Nationality law - Knowledge

400:. Some nations domestically use the terms interchangeably, though by the 20th century, nationality had commonly come to mean the status of belonging to a particular nation with no regard to the type of governance which established a relationship between the nation and its people. In law, nationality describes the relationship of a national to the state under international law and citizenship describes the relationship of a citizen within the state under domestic statutes. Different regulatory agencies monitor legal compliance for nationality and citizenship. A person in a country of which he or she is not a national is generally regarded by that country as a foreigner or 1057:. A person born outside of Ireland with entitlement to Irish nationality through a grandparent born in Ireland may pass that right on to her or his own children. To do so, however, that person must register her or his birth in Ireland's Foreign Births Register prior to the children's births. Irish law also automatically grants nationality at birth to any individual born abroad to a parent who was born in Ireland, without the need to register with the DFA prior to the granting of citizen's rights like holding an Irish passport. 1261:('by choice'), is given to some people of Spanish origins that, though not complying with the requisites to attain nationality through origin, are able to prove close ties to Spain; this option is given mainly to the children of people that have attained or recovered Spanish nationality after their birth, but it has age limits and one must exercise this choice prior turning 20 (in some countries, like Argentina, prior turning 23, as majority of age is attained at 21 there). Most of the 1182:, approved 29 August 2003, provided that all Philippine nationals who become nationals of another country shall be deemed not to have lost their Philippine nationality. It further states that natural-born Filipinos who have lost their Philippine nationality in this manner may repatriate by taking an oath of allegiance to the Republic, and that their children whether legitimate, illegitimate or adopted, below 18 years of age, shall be deemed nationals of the Philippines. 4380: 1168:

eases this process for many Kola Norwegians. These provisions are in general stricter than in some other countries giving "Right of return." In order to obtain a permit to immigrate and work in Norway a Kola Norwegian will have to prove an adequate connection to Norway such as having at least two grandparents from Norway. Citizenship will then be awarded according to regular rules. As of 2004 approximately 200 Kola Norwegians had moved back to Norway.

25: 1281:) which took effect in December 2008, introduced temporary two-year changes to current Spanish nationality laws. Those whose father or mother were born original Spaniards (regardless of their place of birth, whether they are still living, or whether they currently hold Spanish nationality) and those whose grandparents emigrated due to political or economic reasons will have the right to 991:(PIO) is a person living outside of India and without Indian nationality, but of Indian origin up to four generations removed. It is available to persons of Indian origin anywhere in the world as long as they have never been nationals of Pakistan or of Bangladesh (a reservation excluding Muslims who joined Pakistan during or after the 1947 partition). This unusual type of 578:, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city. Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an 1012:(OCI). Overseas nationality is not substantially different from PIO rights. Holding either PIO or OCI status does, however, facilitate access to full Indian citizenship. An OCI who has been registered for five years, for instance, need be resident for only one year in India before becoming a full national. 1201:

are eligible for nationality. The Foreign Ministry has sent emissaries to countries around the world to urge the descendants of Russian emigrants to return home. The majority of these emigrants have returned from Ukraine, many of them young men looking for better education and job opportunities. The

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recognize only the child of a Jewish mother as being Jewish. People who would be otherwise eligible for this law can be excluded if they can reasonably be considered to constitute a danger to the welfare of the state, have a criminal past, or are wanted fugitives in their countries with the exception

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to and settle in Israel and obtain nationality, and obliges the Israeli government to facilitate their immigration. Originally, the law applied to Jews only, until a 1970 amendment stated that the rights "are also vested in a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child

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is entitled "Acquisition of Bulgarian Citizenship", the first section of which is entitled "Acquisition of Bulgarian Citizenship by Origin", and provides at article 9 that "ny person...whose descent from a Bulgarian citizen has been established by way of a court ruling shall be a Bulgarian citizen by

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Nevertheless, states' rights to determine who their nationals are is not absolute, and states must comply with their human rights obligations concerning the granting and loss of nationality. In particular, nationals must not be arbitrarily deprived of their nationality. The right to a nationality and

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Most states today allow for aliens to acquire a nationality via a process known as naturalization on the basis of long-term residence and other conditions. This process and the conditions it entails are detailed in the states' nationality laws. Some nationality laws have special provisions to make it

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qualify. To qualify for permanent residence permit, the persons in this group must have a basic knowledge of spoken and written Finnish or Swedish. The knowledge is tested in pre-immigration training and in a subsequent language test. In addition, they must have a pre-arranged permanent residence in

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is the principle whereby the nationality of a person is dictated by their blood (i.e., parentage or ancestry). For instance, in Italy, nationality may be transmitted perpetually if one can find an Italian ancestor up until the founding of the Italian state in their lineage. By contrast, other states

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and nationals of other countries historically related to Spain (Portugal, Andorra, Philippines, and Equatorial Guinea) also have a Right of Return: They can apply to Spanish nationality after 2 years of legal residence (the usual time is 10 years for most foreigners) and they have the right to keep

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It was only after 1990 that many of the Kola Norwegians again dared to emphasize their background. Only a few had been able to maintain a rusty knowledge of Norwegian. Some of them have migrated back to Norway. There are special provisions in the Norwegian rules of immigration and nationality which

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states that, under certain conditions, persons with "Finnish roots" or an otherwise "close connection to Finland" may receive a residence permit in Finland without the requirement of any further grounds (e.g., work or studies). Receiving a residence permit depends on the directness and closeness of

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There has been a shift towards a principle that neither marriage nor dissolution of marriage automatically affecting the nationality of either spouse, nor of a change of nationality by one spouse during marriage automatically affecting the nationality of their spouse. However, in many jurisdictions

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is the principle, whereby birth on a country's territorial jurisdiction—e.g., land, or in some cases, vessel registered as being registered as under the jurisdiction of that country (aeroplanes, ships)—confers nationality of the country of birth to the child. In most countries, this originated from

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who was residing in Ukraine at the time of its declaration of independence and any stateless person living on the territory of Ukraine at the moment of its declaration of independence was granted nationality. Anyone born abroad to at least one parent with Ukrainian nationality, including permanent

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Russia offers citizenship to individuals descended from Russian ancestors who can demonstrate an affinity for Russian culture and, preferably, speak Russian. Concern about Russia's shrinking population prompted the program. This has had a positive effect because this has not only reversed Russia's

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who were living abroad), and as such, practically all immigrants to China are ethnic Chinese, including many whose families lived outside of China for generations. The Chinese government encourages the return of Overseas Chinese with various incentives not available to others, such as "tax breaks,

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grants nationality—and thus the right of residence—to anyone whose parents are or were Czech nationals, unless the individual is also a national of a country that has a treaty with the Czech Republic barring dual nationality of the Czech Republic and that country. Moreover, people of Czech origin

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Further provisions extended rights to stepchildren. The wording of this legislation refers to 'Citizenship', 'Naturalisation' and 'Residence', and at no point refers to any specific ethnicity or ethnic group. Announcing his support for right of return legislation in Britain, Member of Parliament

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clauses do not confer original status (except those included in the Historical Memory Law), thus it can be lost, and, in case one possesses nationality other than those described below as historically related to Spain (e.g., United States), renounce their current nationality in front of Spanish

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Various phenomena throughout Greek history (e.g., the extensive colonization by classical Greek city states; the vast expansion of Greek culture in Hellenistic times; the large dominions at times held by the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire; and the energetic trading activity by Greeks under the

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In November 2012, the Spanish government announced that it would eliminate the residency period for Sephardic Jews, and permit them to maintain dual nationality, on the condition that such naturalization applicants presented a certificate of their Sephardic status from the Federation of Jewish

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Regardless of their place of birth, the adult children and grandchildren of original Spaniards (original Spaniards are those who, at the moment of their birth, were born to people who possessed Spanish citizenship) can also access Spanish nationality on softer terms than other foreigners: they

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The common practice within and among states at the beginning of the 20th century was that a woman should have the nationality of her husband; i.e., upon marrying a foreigner, the wife would automatically acquire the nationality of her husband and lose her previous nationality, often with the

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affirmed the principles of the 1968 legislation, giving the right of immigration to the grandchildren of British nationals and nationals born in the Commonwealth nations. It was in effect long enough to enable the descendants of ethnic Britons to return to Britain from the former colonies.

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There is also an intersection between the principles, wherein only persons of a certain race or blood will acquire nationality at birth. For instance, in Liberia, African-born persons will acquire nationality while those of non-African origin will not be entitled to this privilege.

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residents of Ukraine, is entitled to Ukrainian nationality. Children born within the territory of Ukraine to at least one Ukrainian parent, stateless persons with at least one Ukrainian grandparent, and children adopted by Ukrainian citizens are also eligible to become nationals.

875:, and was of a limited duration. The amendment was consistent with what the Czech Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs has identified as "the Czech government's policy principles regarding the resettlement of foreigners of Czech origin living abroad." A private fund, the 660:

It is for each State to determine under its own law who are its nationals. This law shall be recognised by other States in so far as it is consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognised with regard to

1512:, recognizing the right of settlement only for British nationals. It is notable that it was enacted after the contraction of the Empire was completed, and was offered to all substantial populations of descendants of ethnic Britons in the former colonies. 862:

to provide the Interior Ministry with the discretion to waive the usual five-year residency requirement for foreigners that had been resettled in the Czech Republic by 31 December 1994. This amendment was aimed particularly at several hundred ethnic

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require just 1 year of legal residence, and they are exempted from work restrictions. This law in practice also benefits the great-grandchildren of emigrant Spaniards as long as their grandparents (born outside of Spain) are/were original Spaniards.

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from approximately 1850 to the closure of the border in the 1920s. It is estimated that around 1000 Norwegians lived on the Kola peninsula in 1917. The Kola Norwegians were deported to or put in camps in other parts of Russia during the course of

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laws only operate generationally, such as in some Middle-Eastern countries, where a child born in the territory will only acquire nationality if the child's father (regardless of parental nationality) was born in the same territory. Sometimes

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who have been determined to be of Finnish nationality by Soviet or post-Soviet authorities; or who have at least one parent or two grandparents who have been determined to be of Finnish nationality in official documents (e.g., in their

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Foundation, worked with government authorities between 1995 and 2001 to effect this resettlement in the specific instance of Russian and Kazakh nationals of Czech origin, and had resettled approximately 750 such persons as of 2000.

940:). This group also includes all persons who were transferred to Finland between 1943 and 1943 from areas occupied by Germany and were subsequently returned to Soviet Union; or who served in the Finnish Defence Forces during the 1637:: In 2010, Hungary passed a law granting nationality and the right of return to descendants of Hungarians living mostly on the former territory of the Hungarian Kingdom and now residing in Hungary's neighbouring countries. 1484:

stated that, "All the great nations of the earth have what the Jews call a Diaspora," and affirmed that nations "special and residual obligation(s) toward them," which include recognizing their right to nationality.

2549: 965:"Foreign persons of Greek origin," who neither live in Greece, hold Greek nationality, or were necessarily born there may become Greek nationals by enlisting in Greece's military forces, under article 4 of the 673:

he manners in which States regulate matters bearing on nationality cannot today be deemed within their sole jurisdiction; are also circumscribed by their obligations to ensure the full protection of human

1456:, amending legislation passed in 1962, removed the right of entry from 200,000 south Asians long resident in British East Africa who had become the victims of the Africanization drive in newly independent 2745: 653: 2203: 2830: 1269:

In practice this renunciation has little practical effect, and in some cases no effect, as only renunciations made to one's own country's officials has an effect on the linked nationality. The

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The explanatory comments of this section, when originally written in 1940, provided clarification that all citizens were nationals of the United States but not all nationals were citizens.

973:(Law 2130/1993). Anyone wishing to do so must present a number of documents, including "vailable written records...proving the Greek origin of the interested person and his ancestors." 1715:: Romania extends nationality to all former nationals, as well as to the children and grandchildren of those who have lost their Romanian nationality, regardless of ethnic background. 1136:. However, the Minister of Justice can waive the age and residence requirements if an applicant for naturalization has a special relationship to Japan, such as a Japanese parent. 1026:

Irish nationality law provides for acquisition on the basis of at least one Irish grandparent. Note that, for the purposes of Irish nationality law, a person born anywhere on the

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if they had two children while living abroad." The "rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese" are afforded special protection according to Articles 50 and 89(12) of the

2182: 709:(1995) provides that "individuals of Armenian origin shall acquire nationality of the Republic of Armenia through a simplified procedure." This provision is consistent with the 552:, as such cannot be provided to nationals under the jurisdiction of a foreign state of which they are also nationals; and men becoming subject to military service obligations. 3730: 3635: 2565: 2546: 3645: 3463: 798:

In April 2015, the Hong Kong Government announced a pilot scheme named "Admission Scheme for the Second Generation of Chinese Hong Kong Permanent Residents" (ASSG).

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married women, and sometimes married men as well. This led to a number of problems, such as: loss of the spouses' original nationality; spouses losing the right to

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Immigration Department to implement pilot Admission Scheme for 2nd Generation of Chinese HK Permanent Residents & enhancements to talent admission arrangements

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of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew." This resulted in several hundreds of thousands of persons qualifying for immigration to Israel (mainly from the

3760: 2740: 962:, including individuals and families whose ancestors have been resident in diaspora communities outside the modern state of Greece for centuries or millennia. 824:

have not ceded the claim on mainland China, the government does not consider the people in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau as Republic of China nationals.

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may dispense with conditions of naturalisation to grant nationality to an applicant who "is of Irish descent or Irish associations," under section 15 of the

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According to the Immigration Service, people who may be granted a residence permit based on these conditions can be divided into the following three groups:

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is acquired through a predetermined period of legal residency in Spain. This distinction is important because Spanish nationality laws primarily follow

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do not automatically have the right of return, may be refused entry, removed or deported from Taiwan area, and an entry permit is needed before 2011.

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decreed in 1924 that every Sephardi could claim Spanish nationality. This right was used by some refugees during the Second World War, including the

364: 3099: 2368: 392:, that defines the legal manner in which a national identity is acquired and how it may be lost. In international law, the legal means to acquire 2966: 1335:

in Northern Africa, the Spanish government has taken friendly measures towards the descendants of the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 under the

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of persecution victims. Jews who convert to another religion also lose the right of return. Since 1950 2,734,245 Jews have immigrated to Israel.

988: 3405: 1701:: On April 12, 2013, the Portuguese parliament approved unanimously an amendment to its nationality laws which would permit the descendants of 1481: 1305:

Spanish nationality without the requirement of residence in Spain. They also have the right to maintain any current nationality they possess.

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generally has the right to freely determine who it will recognise as its nationals and citizens. Such determinations may be made by custom,

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from the former Soviet Union who exercise this right, though American, Canadian, and Swedish nationals with Finnish ancestry are eligible.

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conferred full and equal nationality and settlement rights in Britain on all 800 million subjects of the worldwide British Empire. The

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who are not nationals of the People's Republic of China, Chinese who were living abroad, and encourages their return. However, although

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populations, particularly those assumed to be living under precarious conditions. A non-exhaustive list of such countries laws follows.

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laws require lawful residence in the country before the authorities will observe this right, such as in Cambodia or Thailand. Sometimes

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Laws may be based on any one of these principles, but they commonly reflect a combination of all three principles. Generally speaking,

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Recognizing this situation, Greece grants nationality to broad categories of people of ethnic Greek ancestry who are members of the

3459: 1689:, Article 52(5): "Anyone whose Polish origin has been confirmed in accordance with statute may settle permanently in Poland." (see 753:

provides that "ny person who is not a Bulgarian citizen may acquire Bulgarian citizenship...if he/she...is of a Bulgarian origin."

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in 1989, which declared, in article 4, that "Armenians living abroad are entitled to the citizenship of the Republic of Armenia."

1522: 1343:. The motivation for these measures was a desire to repair a perceived injustice, the need of a collaborative base of natives in 839: 2569: 1527: 3991: 3435: 3337: 3264: 2680: 711: 831:, however, they do not automatically have a right of return to Taiwan area if they don't have a household registration there. 89: 4153: 2886:

Pandora's Passport, Hungary extends citizenship beyond its borders, Slovakia retaliates," The Economist, June 5, 2010, p. 60.

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of favored ethnic groups. The laws in these countries appear to reflect a desire by governments to guarantee a safe haven to

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is an intermediate form of nationality in that it does not grant the full portfolio of rights enjoyed by Indian citizens.

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origin also have the right to apply for nationality after a year of legal residency in Spain. Since the rediscovery of

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Finnish ancestry. If the ancestry dates back several generations, a residence permit cannot be granted on this basis.

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Spanish nationality. Until and while the Law of Historic Memory takes effect, the following laws will also apply:

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and formal membership in a nation are separated from the relationship between a national and the nation, known as

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asked the three parliamentary groups that form the majority to support an amendment that would ease the way for

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and subsequently codified into their own domestic laws, such as in the United States, Canada, Australia, etc.

4141: 3705: 3590: 3455: 3269: 3114: 2435: 2011: 1526:, the latest of a series of such Acts, establishes nationality law of the United States. This is codified in 1009: 532:

Some states automatically confer nationality on the basis of marriage. A prominent example of a country with

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is (almost exclusively) acquired at the moment of birth, mainly to a Spanish parent, and can never be lost.

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population decline but has also increased the birth rate. Officials estimate that 25 million members of the

57: 4362: 3715: 3675: 3440: 3074: 2717: 1726: 1505: 1500: 1446: 1128:) up to the third generation, which provides for long-term residence, unrestricted by occupation, but most 281: 1542:"a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States." 4232: 4187: 4106: 4101: 4081: 4026: 4016: 3981: 3710: 3630: 3565: 3362: 3249: 3199: 3069: 1820: 1702: 1328: 903: 793: 614: 249: 1045:

The entitlement to nationality of all people born on Ireland and its islands was stipulated by the 1922

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that all persons born on the King's land owed an allegiance to the King. This law was inherited by the

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make provision for an even newer form of Indian nationality, the holders of which are to be known as

924:, including those who have at least one parent or grandparent who has been a native Finnish national. 855:

might be granted the right to permanent residence (Czech origin is a reason worth of consideration).

807: 728: 716: 205: 2698:"España concederá la nacionalidad a todos los sefardíes con independencia de su lugar de residencia" 1042:

applies; thus, people born in Northern Ireland are entitled to both British and Irish nationality.)

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transmission of nationality up to the registration of the second generation down the family line.

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and wished to move to Britain. The act required "substantial connection" to Britain, defined as:

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or served in the Finnish army in 1939–1945. This group includes persons from areas of the former

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a parent or grandparent who became a national of the United Kingdom or its colonies by adoption;

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cannot automatically acquire Japanese nationality, and must instead go through the process of

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Not all Republic of China nationals have a right of return to Taiwan area even if they hold a

4192: 3950: 3905: 3870: 3855: 3825: 3680: 3610: 3367: 2340:"Granting Nationality of the Czech Republic - Ministry of the interior of the Czech Republic" 1814: 1653: 1422: 1270: 1021: 955:

Ottomans) all tended to create Greek communities far beyond the boundaries of modern Greece.

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provides for persons who are of Finnish origin to receive permanent residence. It is usually

859: 629:(precedent), or a combination of either. In some cases, the determination may be governed by 286: 82: 2967:"Rolling Back History: The Romanian Policy of Restoration of Citizenship to Former Citizens" 2614: 1589:), and provides privileges by excluding them from certain conditions imposed on others. The 4313: 4286: 4177: 3740: 1490: 781: 200: 2591:

Provisions given in addition to the Norwegian law of Citizenship, point 3.8.4. (Norwegian)

2215:"Proposed Amendments to the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica." 1534:, in which section 101(a)(22) states that the term "national of the United States" means: 1122:

A special visa category exists exclusively for foreign descendants of Japanese emigrates (

8: 4303: 4222: 3765: 2943: 2677: 1706: 1409:. Such a measure might have benefited an indeterminate number of people, particularly in 1406: 1340: 1100: 879: 579: 556:

spouses can still obtain special and fast processing of applications for naturalisation.

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reciprocal recognition by the other country. Legal provisions existed that automatically

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The nationality laws of several countries have special provisions in them to simplify

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the prohibition against depriving one's nationality is codified in article 15 of the "

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Overseas ethnic Chinese can register as Republic of China national and apply for a

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Article in Aftenposten givina some statistics on the Kola Norwegians (Norwegian)

1347:, and an attempt to attract the sympathy of wealthy European Sephardis like the 404:. A person who has no recognised nationality to any jurisdiction is regarded as 4339: 4239: 2917: 2896: 2818:

Immigration and the Nation-State; The United States, Germany and Great Britain,

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Immigration and the Nation-State; The United States, Germany and Great Britain,

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Immigration and the Nation-State; The United States, Germany and Great Britain,

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origin shall acquire Bulgarian nationality through a facilitated procedure."

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Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws

1405:. The proposal was originally made by IULV-CA, the Andalusian branch of the 654:

Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws

4265: 2939:"Descendants of Jews who fled persecution may claim Portuguese citizenship" 1758: 1563:(2002) states that permanent-residence term requirements may be waived for 1177: 1161: 932: 921: 571: 389: 124: 1474:

had acquired British Nationality under legislation passed in 1948 or 1964.

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Propuesta de IU sobre derecho preferente de moriscos a la nacionalidad

1916:"Married Women's Nationality in the International Context (1918–1935)" 1413:. However, the call went unheeded by the central Spanish authorities. 1604: 1593:

makes use of this to obtain dual nationality or to return to Croatia.

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and the independent Balkanic states succeeding it. The government of

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in 2014 triggered a mass exodus of ethnic Russians living in Crimea.

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birth or the birth of a parent or grandparent in the United Kingdom;

24: 4291: 4257: 2987: 1783: 1679:, Article 32(4): "Every Lithuanian person may settle in Lithuania." 1638: 1384: 1324: 945:

Finland, but the labour authorities assist in finding an apartment.

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a parent or grandparent who was Naturalised in the United Kingdom;

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Nationality law can be broadly categorized into three principles:

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Piden la nacionalidad española para los descendientes de moriscos

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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

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Acquisition of Greek Nationality by Aliens of Greek Origin Law

678: 2856:"The Constitution of the Republic of Estonia – Riigi Teataja" 2801: 2773: 1618: 1457: 1383:. This decree was again put to use to receive some Jews from 1363:

Spanish diplomacy exercised protection over Sephardis of the

1926:(1: Gender and the Citizen). Paris: Éditions Belin: 73–94. 1091: 2831:"U.S. Citizenship Laws and Policy : Dual Nationality" 2369:"Permanent residence permit for persons with Czech origin" 1297:

and economic migrants) and their children are eligible to

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The immigration law of China gives priority to returning

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which had been brought by the Czech government from the

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citizens (10% of its population) objected vociferously.

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laws are not always absolute: sometimes countries with

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China: Overseas, Rural, Taiwan | Immigration Laws #14

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those without a household registration in Taiwan area

2636:

Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003

2393:"Romové v České republice - cizinci ve vlastní zemi" 2033: 1846:"Global Birthright Citizenship Laws: How Inclusive?" 1844:Honohan, Iseult; Rougier, Nathalie (October 2018). 1214:There are three categories of Spanish nationality: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2135:(in Italian). Vatican City State. 22 February 2011 1986:Alexander Street Press: Women and Social Movements 1567:and descendants of ethnic Belarusians born abroad. 2045:"American Nationals and Interstitial Citizenship" 1252:including those relating to the right of return. 763:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China 4398: 2876:Ghana, a place for African-Americans to resettle 2416:. Archived from the original on January 12, 2002 2414:"Ministerstvo práce a sociálních věcí – MPSV ČR" 2297:"CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA" 1999:Sawyer, Caroline; Wray, Helena (December 2014). 1739:provides that the descendants of emigrants from 2667: 1403:Morisco descendants to gain Spanish nationality 2329:- specifically "大陸地區人民因未具中華民國國民身分，亦無法以外國人身分報考" 1843: 1584: 1578: 3003: 2104:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: 1913: 358: 4150:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2820:Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.110 2786:Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.109 2770:Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.101 1504:differentiated between British nationality, 1030:is considered "Irish." (The island includes 608: 2658:A Sturdier Russia Beckons Its Children Home 2001:"Report on Citizenship Law: United Kingdom" 1066:Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 1986 679:Ethnic group-related provisions, by country 3010: 2996: 2797:http://www.britishcitizen.info/CIA1968.pdf 2130:"Law on citizenship, residence and access" 2122: 1998: 1816:Multiple Nationality And International Law 1062:Irish minister responsible for immigration 365: 351: 2639:, Chan Robles Law Library, 29 August 2003 2316:Government of Hong Kong. 28 April 2015. " 2156:. 2006. "Nationality Law." Pp. 476–92 in 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 2175:Right to a Nationality and Statelessness 2099: 2042: 858:In 1995, the Czech Republic amended its 2223:. 19 January 1984. § 3, para. 32, p. 9. 1967: 1523:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 1510:British Dependent Territory Citizenship 1289:Natural-born Spanish emigrants (mainly 1152:who settled along the coastline of the 927:persons who either were evacuated from 749:origin." Separately, article 15 of the 4399: 2547:Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 2479:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1914:Guerry, Linda; Rundell, Ethan (2016). 1006:Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 776:high salaries and exemptions from the 712:Declaration on Independence of Armenia 2991: 2158:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 1431:law, anyone who was a citizen of the 647:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3017: 2964: 2221:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2147: 2043:Villazor, Rose Cuison (March 2017). 1850:Netherlands International Law Review 1812: 1539:"a citizen of the United States;" or 1047:Constitution of the Irish Free State 667:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 2280:Australia Immigration Visa Services 2081:from the original on March 22, 2020 1433:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 13: 2656:Levy, Clifford J. 21 March 2009. " 2102:Fransman's British Nationality Law 1982:Inter-American Commission of Women 1974:Report on the Nationality of Women 1550: 639:European Convention on Nationality 14: 4418: 2795:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 1631:descent to settle in the country. 1439: 845: 605:populations to become nationals. 589: 527: 4379: 4378: 3100:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2897:"ICL - Lithuania - Constitution" 2529:Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 2059:Fordham University School of Law 2021:from the original on 28 May 2019 1769:Citizenship Act (disambiguation) 1515: 1453:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 1060:Separately from this right, the 1001:Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 505: 425:, or right by birth on the soil; 23: 4245:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 2971:Citizenship in Southeast Europe 2958: 2931: 2910: 2889: 2869: 2848: 2823: 2789: 2757: 2734: 2711: 2690: 2650: 2627: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2558: 2540: 2522: 2504: 2487: 2442: 2406: 2385: 2361: 2332: 2323: 2310: 2289: 2282:. June 2001. Archived from the 2268: 2255:"ICL - Bulgaria - Constitution" 2247: 2226: 2209: 2188: 2167: 2160:, edited by J. Smiths. p. 479. 1858:Springer Science+Business Media 1580:Zakon o hrvatskom državljanstvu 566:Vatican City § Citizenship 34:needs additional citations for 4082:Federated States of Micronesia 3446:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2603:Norwegian terms of citizenship 2234:"ICL - Armenia - Constitution" 2093: 1992: 1961: 1907: 1837: 1806: 1705:in the 16th century to become 1171: 737:, Article 25(2): "A person of 559: 1: 2918:"ICL - Poland - Constitution" 2012:European University Institute 1856:(3). The Hague, Netherlands: 1813:Boll, Alfred Michael (2007). 1799: 1727:eligible for dual nationality 1559:: The Citizenship Act of the 1053:, and reinforced by the 1998 570:Uniquely, citizenship of the 411: 4363:British Overseas Territories 2501:. Maahanmuuttovirasto. 2020. 1506:British Overseas Citizenship 1501:British Nationality Act 1981 1447:British Nationality Act 1948 787: 473:English common law tradition 433:, or right of the blood; and 7: 4233:Renunciation of citizenship 2499:Finnish Immigration Service 1821:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1747: 1703:Jews expelled from Portugal 1641:, which has 500,000 ethnic 904:Finnish Immigration Service 794:Right of abode in Hong Kong 722: 498:will be restricted by age. 456: 10: 4423: 2624:Retrieved 11 December 2006 2605:Retrieved 11 December 2006 2593:Retrieved 11 December 2006 2566:"Inside The Jewish Agency" 2202:. 1930. Archived from the 1420: 1416: 1189: 1115: 1086:is legislation enacted by 1075: 1019: 1015: 1010:Overseas Citizens of India 980: 886: 836:Republic of China passport 829:Republic of China passport 805: 791: 760: 726: 698: 694: 593: 563: 509: 460: 4358: 4332: 4274: 4215: 4168: 4069: 3959: 3786: 3779: 3548: 3473: 3330: 3323: 3032: 3025: 2434:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2100:Fransman, Laurie (2011). 2057:(4). New York, New York: 1870:10.1007/s40802-018-0115-8 1677:Constitution of Lithuania 1627:law allows for people of 1607:is entitled to settle in 1185: 1139: 1071: 967:Code of Greek Citizenship 949: 808:Taiwanese nationality law 801: 746:Bulgarian Citizenship Act 729:Bulgarian nationality law 717:Supreme Soviet of Armenia 609:Limits to nationality law 447:countries in the Americas 150:Aboard aircraft and ships 3080:Central African Republic 1599:: Article 36 (3) of the 1532:Title 8 of the U.S. Code 1316:their birth nationality. 1279:Ley de Memoria Histórica 1209: 1118:Japanese nationality law 1111: 1090:in 1950, that gives all 976: 756: 735:Constitution of Bulgaria 701:Armenian nationality law 631:public international law 16:Law of a sovereign state 4178:Commonwealth of Nations 2162:Edward Elgar Publishing 2106:Bloomsbury Professional 1601:Constitution of Estonia 1577:'s law on nationality ( 1192:Russian citizenship law 1051:Constitution of Ireland 1040:British nationality law 1034:, which is part of the 989:Person of Indian Origin 812:The immigration law of 707:Constitution of Armenia 441:, or right of marriage. 3992:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1774:History of citizenship 1692:Polish nationality law 1687:Constitution of Poland 1585: 1579: 1369:Miguel Primo de Rivera 1360:Communities in Spain. 1339:and persecuted by the 1278: 993:nationality by descent 983:Indian nationality law 4375:Partially recognized. 3240:São Tomé and Príncipe 2154:de Groot, Gerard-René 1971:(November 28, 1933). 1654:Iraqi nationality law 1583:) defines emigrants ( 1423:Ukrainian citizenship 1394:In October 2006, the 1271:Historical Memory Law 1022:Irish nationality law 388:, and of each of its 287:Diplomatic protection 4314:Second-class citizen 4287:Multiple citizenship 3756:United Arab Emirates 3390:(Kingdom of Denmark) 2511:US Embassy in Athens 2206:on 26 December 2014. 1737:2004 nationality law 1735:: Article 23 of the 1491:Immigration Act 1971 1266:consular officials. 1255:The third category, 969:, as amended by the 782:Chinese Constitution 615:international custom 43:improve this article 4304:Permanent residency 4223:Loss of citizenship 4198:Caribbean Community 3451:Trinidad and Tobago 3436:St. Kitts and Nevis 3338:Antigua and Barbuda 2965:Dumbrava, Costica. 2944:The Times of Israel 2816:Joppke, Christian, 2782:Joppke, Christian, 1707:Portuguese citizens 1603:states that "Every 1561:Republic of Belarus 1341:Spanish Inquisition 1101:former Soviet Union 744:Chapter Two of the 582:as provided in the 550:consular assistance 520:may restrict their 312:Permanent residency 3378:Dominican Republic 2748:2009-05-18 at the 2725:2008-12-11 at the 2683:2007-01-22 at the 2674:Spanish Civil Code 2620:2008-06-14 at the 2552:2011-05-14 at the 2534:2006-04-25 at the 2516:2008-07-05 at the 2320:" (press release). 2286:on 28 August 2006. 2050:Fordham Law Review 1862:T.M.C. Asser Press 1565:ethnic Belarusians 938:internal passports 893:Finnish Aliens Act 705:Article 14 of the 652:Article 1 of the " 332:Identity cleansing 4394: 4393: 4368:Open border with 4211: 4210: 4065: 4064: 3544: 3543: 3464:US Virgin Islands 3391: 3115:Equatorial Guinea 2764:Joppke, Christian 2200:League of Nations 2115:978-1-84592-095-1 1830:978-90-04-14838-3 1591:Croatian diaspora 1295:Spanish Civil War 1055:Belfast Agreement 1028:island of Ireland 920:persons of other 916:Finnish nationals 822:Republic of China 733:According to the 375: 374: 322:Right to homeland 119: 118: 111: 93: 58:"Nationality law" 4414: 4382: 4381: 4228:Denaturalization 4117:Papua New Guinea 4102:Marshall Islands 3784: 3783: 3389: 3328: 3327: 3030: 3029: 3019:Nationality laws 3012: 3005: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2835:travel.state.gov 2827: 2821: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2771: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2694: 2688: 2671: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2631: 2625: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2568:. Archived from 2562: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2526: 2520: 2508: 2502: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2455:. Archived from 2454: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2346:. Archived from 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2293: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2230: 2224: 2217:Advisory Opinion 2213: 2207: 2192: 2186: 2171: 2165: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2020: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1810: 1789:Political asylum 1779:Dual nationality 1588: 1582: 1573:: Article 11 of 1381:Giorgio Perlasca 1327:Jews during the 1321:Sephardic Jewish 1227:('by residence') 1199:Russian diaspora 1032:Northern Ireland 942:Second World War 818:overseas Chinese 778:one-child policy 769:Overseas Chinese 715:, issued by the 367: 360: 353: 327:Voluntary return 240:Lost citizenship 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4407:Nationality law 4397: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4354: 4328: 4309:Right of return 4270: 4207: 4170: 4164: 4127:Solomon Islands 4061: 4027:Northern Cyprus 4022:North Macedonia 3955: 3790: 3775: 3540: 3469: 3319: 3021: 3016: 2986: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2774: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750:Wayback Machine 2739: 2735: 2729: 2727:Wayback Machine 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2685:Wayback Machine 2672: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2622:Wayback Machine 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2572:on 15 July 2016 2564: 2563: 2559: 2554:Wayback Machine 2545: 2541: 2536:Wayback Machine 2527: 2523: 2518:Wayback Machine 2509: 2505: 2492: 2488: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2450:"Archived copy" 2448: 2447: 2443: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2214: 2210: 2193: 2189: 2172: 2168: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2041: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2008:Badia Fiesolana 2003: 1997: 1993: 1977: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1794:Human migration 1754:Immigration law 1750: 1723:Overseas Korean 1553: 1551:Other countries 1545: 1518: 1477: 1442: 1425: 1419: 1377:Ángel Sanz Briz 1353:Alhambra Decree 1351:of France. The 1345:Spanish Morocco 1337:Alhambra Decree 1313:Ibero-Americans 1250:iure sanguinis, 1212: 1194: 1188: 1174: 1146:Kola Norwegians 1142: 1120: 1114: 1080: 1074: 1024: 1018: 985: 979: 952: 889: 860:Nationality Law 848: 838:—specifically, 810: 804: 796: 790: 765: 759: 731: 725: 703: 697: 681: 619:sovereign state 611: 598: 592: 580:Italian citizen 568: 562: 530: 514: 508: 465: 459: 414: 386:sovereign state 378:Nationality law 371: 337:Right of return 282:Criminalization 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4420: 4410: 4409: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4376: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240:Naturalization 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4193:Nordic Council 4190: 4185: 4183:European Union 4180: 4174: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4146:American Samoa 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4057:United Kingdom 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3960:Rest of Europe 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3826:Czech Republic 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3788:European Union 3781: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3453: 3448: 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1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1730: 1716: 1710: 1696: 1680: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1632: 1624:right of abode 1612: 1594: 1568: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1517: 1514: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1441: 1440:United Kingdom 1438: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1373:Hungarian Jews 1365:Ottoman Empire 1357: 1356: 1317: 1310: 1306: 1245:Por residencia 1235: 1234: 1228: 1225:por residencia 1222: 1211: 1208: 1190:Main article: 1187: 1184: 1173: 1170: 1157:Kola Peninsula 1141: 1138: 1134:naturalization 1116:Main article: 1113: 1110: 1076:Main article: 1073: 1070: 1036:United Kingdom 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 981:Main article: 978: 975: 960:Greek diaspora 951: 948: 947: 946: 925: 922:Finnish origin 918: 888: 885: 877:People In Need 852:Czech Republic 847: 846:Czech Republic 844: 806:Main article: 803: 800: 792:Main article: 789: 786: 773:ethnic Chinese 761:Main article: 758: 755: 727:Main article: 724: 721: 699:Main article: 696: 693: 685:naturalization 680: 677: 676: 675: 663: 662: 610: 607: 596:Naturalization 594:Main article: 591: 590:Naturalization 588: 584:Lateran Treaty 564:Main article: 561: 558: 534:jus matrimonii 529: 528:Jus matrimonii 526: 510:Main article: 507: 504: 461:Main article: 458: 455: 449:have a strong 443: 442: 438:jus matrimonii 434: 426: 413: 410: 373: 372: 370: 369: 362: 355: 347: 344: 343: 342: 341: 340: 339: 334: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 297:Foreign worker 294: 289: 284: 279: 278: 277: 264: 263: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 247: 237: 232: 231: 230: 225: 220: 213:Naturalization 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 185: 184: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 161: 154: 153: 152: 139: 138: 132: 131: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4419: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4370:Schengen Area 4367: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4319:Statelessness 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4251:Ius sanguinis 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4203:African Union 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171:organizations 4169:International 4167: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4142:United States 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3886:Liechtenstein 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3793:Schengen Area 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3472: 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