45:
29:
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135:(authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style), readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in
1444:(3.0, 3.1 or 95/98) application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article text was usually
1004:
Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias. Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more. Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like
Germany started selling books missing alphabetical sections, to
168:
Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so
592:
In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in dictionaries. Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa. In particular,
588:
information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the things for which those words stand. Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable
1156:
since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since
2047:
that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the
608:
1476:, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009. Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are
134:
Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural perspective
583:
There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries. There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide
958:
Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. During the
1206:
In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version. Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to
Knowledge, which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.
1172:, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and
1005:
publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due to weak underdeveloped laws.
384:. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many
2095:
In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical
3636:
239:), meaning 'education, rearing of a child'; together, the phrase literally translates as 'complete instruction' or 'complete knowledge'. However, the two separate words were reduced to a single word due to a scribal error by copyists of a
1611:, which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in 2004 at the 300,000 article stage. By late 2005, Knowledge had produced over two million articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the
1336:
from 1966, the current 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century.
1318:
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ad said, "You are holding your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order form. As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United States were
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that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961
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1995:
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that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.
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in the 18th century; this lineage can be seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated, well-informed content
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1112:. In the first publication, seventeen folio volumes were accompanied by detailed engravings. Later volumes were published without the engravings, in order to better reach a wide audience within Europe.
1013:– to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences themselves.
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Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning
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507:
As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as
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To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a
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3422:
2427:
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Some systematic methods of organization are essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the
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words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited
2751:
1187:
became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In the 21st century, the
2205:
1460:. In the CD-ROM age, the video clips had usually a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called
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2228:
263:, which in turn came into English. Because of this compounded word, fifteenth-century readers since have often, and incorrectly, thought that the Roman authors Quintillian and
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An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.
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Encyclopédies aim was "to change the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things. He and the other contributors advocated for the
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In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were
2901:
848:, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries, many drawings from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval
527:
becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts, such was the case of the
2501:
1618:. As of August 2009, Knowledge had over 3 million articles in English and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Knowledge has
1176:(1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the
484:, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search,
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The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.
1990:
1622:
articles in
English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages.
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In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles (either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia.
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The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century
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It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the
985:. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by
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suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."
3406:
2411:
2082:
1884:
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was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the
English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of
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1955:
438:. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the
346:, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses on an alphabetical listing of
1810:
646:, was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since as a source of information on the
434:
are well-known examples). General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and
400:. An encyclopedia is, theoretically, not written to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader of its veracity.
1574:
1011:
Lexicon
Technicum: Or, A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves
575:
after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.
554:
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1637:(2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Knowledge, including
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has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. Though published in the United States since 1901, the
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compilers. The text was arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations from common vowel order and placed in the Greek alphabet.
1909:
418:
Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:
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Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of
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Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the
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and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations. Thus, it is an example of
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Glossary of
Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.
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has said that the goal of an encyclopedia should be to provide "the sum of all human knowledge, but sum meaning summary."
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2007:
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between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the
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website format), has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia entries.
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media group. After more than 200 years, the distribution of the
Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased completely in 2014.
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1589:, would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's
884:. Many philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the work.
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outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the
712:—formed a huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books based on hundreds of classical sources, including the
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20:
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to which anyone could submit content that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included
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380:
1045:
for 'Encyclopedia, or a
Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'), better known as
1425:. This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later,
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Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the
Encyclopédie
2193:. University of Michigan Library: Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.
366:
or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in
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There were many great encyclopedists throughout
Chinese history, including the scientist and statesman
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concerning the subject named in the article's title; this is unlike dictionary entries, which focus on
28:
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categories. The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of
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method (consisting of several separate articles, organized in alphabetical order) and organization by
424:
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897:(960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the
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Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow
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1963:
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Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language
302:
264:
88:, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into
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880:, a Jain monk. It is unique because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in
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1733:
1703:
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is often credited with introducing the now-familiar alphabetic format in 1704 with his English
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844:(543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts. The encyclopedia of
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allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her copy. The
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Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie
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An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of
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8:
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Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias
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1511:, also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the
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dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.
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shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market.
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904:
726:, "practically everything that it is necessary to know". Among the areas covered were:
678:
621:
473:
93:
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clips (for example in articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and
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465:. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the
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642:, geology, and all aspects of the world around him. This work became very popular in
100:
and searchable. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most
183:
3737:
ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site
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statesman living in the 1st century AD. He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering
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65:
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The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800
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Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History
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Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias
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contributed his only published work on chemistry to the second volume of 1710.
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877:
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205:
77:
3385:
2960:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: After 244 years in print, only digital copies sold"
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3586:
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3343:
3136:"Knowledge Passes 300,000 Articles making it the worlds largest encyclopedia"
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3496:. Vol. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
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2654:
2284:, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word,
1218:
1038:
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
363:
3492:
Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic".
3280:
C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares,
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1723:
1646:
1377:
1232:
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978:
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872:(Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), dated between 800 A.D. to 15th century, is a work of
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631:
393:
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3745:, articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.
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Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967
1542:"💕" redirects here. For the website that uses the term as its motto, see
1191:
suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia
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Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture
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Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture
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3027:"How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art"
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The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the
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Hunter, Dan; Lobato, Ramon; Richardson, Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013).
1097:. Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the
2290:
1738:
1653:(2007–) in English, the latter of which had become inactive by 2014.
1604:
that a stable 💕 project was able to be established on the Internet.
1601:
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of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume
1209:
The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume
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Are libraries obsolete? an argument for relevance in the digital age
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607:
309:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
52:, 1541 edition, one of the first books to use a variant of the word
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3716:
University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category
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1612:
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1512:
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and the discontinuation of the printed editions. The rights to the
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3524:"Can History Be Open Source? Knowledge and the Future of the Past"
2862:
2381:"Transcript for Jimmy Wales: Knowledge | Lex Fridman Podcast #385"
247:
in 1470. The copyists took this phrase to be a single Greek word,
225:), meaning 'circular, recurrent, required regularly, general' and
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1520:
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In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus announced the changeover to an
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355:
253:, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the
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By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on
1087:. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the
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Diderot, Denis" entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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2311:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 8.
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Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as
1433:
were dominant and replaced disc-based software encyclopedias.
997:, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the
533:
mentioned above which was entirely state-sponsored, while the
2931:"Encyclopaedia Britannica Goes Out of Print, Won't Be Missed"
2902:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"
2308:
Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age
2285:
1437:
790:
767:
743:
683:
347:
240:
234:
220:
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2997:"Knowledge Or Encyclopædia Britannica: Which Has More Bias?"
2744:"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses"
2405:
2403:
2401:
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374:, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge.
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3673:– Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original
3065:(2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 23.
2774:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"
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The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language
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1426:
755:
462:
385:
3704:"Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips"
3107:"Encyclopedia Service Are About To Become A Huge Market"
669:
Isidore of Seville author of Etymologiae (10th. century
589:
into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.
2804:"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica.com"
1223:
of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single
96:
by article name or by thematic categories, or else are
3287:
2156:
Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives
1770:. In Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (eds.).
3288:
Bergenholtz, H.; Nielsen, S.; Tarp, S., eds. (2009).
1359:
104:. Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on
3354:
The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I
2114:
The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I
1660:
1491:) to facilitate programmatic access to the content.
3667:– Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs
3617:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
2338:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1309:encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the
1083:is most famous for representing the thought of the
681:was the first Christian writer to try to compile a
2929:
2871:"Knowledge Is the Last Best Place on the Internet"
2834:
1765:
1764:Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A. (2015) .
1322:published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel and Franke in
579:Differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries
3336:Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages
1862:
1860:
1858:
1763:
926:of 1088; the statesman, inventor, and agronomist
838:Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum
523:are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as
3750:
3088:Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued
2494:"Long before Google, there was the encyclopedia"
2335:Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance
893:, compiled by the 11th century during the early
2836:"Knowledge Didn't Kill Britannica. Windows Did"
1585:, an online encyclopedia which, similar to the
887:The enormous encyclopedic work in China of the
708:.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian
2304:
1855:
1429:discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-2000s,
1157:2016, it has been published exclusively as an
370:the meaning, significance or limitations of a
40:) and in an online encyclopedia (wikimini.org)
3404:
3311:. New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2409:
2064:
1866:
2690:University of the State of New York (1893).
2456:
2454:
2452:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1331:
1292:
1036:
541:
3405:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
3282:L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen
3188:. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company.
2706:Denis Diderot as quoted in Kramnick, p. 17.
2560:
2558:
2556:
2410:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
2065:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
1867:Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory (1998).
1553:List of other 💕s, from Enciclopedia Libre.
1252:
1246:
1236:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1133:
1060:), was a general encyclopedia published in
913:(completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes.
713:
619:
596:
571:Australia's national dictionary, became an
555:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
258:
248:
3518:
3338:(2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner.
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2487:
2485:
1625:Since 2002, other 💕s appeared, including
1565:in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based
1144:for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a
1116:
537:was supported as a for-profit institution.
3566:
2595:MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane translates
2449:
2106:
2104:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1932:
1904:
1902:
1774:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1273:
337:The modern encyclopedia evolved from the
325:Learn how and when to remove this message
3333:
2693:Annual Report of the Regents, Volume 106
2644:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 151.
2553:
2491:
2271:According to some accounts, such as the
2179:Denis Diderot; Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
1548:
1407:
989:), newly discovered and translated. The
953:
854:
664:
606:
43:
27:
3491:
3383:
3261:
3183:
3117:from the original on September 27, 2021
3037:from the original on September 23, 2019
2957:
2927:
2832:
2680:Denis Diderot as quoted in Hunt, p. 611
2516:
2482:
2465:. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
2460:
2378:
2117:. Oxford University Press. p. 22.
2060:
2058:
2056:
836:Another Christian encyclopedia was the
3751:
3464:
3437:
3249:from the original on December 16, 2010
3055:
2899:
2741:
2655:"Encyclopédie | French reference work"
2258:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2235:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2101:
2033:from the original on December 16, 2010
2002:, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press.
1978:
1899:
1827:
1825:
500:on the title page of the 18th century
413:
3593:
3425:from the original on January 14, 2021
3350:
3024:
2958:Kearney, Christine (March 14, 2012).
2868:
2564:
2430:from the original on January 14, 2021
2331:
2110:
1953:
1537:
1281:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1124:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1055:
1028:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
3306:
2994:
2869:Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020).
2732:, (Cambridge University Press, 2015)
2053:
2017:
2015:
1780:10.1093/acref/9780195392883.001.0001
1436:CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a
1316:The first edition originated in the
977:was posthumously printed in 1501 by
700:), also known by classicists as the
274:
143:and other educational institutions.
3639:from the original on April 16, 2014
3610:
3371:from the original on April 15, 2021
2754:from the original on March 14, 2012
2362:(Cambridge: University Press, 2001
1822:
1557:The concept of a 💕 began with the
1251:; readers are advised to study the
900:Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau
213:, meaning 'general education' from
13:
3225:from the original on March 8, 2021
2565:Nobel, Justin (December 9, 2015).
2492:Grossman, Ron (December 7, 2017).
1360:Encyclopedias in the United States
270:
36:('love') in a paper encyclopedia (
14:
3775:
3653:
3598:. New York: Bowker. p. 270.
3494:Science and Civilization in China
3184:Herring, Mark Youngblood (2014).
2976:from the original on May 31, 2019
2928:McArdle, Megan (March 15, 2012).
2612:of Isidore appended to Isidore's
2567:"Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules"
2012:
1719:History of science and technology
1633:(2006–) in Chinese, and Google's
1412:
1265:has for the most part maintained
3725:, 1728, with the 1753 supplement
3687:– First Renaissance encyclopedia
3684:De expetendis et fugiendis rebus
2900:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012).
2742:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012).
1954:Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022).
1677:
1663:
1500:This section is an excerpt from
1164:Printed for 244 years, the
970:De expetendis et fugiendis rebus
942:. Song Yingxing was termed the "
279:
148:digital and open-source versions
3469:. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
3442:. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.
3334:Collison, Robert Lewis (1966).
3177:
3152:
3129:
3099:
3079:
3049:
3025:Onion, Rebecca (June 3, 2016).
3018:
2988:
2951:
2833:Carmody, Tim (March 14, 2012).
2826:
2796:
2766:
2722:
2709:
2700:
2683:
2674:
2647:
2642:A Dictionary of Critical Theory
2634:
2631:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.
2625:
2602:
2589:
2372:
2352:
2325:
2298:
2265:
2242:
2219:
2196:
2173:
2146:
1833:"What are Reference Resources?"
1020:
946:of China" by British historian
903:, amounted to 9.4 million
3465:Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994).
3438:Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981).
3284:, A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991.
2719:. London: Thames & Hudson.
2379:Fridman, Lex (June 18, 2023).
1803:
1772:New Oxford American Dictionary
1757:
1616:GNU Free Documentation License
1380:. Jack Lynch says in his book
1072:and, until 1759, co-edited by
907:in 1,000 written volumes. The
724:quaecunque fere sciri debentur
1:
3206:
3091:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
2965:The Christian Science Monitor
2808:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2778:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2618:, heavily indebted itself to
2416:. Routledge. pp. 48–49.
2358:As explained by Richard Yeo,
2305:Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012).
1799:– via Oxford Reference.
1694:Bibliography of encyclopedias
1154:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
694:
549:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
150:in the 21st century, such as
92:or entries that are arranged
21:Encyclopedia (disambiguation)
3390:. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
3351:Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009).
2291:
2274:American Heritage Dictionary
2216:, 1.10.1, at Perseus Project
2111:Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009).
1641:(2002–2021) in Spanish and
1480:Multimedia Encyclopedia and
1347:trademark were purchased by
1195:, and later with the online
1103:democratization of knowledge
930:(active 1290–1333) with his
687:of universal knowledge, the
267:described an ancient genre.
227:
215:
209:
161:
7:
3660:Encyclopaedia and Hypertext
3571:. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
3567:Ioannides, Marinos (2006).
3528:Journal of American History
3357:. Oxford University Press.
3266:. Oxford University Press.
3219:Online Etymology Dictionary
3160:"List of Wikipedias - Meta"
3141:September 27, 2007, at the
2531:"History of Encyclopaedias"
1837:Eastern Illinois University
1656:
1376:. As many as 90% were sold
1152:. It has been published by
305:the claims made and adding
249:
10:
3780:
3594:Walsh, S. Padraig (1968).
3408:Dictionary of Lexicography
2413:Dictionary of Lexicography
2286:
2068:Dictionary of Lexicography
1998:December 30, 2016, at the
1956:"What is an Encyclopedia?"
1870:Dictionary of Lexicography
1541:
1499:
1280:
1235:outline of knowledge. The
1123:
1093:of learning away from the
1027:
638:, architecture, medicine,
614:, 1669 edition, title page
600:
235:
221:
200:
32:Entry for the French word
18:
3665:Internet Accuracy Project
3111:www.stillwatercurrent.com
2208:February 9, 2021, at the
2071:. Routledge. p. 49.
1873:. Routledge. p. 48.
1494:
542:Encyclopedic dictionaries
530:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
441:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3611:Yeo, Richard R. (2001).
3384:Darnton, Robert (1979).
2280:August 19, 2017, at the
2048:words and phrases stand.
1750:
1462:multimedia encyclopedias
1267:British English spelling
890:Four Great Books of Song
722:in its time it was said
603:History of encyclopedias
597:Pre-modern encyclopedias
3742:Encyclopædia Britannica
3262:Béjoint, Henri (2000).
3243:Encyclopædia Britannica
3012:Harvard Business School
2717:Books: a living history
2660:Encyclopædia Britannica
2461:Béjoint, Henri (2000).
2260:A Greek–English Lexicon
2237:A Greek–English Lexicon
2189:April 29, 2011, at the
2027:Encyclopædia Britannica
1989:Béjoint, Henri (2000).
1699:Biographical dictionary
1530:Encyclopædia Britannica
1136:Encyclopædia Britannica
1126:Encyclopædia Britannica
1118:Encyclopædia Britannica
1074:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
573:encyclopedic dictionary
425:Encyclopædia Britannica
84:providing summaries of
3730:Encyclopædia Americana
3697:July 18, 2001, at the
3307:Blom, Phillip (2004).
2254:March 8, 2021, at the
2231:March 8, 2021, at the
1734:Lists of encyclopedias
1704:Encyclopedic knowledge
1554:
1431:internet encyclopedias
1401:Encyclopedia Americana
1395:Collier's Encyclopedia
1351:, a subsidiary of the
1333:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1332:
1303:Brockhaus Encyclopedia
1294:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1293:
1283:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1275:Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
1253:
1247:
1245:and as a guide to the
1237:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1134:
1037:
991:Margarita Philosophica
876:literature written by
865:
714:
674:
650:world, and especially
620:
615:
561:Black's Law Dictionary
259:
243:manuscript edition of
171:
57:
41:
16:Type of reference work
2332:König, Jason (2013).
1966:on September 27, 2022
1920:on September 29, 2022
1552:
1408:Digital encyclopedias
1319:Conversations-Lexikon
1057:[ɑ̃siklɔpedi]
954:Printed encyclopedias
938:(1587–1666) with his
920:(1031–1095) with his
858:
668:
610:
525:information retrieval
447:Encyclopaedia Judaica
403:Knowledge co-founder
166:
47:
31:
3714:Encyclopedias online
3095:on October 27, 2009.
2615:De viris illustribus
2262:, at Perseus Project
2239:, at Perseus Project
1843:on November 22, 2022
1587:GNU operating system
1489:Wikimedia Enterprise
1383:You Could Look It Up
1241:was meant for quick
1159:online encyclopaedia
677:The Spanish scholar
567:Macquarie Dictionary
154:(combining with the
19:For other uses, see
3764:Works about history
3706: –
3264:Modern Lexicography
2995:Blanding, Michael.
2784:on October 20, 2006
2577:on December 5, 2022
2504:on October 22, 2022
2463:Modern Lexicography
2214:Institutio Oratoria
2085:on January 14, 2021
1992:Modern Lexicography
1960:Language Humanities
1887:on January 14, 2021
1744:Speculum literature
1567:online encyclopedia
1523:from 2000 to 2009,
1515:. Examples include
1509:online encyclopedia
1502:Online encyclopedia
1341:online encyclopedia
1328:Der Große Brockhaus
1326:1796–1808. Renamed
1068:. It was edited by
910:Yongle Encyclopedia
862:Yongle Encyclopedia
414:Four major elements
3562:on April 25, 2010.
3164:meta.wikimedia.org
3149:, 2004 Julich y 7.
2907:The New York Times
2748:The New York Times
2715:Lyons, M. (2013).
2541:on October 6, 2022
1817:on August 3, 2007.
1639:Enciclopedia Libre
1555:
1448:and also included
1423:personal computers
999:seven liberal arts
963:, the creation of
905:Chinese characters
866:
715:Naturalis Historia
679:Isidore of Seville
675:
622:Naturalis Historia
616:
612:Naturalis Historiæ
290:possibly contains
146:The appearance of
115:information about
58:
42:
38:Larousse Universel
3624:978-0-521-65191-2
3503:978-0-521-30358-3
3476:978-0-7294-0467-9
3449:978-0-7294-0256-9
3418:978-0-415-14143-7
3397:978-0-674-08785-9
3364:978-0-415-14143-7
3318:978-1-4039-6895-1
3299:978-3-03911-799-4
3273:978-0-19-829951-6
3195:978-0-7864-7356-4
2472:978-0-19-829951-6
2423:978-0-415-14143-7
2368:978-0-521-15292-1
2345:978-1-107-03823-3
2203:Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία
2166:978-0-415-78265-4
2131:on April 15, 2021
2124:978-0-415-14143-7
2078:978-0-415-14143-7
1880:978-0-415-14143-7
1671:Literature portal
1609:English Knowledge
1596:It was not until
1442:Microsoft Windows
1373:Funk and Wagnalls
1231:volume to give a
1193:Microsoft Encarta
1148:English-language
1146:general knowledge
923:Dream Pool Essays
660:Roman engineering
335:
334:
327:
292:original research
210:enkyklios paideia
201:ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία
195:) comes from the
3771:
3648:
3646:
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3590:
3563:
3558:. Archived from
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2593:
2587:
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2584:
2582:
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2562:
2551:
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2537:. Archived from
2527:
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2511:
2509:
2500:. Archived from
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2150:
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2127:. Archived from
2108:
2099:
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2081:. Archived from
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2019:
2010:
1987:
1976:
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1962:. Archived from
1951:
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1883:. Archived from
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1839:. Archived from
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1813:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
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1796:
1769:
1761:
1714:Fictitious entry
1687:
1685:Education portal
1682:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1579:Richard Stallman
1527:since 2001, and
1517:Encyclopedia.com
1335:
1313:printing house.
1296:
1256:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1139:
1059:
1054:
1040:
1015:Sir Isaac Newton
882:Kannada numerals
868:From India, the
799:public buildings
717:
699:
696:
656:Roman technology
625:
482:electronic media
330:
323:
319:
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307:inline citations
283:
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119:, such as their
66:American English
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3749:
3748:
3699:Wayback Machine
3656:
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3640:
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3540:10.2307/4486062
3520:Rosenzweig, Roy
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3398:
3374:
3372:
3365:
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3274:
3252:
3250:
3239:"Encyclopaedia"
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2023:"Encyclopaedia"
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2000:Wayback Machine
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1307:German-language
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1110:mechanical arts
1066:Encyclopédistes
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628:Pliny the Elder
605:
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467:target audience
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74:British English
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3688:
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3671:"Encyclopedia"
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3654:External links
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3650:
3649:
3623:
3608:
3591:
3577:
3564:
3516:
3502:
3489:
3475:
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3448:
3435:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3363:
3348:
3331:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3292:. Peter Lang.
3285:
3278:
3272:
3259:
3235:
3215:"encyclopedia"
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3176:
3151:
3128:
3098:
3078:
3071:
3048:
3017:
2987:
2950:
2920:
2889:
2861:
2825:
2810:Archived from
2795:
2780:Archived from
2765:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2699:
2696:. p. 266.
2682:
2673:
2646:
2640:Ian Buchanan,
2633:
2624:
2601:
2588:
2552:
2515:
2481:
2471:
2448:
2422:
2397:
2371:
2351:
2344:
2324:
2317:
2297:
2287:ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία
2264:
2241:
2218:
2212:, Quintilian,
2195:
2172:
2165:
2145:
2123:
2100:
2077:
2052:
2011:
1977:
1931:
1910:"Encyclopedia"
1898:
1879:
1854:
1821:
1811:"Encyclopedia"
1802:
1788:
1767:"encyclopedia"
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1658:
1655:
1539:
1536:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1414:
1413:Physical media
1411:
1409:
1406:
1361:
1358:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1199:encyclopaedia
1130:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1091:secularization
1034:
1026:
1024:
1019:
955:
952:
948:Joseph Needham
940:Tiangong Kaiwu
934:of 1313; and
878:Kumudendu Muni
870:Siribhoovalaya
791:physical world
698: 600–625
601:Main article:
598:
595:
580:
577:
543:
540:
539:
538:
505:
470:
451:
415:
412:
333:
332:
287:
285:
278:
272:
269:
206:transliterated
165:
163:
160:
94:alphabetically
78:reference work
48:Title page of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3776:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Encyclopedias
3757:
3756:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
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3727:
3724:
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3620:
3616:
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3609:
3605:
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3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3578:963-8046-73-2
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:(1): 117–46.
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:(June 2006).
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:. Routledge.
3410:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3355:
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3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3305:
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3295:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
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3236:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3147:Linux Reviews
3144:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3121:September 27,
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3072:0-89774-744-5
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:Kister, K. F.
3052:
3041:September 23,
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2975:
2971:
2967:
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2954:
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2909:
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2779:
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2769:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2728:Robert Audi,
2725:
2718:
2712:
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2457:
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2365:
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2328:
2320:
2318:9780226260709
2314:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2292:enkyklopaedia
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2257:
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2250:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2159:. Routledge.
2158:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2084:
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2074:
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2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2008:0-19-829951-6
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1911:
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1882:
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1871:
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1859:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
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1806:
1791:
1789:9780195392883
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Encyclopedism
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1661:
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1652:
1649:(2006–), and
1648:
1644:
1643:Conservapedia
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:proposed the
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
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1545:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
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1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:for use with
1420:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1390:
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1384:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1354:
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1338:
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1325:
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1314:
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1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1243:fact-checking
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:peer-produced
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:In 1933, the
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:11th editions
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:encyclopaedia
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1085:Enlightenment
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Denis Diderot
1067:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:Gregor Reisch
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Giorgio Valla
972:
971:
966:
962:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Song Yingxing
933:
929:
925:
924:
919:
914:
912:
911:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
863:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
711:
707:
704:(abbreviated
703:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
672:
667:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
623:
613:
609:
604:
594:
590:
587:
576:
574:
570:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
420:
419:
411:
408:
406:
401:
399:
395:
392:, as well as
391:
390:illustrations
387:
383:
382:
375:
373:
369:
368:understanding
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
329:
326:
318:
308:
304:
300:
294:
293:
288:This section
286:
277:
276:
268:
266:
261:
260:encyclopaedia
256:
251:
250:enkyklopaedia
246:
242:
231:
230:
217:
211:
207:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
178:
176:
170:
159:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
132:
130:
126:
125:pronunciation
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:encyclopaedia
67:
63:
55:
51:
50:Lucubrationes
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3741:
3729:
3721:
3683:
3676:Encyclopédie
3674:
3641:. Retrieved
3613:
3595:
3568:
3560:the original
3531:
3527:
3493:
3466:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3407:
3386:
3373:. Retrieved
3353:
3335:
3308:
3289:
3281:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3242:
3227:. Retrieved
3218:
3185:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:
3154:
3146:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3093:the original
3087:
3081:
3061:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3030:
3020:
3010:– via
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2937:The Atlantic
2935:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2905:
2880:. Retrieved
2874:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2840:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:the original
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2747:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2581:December 17,
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2571:The Atlantic
2570:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:the original
2534:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2497:
2476:
2462:
2439:
2432:. Retrieved
2412:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2374:
2359:
2354:
2334:
2327:
2307:
2300:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2244:
2236:
2221:
2213:
2198:
2182:Encyclopédie
2181:
2175:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2113:
2094:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2067:
2044:
2042:
2035:. Retrieved
2026:
1991:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1959:
1924:December 17,
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1913:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1869:
1847:December 17,
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1836:
1815:the original
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1771:
1759:
1724:Lexicography
1647:Scholarpedia
1629:(2005–) and
1624:
1606:
1595:
1593:philosophy.
1561:proposal on
1556:
1528:
1519:since 1998,
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1435:
1416:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1378:door to door
1371:
1365:
1363:
1344:
1330:in 1928 and
1327:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1288:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1233:hierarchical
1205:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1165:
1163:
1131:
1117:
1100:
1099:Encyclopédie
1088:
1081:Encyclopédie
1080:
1078:
1048:Encyclopédie
1046:
1035:
1030:Encyclopédie
1022:Encyclopédie
1021:
1010:
1003:
990:
979:Aldo Manuzio
968:
957:
939:
931:
921:
915:
908:
898:
895:Song dynasty
888:
886:
867:
860:
837:
835:
771:philosophers
723:
719:
705:
701:
688:
682:
676:
617:
611:
591:
582:
565:
559:
553:
547:
545:
534:
528:
502:Encyclopédie
501:
478:hierarchical
474:alphabetical
445:
439:
429:
423:
417:
409:
402:
394:bibliography
378:
376:
336:
321:
312:
289:
192:
188:
184:encyclopedia
182:
180:
172:
167:
145:
133:
105:
102:dictionaries
69:
62:encyclopedia
61:
59:
56:in the title
54:encyclopedia
53:
49:
37:
33:
25:
3722:Cyclopaedia
2597:Etymologiae
2545:December 9,
2508:December 9,
2385:Lex Fridman
1970:January 24,
1795:January 30,
1651:Citizendium
1631:Baidu Baike
1577:. In 1999,
1571:Everything2
1533:since 2016.
1458:video clips
1450:photographs
1446:hyperlinked
1353:Bertelsmann
1007:John Harris
961:Renaissance
842:Cassiodorus
815:agriculture
736:mathematics
720:Etymologiae
690:Etymologiae
673:manuscript)
509:Everything2
428:and German
405:Jimmy Wales
379:subject or
360:information
352:definitions
245:Quintillian
197:Koine Greek
129:grammatical
127:, use, and
123:, meaning,
109:information
98:hyperlinked
3753:Categories
3720:Chambers'
3375:August 17,
3207:References
3169:August 20,
2535:Britannica
2135:August 17,
2096:knowledge.
1600:and later
1559:Interpedia
1482:Britannica
1389:World Book
1367:World Book
1263:Britannica
1259:Britannica
1248:Macropædia
1238:Micropædia
1219:Macropædia
1212:Micropædia
1189:Britannica
1185:Britannica
1178:Britannica
1166:Britannica
987:Archimedes
586:linguistic
535:Britannica
459:philosophy
436:gazetteers
398:statistics
381:discipline
356:Synonymous
350:and their
339:dictionary
315:April 2022
299:improve it
113:linguistic
82:compendium
3643:April 15,
3587:218599120
3548:1945-2314
3344:220101699
2882:March 30,
2849:1059-1028
2758:March 13,
2666:March 15,
2608:Braulio,
2226:ἐγκύκλιος
1739:Thesaurus
1645:(2006–),
1620:6,885,291
1602:Knowledge
1575:Open Site
1544:Knowledge
1525:Knowledge
1468:Microsoft
1345:Brockhaus
1201:Knowledge
1170:Edinburgh
928:Wang Zhen
850:Christian
795:geography
775:languages
764:heretical
748:astronomy
718:. Of the
652:Roman art
644:Antiquity
640:geography
521:Knowledge
431:Brockhaus
303:verifying
255:Neo-Latin
222:ἐγκύκλιος
216:enkyklios
181:The word
162:Etymology
152:Knowledge
137:libraries
121:etymology
86:knowledge
3733:, 1851,
3695:Archived
3637:Archived
3633:45828872
3512:59245877
3485:30787125
3458:10645788
3429:July 27,
3423:Archived
3369:Archived
3327:57669780
3253:July 27,
3247:Archived
3223:Archived
3139:Archived
3115:Archived
3059:(1994).
3035:Archived
3006:July 25,
2974:Archived
2854:July 15,
2752:Archived
2434:July 27,
2428:Archived
2390:June 18,
2278:Archived
2252:Archived
2229:Archived
2206:Archived
2187:Archived
2089:July 27,
2037:July 27,
2031:Archived
1996:Archived
1891:July 27,
1657:See also
1613:copyleft
1583:GNUPedia
1513:Internet
1254:Propædia
1227:Propædia
965:printing
932:Nong Shu
918:Shen Kuo
752:medicine
740:geometry
732:rhetoric
702:Origines
671:Ottonian
494:epigraph
486:indexing
455:medicine
364:analysis
90:articles
3710:article
3556:4486062
3229:May 13,
2980:May 31,
2970:Reuters
2943:June 7,
2913:June 7,
2818:May 31,
2788:May 31,
2610:Elogium
2249:παιδεία
1598:Nupedia
1521:Encarta
1495:Online
1478:Grolier
1473:Encarta
1419:CD-ROMs
1324:Leipzig
1305:) is a
1095:Jesuits
1053:French:
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874:Kannada
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