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10959:
10930:
10924:
10923:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10870:
10861:
10860:
10822:
10816:
10815:
10805:
10781:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10770:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10737:
10728:(5): 1246–1253.
10713:
10707:
10706:
10696:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10639:
10630:(7): 1833–1849.
10614:
10605:
10604:
10594:
10576:
10559:(9): 4434–4437.
10544:
10538:
10537:
10513:
10507:
10506:
10484:
10478:
10477:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10419:Dawkins, Richard
10415:
10409:
10408:
10398:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10331:
10325:
10324:
10300:
10294:
10293:
10275:
10269:
10268:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10153:
10147:
10146:
10128:
10122:
10121:
10111:
10101:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10058:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9983:
9952:
9934:
9925:
9919:
9918:
9908:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9845:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9792:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9749:
9728:
9717:
9706:
9705:
9681:
9672:
9671:
9653:
9620:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9519:
9513:
9512:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9402:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9337:
9297:
9288:
9287:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9186:
9176:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9135:
9110:(12): eabe2741.
9104:Science Advances
9095:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9037:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8923:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8881:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8790:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8762:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8719:
8713:
8712:
8702:
8692:
8675:(10): eabc5162.
8669:Science Advances
8660:
8654:
8653:
8643:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8594:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8545:
8535:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8468:
8458:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8400:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8351:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8256:Seilacher, Adolf
8252:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8235:
8216:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8151:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8077:Seilacher, Adolf
8073:
8067:
8066:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7995:
7970:(8): 1095–1104.
7955:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7932:. 10 June 2011.
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7890:(7–8): 505–515.
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7828:10.1130/B30346.1
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7786:
7779:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7754:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7705:
7673:
7664:
7663:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7622:
7591:Science Advances
7582:
7576:
7575:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7471:
7461:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7409:Animal Diversity
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7388:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7339:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7298:
7291:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7214:
7205:
7204:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7157:Trichomycteridae
7135:
7129:
7128:
7104:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7023:
7010:
7009:
6998:. pp. 1–7.
6996:CSIRO Publishing
6983:
6977:
6975:
6957:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6867:
6857:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6780:
6767:
6766:
6735:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6693:
6660:
6659:
6639:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6575:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6442:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6408:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6358:"Largest mammal"
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6245:
6219:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5984:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5770:
5753:(17): R693–696.
5738:
5732:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5285:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5004:(4th ed.).
4995:
4989:
4988:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4916:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4790:. Archived from
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4763:. Archived from
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4695:
4689:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4523:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4477:. Archived from
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:Houghton Mifflin
4455:(4th ed.).
4448:
4442:
4441:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4337:(2–3): 256–266.
4326:
4315:
4314:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4236:. p. 1352.
4232:(1st ed.).
4225:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4191:Parts of Animals
4180:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4098:World Animal Day
4028:giant bug movies
4015:
4012:
3983:
3980:
3879:praying mantises
3736:animal husbandry
3700:In human culture
3193:which swim with
3082:(comb jellies).
3070:(which includes
2912:
2911:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2851:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2761:
2760:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2533:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2453:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2342:Lists of animals
2314:
2297:
2276:
2255:Gromia sphaerica
2214:Charnwood Forest
2054:
2022:
1990:
1958:
1927:
1894:
1855:
1821:
1785:
1743:
1701:
1663:
1615:
1565:
1564:
1547:Myxobolus shekel
1434:lobe-finned fish
1403:hydrogen sulfide
1368:basal metabolism
1294:parasitoid wasps
1078:and an internal
989:. These include
594:divided animals
567:(Mya), and most
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
225:
134:
133:
100:
91:
87:
80:
73:
66:
60:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
17386:
17385:
17381:
17380:
17379:
17377:
17376:
17375:
17341:
17340:
17339:
17334:
17326:
17321:
17313:
17308:
17300:
17298:
17290:
17285:
17277:
17275:
17267:
17262:
17254:
17252:
17244:
17239:
17231:
17226:
17218:
17213:
17205:
17200:
17192:
17187:
17179:
17174:
17166:
17161:
17153:
17148:
17140:
17135:
17127:
17122:
17113:
17112:
17107:
17098:
17097:
17092:
17079:
17069:
17064:
16904:
16894:
16864:
16839:
16750:Finnlakeviridae
16695:
16674:
16616:
16612:
16593:
16565:
16530:
16481:
16471:
16441:
16432:
16410:
16361:Gnathostomulida
16266:Xenacoelomorpha
16232:
16228:Flowering plant
16183:Marchantiophyta
16149:
16115:Chytridiomycota
16101:
15973:
15916:
15872:Planctomycetota
15832:Gemmatimonadota
15817:Elusimicrobiota
15710:Acidobacteriota
15688:
15681:
15651:
15646:
15624:
15541:
15510:
15491:
15448:
15390:
15370:
15361:Gaia hypothesis
15351:Plate tectonics
15312:
15262:
15256:
15226:
15221:
15186:
15158:
15149:Ancyromonadidae
15135:
15112:
15067:
15054:
15045:Malawimonadidae
15031:
14987:
14962:
14926:
14885:
14828:
14801:
14800:
14792:
14749:
14724:
14692:
14663:
14616:
14588:
14560:
14523:
14493:
14448:
14439:
14418:
14409:
14386:
14371:
14330:
14304:
14282:
14241:
14232:
14196:
14191:
14165:
14156:
14101:
14088:
14087:
14003:
13981:
13972:
13966:
13936:
13931:
13906:
13832:Phylactolaemata
13620:
13610:
13609:
13595:
13586:Xenambulacraria
13562:
13518:
13495:
13461:
13443:Kryptotrochozoa
13437:
13415:
13385:
13372:
13363:Monoblastozoa (
13339:
13297:
13284:
13256:Micrognathozoa
13244:
13207:
13182:
13155:
13133:
13109:
13073:
13040:
13029:
13016:
12987:
12961:
12952:
12935:
12912:
12896:
12879:
12848:
12840:
12814:
12805:
12804:
12720:
12698:
12689:
12680:
12631:Wayback Machine
12595:
12590:
12589:
12573:
12572:
12564:
12560:
12529:
12525:
12510:
12506:
12496:
12494:
12483:
12479:
12468:
12464:
12454:
12452:
12441:
12437:
12430:
12416:
12412:
12402:
12400:
12387:
12386:
12379:
12372:
12356:
12352:
12345:
12325:
12321:
12314:
12298:
12294:
12284:
12282:
12259:
12255:
12245:
12243:
12226:
12222:
12213:
12209:
12199:
12197:
12182:
12178:
12171:
12155:Hearn, Lafcadio
12152:
12145:
12138:
12122:
12118:
12107:
12103:
12096:
12078:
12074:
12051:
12047:
12037:
12035:
12031:
12020:
12016:
12015:
12011:
12001:
11999:
11988:
11984:
11976:
11969:
11965:
11964:
11960:
11950:
11948:
11939:
11938:
11934:
11924:
11922:
11917:. Anapsid.org.
11911:
11907:
11897:
11895:
11886:
11885:
11881:
11871:
11869:
11862:"Dendrobatidae"
11858:
11854:
11844:
11842:
11837:. AmphibiaWeb.
11833:
11832:
11828:
11821:
11805:
11801:
11791:
11789:
11780:
11779:
11775:
11768:
11754:
11750:
11740:
11738:
11729:
11728:
11724:
11714:
11712:
11703:
11702:
11698:
11688:
11686:
11677:
11676:
11672:
11662:
11660:
11651:
11650:
11646:
11636:
11634:
11625:
11624:
11620:
11610:
11608:
11599:
11598:
11594:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11564:
11560:
11553:
11539:
11535:
11528:
11514:
11510:
11471:
11467:
11457:
11455:
11442:
11441:
11437:
11427:
11425:
11416:
11415:
11411:
11401:
11399:
11387:
11386:
11382:
11372:
11370:
11369:on 20 July 2016
11361:
11360:
11356:
11346:
11344:
11329:
11325:
11315:
11313:
11304:
11303:
11299:
11289:
11287:
11274:
11273:
11269:
11240:
11236:
11226:
11224:
11220:
11213:
11209:
11208:
11204:
11197:
11175:
11171:
11161:
11159:
11146:
11145:
11138:
11128:
11126:
11113:
11112:
11105:
11098:
11076:
11072:
11052:
11048:
11041:
11025:
11018:
11011:
10997:
10993:
10983:
10981:
10972:
10971:
10967:
10957:
10955:
10931:
10927:
10920:
10901:
10897:
10890:
10871:
10864:
10823:
10819:
10782:
10778:
10768:
10766:
10755:
10751:
10714:
10710:
10657:
10653:
10615:
10608:
10545:
10541:
10534:
10526:. p. 173.
10514:
10510:
10503:
10485:
10481:
10474:
10454:
10450:
10443:
10416:
10412:
10357:
10353:
10346:
10332:
10328:
10321:
10301:
10297:
10290:
10276:
10272:
10265:
10257:. p. 220.
10247:
10243:
10236:
10228:. p. 345.
10218:
10214:
10207:
10193:
10189:
10179:
10177:
10170:
10154:
10150:
10143:
10129:
10125:
10070:
10066:
10056:
10054:
10017:(7588): 89–93.
10001:
9997:
9987:
9985:
9981:
9950:10.1.1.177.8060
9932:
9926:
9922:
9863:
9859:
9822:
9818:
9808:
9806:
9767:
9763:
9753:
9751:
9747:
9741:
9726:
9718:
9709:
9702:
9682:
9675:
9621:
9617:
9607:
9605:
9596:
9595:
9591:
9584:
9570:
9566:
9559:
9545:
9541:
9534:
9520:
9516:
9509:
9489:
9485:
9478:
9464:
9460:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9420:
9416:
9363:
9359:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9270:
9266:
9241:
9237:
9204:
9200:
9161:Current Biology
9153:
9149:
9096:
9089:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9055:
9051:
8996:
8992:
8982:
8980:
8960:
8956:
8948:
8921:
8915:
8911:
8879:10.1.1.121.1228
8862:
8858:
8835:
8831:
8791:
8787:
8777:
8775:
8774:on 2 March 2014
8771:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8720:
8716:
8661:
8657:
8612:
8608:
8563:
8559:
8516:
8512:
8502:
8500:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8418:
8414:
8369:
8365:
8326:
8322:
8289:
8285:
8270:
8253:
8249:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8225:. Vol. 8.
8214:
8208:
8204:
8194:
8192:
8177:
8173:
8134:(23): 1849–54.
8128:Current Biology
8120:
8116:
8087:(5386): 80–83.
8074:
8070:
8063:10.1038/ngeo934
8038:
8034:
8027:
8013:
8009:
7956:
7949:
7939:
7937:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7873:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7804:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7723:
7719:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7640:
7636:
7597:(6): eaao6691.
7583:
7579:
7542:(5859): 81–84.
7532:
7528:
7489:
7485:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7405:
7401:
7391:
7389:
7364:
7360:
7350:
7348:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7249:
7245:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7215:
7208:
7177:
7173:
7152:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7105:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7065:
7061:
7045:10.2307/2412618
7024:
7013:
7006:
6984:
6980:
6934:
6930:
6885:
6881:
6848:(8): e1001127.
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6781:
6770:
6763:
6736:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6694:
6663:
6656:
6640:
6617:
6607:
6605:
6576:
6543:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6406:10.1.1.694.1650
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6250:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6181:
6177:
6133:
6129:
6082:
6078:
6041:Current Biology
6033:
6029:
6022:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5925:
5921:
5866:
5862:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5796:
5792:
5747:Current Biology
5739:
5735:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:. p. 428.
5688:
5684:
5677:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5642:. p. 108.
5632:
5628:
5621:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5555:
5551:
5512:
5508:
5493:
5471:
5467:
5444:10.1038/nrg2664
5438:(11): 783–796.
5426:
5422:
5415:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5353:
5349:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5317:General zoology
5313:
5309:
5302:
5288:Wiley-Blackwell
5276:
5272:
5265:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5006:Garland Science
4996:
4992:
4985:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4944:
4940:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4862:
4858:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4696:
4692:
4686:Wayback Machine
4675:Wayback Machine
4668:meta- (sense 1)
4659:
4657:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4620:Merriam-Webster
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4481:on 26 July 2018
4469:
4468:
4464:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4417:
4413:
4384:(4): 972–1004.
4374:
4370:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4327:
4318:
4271:
4267:
4252:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4079:
4016:horse portrait
4013:
3989:subjects of art
3981:
3946:personification
3938:Chinese zodiacs
3930:
3811:Working animals
3713:
3707:
3702:
3653:Le Règne Animal
3590:Systema Naturae
3564:divided animals
3541:
3527:
3432:Spiral cleavage
3425:
3419:
3344:
3338:
3332:(acorn worms).
3247:
3239:Main articles:
3237:
3231:
3215:Xenacoelomorpha
3200:parasitic worms
3121:
3113:Main articles:
3111:
3062:(sea sponges),
3048:
2993:Xenambulacraria
2989:
2975:
2961:
2946:
2937:
2922:
2906:
2861:
2785:Xenacoelomorpha
2755:
2629:common ancestor
2588:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2554:
2544:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2315:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2286:Ediacaran biota
2277:
2234:South Australia
2111:molecular clock
2095:
2089:
2080:
2062:(moist plants)
2061:
1873:
1801:
1766:
1759:
1734:Platyhelminthes
1722:
1714:
1678:
1667:
1647:Yes >45,000
1635:
1631:
1622:
1555:
1526:Argentinosaurus
1482:
1472:
1467:
1157:, such as this
1148:
1132:parthenogenesis
1017:
1007:
968:tight junctions
932:
910:, later become
844:
842:Characteristics
796:
752:human evolution
740:aquatic animals
692:working animals
609:Systema Naturae
581:common ancestor
541:-like organism
524:Xenacoelomorpha
345:
341:
309:
303:
297:
291:
290:Choanoblastaea
285:
224:
128:
117:
98:
92:
90:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
58:
57:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17384:
17374:
17373:
17368:
17363:
17358:
17353:
17336:
17335:
17333:
17332:
17319:
17306:
17296:
17283:
17273:
17260:
17250:
17237:
17224:
17211:
17198:
17189:Fauna Europaea
17185:
17172:
17159:
17146:
17133:
17120:
17105:
17089:
17087:
17081:
17080:
17066:
17065:
17063:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17051:
17050:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17024:
17023:
17018:
17013:
17008:
17000:
16992:
16991:
16990:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16930:
16929:
16924:
16914:
16908:
16906:
16900:
16899:
16896:
16895:
16893:
16892:
16887:
16880:
16878:
16874:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16866:
16865:
16863:
16862:
16855:
16847:
16845:
16841:
16840:
16838:
16837:
16830:
16823:
16816:
16809:
16802:
16799:Polydnaviridae
16795:
16788:
16781:
16774:
16767:
16764:Globuloviridae
16760:
16757:Fuselloviridae
16753:
16746:
16739:
16736:Bicaudaviridae
16732:
16725:
16718:
16715:Ampullaviridae
16711:
16703:
16701:
16697:
16696:
16692:Naldaviricetes
16689:
16687:
16680:
16676:
16675:
16673:
16672:
16665:
16658:
16651:
16644:
16637:
16629:
16627:
16620:
16603:
16599:
16598:
16595:
16594:
16592:
16591:
16585:
16577:
16575:
16572:Incertae sedis
16567:
16566:
16564:
16563:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16540:
16538:
16532:
16531:
16529:
16528:
16523:
16522:
16521:
16516:
16506:
16500:
16498:
16487:
16483:
16482:
16470:
16469:
16462:
16455:
16447:
16438:
16437:
16434:
16433:
16426:
16424:
16421:Incertae sedis
16416:
16415:
16412:
16411:
16409:
16408:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16366:Micrognathozoa
16363:
16358:
16356:Acanthocephala
16353:
16348:
16343:
16338:
16333:
16328:
16323:
16318:
16313:
16308:
16303:
16298:
16293:
16288:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16242:
16240:
16234:
16233:
16231:
16230:
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16198:Lycopodiophyta
16195:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16159:
16157:
16151:
16150:
16148:
16147:
16142:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16117:
16111:
16109:
16103:
16102:
16100:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16012:Ancyromonadida
16009:
16004:
15998:
15996:
15985:
15979:
15978:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15971:
15966:
15964:Thermoproteota
15961:
15956:
15949:
15942:
15934:
15932:
15922:
15921:
15918:
15917:
15915:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15877:Pseudomonadota
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15852:Mycoplasmatota
15849:
15847:Lentisphaerota
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15827:Fusobacteriota
15824:
15822:Fibrobacterota
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15725:Armatimonadota
15722:
15717:
15715:Actinomycetota
15712:
15706:
15704:
15690:
15689:
15680:
15679:
15672:
15665:
15657:
15648:
15647:
15645:
15644:
15633:
15630:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15623:
15622:
15615:
15614:
15613:
15608:
15598:
15597:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15585:
15584:
15574:
15573:
15572:
15557:
15552:
15546:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15539:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15505:
15499:
15493:
15492:
15490:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15458:
15456:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15444:
15439:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15386:
15380:
15378:
15372:
15371:
15369:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15328:
15322:
15320:
15314:
15313:
15311:
15310:
15305:
15304:
15303:
15298:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15272:
15270:
15264:
15263:
15255:
15254:
15247:
15240:
15232:
15223:
15222:
15220:
15219:
15213:
15206:
15202:excluded from
15195:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15168:
15166:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15156:
15154:Planomonadidae
15151:
15145:
15143:
15141:Ancyromonadida
15137:
15136:
15134:
15133:
15131:Paramastigidae
15128:
15122:
15120:
15111:
15110:
15103:
15097:
15091:
15083:
15076:
15074:
15070:Incertae sedis
15064:
15063:
15060:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15052:
15047:
15041:
15039:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15001:
14999:
14993:
14992:
14989:
14988:
14986:
14985:
14978:
14972:
14970:
14964:
14963:
14961:
14960:
14953:
14947:
14941:
14932:
14919:
14918:
14915:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14907:
14906:
14903:
14902:
14899:
14898:
14895:
14894:
14891:
14890:
14887:
14886:
14884:
14883:
14875:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14846:
14838:
14836:
14827:
14826:
14819:
14813:
14811:
14791:
14790:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14767:
14761:
14759:Archaeplastida
14755:
14754:
14751:
14750:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14734:
14732:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14722:
14714:
14708:
14699:
14685:
14684:
14681:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14673:
14672:
14669:
14668:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14661:
14656:
14649:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14626:
14624:
14618:
14617:
14615:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14598:
14596:
14590:
14589:
14587:
14586:
14578:
14572:
14566:
14565:
14562:
14561:
14559:
14558:
14553:
14550:Dinoflagellata
14546:
14544:Chrompodellida
14541:
14533:
14531:
14525:
14524:
14522:
14521:
14514:
14507:
14501:
14495:
14494:
14492:
14491:
14484:
14477:
14472:
14466:
14464:
14455:
14441:
14440:
14438:
14437:
14431:
14425:
14411:
14410:
14408:
14407:
14402:
14396:
14394:
14385:
14384:
14378:
14376:
14373:Diaphoretickes
14360:
14359:
14356:
14355:
14352:
14351:
14348:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14340:
14339:
14336:
14335:
14332:
14331:
14329:
14328:
14320:
14314:
14312:
14306:
14305:
14303:
14302:
14296:
14290:
14284:
14283:
14281:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14262:
14254:
14248:
14238:
14237:
14234:
14233:
14231:
14230:
14222:
14216:
14214:
14201:
14193:
14192:
14190:
14189:
14184:
14178:
14172:
14162:
14161:
14158:
14157:
14155:
14154:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14132:
14127:
14121:
14119:
14106:
14090:
14089:
14086:
14085:
14084:
14083:
14082:
14081:
14078:Mesomycetozoea
14075:
14070:
14060:
14050:
14049:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14027:
14026:
14014:Diaphoretickes
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13978:
13977:
13974:
13973:
13971:classification
13965:
13964:
13957:
13950:
13942:
13933:
13932:
13930:
13929:
13922:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13908:
13907:
13905:
13904:
13903:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13870:
13869:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13846:
13845:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13822:
13821:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13797:Platyhelminths
13793:
13792:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13740:
13739:
13738:
13733:
13721:
13720:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13624:
13622:
13612:
13611:
13608:
13605:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13597:
13596:
13594:
13593:
13591:Centroneuralia
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13559:
13556:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13548:
13547:
13544:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13536:
13535:
13532:
13531:
13528:
13527:
13524:
13523:
13520:
13519:
13517:
13516:
13511:
13505:
13503:
13497:
13496:
13494:
13493:
13486:
13480:
13478:
13469:
13463:
13462:
13460:
13459:
13451:
13445:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13435:
13427:
13421:
13417:
13416:
13414:
13413:
13406:
13396:
13390:
13387:Lophotrochozoa
13382:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13374:
13373:
13371:
13370:
13360:
13355:
13349:
13347:
13341:
13340:
13338:
13337:
13332:
13324:
13322:
13313:
13302:
13299:Platytrochozoa
13294:
13293:
13290:
13289:
13286:
13285:
13283:
13282:
13281:
13280:
13273:
13261:
13258:(Limnognathia)
13252:
13250:
13246:
13245:
13243:
13242:
13237:
13231:
13225:
13212:
13204:
13203:
13200:
13199:
13196:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13173:
13165:
13163:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13153:
13147:
13141:
13135:
13134:
13132:
13131:
13125:
13119:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13107:
13102:
13094:
13092:
13083:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13074:
13072:
13071:
13066:
13060:
13058:
13045:
13034:
13022:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13015:
13014:
13009:
13001:
12995:
12989:
12988:
12986:
12985:
12978:
12972:
12966:
12954:
12953:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12909:
12906:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12898:
12897:
12895:
12894:
12890:
12888:
12887:(Triploblasts)
12881:
12880:
12878:
12877:
12870:
12868:and relatives)
12860:
12854:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12838:
12833:
12825:
12819:
12807:
12806:
12803:
12802:
12801:
12800:
12799:
12798:
12795:Mesomycetozoea
12792:
12787:
12777:
12767:
12766:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12744:
12743:
12731:Diaphoretickes
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12695:
12694:
12691:
12690:
12679:
12678:
12671:
12664:
12656:
12650:
12649:
12643:
12633:
12620:
12619:at Wikispecies
12608:
12594:
12593:External links
12591:
12588:
12587:
12558:
12539:(4): 417–452.
12523:
12504:
12477:
12462:
12435:
12428:
12410:
12393:Trees for Life
12377:
12370:
12350:
12343:
12337:. p. 32.
12319:
12312:
12292:
12253:
12220:
12207:
12176:
12169:
12143:
12136:
12116:
12101:
12094:
12072:
12045:
12009:
11982:
11958:
11932:
11905:
11879:
11852:
11826:
11819:
11799:
11773:
11766:
11748:
11722:
11696:
11670:
11644:
11618:
11592:
11578:
11558:
11551:
11533:
11526:
11508:
11481:(8): 925–938.
11465:
11435:
11409:
11380:
11354:
11323:
11297:
11267:
11234:
11202:
11195:
11169:
11136:
11103:
11096:
11070:
11055:Haeckel, Ernst
11046:
11039:
11016:
11009:
10991:
10965:
10934:Linnaeus, Carl
10925:
10918:
10895:
10888:
10862:
10835:(3): 207–215.
10817:
10796:(3): 539–562.
10776:
10749:
10708:
10651:
10606:
10539:
10532:
10508:
10501:
10495:. p. 75.
10479:
10472:
10448:
10441:
10410:
10351:
10344:
10326:
10319:
10295:
10288:
10270:
10263:
10241:
10234:
10212:
10205:
10187:
10168:
10148:
10141:
10123:
10064:
9995:
9920:
9857:
9836:(4): 457–459.
9816:
9761:
9739:
9707:
9700:
9694:. p. 53.
9673:
9615:
9589:
9582:
9564:
9557:
9539:
9532:
9514:
9507:
9483:
9476:
9458:
9455:. p. 428.
9439:
9432:
9414:
9357:
9289:
9282:
9264:
9258:10.1101/704551
9235:
9198:
9147:
9087:
9073:
9067:. p. 21.
9049:
8990:
8965:(4 May 2018).
8954:
8934:10.1101/041806
8909:
8872:(3): 170–205.
8856:
8845:(3): 608–620.
8829:
8802:(4): 170–175.
8785:
8749:
8714:
8655:
8606:
8557:
8510:
8480:
8425:Katz, Laura A.
8412:
8363:
8342:(1): 446–473.
8320:
8301:(3): 269–272.
8283:
8268:
8247:
8202:
8171:
8114:
8068:
8049:(9): 653–659.
8032:
8025:
8007:
7947:
7913:
7867:
7841:
7798:
7766:
7717:
7665:
7658:
7634:
7577:
7526:
7483:
7424:
7417:
7399:
7358:
7330:(3): 188–196.
7310:
7277:
7263:
7243:
7229:
7206:
7171:
7150:
7130:
7123:
7094:
7059:
7038:(2): 251–254.
7011:
7004:
6988:"Introduction"
6978:
6928:
6879:
6828:
6802:
6795:
6768:
6761:
6739:Poulin, Robert
6715:
6661:
6654:
6615:
6541:
6512:(2): 169–176.
6492:
6465:
6428:
6391:(2–4): 71–83.
6375:
6349:
6318:
6311:
6286:
6265:"Land animals"
6256:
6228:(2): 141–154.
6205:
6198:
6184:Margulis, Lynn
6175:
6127:
6076:
6027:
6020:
6012:Marine Biology
6002:
5995:
5969:
5962:
5944:
5937:
5919:
5860:
5841:(4): 395–434.
5825:
5790:
5733:
5711:
5704:
5682:
5675:
5655:
5648:
5626:
5619:
5601:
5582:Schatz, Phil.
5574:
5567:
5549:
5522:(5): 201–206.
5506:
5491:
5465:
5420:
5413:
5392:
5378:
5371:
5347:
5332:
5325:
5307:
5300:
5270:
5263:
5239:
5232:
5208:
5194:
5170:
5156:
5136:
5129:
5101:
5094:
5070:
5063:
5033:
5014:
4990:
4983:
4965:
4938:
4887:
4856:
4827:(1429): 5–17.
4805:
4788:"Heterotrophs"
4778:
4748:
4721:
4714:
4690:
4637:
4607:
4577:
4545:
4492:
4462:
4443:
4433:
4411:
4368:
4348:
4316:
4281:(2): 241–257.
4265:
4250:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:is pejorative.
4196:
4175:
4162:
4156:Not including
4149:
4124:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4041:was sacred in
4002:The Rhinoceros
3997:Albrecht Dürer
3948:of a person's
3929:
3926:
3917:of their own.
3875:blowpipe darts
3725:slaughterhouse
3709:Main article:
3706:
3705:Practical uses
3703:
3701:
3698:
3666:embranchements
3658:Georges Cuvier
3643:, polyps, and
3526:
3523:
3456:Platytrochozoa
3440:Lophotrochozoa
3421:Main article:
3418:
3415:
3365:, its body is
3340:Main article:
3337:
3334:
3304:(animals with
3230:
3227:
3110:
3107:
3047:
3044:
2998:Centroneuralia
2986:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:hox genes
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
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2915:
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2900:
2897:
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2880:
2875:
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2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:1300 mya
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:1100 mya
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2348:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2260:microorganisms
2144:in fossils of
2119:Neoproterozoic
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1765:Yes >40,000
1763:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1685:Yes >5,600
1683:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1630:Yes >40,000
1628:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1554:
1551:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1392:chemosynthesis
1352:trophic levels
1344:photosynthesis
1336:phytoplanktons
1171:trophic levels
1147:
1144:
1074:, an external
1006:
1003:
964:cell junctions
931:
928:
918:is a stage in
878:, animals are
843:
840:
795:
792:
734:; while other
696:transportation
668:dairy products
590:Historically,
557:marine species
553:Neoproterozoic
387:breathe oxygen
315:
314:
313:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
279:
278:
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
240:
239:
235:
234:
219:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
153:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
122:
121:
94:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17383:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17362:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17348:
17346:
17329:
17324:
17320:
17316:
17311:
17307:
17303:
17297:
17293:
17288:
17284:
17280:
17274:
17270:
17265:
17261:
17257:
17251:
17247:
17242:
17238:
17234:
17229:
17225:
17221:
17216:
17212:
17208:
17203:
17199:
17195:
17190:
17186:
17182:
17177:
17173:
17169:
17164:
17160:
17156:
17151:
17147:
17143:
17138:
17134:
17130:
17125:
17121:
17116:
17110:
17106:
17101:
17095:
17091:
17090:
17088:
17086:
17082:
17078:
17073:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17049:
17046:
17045:
17044:
17041:
17039:
17038:Tandem repeat
17036:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17003:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16993:
16989:
16986:
16985:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16968:
16967:
16966:Nanobacterium
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16919:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16909:
16907:
16901:
16891:
16888:
16885:
16882:
16881:
16879:
16875:
16861:
16860:
16859:Rhizidiovirus
16856:
16854:
16853:
16849:
16848:
16846:
16842:
16836:
16835:
16831:
16829:
16828:
16827:Thaspiviridae
16824:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16815:
16814:
16813:Pospiviroidae
16810:
16808:
16807:
16803:
16801:
16800:
16796:
16794:
16793:
16792:Plasmaviridae
16789:
16787:
16786:
16782:
16780:
16779:
16778:Halspiviridae
16775:
16773:
16772:
16768:
16766:
16765:
16761:
16759:
16758:
16754:
16752:
16751:
16747:
16745:
16744:
16740:
16738:
16737:
16733:
16731:
16730:
16729:Avsunviroidae
16726:
16724:
16723:
16722:Anelloviridae
16719:
16717:
16716:
16712:
16710:
16709:
16705:
16704:
16702:
16698:
16694:
16693:
16688:
16684:
16681:
16677:
16671:
16670:
16666:
16664:
16663:
16659:
16657:
16656:
16652:
16650:
16649:
16645:
16643:
16642:
16641:Duplodnaviria
16638:
16636:
16635:
16631:
16630:
16628:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16615:
16611:
16607:
16604:
16600:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16583:
16579:
16578:
16576:
16574:
16573:
16568:
16561:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16541:
16539:
16537:
16533:
16527:
16524:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16514:Mitochondrion
16512:
16511:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16491:
16488:
16486:Cellular life
16484:
16479:
16475:
16468:
16463:
16461:
16456:
16454:
16449:
16448:
16445:
16431:
16430:
16425:
16423:
16422:
16417:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16337:
16334:
16332:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16322:
16319:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16243:
16241:
16239:
16235:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16160:
16158:
16156:
16152:
16146:
16145:Basidiomycota
16143:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16130:Glomeromycota
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16112:
16110:
16108:
16104:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16092:Stramenopiles
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16017:Apusomonadida
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15980:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15954:
15953:Nanoarchaeota
15950:
15947:
15943:
15940:
15939:Euryarchaeota
15936:
15935:
15933:
15931:
15927:
15923:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15887:Spirochaetota
15885:
15883:
15882:Rhodothermota
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15812:Dictyoglomota
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15797:
15796:Cyanobacteria
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15785:Chrysiogenota
15783:
15781:
15780:Chloroflexota
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15760:Calditrichota
15758:
15756:
15755:Caldisericota
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15730:Atribacterota
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15707:
15705:
15703:
15699:
15695:
15691:
15686:
15678:
15673:
15671:
15666:
15664:
15659:
15658:
15655:
15643:
15635:
15634:
15631:
15621:
15620:
15616:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15599:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15583:
15580:
15579:
15578:
15575:
15571:
15568:
15567:
15566:
15563:
15562:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15547:
15544:
15537:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15511:(abiogenesis)
15507:
15506:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15494:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15459:
15457:
15455:
15451:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15434:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15381:
15379:
15377:
15373:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15336:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15326:Earth science
15324:
15323:
15321:
15319:
15315:
15309:
15306:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15293:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15253:
15248:
15246:
15241:
15239:
15234:
15233:
15230:
15217:
15214:
15211:
15207:
15205:
15201:
15198:¹traditional
15197:
15196:
15193:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15177:Mantamonadida
15175:
15173:
15170:
15169:
15167:
15165:
15161:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15146:
15144:
15142:
15138:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15123:
15121:
15119:
15115:
15109:
15108:
15104:
15102:
15098:
15096:
15092:
15090:
15089:
15084:
15082:
15078:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15071:
15065:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15042:
15040:
15038:
15034:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15007:
15003:
15002:
15000:
14998:
14994:
14984:
14983:
14979:
14977:
14976:Heterolobosea
14974:
14973:
14971:
14969:
14968:Discicristata
14965:
14959:
14958:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14948:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14936:
14933:
14929:
14924:
14920:
14881:
14880:
14876:
14874:
14873:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14851:
14847:
14845:
14844:
14840:
14839:
14837:
14835:
14831:
14825:
14824:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14814:
14812:
14808:
14807:
14799:
14798:Viridiplantae
14795:
14789:
14788:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14768:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14756:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14740:
14736:
14735:
14733:
14731:
14727:
14721:
14720:
14719:Microheliella
14716:
14715:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14703:
14700:
14696:
14690:
14686:
14660:
14659:Actinophryida
14657:
14655:
14654:
14650:
14648:
14647:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14623:
14619:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14595:
14591:
14585:
14584:
14580:
14579:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14570:Stramenopiles
14567:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14551:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14539:
14535:
14534:
14532:
14530:
14526:
14520:
14519:
14515:
14512:
14509:
14508:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14496:
14490:
14489:
14485:
14483:
14482:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14465:
14463:
14459:
14456:
14452:
14446:
14442:
14436:
14433:
14432:
14429:
14426:
14422:
14416:
14412:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14397:
14395:
14393:
14389:
14383:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14326:
14325:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14311:
14307:
14301:
14298:
14297:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14285:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14273:Ichthyosporea
14271:
14269:
14268:
14263:
14261:
14260:
14256:
14255:
14252:
14249:
14245:
14239:
14228:
14227:
14223:
14221:
14220:Rotosphaerida
14218:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14209:
14205:
14202:
14199:
14194:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14182:Apusomonadida
14180:
14179:
14176:
14173:
14169:
14163:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14137:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14122:
14120:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14107:
14104:
14099:
14095:
14091:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14055:
14054:
14051:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14041:Stramenopiles
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14004:(major groups
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13984:
13980:
13979:
13975:
13970:
13963:
13958:
13956:
13951:
13949:
13944:
13943:
13940:
13927:
13926:dubious phyla
13923:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13913:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13875:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13852:
13851:
13847:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13829:
13828:
13827:
13823:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13769:
13765:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13747:
13746:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13726:
13725:Hemichordates
13722:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13704:
13703:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13679:
13678:
13674:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13640:Glass sponges
13638:
13636:
13633:
13632:
13631:
13630:
13626:
13625:
13623:
13617:
13613:
13606:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13581:Deuterostomia
13579:
13577:
13574:
13570:
13567:of Bilateria
13566:
13561:
13560:
13557:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13502:
13498:
13492:
13491:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13477:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13464:
13458:
13457:
13453:
13452:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13440:
13434:
13433:
13429:
13428:
13425:
13422:
13418:
13412:
13411:
13407:
13405:
13403:
13400:Cycliophora (
13398:
13397:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13383:
13368:
13366:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13350:
13348:
13346:
13342:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13330:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13321:
13317:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13303:
13300:
13295:
13279:
13278:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13259:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13247:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13232:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13220:
13216:
13213:
13210:
13205:
13179:
13178:
13174:
13172:
13171:
13167:
13166:
13164:
13162:
13158:
13152:
13149:
13148:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13139:Panarthropoda
13136:
13130:
13127:
13126:
13123:
13120:
13116:
13112:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13100:
13096:
13095:
13093:
13091:
13087:
13084:
13080:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13061:
13059:
13057:
13053:
13049:
13046:
13043:
13038:
13035:
13032:
13027:
13023:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13007:
13003:
13002:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12990:
12984:
12983:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12973:
12970:
12967:
12964:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12946:
12942:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12911:
12910:
12907:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12882:
12876:
12875:
12871:
12869:
12867:
12862:
12861:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12847:
12843:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12831:
12827:
12826:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12812:
12808:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12782:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12771:
12768:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12758:Stramenopiles
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12721:(major groups
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12701:
12697:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12685:
12677:
12672:
12670:
12665:
12663:
12658:
12657:
12654:
12647:
12644:
12641:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12621:
12618:
12613:
12609:
12606:
12601:
12597:
12596:
12583:
12577:
12569:
12562:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12527:
12519:
12515:
12508:
12492:
12488:
12481:
12473:
12466:
12450:
12446:
12439:
12431:
12425:
12421:
12414:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12384:
12382:
12373:
12367:
12363:
12362:
12354:
12346:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12331:
12323:
12315:
12309:
12305:
12304:
12296:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12257:
12241:
12237:
12236:
12231:
12224:
12217:
12211:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12180:
12172:
12166:
12162:
12161:
12156:
12150:
12148:
12139:
12133:
12129:
12128:
12120:
12112:
12105:
12097:
12091:
12086:
12085:
12076:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12030:
12026:
12019:
12013:
11997:
11993:
11986:
11975:
11968:
11962:
11946:
11942:
11936:
11920:
11916:
11909:
11893:
11889:
11883:
11867:
11863:
11856:
11840:
11836:
11830:
11822:
11816:
11812:
11811:
11803:
11787:
11783:
11777:
11769:
11763:
11759:
11752:
11736:
11732:
11726:
11710:
11706:
11700:
11684:
11680:
11674:
11658:
11654:
11648:
11632:
11628:
11622:
11606:
11602:
11596:
11581:
11575:
11571:
11570:
11562:
11554:
11548:
11544:
11537:
11529:
11523:
11519:
11512:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11469:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11439:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11397:
11393:
11392:
11384:
11368:
11364:
11358:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11327:
11311:
11307:
11301:
11285:
11281:
11277:
11271:
11262:
11257:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11238:
11219:
11212:
11206:
11198:
11192:
11188:
11183:
11182:
11173:
11157:
11153:
11152:The Economist
11149:
11143:
11141:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11110:
11108:
11099:
11093:
11089:
11084:
11083:
11074:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11056:
11050:
11042:
11036:
11032:
11031:
11023:
11021:
11012:
11006:
11002:
10995:
10979:
10975:
10969:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10940:
10935:
10929:
10921:
10915:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10899:
10891:
10885:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10869:
10867:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10829:
10821:
10813:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10780:
10764:
10760:
10753:
10745:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10712:
10704:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10647:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10613:
10611:
10602:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10543:
10535:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10520:
10512:
10504:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10483:
10475:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10452:
10444:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10420:
10414:
10406:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10355:
10347:
10341:
10337:
10330:
10322:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10307:
10299:
10291:
10285:
10281:
10274:
10266:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10245:
10237:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10216:
10208:
10202:
10198:
10191:
10175:
10171:
10165:
10161:
10160:
10152:
10144:
10138:
10134:
10127:
10119:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10068:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10011:
10006:
9999:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9937:Theory Biosci
9931:
9924:
9916:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9870:
9861:
9853:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9820:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9765:
9746:
9742:
9736:
9732:
9725:
9724:
9723:Invertebrates
9716:
9714:
9712:
9703:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9688:
9680:
9678:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9619:
9603:
9599:
9593:
9585:
9579:
9575:
9568:
9560:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9535:
9529:
9525:
9518:
9510:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9487:
9479:
9473:
9469:
9462:
9454:
9453:Prentice-Hall
9450:
9443:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9418:
9410:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9361:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9296:
9294:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9268:
9259:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9239:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9202:
9194:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9143:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9094:
9092:
9076:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9053:
9045:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8994:
8978:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8958:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8920:
8913:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8860:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8833:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8789:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8753:
8744:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8718:
8710:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8659:
8651:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8553:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8514:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8484:
8476:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8295:
8287:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8251:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8190:
8186:
8182:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8118:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8036:
8028:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7952:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7783:
7776:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7670:
7661:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7362:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7266:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7247:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7213:
7211:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7166:
7165:Stegophilinae
7162:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7134:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7007:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6932:
6924:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6798:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6703:
6700:. BBC Earth.
6699:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6657:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6450:
6446:
6445:Vertpaleo.org
6439:
6432:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6398:
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6390:
6386:
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6363:
6359:
6353:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5992:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5973:
5965:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5212:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4946:Saupe, S. G.
4942:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4559:Royal Society
4555:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4251:9780429446276
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4206:
4205:une espèce de
4200:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4145:Cecidomyiidae
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:DNA barcoding
4128:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:ancient Egypt
4040:
4039:scarab beetle
4036:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:Whistlejacket
4008:
4007:George Stubbs
4004:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:Symbolic uses
3925:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:birds of prey
3856:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:are based on
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:Invertebrates
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3689:Ernst Haeckel
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:Louis Agassiz
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3581:Carl Linnaeus
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:classical era
3553:
3552:invertebrates
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:sea cucumbers
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:embryonic gut
3272:
3268:
3260:
3259:deuterostomes
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:deuterostomes
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:cephalisation
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:triploblastic
3153:
3149:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3046:Non-bilateria
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2982:multicellular
2979:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2812:Deuterostomia
2810:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2549:950 mya
2548:
2547:
2539:760 mya
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:Ichthyosporea
2422:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:(inc. fungi)
2397:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2343:
2329:
2328:Burgess shale
2325:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:stromatolites
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:triploblastic
2247:
2243:
2242:Trace fossils
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:hemichordates
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:onychophorans
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Burgess shale
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:Echinodermata
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:Yes >1,350
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:4,000–25,000
1764:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:Yes 1,000,000
1620:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:heat tolerant
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Late Cambrian
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:carbohydrates
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:which mainly
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:form complex
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1138:, such as in
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:, such as in
1119:
1115:
1114:fragmentation
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:nerve tissues
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:gap junctions
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:glycoproteins
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:heterotrophic
877:
873:
869:
868:multicellular
865:
857:
853:
848:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:birds of prey
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Ernst Haeckel
615:
611:
610:
605:
601:
600:Carl Linnaeus
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
516:hemichordates
513:
509:
508:deuterostomes
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
324:multicellular
321:
307:
301:
296:Gastrobionta
295:
289:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
241:
238:Subdivisions
236:
232:
228:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
59:665–0 Ma
55:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
17084:
17055:Transpoviron
16988:Fungal prion
16964:
16857:
16852:Dinodnavirus
16850:
16832:
16825:
16820:Spiraviridae
16818:
16811:
16804:
16797:
16790:
16785:Ovaliviridae
16783:
16776:
16771:Guttaviridae
16769:
16762:
16755:
16748:
16743:Clavaviridae
16741:
16734:
16727:
16720:
16713:
16706:
16690:
16669:Varidnaviria
16667:
16660:
16653:
16648:Monodnaviria
16646:
16639:
16632:
16580:
16570:
16427:
16419:
16341:Orthonectida
16336:Gastrotricha
16311:Nematomorpha
16286:Chaetognatha
16276:Hemichordate
16237:
16203:Pteridophyta
16072:Malawimonada
15946:Korarchaeota
15907:Thermotogota
15892:Synergistota
15867:Nitrospirota
15862:Nitrospinota
15807:Deinococcota
15740:Bacteroidota
15617:
15581:
15550:Biodiversity
15536:astrobiology
15258:Elements of
15215:
15210:paraphyletic
15105:
15086:
15068:
15037:Malawimonada
15017:Anaeromonada
15012:Anaeramoebae
15004:
14980:
14957:Tsukubamonas
14955:
14877:
14870:
14861:Charophyceae
14848:
14841:
14834:Streptophyta
14821:
14805:
14785:
14781:Rhodelphidia
14739:Palpitomonas
14737:
14717:
14706:Pancryptista
14651:
14644:
14581:
14548:
14536:
14516:
14486:
14481:Foraminifera
14479:
14323:
14322:
14265:
14259:Tunicaraptor
14257:
14224:
14198:Opisthokonta
14134:
14063:Opisthokonta
13924:Potentially
13919:
13872:
13848:
13842:Gymnolaemata
13837:Stenolaemata
13826:Ectoproctans
13824:
13795:
13766:
13742:
13736:Pterobranchs
13723:
13699:
13675:
13651:
13627:
13621:within phyla
13619:Major groups
13489:
13476:Bryozoa s.l.
13467:Lophophorata
13455:
13431:
13409:
13401:
13364:
13353:Orthonectida
13328:
13275:
13268:
13257:
13176:
13169:
13098:
13056:Scalidophora
13005:
12993:Ambulacraria
12980:
12893:(see below↓)
12873:
12865:
12829:
12815:
12780:Opisthokonta
12683:
12567:
12561:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12513:
12507:
12495:. Retrieved
12491:the original
12480:
12471:
12465:
12453:. Retrieved
12438:
12419:
12413:
12401:. Retrieved
12360:
12353:
12329:
12322:
12302:
12295:
12283:. Retrieved
12266:
12256:
12244:. Retrieved
12235:The Guardian
12233:
12223:
12215:
12210:
12198:. Retrieved
12189:
12179:
12159:
12126:
12119:
12110:
12104:
12083:
12075:
12058:
12054:
12048:
12036:. Retrieved
12029:the original
12012:
12000:. Retrieved
11985:
11974:the original
11961:
11949:. Retrieved
11935:
11923:. Retrieved
11908:
11896:. Retrieved
11888:"Other bugs"
11882:
11870:. Retrieved
11855:
11843:. Retrieved
11829:
11809:
11802:
11790:. Retrieved
11776:
11757:
11751:
11739:. Retrieved
11725:
11713:. Retrieved
11699:
11687:. Retrieved
11673:
11661:. Retrieved
11647:
11635:. Retrieved
11621:
11609:. Retrieved
11605:the original
11595:
11583:. Retrieved
11568:
11561:
11542:
11536:
11517:
11511:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11456:. Retrieved
11447:
11438:
11426:. Retrieved
11412:
11400:. Retrieved
11390:
11383:
11371:. Retrieved
11367:the original
11357:
11345:. Retrieved
11326:
11314:. Retrieved
11300:
11288:. Retrieved
11284:the original
11279:
11270:
11254:(1): 61–82.
11251:
11247:
11237:
11225:. Retrieved
11205:
11180:
11172:
11160:. Retrieved
11151:
11127:. Retrieved
11081:
11073:
11064:
11059:
11049:
11029:
11000:
10994:
10982:. Retrieved
10968:
10958:22 September
10956:. Retrieved
10943:
10938:
10928:
10908:
10898:
10878:
10832:
10826:
10820:
10793:
10789:
10779:
10767:. Retrieved
10763:the original
10752:
10725:
10721:
10711:
10668:
10664:
10654:
10627:
10623:
10556:
10552:
10542:
10518:
10511:
10488:
10482:
10458:
10451:
10423:
10413:
10370:
10364:
10354:
10335:
10329:
10305:
10298:
10279:
10273:
10250:
10244:
10226:Kendall Hunt
10221:
10215:
10196:
10190:
10178:. Retrieved
10158:
10151:
10132:
10126:
10081:
10077:
10067:
10055:. Retrieved
10014:
10008:
9998:
9986:. Retrieved
9943:(1): 35–42.
9940:
9936:
9923:
9880:
9874:
9869:Xenoturbella
9868:
9860:
9833:
9829:
9819:
9807:. Retrieved
9780:
9774:
9764:
9752:. Retrieved
9722:
9686:
9633:
9629:
9618:
9606:. Retrieved
9592:
9573:
9567:
9548:
9542:
9523:
9517:
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9360:
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9273:
9267:
9248:
9238:
9211:
9201:
9164:
9160:
9150:
9107:
9103:
9078:. Retrieved
9059:
9052:
9009:
9003:
8993:
8981:. Retrieved
8970:
8963:Zimmer, Carl
8957:
8925:
8912:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8842:
8838:
8832:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8776:. Retrieved
8769:the original
8764:
8752:
8733:
8727:
8717:
8672:
8668:
8658:
8623:
8620:Open Biology
8619:
8609:
8577:(1): 4–119.
8574:
8570:
8560:
8523:
8513:
8501:. Retrieved
8492:
8483:
8438:
8432:
8415:
8380:
8376:
8366:
8339:
8333:
8323:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8259:
8250:
8238:. Retrieved
8222:
8218:
8205:
8193:. Retrieved
8184:
8174:
8131:
8127:
8117:
8084:
8080:
8071:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8016:
8010:
7967:
7963:
7938:. Retrieved
7925:
7916:
7904:. Retrieved
7887:
7883:
7870:
7858:. Retrieved
7844:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7789:. Retrieved
7769:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7685:
7681:
7644:
7637:
7594:
7590:
7580:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7441:
7437:
7427:
7408:
7402:
7390:. Retrieved
7376:
7372:
7361:
7349:. Retrieved
7327:
7323:
7313:
7301:. Retrieved
7280:
7268:. Retrieved
7253:
7246:
7234:. Retrieved
7219:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7161:Vandelliinae
7155:
7140:
7133:
7113:
7085:. Retrieved
7076:
7072:
7062:
7035:
7031:
6991:
6981:
6948:(1): 31–45.
6945:
6941:
6931:
6896:
6892:
6882:
6845:
6842:PLOS Biology
6841:
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6805:
6785:
6743:
6706:. Retrieved
6644:
6606:. Retrieved
6587:
6583:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6468:
6456:. Retrieved
6444:
6431:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6366:. Retrieved
6352:
6340:. Retrieved
6331:
6321:
6301:
6277:. Retrieved
6259:
6225:
6221:
6208:
6188:
6178:
6148:(6): 100–7.
6145:
6139:
6130:
6095:
6089:
6079:
6047:(5): 392–8.
6044:
6040:
6030:
6011:
6005:
5981:Biochemistry
5980:
5972:
5953:
5947:
5928:
5922:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5807:
5803:
5793:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5723:
5714:
5691:
5685:
5665:
5658:
5635:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5577:
5558:
5552:
5519:
5515:
5509:
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5435:
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5281:
5273:
5249:
5242:
5218:
5211:
5199:. Retrieved
5180:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5146:
5139:
5111:
5104:
5080:
5073:
5044:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5000:
4993:
4974:
4968:
4958:30 September
4956:. Retrieved
4941:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4869:
4859:
4824:
4818:
4808:
4798:30 September
4796:. Retrieved
4792:the original
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4765:the original
4760:
4751:
4741:20 September
4739:. Retrieved
4724:
4700:
4693:
4666:and further
4658:. Retrieved
4649:
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4619:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4589:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4557:
4548:
4511:
4505:
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4479:the original
4474:
4465:
4452:
4446:
4438:
4420:
4414:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4360:
4351:
4334:
4330:
4278:
4274:
4268:
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4223:
4204:
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4189:
4183:
4178:
4165:
4152:
4139:species for
4127:
4117:
4113:
4032:
4017:
4000:
3986:
3960:
3931:
3919:
3855:hunting dogs
3852:
3817:
3815:
3752:
3732:domesticated
3729:
3686:
3682:Richard Owen
3665:
3651:
3650:In his 1817
3649:
3630:
3626:
3588:
3585:hierarchical
3578:
3562:, Aristotle
3557:
3468:
3448:gastrotrichs
3437:
3399:Nematomorpha
3372:
3330:Hemichordata
3287:
3264:
3245:Deuterostome
3223:Ambulacraria
3204:
3175:sense organs
3168:
3142:
3104:
3100:diploblastic
3092:
3087:sister clade
3084:
3076:sea anemones
3057:
3036:sister group
3016:sister group
3002:
2990:
2980:
2966:
2955: embryo
2951:
2927:
2902:
2882:
2843:
2825:Ambulacraria
2823:
2783:
2751:
2731:
2701:
2681:
2669:
2661:
2622:
2591:
2589:
2528:
2523:
2508:
2475:
2445:
2425:
2394:
2383:Opisthokonta
2373:
2353:monophyletic
2351:Animals are
2350:
2317:
2300:
2279:
2253:
2226:
2207:
2203:Anomalocaris
2201:
2156:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2096:
2043:
2011:
1998:Yes >400
1979:
1947:
1916:
1883:
1844:
1810:
1774:
1767:
1761:3,000–6,500
1760:
1732:
1690:
1652:
1604:
1594:Free-living
1556:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1436:
1432:such as the
1415:
1386:on the dark
1330:produced by
1321:
1286:coevolutions
1253:within that
1243:Interactions
1235:detritivores
1215:nectarivores
1203:graminivores
1187:insectivores
1168:
1162:
1122:
1107:
1088:
1033:
980:
942:and elastic
938:composed of
933:
861:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
799:
797:
708:domesticated
706:, the first
646:
638:evolutionary
621:
607:
589:
542:
528:
462:
446:interactions
415:
395:able to move
337:
319:
318:
310:Barkley 1939
304:Barkley 1939
292:Nielsen 2008
286:Haeckel 1874
221:
205:
195:(unranked):
185:(unranked):
179:Opisthokonta
175:(unranked):
162:
149:
43:
17228:iNaturalist
17109:Wikispecies
16998:microsphere
16917:Cancer cell
16662:Ribozyviria
16396:Brachiopoda
16371:Cycliophora
16316:Onychophora
16291:Kinorhyncha
16213:Ginkgophyta
16208:Cycadophyta
16173:Chlorophyta
16163:Glaucophyta
15857:Myxococcota
15775:Chlorobiota
15770:Chlamydiota
15601:Prokaryotes
15389:Atmosphere
15384:Meteorology
15101:Chitinozoan
15027:Parabasalia
14879:Embryophyta
14843:Chlorokybus
14823:Chlorophyta
14771:Glaucophyta
14745:Cryptophyta
14635:Pirsoniales
14602:Bicosoecida
14583:Platysulcus
14556:Perkinsozoa
14538:Apicomplexa
14511:Colponemida
14278:Pluriformea
14147:Archamoebea
14136:Eumycetozoa
13900:Tusk shells
13885:Cephalopods
13856:Polychaetes
13803:Turbellaria
13784:Crustaceans
13760:Secernentea
13750:Chromadorea
13731:Acorn worms
13701:Echinoderms
13693:Vertebrates
13635:Demosponges
13569:is disputed
13031:Protostomia
12919:is disputed
12846:ParaHoxozoa
12200:16 December
12186:"Butterfly"
11941:"Pet Birds"
11585:22 February
10974:"Espèce de"
10769:28 February
10524:McGraw-Hill
10057:21 February
9184:10449/43929
7940:28 February
7906:28 February
7860:1 September
7737:: 279–294.
7079:: 246–255.
6458:30 December
5818:12 February
4901:BMC Biology
4880:28 February
4771:25 February
4158:parasitoids
4014: 1762
3982: 1660
3832:trabectedin
3762:crustaceans
3758:cephalopods
3645:infusorians
3519:trochophore
3479:brachiopods
3403:Kinorhyncha
3391:Onychophora
3302:vertebrates
3294:sea urchins
3255:protostomes
3207:protostomes
3187:peristalsis
3185:to move by
3098:. They are
3032:ParaHoxozoa
3012:ParaHoxozoa
2931: mouth
2871:Protostomia
2720:ParaHoxozoa
2653:homeodomain
2637:Precambrian
2631:that lived
2447:Pluriformea
2222:nematocysts
2191:echinoderms
2183:tardigrades
2175:brachiopods
2147:Dickinsonia
2142:cholesterol
2115:Phanerozoic
2107:pelagophyte
1827:Yes (soil)
1805:Yes 14,000
1791:Yes (soil)
1710:Yes 13,000
1707:Yes 23,000
1704:>70,000
1674:Yes 60,000
1671:Yes 35,000
1641:Yes 94,000
1531:Supersaurus
1430:Vertebrates
1418:land plants
1306:eat sponges
1283:competitive
1072:germ layers
1064:invaginates
1047:spermatozoa
1028:dragonflies
750:element of
736:terrestrial
716:in security
658:(including
571:during the
559:during the
512:echinoderms
484:protostomes
438:vertebrates
308:Euanimalia
298:Rothm. 1948
248:(~30 phyla)
72:Proterozoic
56:– present,
17345:Categories
17048:Retroposon
16995:Proteinoid
16905:structures
16903:Comparable
16679:Unassigned
16582:Parakaryon
16495:Prokaryota
16429:Parakaryon
16391:Entoprocta
16326:Arthropoda
16321:Tardigrada
16301:Priapulida
16296:Loricifera
16281:Echinoderm
16251:Ctenophora
16223:Gnetophyta
16178:Charophyta
16168:Rhodophyta
16140:Ascomycota
16135:Zygomycota
16077:Metamonada
16052:Euglenozoa
16037:Ciliophora
15745:Balneolota
15720:Aquificota
15482:Wilderness
15335:geological
15182:Rigifilida
15081:Acritarchs
15006:Barthelona
14997:Metamonada
14982:Euglenozoa
14850:Mesostigma
14806:sensu lato
14787:Rhodophyta
14646:Ochrophyta
14607:Placidozoa
14518:Ciliophora
14488:Radiolaria
14405:Haptophyta
14300:Filasterea
14212:Holomycota
13880:Gastropods
13861:Clitellata
13768:Arthropods
13707:Sea lilies
13653:Cnidarians
13571:; see also
13501:Brachiozoa
13264:Syndermata
13223:Gnathifera
12921:; see also
12866:Trichoplax
12864:Placozoa (
12851:Planulozoa
12061:(1): 1–9.
11845:10 October
11689:24 January
11316:15 October
10431:. p.
9251:: 704551.
8195:5 December
7392:18 January
7351:18 January
6751:. p.
5810:(10): 36.
5290:. p.
5119:. p.
5053:. p.
4616:"Metazoan"
4451:"Animal".
4357:"animalia"
4215:References
4045:, and the
3962:Still Life
3887:chameleons
3865:have been
3863:cormorants
3756:including
3637:cirripedes
3507:earthworms
3491:entoprocts
3483:nemerteans
3460:Gnathifera
3411:Loricifera
3407:Priapulida
3395:Tardigrada
3383:Arthropoda
3363:arthropods
3314:amphibians
3241:Protostome
3129:bilaterian
3127:Idealised
3080:Ctenophora
3040:Ctenophora
3008:Ctenophora
2929:blastopore
2703:Ctenophora
2651:including
2598:Ctenophora
2477:Filasterea
2396:Holomycota
2187:arthropods
2099:Cryogenian
2093:Urmetazoan
2045:Tardigrada
2001:Yes 2,000
1969:Yes 60–80
1935:Yes 7,500
1866:Yes (few)
1833:Yes 1,750
1797:Yes 2,000
1794:Yes 4,000
1755:Yes 1,300
1713:Yes 18,000
1618:1,257,000
1606:Arthropoda
1590:Freshwater
1518:titanosaur
1498:blue whale
1490:blue whale
1459:Antarctica
1426:Ordovician
1384:cold seeps
1372:locomotion
1342:) through
1300:, such as
1231:scavengers
1227:fungivores
1211:granivores
1207:frugivores
1195:herbivores
1183:piscivores
1179:carnivores
1128:cnidarians
1126:and other
1066:to form a
1009:See also:
983:placozoans
976:desmosomes
892:life cycle
864:eukaryotic
838:'animal'.
776:literature
722:, as have
720:in warfare
712:in hunting
626:synonymous
585:Cryogenian
531:Cryogenian
506:; and the
488:arthropods
480:superphyla
424:have been
328:eukaryotic
257:Ctenophora
54:Cryogenian
17264:MilliBase
16655:Riboviria
16634:Adnaviria
16618:Satellite
16536:Eukaryota
16346:Dicyemida
16218:Pinophyta
16097:Telonemia
16032:Cryptista
16022:Breviatea
16007:Amoebozoa
16002:Alveolata
15983:Eukaryote
15735:Bacillota
15560:Eukaryota
15527:Hierarchy
15522:Biosphere
15487:Wildfires
15477:Radiation
15467:Ecosystem
15407:Moonlight
15341:Structure
15296:particles
15022:Fornicata
14928:Excavates
14730:Cryptista
14653:Oomycetes
14630:Developea
14612:Sagenista
14499:Alveolata
14435:Telonemia
14310:Choanozoa
14187:Breviatea
14130:Tubulinea
14117:Amoebozoa
14058:Amoebozoa
14036:Alveolata
14024:Cryptista
13999:Eukaryota
13969:Eukaryote
13866:Sipuncula
13813:Monogenea
13808:Trematoda
13779:Myriapods
13744:Nematodes
13688:Tunicates
13683:Lancelets
13677:Chordates
13669:Myxozoans
13576:Nephrozoa
13565:phylogeny
13365:Salinella
13320:Rouphozoa
13161:Tactopoda
13090:Nematoida
13042:Ecdysozoa
12963:Bilateria
12950:Bilateria
12931:Benthozoa
12926:Eumetazoa
12915:phylogeny
12885:Bilateria
12775:Amoebozoa
12753:Alveolata
12741:Cryptista
12716:Eukaryota
12576:cite book
12163:. Dover.
11227:13 August
10790:Syst Biol
10047:205247296
9945:CiteSeerX
9352:258765122
8874:CiteSeerX
8736:: 14–21.
8278:191467085
7572:206509488
7346:239872311
7087:2 October
7067:Uetz, P.
6475:"Myxozoa"
6401:CiteSeerX
6332:BBC Earth
5785:207051421
5720:Caro, Tim
5201:8 January
5026:29 August
4646:"Metazoa"
4295:1520-541X
4260:242704712
4234:CRC Press
3942:butterfly
3922:for sport
3895:parakeets
3799:cochineal
3770:gastropod
3748:livestock
3719:Sides of
3687:In 1874,
3684:in 1860.
3579:In 1758,
3573:Aristotle
3452:flatworms
3444:Rouphozoa
3355:dragonfly
3342:Ecdysozoa
3336:Ecdysozoa
3306:backbones
3219:Nephrozoa
3152:body plan
3145:Bilateria
3115:Bilateria
3109:Bilateria
3072:jellyfish
3024:Benthozoa
3004:Eumetazoa
2884:Ecdysozoa
2802:Nephrozoa
2772:Bilateria
2614:hox genes
2494:Choanozoa
2361:Choanozoa
2336:Phylogeny
2284:from the
2218:predators
2199:predatory
2137:Spriggina
2126:Ediacaran
1677:Yes 5,000
1598:Parasitic
1560:taxonomic
1465:Diversity
1438:Tiktaalik
1424:or Early
1396:oxidizing
1388:sea floor
1340:producers
1328:bioenergy
1290:consumers
1259:predation
1255:ecosystem
1251:food webs
1239:parasites
1223:omnivores
1221:, etc.),
1219:algivores
1199:folivores
1193:, etc.),
1155:Predators
1099:recessive
999:digestive
930:Structure
908:barnacles
798:The word
794:Etymology
764:mythology
756:cave arts
674:(such as
672:materials
592:Aristotle
535:Ediacaran
520:chordates
504:nematodes
496:flatworms
476:body plan
465:Bilateria
450:food webs
442:ecologies
426:described
405:, during
331:organisms
246:Bilateria
218:Kingdom:
212:Choanozoa
143:Eukaryota
17142:Animalia
17129:Animalia
17115:Animalia
17094:Wikidata
17085:Animalia
17028:Ribozyme
16973:Phagemid
16700:Families
16560:Protista
16544:Animalia
16509:Bacteria
16406:Annelida
16401:Mollusca
16381:Phoronid
16376:Nemertea
16351:Rotifera
16331:Flatworm
16306:Nematoda
16271:Chordate
16261:Cnidaria
16256:Placozoa
16087:Rhizaria
16062:Haptista
16042:Cercozoa
15702:Bacteria
15642:Category
15611:bacteria
15594:protista
15555:Organism
15422:Sunlight
15268:Universe
15204:protists
15200:kingdoms
15088:Grypania
15050:Imasidae
14951:Jakobida
14475:Endomyxa
14470:Cercozoa
14462:Rhizaria
14392:Haptista
14324:Animalia
14267:Bicellum
14142:Variosea
14125:Discosea
14103:Amorphea
14053:Amorphea
14031:Rhizaria
14019:Hacrobia
14009:Excavata
13994:Bacteria
13890:Bivalves
13874:Molluscs
13850:Annelids
13209:Spiralia
12816:Animalia
12770:Amorphea
12748:Rhizaria
12736:Hacrobia
12726:Excavata
12711:Bacteria
12627:Archived
12553:53595088
12449:Archived
12397:Archived
12279:Archived
12240:Archived
12194:Archived
12157:(1904).
12002:27 April
11996:Archived
11945:Archived
11943:. PDSA.
11919:Archived
11892:Archived
11866:Archived
11839:Archived
11792:22 April
11786:Archived
11735:Archived
11709:Archived
11683:Archived
11657:Archived
11631:Archived
11503:13150932
11495:14570313
11452:Archived
11422:Archived
11396:Archived
11341:Archived
11310:Archived
11218:Archived
11156:Archived
11123:Archived
11057:(1874).
10978:Archived
10952:Archived
10936:(1758).
10906:(2014).
10876:(2011).
10812:12116426
10744:15703236
10703:28377584
10671:(1): 9.
10646:24748651
10601:10781038
10421:(2005).
10405:26580012
10174:Archived
10051:Archived
10039:26842059
9979:Archived
9975:17065867
9967:18087755
9915:21307940
9852:18410719
9803:Archived
9745:Archived
9660:18719581
9608:10 March
9602:Archived
9409:28993654
9344:37198475
9335:10232365
9229:10232365
9193:29199080
9142:33741592
9044:29712911
8977:Archived
8946:Archived
8942:89080338
8896:11440251
8824:41288638
8816:14997392
8709:33310849
8650:33622103
8601:30257078
8552:30373720
8497:Archived
8475:21810989
8407:18192191
8358:26588818
8258:(2007).
8231:Archived
8189:Archived
8185:NBC News
8158:19026540
8002:35879540
7934:Archived
7900:Archived
7896:14756326
7878:(2003).
7854:Archived
7791:25 April
7782:Archived
7761:30935869
7712:30237355
7629:29881773
7564:18174439
7521:19194449
7478:26903629
7294:Archived
7201:38784755
7111:(1996).
7081:Archived
6972:23755007
6964:28938083
6923:27481785
6874:21886479
6815:Archived
6741:(2007).
6702:Archived
6602:Archived
6590:(1): 5.
6536:23024499
6479:Archived
6449:Archived
6423:56028251
6362:Archived
6336:Archived
6273:Archived
6248:Archived
6170:16323697
6122:16598249
6071:23375891
5914:22971831
5906:17836872
5855:84430254
5812:Archived
5777:15341755
5722:(2005).
5588:Archived
5544:21237809
5452:19834483
5020:Archived
4952:Archived
4933:20370917
4874:Archived
4851:12594915
4735:Archived
4682:Archived
4671:Archived
4654:Archived
4624:Archived
4594:Archived
4564:Archived
4540:24198791
4471:"animal"
4406:22630754
4398:24779547
4303:18315817
4169:Compare
4088:Ethology
4077:See also
3999:'s 1515
3891:canaries
3828:vaccines
3774:Chickens
3694:Protista
3641:radiates
3619:Chordata
3615:Mammalia
3607:Amphibia
3521:larvae.
3511:lugworms
3475:annelids
3471:molluscs
3464:rotifers
3450:and the
3423:Spiralia
3417:Spiralia
3318:reptiles
3290:starfish
3271:Spiralia
3267:cleavage
3209:and the
3068:Cnidaria
3064:Placozoa
3060:Porifera
3028:Porifera
3020:Porifera
2904:Spiralia
2845:Chordata
2753:Cnidaria
2733:Placozoa
2683:Porifera
2670:Animalia
2645:TGF-beta
2606:Placozoa
2602:Cnidaria
2594:Porifera
2524:Animalia
2171:molluscs
2101:period.
2013:Nemertea
1981:Rotifera
1905:200–300
1885:Porifera
1846:Cnidaria
1839:Yes 400
1812:Annelida
1776:Nematoda
1692:Chordata
1668:107,000
1654:Mollusca
1573:Example
1523:such as
1447:habitats
1443:Devonian
1411:bacteria
1401:such as
1364:proteins
1191:ovivores
1084:mesoderm
1080:endoderm
1076:ectoderm
1068:gastrula
956:spicules
940:collagen
916:blastula
874:, which
856:blastula
811:animalis
784:politics
780:heraldry
768:religion
748:cultural
700:services
630:Protozoa
612:, which
587:period.
500:annelids
492:molluscs
458:ethology
434:molluscs
403:blastula
393:and are
391:myocytes
338:Animalia
284:Metazoa
276:Synonyms
267:Porifera
262:Placozoa
252:Cnidaria
227:Linnaeus
222:Animalia
156:Amorphea
139:Domain:
17351:Animals
17323:ZooBank
17060:Xenobot
16978:Plasmid
16959:Jeewanu
16890:Obelisk
16686:Classes
16554:Plantae
16519:Plastid
16504:Archaea
16386:Bryozoa
16082:Provora
16057:Jakobea
16047:Discoba
15993:Protist
15930:Archaea
15683:Extant
15619:Viruses
15606:archaea
15582:animals
15534: (
15532:Biology
15509:Origin
15462:Ecology
15437:tornado
15397:Climate
15391:(Earth)
15376:Weather
15346:Geology
15333: (
15331:History
14939:Discoba
14804:Plants
14776:Picozoa
14622:Gyrista
14529:Myzozoa
14382:Provora
14288:Filozoa
14244:Holozoa
14152:Cutosea
14068:Animals
13989:Archaea
13895:Chitons
13818:Cestoda
13755:Enoplea
13629:Sponges
13402:Symbion
13345:Mesozoa
12785:Animals
12706:Archaea
12682:Extant
12605:Animals
12447:. BBC.
12403:23 June
12285:24 June
12246:24 June
12038:10 July
11655:. BBC.
11637:24 June
11611:24 June
11458:17 July
11420:. FDA.
11402:16 June
11394:. FAO.
11347:23 June
11216:. FAO.
11162:23 June
10984:1 March
10857:8703086
10837:Bibcode
10694:5431905
10673:Bibcode
10561:Bibcode
10519:Zoology
10396:4729200
10375:Bibcode
10180:1 March
10118:9223303
10086:Bibcode
10019:Bibcode
9988:4 March
9906:4025995
9885:Bibcode
9809:4 March
9799:9600869
9754:4 March
9668:4415492
9638:Bibcode
9400:5664179
9379:Bibcode
9314:Bibcode
9249:bioRxiv
9133:7978419
9112:Bibcode
9035:5928047
9014:Bibcode
8926:bioRxiv
8904:7829548
8778:4 March
8700:7732190
8677:Bibcode
8641:8061703
8592:6492006
8543:6277202
8503:3 March
8466:3158185
8443:Bibcode
8398:2614224
8303:Bibcode
8294:Geology
8240:3 March
8166:8819675
8136:Bibcode
8109:9756480
8089:Bibcode
8081:Science
8051:Bibcode
8017:Biology
7993:9349040
7972:Bibcode
7836:6694681
7816:Bibcode
7752:6856725
7690:Bibcode
7682:Science
7620:5990303
7599:Bibcode
7544:Bibcode
7536:Science
7501:Bibcode
7469:4790988
7446:Bibcode
7303:2 March
7270:2 March
7054:2412618
6914:4971185
6865:3160336
6821:2 March
6708:2 March
6608:2 March
6584:Zootaxa
6527:3235390
6485:4 March
6393:Bibcode
6368:1 March
6342:1 March
6279:7 March
6230:Bibcode
6150:Bibcode
6100:Bibcode
6049:Bibcode
5898:1700236
5878:Bibcode
5870:Science
5755:Bibcode
5594:5 March
5524:Bibcode
5501:3324702
4924:2859860
4842:1693093
4761:Palaeos
4650:Collins
4531:3814086
4514:: 625.
4485:26 July
4459:. 2006.
4311:8531859
4182:In his
4035:insects
4024:Insects
3970:Oysters
3966:Lobster
3911:rabbits
3899:parrots
3847:gun dog
3803:shellac
3795:carmine
3766:bivalve
3599:Insecta
3558:In the
3515:leeches
3487:bryozoa
3379:ecdysis
3359:exuviae
3351:Ecdysis
3326:mammals
3179:muscles
2635:in the
2464:Filozoa
2414:Holozoa
2262:called
2238:sponges
2131:Charnia
1949:Bryozoa
1897:10,800
1876:Myxozoa
1858:16,000
1824:17,000
1802:11,000
1788:25,000
1746:29,500
1725:catfish
1679:12,000
1636:ostraca
1625:insects
1535:Myxozoa
1407:archaea
1376:benthic
1374:. Some
1324:biomass
1146:Ecology
1118:budding
1059:mitosis
1055:zygotes
1043:meiosis
1039:gametes
1036:haploid
991:muscles
987:tissues
966:called
912:sessile
904:mussels
896:sponges
820:metazoa
728:pigeons
690:and as
676:leather
670:), for
622:Metazoa
569:classes
454:zoology
430:insects
422:species
420:animal
389:, have
333:in the
320:Animals
302:Zooaea
199:Filozoa
189:Holozoa
79:Archean
49:Animals
18:Animals
17302:230572
17299:uBio:
17292:325038
17276:NZOR:
17256:936783
17246:202423
17181:1ANIMK
17006:Retron
16949:Fosmid
16934:Cosmid
16884:Nanobe
16844:Genera
16626:Realms
16614:Viroid
16246:Sponge
16238:Animal
15570:plants
15402:Clouds
15366:Future
15356:Oceans
15308:Change
15291:Matter
15286:Energy
15260:nature
15212:groups
14594:Bigyra
14168:Obazoa
14046:Plants
13983:Domain
13920:bolded
12763:Plants
12700:Domain
12684:animal
12617:Animal
12551:
12497:6 July
12455:9 July
12426:
12389:"Deer"
12368:
12341:
12310:
12167:
12134:
12092:
11951:8 July
11925:8 July
11898:8 July
11872:9 July
11817:
11764:
11741:9 July
11715:9 July
11663:8 July
11576:
11549:
11524:
11501:
11493:
11428:6 July
11373:8 July
11290:8 July
11193:
11129:8 July
11094:
11037:
11007:
10916:
10886:
10855:
10810:
10742:
10701:
10691:
10644:
10599:
10589:
10583:122407
10581:
10530:
10499:
10470:
10439:
10403:
10393:
10366:Nature
10342:
10317:
10286:
10261:
10232:
10203:
10166:
10139:
10116:
10106:
10045:
10037:
10010:Nature
9973:
9965:
9947:
9913:
9903:
9876:Nature
9850:
9797:
9737:
9698:
9666:
9658:
9630:Nature
9580:
9555:
9530:
9505:
9474:
9430:
9407:
9397:
9350:
9342:
9332:
9306:Nature
9280:
9226:
9212:Nature
9191:
9140:
9130:
9080:27 May
9071:
9042:
9032:
8940:
8902:
8894:
8876:
8822:
8814:
8707:
8697:
8648:
8638:
8599:
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8550:
8540:
8473:
8463:
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8395:
8356:
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8266:
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8000:
7990:
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7493:Nature
7476:
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7415:
7344:
7261:
7236:19 May
7227:
7199:
7148:
7121:
7052:
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6970:
6962:
6921:
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6862:
6793:
6759:
6652:
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6309:
6196:
6168:
6120:
6091:Nature
6069:
6018:
5993:
5960:
5935:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5853:
5783:
5775:
5702:
5673:
5646:
5617:
5565:
5542:
5499:
5489:
5460:771357
5458:
5450:
5411:
5369:
5323:
5298:
5261:
5230:
5192:
5163:19 May
5154:
5127:
5092:
5061:
5012:
4981:
4931:
4921:
4907:: 32.
4849:
4839:
4712:
4660:6 July
4630:6 July
4600:7 June
4570:7 June
4538:
4528:
4431:
4404:
4396:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4258:
4248:
4141:Canada
4137:insect
4071:wolves
4069:, and
4055:horses
4005:, and
3909:, and
3897:, and
3883:snakes
3836:toxins
3807:kermes
3805:, and
3790:sinews
3778:cattle
3764:, and
3613:, and
3603:Pisces
3595:Vermes
3537:, and
3513:, and
3503:squids
3501:, and
3495:snails
3409:, and
3324:, and
3310:fishes
3296:, and
3191:larvae
3164:coelom
3096:organs
2604:, and
2246:Tonian
2159:fossil
2057:1,335
2025:1,350
1993:2,000
1961:6,000
1930:7,500
1721:Yes 40
1715:9,000
1666:85,000
1634:Malac-
1569:Phylum
1506:tonnes
1451:faunas
1360:lipids
1332:plants
1237:, and
1140:aphids
1136:mating
1013:, and
974:, and
954:, and
948:shells
914:. The
906:, and
900:corals
888:motile
852:embryo
816:animal
805:animal
800:animal
788:sports
786:, and
760:totems
744:hunted
724:horses
698:, and
686:), as
682:, and
666:, and
652:use of
648:Humans
549:Tonian
544:Otavia
539:sponge
482:: the
418:living
397:, can
169:Obazoa
17310:WoRMS
16983:Prion
16877:Other
16610:Virus
16549:Fungi
16155:Plant
16107:Fungi
16027:CRuMs
15589:fungi
15577:fauna
15565:flora
15472:Field
15427:Tides
15318:Earth
15276:Space
15164:CRuMs
14226:Fungi
14073:Fungi
13082:N+L+P
12790:Fungi
12687:phyla
12549:S2CID
12533:Numen
12032:(PDF)
12021:(PDF)
11977:(PDF)
11970:(PDF)
11499:S2CID
11221:(PDF)
11214:(PDF)
11063:[
10942:[
10592:34316
10579:JSTOR
10109:21545
10043:S2CID
9982:(PDF)
9971:S2CID
9933:(PDF)
9748:(PDF)
9727:(PDF)
9664:S2CID
9348:S2CID
8983:4 May
8949:(PDF)
8938:S2CID
8922:(PDF)
8900:S2CID
8820:S2CID
8772:(PDF)
8761:(PDF)
8524:eLife
8234:(PDF)
8215:(PDF)
8162:S2CID
7832:S2CID
7785:(PDF)
7778:(PDF)
7568:S2CID
7342:S2CID
7297:(PDF)
7290:(PDF)
7197:S2CID
7050:JSTOR
6968:S2CID
6452:(PDF)
6441:(PDF)
6419:S2CID
6251:(PDF)
6218:(PDF)
5910:S2CID
5894:JSTOR
5851:S2CID
5781:S2CID
5456:S2CID
4402:S2CID
4307:S2CID
4256:S2CID
4105:Notes
4067:bears
4059:lions
3964:with
3782:sheep
3723:in a
3660:used
3499:clams
3375:trait
3322:birds
3195:cilia
3148:clade
3034:as a
2953:symm.
2625:genes
1405:) by
1394:(via
1261:is a
1247:biome
1130:; or
1123:Hydra
960:fungi
952:bones
872:algae
836:zōion
828:meta-
650:make
624:(now
577:genes
469:clade
411:clade
206:Clade
163:Clade
150:Clade
17241:ITIS
17215:GBIF
17176:EPPO
17100:Q729
16922:HeLa
16526:LUCA
16474:Life
16193:Moss
15685:life
15497:Life
15432:Wind
15417:Snow
15412:Rain
15281:Time
15216:bold
14421:TSAR
13563:The
12913:The
12582:link
12499:2016
12457:2016
12424:ISBN
12405:2016
12366:ISBN
12339:ISBN
12308:ISBN
12287:2016
12248:2016
12202:2023
12165:ISBN
12132:ISBN
12090:ISBN
12040:2013
12004:2012
11953:2016
11927:2016
11900:2016
11874:2016
11847:2008
11815:ISBN
11794:2016
11762:ISBN
11743:2016
11717:2016
11691:2016
11665:2016
11639:2016
11613:2016
11587:2018
11574:ISBN
11547:ISBN
11522:ISBN
11491:PMID
11460:2015
11430:2016
11404:2015
11375:2016
11349:2016
11318:2013
11292:2016
11229:2015
11191:ISBN
11164:2016
11131:2016
11092:ISBN
11035:ISBN
11005:ISBN
10986:2018
10960:2008
10948:10th
10914:ISBN
10884:ISBN
10853:PMID
10808:PMID
10771:2018
10740:PMID
10699:PMID
10642:PMID
10597:PMID
10528:ISBN
10497:ISBN
10468:ISBN
10437:ISBN
10401:PMID
10340:ISBN
10315:ISBN
10284:ISBN
10259:ISBN
10230:ISBN
10201:ISBN
10182:2018
10164:ISBN
10137:ISBN
10114:PMID
10078:PNAS
10059:2022
10035:PMID
9990:2018
9963:PMID
9911:PMID
9848:PMID
9811:2018
9795:PMID
9756:2018
9735:ISBN
9696:ISBN
9656:PMID
9610:2018
9578:ISBN
9553:ISBN
9528:ISBN
9503:ISBN
9472:ISBN
9428:ISBN
9405:PMID
9340:PMID
9278:ISBN
9189:PMID
9138:PMID
9082:2023
9069:ISBN
9040:PMID
8985:2018
8892:PMID
8812:PMID
8780:2018
8705:PMID
8646:PMID
8597:PMID
8548:PMID
8505:2018
8471:PMID
8403:PMID
8354:PMID
8274:OCLC
8264:ISBN
8242:2018
8197:2008
8154:PMID
8105:PMID
8021:ISBN
7998:PMID
7942:2018
7908:2018
7892:PMID
7862:2014
7793:2022
7757:PMID
7708:PMID
7654:ISBN
7625:PMID
7560:PMID
7517:PMID
7474:PMID
7438:PNAS
7413:ISBN
7394:2023
7353:2023
7305:2018
7272:2018
7259:ISBN
7238:2020
7225:ISBN
7146:ISBN
7119:ISBN
7089:2021
7000:ISBN
6960:PMID
6919:PMID
6870:PMID
6823:2018
6791:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6710:2018
6650:ISBN
6610:2018
6588:3703
6532:PMID
6487:2018
6460:2022
6370:2018
6344:2018
6307:ISBN
6281:2018
6194:ISBN
6166:PMID
6118:PMID
6067:PMID
6016:ISBN
5991:ISBN
5958:ISBN
5933:ISBN
5902:PMID
5820:2018
5773:PMID
5700:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5644:ISBN
5615:ISBN
5596:2018
5563:ISBN
5540:PMID
5497:PMID
5487:ISBN
5448:PMID
5409:ISBN
5367:ISBN
5321:ISBN
5296:ISBN
5259:ISBN
5228:ISBN
5203:2016
5190:ISBN
5165:2020
5152:ISBN
5125:ISBN
5090:ISBN
5059:ISBN
5028:2017
5010:ISBN
4979:ISBN
4960:2007
4929:PMID
4882:2020
4847:PMID
4800:2007
4773:2018
4743:2007
4710:ISBN
4679:-zoa
4677:and
4662:2022
4632:2022
4602:2018
4572:2018
4536:PMID
4487:2018
4429:ISBN
4394:PMID
4299:PMID
4291:ISSN
4246:ISBN
4188:and
4063:bats
4051:deer
3968:and
3950:soul
3936:and
3932:The
3907:cats
3903:dogs
3885:and
3786:pigs
3721:beef
3611:Aves
3489:and
3393:and
3353:: a
3243:and
3117:and
3030:and
3010:and
2643:and
2193:and
2134:and
2071:Yes
2068:Yes
2065:Yes
2036:Yes
2033:Yes
2030:Yes
2004:Yes
1972:Yes
1966:Yes
1940:Yes
1911:Yes
1908:Yes
1902:Yes
1869:Yes
1863:Yes
1836:Yes
1830:Yes
1752:Yes
1749:Yes
1718:Yes
1682:Yes
1644:Yes
1580:Land
1496:The
1488:The
1478:and
1470:Size
1409:and
1382:and
1334:and
1326:and
1267:prey
1173:and
866:and
858:(2).
832:zōia
824:meta
772:arts
758:and
742:are
738:and
730:and
718:and
704:Dogs
694:for
688:pets
684:wool
664:eggs
660:meat
656:food
642:taxa
518:and
502:and
444:and
322:are
231:1758
86:Had.
65:Pha.
17163:EoL
17150:CoL
17137:AFD
17124:ADW
16886:(?)
16590:(?)
14695:CAM
14451:SAR
13420:M+K
13312:R+M
13249:M+S
13118:L+P
12541:doi
12271:doi
12063:doi
11483:doi
11256:doi
10845:doi
10798:doi
10730:doi
10689:PMC
10681:doi
10632:doi
10587:PMC
10569:doi
10464:289
10433:381
10391:PMC
10383:doi
10371:527
10104:PMC
10094:doi
10027:doi
10015:530
9955:doi
9941:126
9901:PMC
9893:doi
9881:470
9838:doi
9785:doi
9781:201
9646:doi
9634:454
9499:244
9395:PMC
9387:doi
9330:PMC
9322:doi
9310:618
9253:doi
9224:PMC
9216:doi
9179:hdl
9169:doi
9128:PMC
9120:doi
9030:PMC
9022:doi
8930:doi
8884:doi
8847:doi
8804:doi
8800:214
8738:doi
8695:PMC
8685:doi
8636:PMC
8628:doi
8587:PMC
8579:doi
8538:PMC
8528:doi
8461:PMC
8451:doi
8439:108
8393:PMC
8385:doi
8381:363
8344:doi
8311:doi
8144:doi
8097:doi
8085:282
8059:doi
7988:PMC
7980:doi
7824:doi
7812:122
7747:PMC
7739:doi
7735:140
7698:doi
7686:361
7615:PMC
7607:doi
7552:doi
7540:319
7509:doi
7497:457
7464:PMC
7454:doi
7442:113
7381:doi
7332:doi
7189:doi
7040:doi
6950:doi
6909:PMC
6901:doi
6897:371
6860:PMC
6850:doi
6592:doi
6522:PMC
6514:doi
6411:doi
6238:doi
6158:doi
6146:293
6108:doi
6096:440
6057:doi
5987:535
5886:doi
5874:239
5843:doi
5763:doi
5532:doi
5479:doi
5440:doi
5363:176
5255:371
5224:315
5055:212
4919:PMC
4909:doi
4870:CNN
4837:PMC
4829:doi
4825:358
4526:PMC
4516:doi
4386:doi
4339:doi
4283:doi
4238:doi
4009:'s
3973:by
3801:),
3768:or
3377:of
3042:.
3038:of
3018:to
2641:Wnt
2369:mya
2240:.
2232:of
2060:Yes
1800:Yes
1758:Yes
1585:Sea
1051:ova
1041:by
680:fur
17347::
17325::
17312::
17289::
17266::
17243::
17230::
17217::
17204::
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12638:–
12625:.
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