1549:
1538:
692:
Spanish economy. The Golden Visa also allows holders to travel freely to and from Spain without taking up (tax) residency, as long as they visit the country once per year to renew the visa. However, because the visa itself is considered equivalent to a residency card, holders also have the right to travel within the
Schengen area on visa-waiver conditions, which is a considerable advantage to citizens of certain countries who might otherwise have difficulties obtaining Schengen visitor visas.
913:(Investor) visa, which opened for applicants in 2008. Applicants were required to invest ÂŁ2 million or more in the UK and meet other eligibility criteria. Visa holders could reside in the UK for a maximum of 3 years and 4 months, with the ability to apply for an extension of 2 more years. The visa holder could apply to settle after 5 years or less; the greater the investment, the shorter the waiting period. According to the
878:. The program was suspended between 2019 and 2024 by the province, citing problems with the program's "integrity" and low retention rate. In 2024, the government reopened the reformed program, which imposes more stringent financial requirements and requires the applicants to be fluent in French, barring the majority of potential investors.
711:
introduced the 10 year Golden Visa system in 2019. It allows qualifying individuals to live, study and work in UAE without the need of a national sponsor. The residence visa program, offers various possibility to become a resident in the UAE for certain category of professionals, such as PhD holders,
691:
In 2013, Spain introduced a Golden Visa for residency with an investment of €500,000 in unmortgaged real estate, €1,000,000 in
Spanish companies, or €2,000,000 in Spanish government bonds. This visa is also available to people with a business project that will make a "significant" contribution to the
322:
Program applicants must usually fulfill multiple qualification criteria. Investment can take a variety of forms including a contribution to government funds; purchase of qualifying real estate (for example, in specific government-sanctioned projects); investment in a qualifying business (for example,
1009:
In 2023, the
European Commission proposed revising the rules on visa-free travel from countries with golden passport programs. In 2024, the European Council agreed on a draft regulation that would update a mechanism to suspend visa-free access for "third countries", which include the operation of an
955:
The
Hungary program required a €300,000 purchase of interest free government bonds, repayable in 5 years, plus a €60,000 one off fee for the applicant, which covered all family members, the 5 year visa was renewable at no extra cost and citizenship could be applied for after 8 years. Opened in 2013,
682:
Russia opened its
Investor Visa program on December 31, 2022. It provides the opportunity to gain permanent residency in Russia for the applicant and their direct family. To apply, one has to either sponsor a social project, purchase real estate, invest in a business, or start their own company. The
649:
An investment of €50,000 into a
Latvian company, provided the company pays at least €40,000 per annum in tax will gain the investor a five-year residency after paying a one-off €10,000 fee to the government. The residency is renewable or it can be converted to permanent residency after four years of
605:
From
September 2024, the minimum threshold rises to 800.000€ for all areas except islands with populations below 3.100 people, where the minimum threshold is 400.000€. Furthermore, the "golden visa" buyer can buy only one house or apartment, with a minimum of 120 square meters, and is forbidden from
463:
Turkey offers
Turkish Citizenship by Investment (TCBI). Investors are required to purchase real estate worth at least US$ 400,000 and hold it for 3 years or deposit US$ 500,000 in a bank in Turkey for a period of 3 years. Upon investing as above and submitting citizenship application duly, a Turkish
419:
in 1993 to provide investors the opportunity to gain
Dominican citizenship via a contribution to its Economic Diversification Fund or the purchase of an alternatively approved project along with a fee. As of 2022, Dominica requires a minimum donation of $ 100,000 in its Economic Diversification fund
1005:
In 2023, the security problems caused the United
Kingdom to withdraw visa-free travel from its former colonies, Dominica, Honduras, Namibia, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu, citing “clear and evident abuse of the scheme, including the granting of citizenship to individuals known to pose a risk to the UK”.
597:
in real estate or financial instruments, as an incentive to attract international capital flows. The program originally requires a minimum investment of €250,000 in real estate or €400,000 in securities or a bank deposit in Greece. The investors' close family members also receive a residence permit
497:
visa for a country by making an investment such as purchase of property or investment in a business. These programs are often known as "golden visas". The programs (on their own) do not allow the applicant to obtain citizenship (see "Citizenship by investment" and "Hybrid programs" below). However,
1437:
Over the last decade, more than 100,000 Chinese have poured at least $ 24 billion into "golden visa" programs across the world, an Associated Press analysis has found. These programs offer residence in exchange for investment in a country's businesses. Nowhere is Chinese demand greater than in the
501:
Many users of such programs are wealthy Chinese and Russian citizens seeking legal security and a better quality of life outside of their home country. Golden visas have been especially popular with Chinese nationals, over 100,000 of whom acquired them during the period from 2007 to 2016. In 2015,
334:
Citizenship by investment programs enable the applicant to rapidly obtain citizenship with no required residence period, or only a short nominal period measured in days or weeks. These are often known as "golden passports" or "cash-for-passport" programs, offering visa-free travel and possible tax
715:
Golden visa holders are allowed to sponsor their family members which includes spouse, children and support staff. The visa can be renewed if the required criteria is met. Unlike some other golden visa programs which requires the visa holder to maintain a duration of stay in the country, the UAE
609:
Applicants should note that the golden visa is only for residence in Greece and no other jurisdiction, as this competence is reserved to individual member states of the European Union. It also does not permit employment in Greece. Furthermore it does not guarantee citizenship, which has separate
1882:
Golden visa holders can sponsor their family members including spouses, children and support staff without any limit, and the visa is renewable, as long as you meet the required conditions for it. Also, there is no restriction on the maximum duration of stay outside the UAE in order to keep the
794:
In March 2022, the EB-5 program was overhauled with the passage of new legislation called the EB-5 Reform and Integrity Act (RIA). Positive changes were introduced by RIA to enhance the appeal of the program. RIA allows concurrent filing which permits investors to live and work in the USA while
601:
By February 2023, the country had issued 10,105 residence permits to investors and 18,154 to their family members. On 23 December 2022, the golden visa program was changed, setting the 5 year visa at a minimum of €500,000 for real estate investments in specific areas of the country, coming into
2133:
The E-2 investor visa allows foreign investors only from specific Treaty Countries, to invest in a business in the US and through this investment, live and work in the business legally in the US. Many individuals from Treaty countries have utilized this visa to access the US due to its shorter
842:
As per recent changes made to the US regulation, individuals holding a passport from a treaty country are required to be domiciled there for a period of three years before being eligible to apply for the E-2 investor visa. This amendment was introduced as investors who were not from the treaty
669:
By 2023, the country had issued more than 10,000 golden visas (not including the investors' family members), of which close to 50% had been issued to Chinese nationals. All visa holders bought properties, lived in them for 2 weeks before leaving them empty or renting them out to holidaymakers,
631:
or creating a local company to provide services, or to trade in goods, will give the investor a temporary residence permit for themselves and their family. Residential investment can give a permit lasting 5 years and the company route, 3 years. these visas are renewable. 3 years of continuous
640:
A two year residence permit achieved with buying a house, investing or donating €1,000,000. Investments being €250,000 in a start up, €500,000 in an Italian company or €2,000,000 in government bonds. Extendable for three years periods and after 10 years may be eligible for citizenship.
814:
The initial visa term varies from three months to five years depending on the U.S. reciprocity schedule with the applicant's country of citizenship. The E-2 visa can be renewed indefinitely and it is possible for the investor to change their legal status to a green card (e.g.
712:
scientists, outstanding professional in a specific field or industry and/or to doctors and their families. Other skilled professionals included are senior scholars, elite specialists in industry and fourth industrial revolution, specialists in health industry and education.
1372:
968:
The sale of passports and "golden visas" has sparked controversy in several countries. Some of the criticisms include doubts about the economic benefits, as well as security concerns. A 2023 study found that citizenship-by-investment programs increase
2471:
610:
statutory requirements, including a minimum 7 years filed tax residency of at least 183 days per year, and an examination on knowledge of Greek language and culture. Males may also be required to fulfill their compulsory military service.
951:
The Bulgaria scheme allows a company, or part of a company, to be brought to the country, or to create a new company that will employ at least 10 locals, or to invest in residential property, to apply for a D class visa and Bulgarian
618:
For comparison, ordinary residence visas are available, such as for Financially Independent Persons, or Freelance remote workers, that have a minimum income requirement with private medical insurance, and do not involve investment.
673:
On 16 February 2023 the Government announced that it would close the programme as soon as possible. However, on 7 October 2023, the Government announced that the Golden Visa will continue albeit without the real estate option.
1131:
875:
670:
resulting in rising property prices and long-term rentals became unaffordable for locals. €‎7 billion has come into the country, 90% being used to buy property. Only 2 visas a year were issued for job creation reasons.
2684:
A Biden administration official described the golden passports as a loophole that allows wealthy Russians connected to the Kremlin to become citizens in other countries and access certain financial systems.
1996:
2671:
2158:
1494:
2756:
2561:
2018:
987:
Money laundering scandals involving banks in Malta and Latvia have made citizenship schemes more contentious by drawing attention to the lack of controls on Russian funds entering EU countries.
1763:
632:
residence allows a permanent residence permit to be applied for. Seven years residency and passing a language exam will open the opportunity to acquire citizenship and a Hungarian passport.
1123:
326:
A growing number of countries offer immigrant investor programs, with approximately one quarter of all countries issuing such visas as of 2015. As of 2023 about half went to Turkey.
477:
Citizenship of Montenegro could be obtained within a year through an investment of €250,000 into approved development projects and a €200,000 government fee, until closed in 2022.
1870:
2426:
2283:
1841:
860:
since 1986, but it was suspended in 2014. Most of the applicants were Chinese, who preferred to settle on the Pacific coast. The program has been associated with the lack of
606:
short term rentals thereafter, such as through platforms like Airbnb. The penalty for failure to obey this law shall be a 50.000€ fine and cancelation of the residence visa.
2090:
928:
Hybrid residence-citizenship programs allow applicants to first obtain residence and then, after an accelerated residence period (as short as 2 years), obtain citizenship.
1432:
1191:
874:
maintains its own program, also established in 1986 – the Quebec Immigrant Investor Program – since the province has the right to set its own immigration policy due to a
772:
There is an annual cap of 10,000 applications under the EB-5 program. The program is designed to encourage foreign investment in infrastructure projects, particularly in
455:, starting in 1984. It requires a minimum of $ 250,000 as an economic contribution to the country or to invest at least $ 400,000 in an approved real estate development.
1588:
440:
to design and implement, is similarly capped at 1,800 applicants. The minimum investment for this program is $ 870,000 with a non-refundable contribution of $ 700,000.
1048:"IMF Working Paper, WP/15/93, Too Much of a Good Thing?: Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs, by Xin Xu, Ahmed El-Ashram and Judith Gold"
1438:
United States, which has taken in at least $ 7.7 billion and issued more than 40,000 visas to Chinese investors and their families in the past 10 years, the AP found.
2313:
1516:
577:
offers a investor residency program with a real estate investment of $ 250,000 and after 5 years an individual is eligible for Belizean citizenship which offers a
2349:
1730:
1988:
498:
the person may eventually be able to apply for citizenship using standard naturalization procedures after residing in the country for a required amount of time.
2661:
999:
1486:
2542:
2150:
2194:
1956:
1924:
901:
The IIP closed in early 2023. Since 2012 the program has brought €1.17 billion to Ireland. The majority of investments were made by Chinese nationals.
2371:
288:
1755:
1661:
959:
In Mauritius an investor needs to buy a luxury residential property in a specific development, or a ten year investment into a choice of businesses.
1679:
1161:
2723:
2696:
2335:
404:
Annually, an estimated 50,000 people, including family members of those who apply, obtain citizenship through investment programs, worldwide.
304:
are programs that allow individuals to more quickly obtain residence or citizenship of a country in return for making qualifying investments.
2638:
2596:
1961:
1350:
2115:
1896:
1213:
2263:
416:
1951:
1574:
1054:
748:
1227:
976:
Golden visas have been criticized by members of the European Parliament for disfavouring the concept of citizenship and in 2014 the
2267:
1786:
338:
As of mid-2023, more than twenty countries had citizenship by investment programs. These included five countries in the Caribbean (
2076:
2064:
EB-5 program experienced an overhaul with passage of new legislation called the EB-5 Reform and Integrity Act (RIA) in March 2022.
2273:
2209:
910:
452:
1414:
1183:
1623:
281:
777:
776:(TEA) with high unemployment. Funds are channeled through businesses known as regional centers, now designated only by the
2046:
598:
without further investment requirements, including their spouse, children up to 21 years old, parents and parents-in-law.
2305:
1819:
1508:
857:
752:
2236:
1342:"Citizenship is for sale to the wealthy, Malta is among states to offer second passports, easing access to the wider EU"
2789:
1299:
898:. It did not offer permanent residency in Ireland, but could be extended every few years for an indeterminate period.
2081:
485:
Citizenship of Moldova could be obtained through a €130,000 donation, but the program has been suspended since 2022.
807:
investor program allows foreign nationals of specific treaty countries to invest in a start up, buy a business or a
769:
million, depending on the location of the project, and requires at least 10 jobs to be either created or preserved.
991:
788:
274:
613:
890:
nationals residence permission based on long-term investment into enterprises, investment funds, real-estate or
716:
golden visa has no restriction on the maximum duration of stay outside the UAE to maintain validity of the visa.
73:
2404:
843:
countries would obtain citizenship in one of the treaty countries to become eligible for the E-2 visa program.
2184:
758:
The EB-5 visa program, which is also called as the Golden Visa program, requires applicants to invest between
2799:
1124:"From Europe to the Caribbean, there are 11 countries where you can buy citizenship with a 'golden passport'"
1643:
861:
839:
will require the investor to work 40+ hours a week in the business at least for the first 12 to 18 months.
205:
1458:
699:
announced that his government would terminate the Golden Visa, but without specifying an exact end date.
173:
2662:"Biden administration expands sanctions against Russia, cutting off U.S. transactions with central bank"
1965:
1097:
2086:
2493:
1153:
2724:"EU raises security concerns as it reveals five Caribbean states have sold 88,000 'golden passports'"
2447:
1589:"Italy suspends 'golden visas' for Russians and Belarusians more than a year after EU recommendation"
594:
129:
2237:"Réforme du Programme des immigrants investisseurs : craintes d'un « échec annoncé »"
2146:
773:
17:
2757:"Council takes first step towards new EU rules on suspending visa-free travel for third countries"
2619:
2577:
1341:
1393:
1257:
1079:
1756:"Golden visa - Long-term residence visas in the UAE - The Official Portal of the UAE Government"
1154:"Fifth report on the EU visa-free regime with Western Balkans and Eastern Partnership countries"
981:
891:
887:
590:
998:
in the US described golden passport programs as a loophole for wealthy Russians to get around
2261:
351:
210:
2784:
1019:
995:
659:
433:
124:
1047:
8:
1842:"UAE expands Golden Visa programme to include more workers as global talent war heats up"
1235:
977:
914:
895:
494:
437:
390:
339:
235:
225:
163:
146:
37:
31:
2794:
2023:
1846:
1463:
1228:"Citizenship | Government of St. Kitts & Nevis – Citizenship By Investment Program"
1024:
448:
255:
1287:
2731:
2630:
2588:
2553:
2523:
1731:"Sánchez anuncia que eliminará los visados de oro a extranjeros por comprar vivienda"
1662:"Portugal Officially Ending Golden Visa by Real Estate Investment on October 7, 2023"
1313:
1305:
1295:
245:
920:
The Tier 1 (Investor) visa scheme was closed to new applicants on 17 February 2022.
2513:
2505:
2019:"How layoffs, lottery worries with H-1B visas are steering people to the EB-5 Visa"
1487:"New Zealand re-opens door to wealthy foreign investors promising to drop millions"
1428:
1010:
investor citizenship scheme as a valid grounds for suspension of visa-free access.
578:
429:
250:
168:
151:
2509:
1705:
696:
2697:"UK imposes visa requirements on five nations citing 'abuse' of migration system"
2625:
2583:
2494:"Escaping the exchange of information: Tax evasion via citizenship-by-investment"
1321:
831:. The E-2 visa investor must commit to investing a substantial amount (generally
663:
367:
260:
230:
158:
420:
or a $ 200,000 minimum investment in a government approved real estate project.
1628:
614:
https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/1234609/greece-tightens-golden-visa-rules/
220:
136:
68:
2151:"Foreign sales peak in Richmond as Quebec ramps up investor immigrant program"
1925:"More investors seek second passports, UAE Golden Visas amid global headwinds"
1811:
319:"), or a hybrid with immediate residence followed by accelerated citizenship.
2778:
2735:
2634:
2592:
2557:
2548:
2527:
2278:
1871:"Planning to work in the UAE? Here are five types of visas you can apply for"
1317:
558:
119:
94:
81:
1325:
2189:
381:
Countries that have historically offered citizenship by investment include
48:
2350:"Ireland Terminates Its Golden Visa Program for Wealthy Foreign Investors"
1214:"Montenegro has stopped providing Russians with passports for investments"
589:
Introduced in 2013, the Greek Golden Visa program offers residency to non-
1989:"US Golden Visa: Why are Indians lining up for EB-5 after recent changes"
970:
808:
534:
355:
198:
193:
184:
114:
105:
2518:
2180:
1901:
1415:"Chinese investors spent $ 24B on "golden visas" in U.S. and elsewhere"
398:
215:
59:
2336:"Ireland Has No Government Records Related to Golden Visa Commissions"
886:
Introduced in 2012 the "Immigrant Investor Program" (IIP) offered non-
2396:
2120:
2051:
1929:
1602:
940:
865:
828:
824:
820:
744:
732:
542:
522:
510:
931:
This type of program was offered by a number of countries including
1419:
932:
804:
728:
538:
506:
412:
359:
343:
141:
88:
1309:
2620:"Malta bank was set up with 'criminal proceeds', say prosecutors"
1812:"UAE Government starts granting golden visas to resident doctors"
1424:
936:
917:, 255 visas of this type were granted in the first half of 2019.
628:
550:
394:
382:
375:
347:
240:
2116:"2023 outlook on US immigration and the EB-5 green card program"
1457:
Pena, Paulo; Augusto, Diogo; Bersi, Eurydice (6 February 2023).
835:) and create American jobs (usually 2+). Most investments under
751:(USCIS). Successful applicants and their family can apply for a
493:
Residence by investment programs allow an applicant to obtain a
2210:"Nouvelle suspension du programme des immigrants investisseurs"
871:
574:
530:
518:
514:
502:
the majority of golden visas were issued to Chinese nationals.
386:
371:
307:
Broadly, the programs offer either citizenship by investment ("
52:
2372:"UK axes 'golden visa' scheme after fraud and Russia concerns"
666:
to help attract investment into the country's housing market.
323:
in a specific industry); or creation of a set number of jobs.
944:
816:
546:
526:
363:
27:
Providing residence or citizenship in exchange for investment
627:
Investing €155,000 in any completed residential property in
2666:
727:
The United States has two main investor visa programs: the
1787:"The value of golden visa programmes and who they benefit"
1897:"UAE Golden Visa: Are you eligible and how do you apply?"
795:
waiting for the adjudication of their EB-5 applications.
708:
683:
residency can be converted to citizenship after 5 years.
554:
30:"Golden passport" redirects here. For the 2017 book, see
1098:"The ultimate score for rich people? "Golden" passports"
923:
2110:
2108:
1706:"Frequently asked questions about Golden Visa in Spain"
505:
Numerous governments offer these programs including in
2578:"Malta's golden passport scheme draws fresh criticism"
1265:
1184:"What happened to Moldova citizenship by investment?"
702:
650:
residency. Citizenship is obtainable after 10 years.
329:
2105:
1980:
984:that an EU passport should not have a "price tag".
719:The UAE Golden Visa costs $ 136,000 for investors.
488:
2722:Jolly, Jasper; O'Carroll, Lisa (19 October 2023).
2721:
2618:
2576:
2541:
1957:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
1340:
2185:"Canada kills investor visa popular with Chinese"
1624:"Portugal will no longer issue 'golden' EU visas"
1575:"Hungary Launches New 5-Year Term Renewable Visa"
1531:
2776:
2660:Macais, Amanda; Franck, Thomas (1 March 2022) .
2365:
2363:
2047:"UAE residents are priority for USA Golden Visa"
1456:
2491:
2472:"The Mauritius Residence by Investment Program"
1862:
1373:"St. Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment"
464:passport is granted typically within 6 months.
2759:. Council of the European Union. 13 March 2024
1501:
1176:
856:The country historically had a national-level
2492:Langenmayr, Dominika; Zyska, Lennard (2023).
2360:
1962:United States Department of Homeland Security
282:
2659:
2264:Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service
2039:
1778:
1644:"É oficial. Governo põe fim aos vistos gold"
1146:
876:legal agreement with the federal government
2369:
2011:
1834:
289:
275:
2517:
1986:
1539:"Greece Statistics - Golden Visa program"
1292:Global Residence and Citizenship Handbook
749:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1080:"The peculiar world of golden passports"
2370:Allegretti, Aubrey (17 February 2022).
2274:Joint Committee on Justice and Equality
1987:Mukherjee, Saurav (21 September 2022).
1338:
1258:"Individual Investor Programme – Malta"
1042:
1040:
695:On 8 April 2024 Spanish Prime Minister
14:
2777:
2564:from the original on 21 November 2014.
1509:"Living in Greece - Residence Permits"
1497:from the original on 24 December 2021.
1435:from the original on 5 February 2022.
1394:"Montenegro Citizenship by Investment"
1353:from the original on 27 September 2019
1115:
2234:
2207:
1999:from the original on 28 December 2022
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1286:
1194:from the original on 28 December 2022
1164:from the original on 28 December 2022
1134:from the original on 28 December 2022
924:Hybrid residence-citizenship programs
443:
2641:from the original on 3 February 2020
2574:
2407:from the original on 9 November 2020
2389:
2316:from the original on 24 October 2022
2235:Duval, Alexandre (6 February 2024).
2145:
2093:from the original on 25 January 2022
1894:
1822:from the original on 2 February 2022
1766:from the original on 28 January 2022
1484:
1091:
1089:
1060:from the original on 28 October 2019
1037:
778:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
2599:from the original on 7 October 2019
2427:"How to obtain Bulgarian Residence"
2179:
1922:
1895:Bell, Jennifer (16 February 2023).
1868:
1784:
1636:
1095:
858:Canadian Immigrant Investor Program
593:nationals in exchange for specific
430:Malta Individual Investor Programme
24:
2243:(in Canadian French). Radio-Canada
2216:(in Canadian French). Radio-Canada
2197:from the original on 6 March 2014.
1650:(in Portuguese). 16 February 2023.
1519:from the original on 16 March 2023
1443:
1280:
703:United Arab Emirates (Golden Visa)
330:Citizenship by investment programs
25:
2811:
2674:from the original on 1 March 2022
2161:from the original on 3 March 2022
2082:United States Department of State
1968:from the original on 20 July 2020
1952:"EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program"
1555:from the original on 5 April 2023
1339:Houlder, Vanessa (29 June 2016).
1294:(5th ed.). Ideos Verlag AG.
1250:
1121:
1086:
904:
467:
2286:from the original on 4 June 2022
1459:"Golden visas: Europe for sale?"
992:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
909:The UK had a program known as a
789:Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission
722:
489:Residence by investment programs
2749:
2715:
2689:
2653:
2611:
2568:
2534:
2485:
2464:
2448:"HUNGARY GOLDEN VISA PROGRAMME"
2440:
2419:
2342:
2328:
2298:
2255:
2228:
2201:
2173:
2139:
2069:
1944:
1916:
1888:
1804:
1748:
1723:
1698:
1672:
1654:
1616:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1478:
1407:
1386:
1365:
1332:
780:. An example of a project is a
747:program is administered by the
564:
453:offer citizenship by investment
2575:Viña, Gonzalo (8 April 2016).
1485:Hunt, Tom (22 December 2021).
1220:
1206:
1072:
963:
846:
811:to reside legally in the U.S.
436:was contracted in 2014 by the
315:"), residence by investment ("
13:
1:
2510:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104865
2306:"I want to invest in Ireland"
2208:Schué, Romain (20 May 2020).
1030:
472:
7:
2670:. NBCUniversal News Group.
2498:Journal of Public Economics
1096:Kim, Whizy (25 June 2023).
1013:
787:million development by the
653:
407:
401:(closed 31 December 2022).
302:Immigrant investor programs
10:
2816:
2087:Bureau of Consular Affairs
881:
622:
480:
36:. Not to be confused with
29:
2790:Foreign direct investment
851:
774:Targeted Employment Areas
677:
644:
602:effect on 1 August 2023.
584:
569:
458:
451:was the first country to
74:Aboard aircraft and ships
2397:"Investor visa (Tier 1)"
686:
635:
423:
1883:Golden Residency valid.
982:non-binding resolution
739:EB-5 Visa (green card)
658:Portugal introduced a
2543:"Buying their way in"
1188:best-citizenships.com
862:housing affordability
434:Henley & Partners
352:Saint Kitts and Nevis
211:Diplomatic protection
2800:Acquired citizenship
2552:. 22 November 2014.
2354:schengenvisainfo.com
2269:Opening contribution
1964:. 30 December 2021.
1603:"Latvia Golden Visa"
1082:. 18 September 2023.
1020:Economic citizenship
996:Biden Administration
555:United Arab Emirates
2403:. 7 February 2014.
2356:. 15 February 2023.
2310:IrishImmigration.ie
1923:Gokulan, Dhanusha.
1710:Bufete Frau Lawyers
1546:migration.gov.gr/en
1290:(26 January 2016).
1288:Kälin, Christian H.
1268:on 18 December 2019
1216:. 10 February 2023.
1158:European Commission
978:European Parliament
896:Republic of Ireland
799:E-2 (non-immigrant)
495:permanent residency
438:Government of Malta
340:Antigua and Barbuda
236:Permanent residency
38:Golden Age Passport
33:The Golden Passport
2338:. 9 February 2023.
2077:"Treaty Countries"
2027:. 13 February 2023
2024:The Economic Times
1850:. 23 December 2022
1847:The Economic Times
1464:Investigate Europe
1025:Immigration tariff
956:it closed in 2017.
595:direct investments
449:St Kitts and Nevis
444:St Kitts and Nevis
313:cash-for-passports
256:Identity cleansing
2262:Michael Kirrane,
2183:(25 March 2014).
2134:processing times.
1869:Hussain, Zainab.
1684:exteriores.gob.es
1668:. 5 October 2023.
1591:. 10 August 2023.
1513:Enterprise Greece
362:, Egypt, Jordan,
299:
298:
246:Right to homeland
16:(Redirected from
2807:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2266:(11 July 2018).
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2149:(12 June 2012).
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2089:. 1 March 2022.
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1791:Arabian Business
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1429:Associated Press
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1264:. Archived from
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:on 30 April 2019
1234:. Archived from
1224:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1128:Business Insider
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1044:
838:
834:
786:
783:
768:
765:
761:
662:during the 2007
579:CARICOM passport
291:
284:
277:
251:Voluntary return
164:Lost citizenship
45:
44:
21:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2701:The Independent
2695:
2694:
2690:
2677:
2675:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2626:Financial Times
2617:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2584:Financial Times
2573:
2569:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2144:
2140:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2057:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:Hanafin, John.
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1686:. 10 April 2024
1680:"Investor visa"
1678:
1677:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1444:
1431:. 12 May 2017.
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1347:Financial Times
1337:
1333:
1302:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1232:www.ciu.govt.kn
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1122:Towey, Hannah.
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1016:
966:
926:
907:
884:
854:
849:
836:
832:
784:
781:
766:
763:
759:
725:
705:
689:
680:
664:Great Recession
656:
647:
638:
625:
587:
572:
567:
491:
483:
475:
470:
461:
446:
426:
410:
368:North Macedonia
332:
309:golden passport
295:
261:Right of return
206:Criminalization
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2771:
2770:
2748:
2714:
2703:. 22 July 2023
2688:
2652:
2610:
2567:
2533:
2484:
2463:
2439:
2418:
2388:
2359:
2341:
2327:
2297:
2254:
2227:
2200:
2172:
2138:
2104:
2068:
2038:
2010:
1979:
1943:
1915:
1887:
1861:
1833:
1803:
1777:
1747:
1722:
1697:
1671:
1653:
1635:
1629:Deutsche Welle
1615:
1594:
1580:
1577:. 16 May 2023.
1566:
1530:
1500:
1477:
1442:
1406:
1385:
1364:
1331:
1301:978-0992781859
1300:
1279:
1249:
1219:
1205:
1175:
1145:
1114:
1085:
1071:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1012:
990:Following the
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
953:
925:
922:
906:
905:United Kingdom
903:
883:
880:
853:
850:
848:
845:
801:
800:
741:
740:
724:
721:
704:
701:
688:
685:
679:
676:
655:
652:
646:
643:
637:
634:
624:
621:
586:
583:
571:
568:
566:
563:
490:
487:
482:
479:
474:
471:
469:
468:Former schemes
466:
460:
457:
445:
442:
425:
422:
409:
406:
358:), as well as
331:
328:
297:
296:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
221:Foreign worker
218:
213:
208:
203:
202:
201:
188:
187:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
161:
156:
155:
154:
149:
144:
137:Naturalization
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
109:
108:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
85:
78:
77:
76:
63:
62:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2812:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2758:
2752:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:The Economist
2544:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2473:
2467:
2449:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2279:Oireachtas.ie
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2155:Richmond News
2152:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1632:. 3 May 2023.
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
985:
983:
979:
974:
972:
958:
954:
950:
949:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
921:
918:
916:
912:
902:
899:
897:
893:
889:
879:
877:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
844:
840:
830:
826:
822:
818:
812:
810:
806:
798:
797:
796:
792:
790:
779:
775:
770:
756:
754:
750:
746:
738:
737:
736:
734:
730:
723:United States
720:
717:
713:
710:
700:
698:
697:Pedro Sánchez
693:
684:
675:
671:
667:
665:
661:
651:
642:
633:
630:
620:
616:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
562:
560:
559:United States
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
496:
486:
478:
465:
456:
454:
450:
441:
439:
435:
431:
421:
418:
414:
405:
402:
400:
397:(closed) and
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
327:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
272:
270:
269:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
175:
172:
170:
169:denaturalized
167:
166:
165:
162:
160:
157:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:transnational
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
104:
103:
96:
95:Birth tourism
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
84:
83:
82:Jus sanguinis
79:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
2761:. Retrieved
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2728:The Guardian
2727:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2683:
2676:. Retrieved
2665:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2624:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2582:
2570:
2547:
2536:
2519:10419/235326
2501:
2497:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2376:The Guardian
2375:
2353:
2344:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2309:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:Radio-Canada
2240:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:Radio-Canada
2213:
2203:
2188:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2154:
2147:Wood, Graeme
2141:
2132:
2125:. Retrieved
2119:
2095:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2063:
2056:. Retrieved
2050:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1881:
1874:. Retrieved
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1666:portugal.com
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1627:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1583:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1545:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1490:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1462:
1436:
1418:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1346:
1334:
1291:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1261:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1231:
1222:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1008:
1004:
989:
986:
975:
967:
930:
927:
919:
908:
900:
885:
870:
855:
841:
813:
802:
793:
771:
757:
742:
726:
718:
714:
706:
694:
690:
681:
672:
668:
657:
648:
639:
626:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
588:
581:for travel.
573:
565:In operation
504:
500:
492:
484:
476:
462:
447:
427:
415:implemented
411:
403:
380:
337:
335:advantages.
333:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
306:
301:
300:
87:
80:
49:Legal status
42:
32:
2785:Immigration
2678:28 February
2181:Yan, Sophia
2003:28 December
1936:21 February
1908:21 February
1854:21 February
1470:11 February
1198:28 December
1168:28 December
1138:28 December
980:approved a
971:tax evasion
964:Controversy
915:Home Office
892:non-profits
847:Closed down
837:US$ 200,000
833:US$ 100,000
760:US$ 900,000
660:golden visa
535:New Zealand
417:its program
356:Saint Lucia
317:golden visa
185:Immigration
115:Citizenship
106:Nationality
2779:Categories
2741:24 October
2707:24 October
2504:: 104865.
2320:24 October
2290:24 October
2272:(Speech).
2165:16 October
1902:Al Arabiya
1826:2 February
1770:2 February
1608:24 October
1310:2016370890
1262:iip.gov.mt
1031:References
952:residence.
753:green card
733:EB-5 visas
473:Montenegro
399:Montenegro
393:(closed),
389:(closed),
216:Expatriate
69:Birthplace
60:Birthright
2795:Residency
2736:0261-3077
2645:15 August
2635:0307-1766
2593:0307-1766
2558:0013-0613
2528:0047-2727
2477:28 August
2432:28 August
2381:31 August
2190:CNN Money
2121:Gulf News
2052:Gulf News
1930:Gulf News
1399:31 August
1378:25 August
1326:28370527M
1318:953710991
1000:sanctions
941:Mauritius
866:Vancouver
809:franchise
745:EB-5 visa
543:Singapore
523:Hong Kong
511:Australia
174:renounced
2672:Archived
2639:Archived
2597:Archived
2562:Archived
2405:Archived
2314:Archived
2284:Archived
2276:debate.
2195:Archived
2159:Archived
2127:13 March
2091:Archived
2058:13 March
2031:13 March
1997:Archived
1966:Archived
1876:13 March
1820:Archived
1796:13 March
1764:Archived
1550:Archived
1517:Archived
1495:Archived
1433:Archived
1420:CBS News
1351:Archived
1242:13 March
1192:Archived
1162:Archived
1132:Archived
1055:Archived
1014:See also
933:Bulgaria
805:E-2 visa
654:Portugal
557:and the
539:Portugal
507:Abkhazia
432:, which
413:Dominica
408:Dominica
360:Cambodia
344:Dominica
142:Ius Doni
125:multiple
89:Jus soli
18:Ius Doni
2763:19 June
2603:23 July
2456:1 April
2411:9 April
2247:16 June
2220:16 June
2097:2 March
1972:2 March
1740:12 June
1735:El Pais
1715:12 June
1690:12 June
1559:5 April
1523:5 April
1425:Beijing
1357:23 July
1272:20 July
1107:25 June
1064:23 July
937:Hungary
894:in the
882:Ireland
782:US$ 200
764:US$ 1.8
629:Hungary
623:Hungary
551:Ukraine
481:Moldova
395:Moldova
391:Ireland
383:Austria
376:Vanuatu
348:Grenada
241:Refugee
226:Illegal
120:missing
53:persons
2734:
2633:
2591:
2556:
2526:
2401:GOV.UK
1324:
1316:
1308:
1298:
994:, the
911:Tier 1
872:Quebec
852:Canada
785:
767:
678:Russia
645:Latvia
585:Greece
575:Belize
570:Belize
553:, the
531:Monaco
519:Greece
515:Brazil
459:Turkey
387:Cyprus
374:, and
372:Turkey
311:" or "
2451:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1491:Stuff
1058:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
945:Samoa
829:EB-5)
817:EB-1A
687:Spain
636:Italy
547:Spain
527:Malta
424:Malta
364:Malta
199:Enemy
194:Alien
2765:2024
2743:2023
2732:ISSN
2709:2023
2680:2022
2667:CNBC
2647:2018
2631:ISSN
2605:2019
2589:ISSN
2554:ISSN
2524:ISSN
2479:2023
2458:2023
2434:2023
2413:2020
2383:2023
2322:2022
2292:2022
2249:2024
2222:2024
2167:2020
2129:2023
2099:2022
2060:2023
2033:2023
2005:2022
1993:mint
1974:2022
1938:2023
1910:2023
1878:2023
1856:2023
1828:2022
1798:2023
1772:2022
1760:u.ae
1742:2024
1717:2024
1692:2024
1610:2023
1561:2023
1525:2023
1472:2023
1401:2023
1380:2023
1359:2019
1314:OCLC
1306:LCCN
1296:ISBN
1274:2016
1244:2018
1200:2022
1170:2022
1140:2022
1109:2023
1066:2019
943:and
825:EB-3
821:EB-2
803:The
762:and
743:The
731:and
707:The
428:The
354:and
152:Test
147:Oath
2514:hdl
2506:doi
2502:221
1816:wam
1648:Eco
1102:Vox
888:EEA
864:in
827:or
729:E-2
709:UAE
591:EEA
231:Law
159:Law
51:of
2781::
2730:.
2726:.
2699:.
2682:.
2664:.
2637:.
2629:.
2623:.
2595:.
2587:.
2581:.
2560:.
2546:.
2522:.
2512:.
2500:.
2496:.
2399:.
2374:.
2362:^
2352:.
2312:.
2308:.
2282:.
2239:.
2212:.
2193:.
2187:.
2157:.
2153:.
2131:.
2118:.
2107:^
2085:.
2079:.
2062:.
2049:.
2021:.
1995:.
1991:.
1960:.
1954:.
1927:.
1899:.
1880:.
1844:.
1818:.
1814:.
1789:.
1762:.
1758:.
1733:.
1708:.
1682:.
1664:.
1646:.
1626:.
1548:.
1544:.
1515:.
1511:.
1493:.
1489:.
1461:.
1445:^
1427:.
1423:.
1417:.
1349:.
1345:.
1322:OL
1320:.
1312:.
1304:.
1260:.
1230:.
1190:.
1186:.
1160:.
1156:.
1130:.
1126:.
1100:.
1088:^
1053:.
1039:^
1002:.
973:.
947:.
939:,
935:,
868:.
823:,
819:,
791:.
755:.
735:.
561:.
549:,
545:,
541:,
537:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
385:,
378:.
370:,
366:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
2767:.
2745:.
2711:.
2649:.
2607:.
2530:.
2516::
2508::
2481:.
2460:.
2436:.
2415:.
2385:.
2324:.
2294:.
2251:.
2224:.
2169:.
2101:.
2035:.
2007:.
1976:.
1940:.
1912:.
1858:.
1830:.
1800:.
1774:.
1744:.
1719:.
1694:.
1612:.
1563:.
1527:.
1474:.
1403:.
1382:.
1361:.
1328:.
1276:.
1246:.
1202:.
1172:.
1142:.
1111:.
1068:.
290:e
283:t
276:v
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.