558:
303:
326:. Australian law in 1939 designated people "enemy aliens" if they were Germans or were Australians who had been born in Germany; later, it covered Italians and Japanese as well. The Australian government would therefore intern them, sometimes for years until the war ended, in camps such as the isolated
534:
Serving as German nationals in the
British forces was particularly dangerous, since, in case of taken captive, with a high probability they would have been executed as traitors by the Germans. The number of German-born Jews joining the British forces was exceptionally high; by the end of the war, one
514:
was the only
British unit that enemy aliens could serve in early on in the war. Many thousands of Germans and Austrians joined the Pioneer Corps to assist the Allied war efforts and liberation of their home countries. These were mainly Jews and political opponents of the Nazi regime who had fled to
345:. There, armed soldiers manned watchtowers and scanned the camp that was bordered by a barbed wire fence with searchlights, and other armed soldiers patrolled the camp. Petitions by many of those interned to Australian politicians, stressing that they were Jewish refugees (such as
466:
At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the United
Kingdom had become a place of refuge for people who had fled Nazi persecution, including Jews and political refugees. At first, with the outbreak of war, the British government – in accordance with its policy of
293:
is any native, citizen, denizen or subject of any foreign nation or government with which a domestic nation or government is in conflict and who is liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured and removed. Usually, the countries are in a state of declared war.
589:; when war was declared against their native countries, their status changed from "resident" to "enemy" alien. Therefore, German American, Italian American, and Japanese American permanent residents were classified as enemy aliens and interned as such.
535:
in seven Jewish refugees from
Germany had joined the British Army. Their profound knowledge of the German language and customs proved useful. Many of them served in the administration of the British occupation army in Germany and Austria after the war.
482:, relatively isolated from the British mainland and with a useful amount of holiday accommodation, was used to provide housing for the "Alien Civilians" (as it had in World War I). There were also efforts to move internees to
592:
In total 10,905 Italian
Americans and approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned in many different camps and sites across the country. German Americans were held in more than 50 different locations.
450:
civilians, caught in areas that were occupied by the German Army. They included United States citizens caught in Europe by surprise when war was declared in
December 1941, and citizens of the
596:
Citizens of an enemy country who lived in the United States during World War II were required to have an "Enemy Alien" card, and to register monthly with the authorities.
758:
581:
and
Italian-Americans were not actually "aliens", as they held American citizenship. The term "enemy alien" referred only to non-American citizens who were nationals of
471:– placed these refugees with other enemy aliens regardless of their political allegiances. Later on, when Italy also declared war on Britain, significant numbers of
647:
315:
269:
687:
828:
800:
873:
330:
which held approximately 300 internees thus deemed "enemy aliens", mostly families, including children as young as two years of age, such as
732:
714:
527:. These men – often dubbed "The King's Most Loyal Enemy Aliens" – later moved on to serve in fighting units. Some were recruited by
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262:
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countries. Included in this number were thousands of resident aliens who were prohibited from applying for citizenship by
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408:
370:
255:
19:
This article is about citizens of a hostile country. For hostile extra-terrestrial beings in popular culture, see
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54:
605:
746:"Art behind the wire: the untold story of refugee families interned in Australia during the Second World War,"
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382:
366:
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A well-known example of enemy aliens was that of the
Japanese citizens residing in the United States during
544:
528:
186:
552:
374:
283:
154:
586:
557:
548:
904:
110:
561:
Map depicting the known internment sites wherein German
Americans were interned during World War II
496:; 743 died. The 813 surviving prisoners were subsequently included in the 2,500 men transported by
899:
451:
439:
468:
447:
334:— who two decades later represented the country that had interned her in tennis at Wimbledon.
322:
were classified as "enemy aliens" upon their arrival in
Australia if they arrived with German
574:
520:
327:
307:
191:
846:
The King's Most Loyal Enemy Aliens - Germans who fought for Britain in the Second World War
392:
105:
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was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sunk while transporting Italian and German aliens to
8:
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Interview by Colin MacGregor Stevens with Major George Bryant (aka George Breuer)
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49:
20:
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759:"Part III, Matters Affecting Both Enemy Prisoners of War and Enemy Internees"
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353:, and their toddler) and therefore being unjustly imprisoned, had no effect.
100:
75:
62:
780:
578:
577:
during wartime, alongside many German- and Italian-Americans. However, many
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National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism.
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350:
29:
669:
582:
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346:
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817:. Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves: London, Ontario: P. Anas Pub.
733:"Melbourne's newest musical a multi-generational European family saga,"
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40:
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Britain while it was still possible, and included the cinematographer
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302:
569:. Many of these Japanese and Japanese-Americans were imprisoned in
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122:
69:
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War Measures Act Conference (1977: McMaster University). (1978).
221:
670:"Australian Musical Charts Family's Escape from Nazis in Europe"
483:
33:
337:
That internment camp was opened in 1940. It was located near
430:
319:
689:
Poetics and Politics of Shame in Postcolonial Literature
648:"Eva De Jong-Duldig - Escape and survival through art"
395:
that provided for internment during war, invasion, or
316:
Australia, in the wake of the outbreak of World War II
815:
The Japanese Canadian experience: the October crisis
627:
886:
399:. The Act was brought into force three times in
415:. In 1988, it was repealed and replaced by the
778:
263:
715:"Holocaust Footnotes: Escaping To Singapore"
633:"Driftwood: escape and survival through art"
827:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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405:national internment operations of 1914–1920
16:Natives of foreign nations during conflicts
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438:were internment camps established by the
318:, Jewish refugees and others fleeing the
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663:
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646:Schaller, Maria (14 September 2017).
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475:were also interned as enemy aliens.
713:Katz, Deborah (September 4, 2019).
639:
13:
14:
916:
801:"To the other side of the world,"
461:
874:National Geographic documentary
779:Henry Benjamin (March 4, 2013).
635:. National Library of Australia.
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454:caught in areas engulfed by the
409:internment of Japanese Canadians
371:internment of Japanese Canadians
867:
858:
835:
806:
731:Miriam Cosic (April 29, 2022).
575:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
751:
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680:
668:Phil Mercer (April 29, 2022).
606:Illegal Alien (disambiguation)
587:race-based naturalization laws
341:, in the northern part of the
1:
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383:Internment Camp in Vernon, BC
367:Ukrainian Canadian internment
545:Japanese-American internment
529:Special Operations Executive
297:
7:
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553:Italian-American internment
375:Italian Canadian internment
284:customary international law
10:
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748:Victorian History Library.
744:Melinda Mockridge (2014).
549:German-American internment
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428:
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328:Tatura Internment Camp 3 D
18:
692:. Routledge. 7 May 2019.
407:, the Second World War's
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55:Aboard aircraft and ships
403:: during Canada's first
308:Tatura Internment Camp 3
876:Churchill's German Army
895:People by legal status
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469:Defence Regulation 18B
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543:Further information:
391:was a statute of the
361:Further information:
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192:Diplomatic protection
486:. In July 1940, the
452:British Commonwealth
393:Parliament of Canada
310:, Australia, in 1943
217:Permanent residency
629:Eva de Jong-Duldig
579:Japanese-Americans
563:
531:as secret agents.
503:for internment in
411:, and in the 1970
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237:Identity cleansing
854:978-0-7509-4701-5
781:"Times at Tatura"
631:(8 August 2017).
379:Garrison Petawawa
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242:Right of return
187:Criminalization
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150:denaturalized
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567:World War II
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521:George Clare
509:
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487:
477:
465:
444:World War II
435:
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416:
397:insurrection
388:
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351:Slawa Duldig
336:
313:
287:
281:
179:
68:
61:
30:Legal status
480:Isle of Man
440:German Army
347:Karl Duldig
166:Immigration
96:Citizenship
87:Nationality
889:Categories
842:Fry, Helen
652:SBS German
612:References
456:Blitzkrieg
339:Shepparton
332:Eva Duldig
197:Expatriate
50:Birthplace
41:Birthright
823:cite book
519:, writer
505:Australia
298:Australia
155:renounced
848:, 2007,
735:Plus61J.
600:See also
517:Ken Adam
446:to hold
123:Ius Doni
106:multiple
70:Jus soli
425:Germany
222:Refugee
207:Illegal
101:missing
34:persons
852:
785:J-Wire
696:
551:, and
500:Dunera
484:Canada
448:Allied
381:; and
357:Canada
288:enemy
762:(PDF)
320:Nazis
290:alien
286:, an
180:Enemy
175:Alien
850:ISBN
829:link
694:ISBN
583:Axis
510:The
498:HMT
478:The
436:Ilag
431:Ilag
387:The
133:Test
128:Oath
573:by
442:in
314:In
282:In
212:Law
140:Law
32:of
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