570:
31:
590:
1111:. An exception is British law, which since 2014 allows denaturalization of naturalized British citizens who lack any other citizenship if the Home Secretary believes they could acquire citizenship of another country. Macklin states, "Notably, the Home Secretary's belief need not be correct, only reasonable." Some countries only allow the denaturalization of naturalized citizens, exempting those who are citizens from birth. Denaturalization while abroad, while intended to prevent return, does not affect the third country's right to return the person to the denationalizing state.
1060:, the Home Secretary can revoke British nationality if "the Secretary of State is satisfied that such deprivation is conducive to the public good". The broadness of this provision has been the subject of widespread public criticism, and its use is not restricted cases where the individual is argued to be a threat to national security. Macklin states that the law "enables revocation where the state lacks the substantive or evidentiary basis to prosecute the individual for committing any crime".
1143:. Paulussen argues that, in a national security context, "deprivation of nationality can never be seen as the least intrusive means available and be necessary and proportionate". Others who commit the same crime but have no ties to a foreign country cannot be denaturalized, which means that in practice people are targeted for denaturalization based on their national origin, violating the principle of non-discrimination and creating a hierarchy of citizenship.
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497:
lengthy legal proceedings depending on the case, and the country that they would be deported to may refuse to accept them, for example if it does not recognize them as a citizen. Denaturalization of a person who is abroad usually prevents them from returning to the country. When applied to entire ethnic groups, denaturalization is often used as part of an attempt to encourage people to leave the country. In the past,
948:’s citizenship and then washing your hands and assuming the individual is no longer your problem." Another consequence of denaturalization is worsening relations with third countries who view it as an illegitimate attempt to export terrorism risks. In Iraq, suspected Islamic State militants (including foreign fighters) are often subjected to ten-minute trials that often result in the
999:, "The logic of citizenship revocation for fraud or misrepresentation is that it unwinds the effect of the misleading conduct and restores the situation that would have been obtained had the truth been disclosed." Denaturalization for fraud is the least controversial form of denaturalization, even when it results of statelessness. Cases of
496:
in the country that revokes their citizenship, but it often does. Denaturalized people are often forced to return to countries with which they have few ties with far-reaching consequences for their family, professional, and social life and well-being. Deportation of denaturalized citizens may require
1134:
The "Principles on
Deprivation of Nationality as a National Security Measure" state that in general, "States shall not deprive persons of nationality for the purpose of safeguarding national security." An exception can only exist if the person is convicted of a crime related to national security and
548:
Denaturalization is often justified on grounds such as: citizenship as a privilege that can be revoked at any time by the government; "those whose actions demonstrate disloyalty forfeit citizenship through those actions; terrorists do not deserve citizenship; citizenship is devalued when undeserving
483:
was seen as a powerful tool to exclude those people deemed threats to national security, but it could only be wielded against non-citizens. Hence, the introduction or expansion of denaturalization. The countries that introduced, expanded, revived, or considered denaturalization laws include Canada,
458:
in the aftermath of the war failed due to unfavorable court rulings and changes in public opinion. Court rulings in France and the United States limited the discretionary power of denaturalization. One argument advanced for the decrease in denaturalization is the increase in human rights norms and
932:
and the belief that joining a terrorist group is an act of disloyalty that merits denaturalization. In some countries, denaturalization can take place only after a conviction for a terrorism-related crime; in other jurisdictions, a conviction is not required and few individuals denaturalized have
769:
denaturalized 15,000 people, including 6,000 Jews, in order to "purify the national community"; 1,000 of these denaturalized Jews were murdered. The Vichy denaturalization law was abrogated after the end of the war. Jews in
Hungary, Romania, French Algeria, and Italy also were stripped of their
1025:
countries provide for denaturalization if a citizen resides abroad for an extended period. Some countries provide for the automatic loss of nationality if a person joins a foreign military or civil service or holds public office in a different country. Other countries forbid their nationals from
423:(especially Communist beliefs) or suspected sympathy with an enemy country was the reason for denaturalization, although in practice denaturalization primarily targeted people based on their birthplace. Denationalization laws adopted as an emergency measure during the war persisted afterwards.
706:
found that
Indians were legally non-white and could not be considered citizens. As a result, the US government moved to strip naturalized Indian-Americans of their citizenship, arguing that it had been "illegally procured." A number of denaturalization cases went forward, including against
527:
revocation that is used to the same effect. Hundreds of citizens of various
European countries, as of 2021, are stranded in the Middle East because their government refuses to repatriate them in the absence of formal denaturalization. Alternately, some countries have effectively abdicated
1033:
Until 1918, most countries denaturalized women who married foreigners. In the decade after World War I, eighteen countries ended the mandatory loss of citizenship for married women. Some countries continue to denaturalize women who marry foreigners, which can result in statelessness.
395:
denaturalized all emigrants who had been abroad for ten years to avoid the return of unsuccessful emigrants. Naturalized citizens who returned to their country of origin also faced loss of their new nationality as they were considered to have cut their ties with that country. In
309:
against the will of the person concerned. Denaturalization is often applied to ethnic minorities and political dissidents. Denaturalization can be a penalty for actions considered criminal by the state, often only for errors in the naturalization process such as fraud. Since the
1106:
noting existing laws prescribing denaturalization for rendering services for, or received emoluments from, another state, or conduct that seriously prejudices the vital interests of that state. The prohibition of statelessness leads to most denaturalization targeting holders of
729:
504:
It is disputed whether denaturalization is, in effect, a penal sanction, non-penal national security measure, or something else. Although the majority view is to view denaturalization as punishment, criminologist Milena
Tripkovic argues that denaturalization is "a
1037:
Similarly, Canada denaturalizes those born abroad to
Canadian parents after the age of 28. Before they turn 28, persons born outside of Canada can reaffirm their citizenship to prevent denaturalization. This provision is little-known, however, leading to many
382:
led to 380,000 people being sent into exile in other parts of the empire through the mid-nineteenth century. The modern practice of denaturalization developed in the late nineteenth century at the same time as immigration controls. Following the growth of the
884:
states "ideological deportation and denaturalization punish foreigners in the United States for their beliefs, associations, and expressions through expulsion or the threat of expulsion". This government retaliation against conduct protected by the
660:
lost their original nationality. Turkish denaturalization of ethnic minorities was formalized by a series of decrees in the 1920s and 1930s, and continued through World War II. By 1943, 93 percent of those denaturalized were
Turkish Jews,
1130:
denial of the right to appeal the decision. This method is preferred by the
British government because it minimizes accountability and in most cases is successful at permanently removing the person from British territory.
3852:
540:, officials deliberately deny the required documentation to people entitled to citizenship, which can have similar consequences as denaturalization. Other children are not registered at birth for logistical reasons.
553:
and the belief that threats to security come from outside of the nation. The targets of denaturalization are presented as foreign even when they were born and raised in the country that stripped their citizenship.
467:
could denaturalize individuals without passing through an independent review process prior to the denaturalization taking effect. After the law was changed, there was a surge in the number of denaturalizations.
860:. Many people who should be entitled to Indian citizenship lack the necessary documents since birth registration is spotty and Indian law puts the burden of proof on the individual to prove their citizenship.
430:
states, "Racialized denationalizations accompanied expulsions and population transfers on a massive scale following the remaking of nation-states around the two world wars." Two million former citizens of the
719:
upon his
American citizenship and he would be unjustly harmed by its removal, winning his case in court. The federal government subsequently dropped its denaturalization cases against other Indian-Americans.
1086:
and legal scholar
Nicholas Handler write that "the right to be secure in one's citizenship has been a cornerstone of the postwar European liberal political order". Because it interferes with the right to
459:
growing legal protection against statelessness. The United Kingdom, which has a high rate of denaturalization in the twenty-first century, did not denaturalize anyone between 1973 and 2002. In 2002, it
924:. Denaturalization on this basis expanded during the early twenty-first century due to increasing terrorist attacks in Europe and the phenomenon of people traveling to the Middle East to fight for the
1091:, recognized by multiple international treaties, denaturalization is a serious human rights issue. Some have argued that denaturalization resulting in statelessness is never compatible with
1042:," including persons residing in Canada, who lose their citizenship. These individuals also cannot pass on their citizenship to their children, which can result in statelessness at birth.
2489:
3303:
Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities".
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and Canadians who had committed war crimes during World War II and lied on their applications for naturalization attracted widespread media attention, but were relatively rare.
749:. Most contemporaries agreed that Nazi Germany's use of denaturalization did not contravene international law. In 1941, all Jewish emigres and German Jews who were deported to
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4624:
4529:
569:
412:
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1000:
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4357:
952:. Turkey has rejected hosting foreign fighters denaturalized by European countries, and managed to deport denaturalized Europeans back to their countries of origin.
872:
Especially in the early and mid-twentieth century, the United States often used denaturalization against left-wing immigrants, such as anarchists and members of the
419:
enhanced scrutiny of the loyalty of naturalized citizens, leading to an increase in denaturalization; nearly all belligerents used denaturalization. In many cases,
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4654:
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of the affected individual or their community. According to counterterrorism researcher David Malet, "Osama Bin Laden is Exhibit A of the folly of stripping a
3336:"Citizenship Deprivation as a Counterterrorism Measure in Europe; Possible Follow-Up Scenarios, Human Rights Infringements and the Effect on Counterterrorism"
3431:
Caglioti, Daniela L. (2017). "Subjects, Citizens, and Aliens in a Time of Upheaval: Naturalizing and Denaturalizing in Europe during the First World War".
549:
people hold citizenship, and its value is enhanced by stripping it from undeserving citizens". Denaturalization is therefore accompanied by discourse of
400:, this practice continued until 1974. French law allowed for denaturalization since the late nineteenth century but was rarely used before World War I.
881:
342:
is revoked by the state against the wishes of the citizen. In practice, there may not be a clear-cut distinction between non-consensual revocation and
3463:(2002). "The Development and Implementation of Nazi Denaturalization and Confiscation Policy up to the Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law".
2349:
289:
963:. It scanned more than 16.5 million of records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124.000 of them for manual analysis and review by
3993:
1983:
2645:
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1987:
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have been retroactively denaturalized in a measure that drew international criticism because it was motivated by desire to reduce the number of
479:; governments tried to reduce any legal obstacles to the unlimited exercise of executive power deemed necessary to combat the terrorist threat.
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1012:
1135:
is a serious threat, and if other international law obligations are upheld, including the prohibition of statelessness, non-discrimination,
864:, many of whom are illiterate, are at the most risk of being denaturalized. People deemed non-citizens are at risk of indefinite detention.
5043:
3524:
1099:
1082:". In 1955, she argued that "No state, no matter how draconian its law, should have the right to deprive citizenship." Political scientist
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460:
403:
According to the modern state system, states have a duty to admit their own nationals and may expel non-nationals. Throughout much of the
5039:
670:
4344:
3903:
3598:
McGarry, John (1998). "'Demographic engineering': the state-directed movement of ethnic groups as a technique of conflict regulation".
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states, denaturalization has always been rare, when compared to the number of naturalizations or even more so the number of citizens.
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and denaturalization were legalized by many countries for pragmatic reasons in order to avoid having to support poor returnees. The
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30:
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4329:
4231:
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has increased. Because of the right to nationality, recognized by multiple international treaties including Article 15 of the
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2060:
2011:
1959:
1924:
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By the 21st century, denaturalization on racial grounds became severely stigmatized. Beginning in 2013, an estimated 200,000
657:
628:
after World War I and their replacement by nation-states led to the "unmixing of peoples", (a process of ethnic and national
319:
282:
3141:
Contingent Citizenship: The Law and Practice of Citizenship Deprivation in International, European and National Perspectives
2541:
3780:(2017). ""Condemned to Rootlessness and Unable to Budge": Roma, Migration Panics, and Internment in the Habsburg Empire".
4198:
702:
880:. She was deported to Finland— bound for the Soviet Union—amongst a group of over 200 "aliens" in 1920. Legal historian
597:
in Bangladesh. The denaturalization of the Rohingya by Myanmar and their later expulsion caused them to become refugees.
513:
sanction, which seeks to relieve the polity of those members who fail to satisfy fundamental citizenship requirements".
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In the United States, citizenship had long been restricted to free whites and those of African descent. A number of
829:. Several post-Communist countries denaturalized people who did not belong to the dominant ethnic group during the
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who were abroad, and sometimes those who remained in the country. All of the people ethnically cleansed during the
275:
1742:
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in 1938. The same year, Poland, which was trying to reduce its Jewish population, passed a law that denaturalized
5138:
5020:
4779:
4133:
3973:
3743:"Revocation of Citizenship and Rule of Law: How Judicial Review Defeated Britain's First Denaturalization Regime"
3681:
Tripkovic, Milena (2021). "Transcending the boundaries of punishment: On the nature of citizenship deprivation".
3621:"Stripping foreign fighters of their citizenship: International human rights and humanitarian law considerations"
3489:
976:
975:. The algorithm and the criteria for the algorithm were secret. This information was revealed through efforts of
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774:
74:
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4048:
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Akram, Susan M. (2021). "Palestinian Nationality and "Jewish" Nationality: From the Lausanne Treaty to Today".
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country were often protected from deportation and death while those who were stateless were at increased risk.
3520:"Embedded Turkification: Nation Building and Violence within the Framework of the League of Nations 1919–1937"
2581:"Cuccinelli Announces USCIS' FY 2019 Accomplishments and Efforts to Implement President Trump's Goals | USCIS"
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Many countries allow denaturalization in cases where an applicant for citizenship committed fraud during the
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20:
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4093:
3963:
3379:"Deprivation of nationality under article 8 (3) of the 1961 Convention on the reduction of statelessness"
343:
174:
3712:
Troy, Deirdre (2019). "Governing imperial citizenship: a historical account of citizenship revocation".
3062:
Liberalism, Constitutional Nationalism, and Minorities: The Making of Romanian Citizenship, c. 1750–1918
1126:. Deprivation while a person is abroad raises additional issues with the right to personal security and
734:
initially envisioned the denaturalization of a few political dissidents living outside the country. All
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in Romania, which led to an international outcry and specific protections for Romanian Jews in the 1878
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2035:
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denaturalization is effective loss of citizenship in the absence of a formal withdrawal. An example is
408:
24:
2490:"Blog post: 'The counter-productiveness of deprivation of nationality as a national security measure'"
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520:
130:
1102:, unless the nationality was obtained through fraud or the state filed a declaration at the time of
1030:, so if a person acquires citizenship of a different country, they are automatically denaturalized.
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or taking up arms on behalf of another state. Examples include some international volunteers in the
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3566:(2014). "Citizenship Revocation, the Privilege to Have Rights and the Production of the Alien".
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to emigrate and revoked their citizenship if they left the country. The denaturalization of the
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632:) involving mass expulsions, de facto denaturalization, and relegation of ethnic minorities to
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3179:
Political Participation of Minorities: A Commentary on International Standards and Practice
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in the country. In 2019, nearly 2 million people, making up 6 percent of the population of
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The height of denaturalization was in the first half of the twentieth century. Sociologist
379:
125:
3100:
Threat of Dissent: A History of Ideological Exclusion and Deportation in the United States
8:
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893:
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in 1948, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were effectively denaturalized and became
606:
306:
236:
226:
164:
147:
1951:
Race, nation, and refuge : the rhetoric of race in Asian American citizenship cases
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3830:
3765:
3729:
3652:
3551:
3448:
3400:
3365:
3322:
2650:
2560:
2271:"The National Register of Citizens and India's commitment deficit to international law"
2029:
1977:
806:
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448:
256:
629:
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France, Austria, Germany, Norway, Netherlands, Australia, Egypt, and the Gulf States.
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3822:
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3733:
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3543:
3506:
3452:
3417:
3404:
3369:
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3125:
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3005:
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2066:
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2017:
2007:
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1955:
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1920:
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were stripped of their South African nationality and made citizens of the so-called "
637:
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246:
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3440:
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3347:
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689:
621:
251:
152:
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In the scholarly literature, it is disputed that denaturalization is an effective
492:
Denaturalization does not necessarily result in an individual losing the right of
407:, denaturalization laws were passed in the early twentieth century, including the
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3912:
3318:
3019:
1115:
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tactic. Critics argue that it can lead to additional marginalization and further
917:
886:
861:
838:
810:
778:
649:
493:
480:
261:
231:
159:
3865:
3666:"The Destabilizing Effect of Terrorism in the International Human Rights Regime"
3002:
Statelessness in the Caribbean: The Paradox of Belonging in a Postnational World
1114:
Other human rights that can be violated as a result of denaturalization include
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941:
738:
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137:
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3395:
3378:
3361:
3277:
Denaturalized: How Thousands Lost Their Citizenship and Lives in Vichy France
3177:
McGarry, John (2010). "Institutional and Policy Basis of Ethnic Domination".
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2021:
1969:
1934:
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that some countries issue in order to bar their own nationals from entry, or
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82:
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in 1921. In the Western world, denaturalization virtually disappeared after
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Forging Ties, Forging Passports: Migration and the Modern Sephardi Diaspora
2646:"Secret Justice Department Report Details How the U.S. Helped Former Nazis"
2006:. Ling, Huping; Austin, Allan W.; Adachi, Nobuko. London . pp. 76–84.
1103:
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is cited by authoritarian states that employ denaturalization as a tool of
877:
766:
750:
746:
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472:
444:
440:
350:, from denationalization, as the revocation of citizenship more generally.
323:
311:
49:
3694:
3583:"A Brief History of the Brief History of Citizenship Revocation in Canada"
3217:
Home Rule: National Sovereignty and the Separation of Natives and Migrants
2050:
2001:
1949:
1914:
5217:
5175:
3041:
FitzGerald, David Scott (2017). "The History of Racialized Citizenship".
2003:
Asian American history and culture. Volume One-Two : an encyclopedia
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were denaturalized between 1864 and 1879 during the contested process of
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339:
335:
199:
194:
185:
115:
106:
35:
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officers regarding denaturalization. Some of the scanned data came from
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group. Justifications for denaturalization and denial of return include
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834:
802:
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365:
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Denaturalization can be considered a new form of the ancient custom of
216:
60:
3117:
2542:"Little-Known Federal Software Can Trigger Revocation of Citizenship"
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has been criticized as unconstitutional and led to court challenges.
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476:
420:
315:
39:
3198:
Nationalism and the Rule of Law: Lessons from the Balkans and Beyond
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Denaturalization resulting in statelessness is contrary to the 1961
825:, left them stateless and is cited as a constitutive element of the
411:
in the United States, French laws in 1915 and 1927, and the British
5185:
5151:
3881:
3487:(2014). "Prejudiced Asylum: Czechoslovak Refugee Policy, 1918–60".
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814:
645:
594:
524:
142:
89:
1810:
1545:
876:. An example of this policy was the denaturalization of anarchist
528:
responsibility for their citizens held in indefinite detention in
2540:
Biddle, Sam BiddleMaryam SalehSam; SalehAugust 25, 2021, Maryam.
2459:
2457:
818:
582:
369:
241:
346:. Some sources distinguish denaturalization, as the reversal of
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1435:
617:
were often targeted with arbitrary deprivation of citizenship.
53:
3866:
Principles on Deprivation of Nationality as a Security Measure
3855:(Report). The Office of Special Investigations. Archived from
2521:
2509:
2454:
2442:
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1521:
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Striving for Accountability in the Aftermath of the Holocaust
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Denaturalization is sometimes used against people accused of
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gained American citizenship during the early 20th century by
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2953:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2418:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2128:
841:
denied citizenship to as much as a third of the population.
2866:
2827:
2730:"Can new legislation help 'Lost Canadians' be found again?"
2055:. Johnston, Robert D. New York: Chelsea House. p. 27.
1894:
1671:
1659:
577:
were denaturalized. Pictured, the deportation of Jews from
2878:
2815:
2788:
2786:
2759:
2694:
2670:
2214:
1707:
1683:
1480:
1423:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1295:
2950:
2856:
2854:
2798:
2202:
2125:
2077:
1647:
1635:
1608:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1358:
1285:
1283:
1181:
532:. In many African countries and elsewhere, including the
2469:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2226:
1774:
1625:
1623:
1596:
1574:
1572:
1348:
1346:
1258:
1256:
1205:
1169:
3864:
Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI) (2020).
2783:
2626:
2604:
2602:
2166:
2154:
2089:
1858:
1846:
1762:
1584:
1324:
663:
putting them at high risk of dying during the Holocaust
2851:
2747:
2682:
2539:
2238:
1695:
1492:
1459:
1382:
1280:
1241:
3851:
Feigin, Judy (December 2006). Richard, Mark M (ed.).
2890:
2709:
2658:
2325:
2178:
2113:
1870:
1834:
1719:
1620:
1569:
1533:
1411:
1343:
1268:
1253:
3803:"Citizenship Deprivation, Security and Human Rights"
3258:
Jewish Emancipation: A History Across Five Centuries
2771:
2614:
2599:
2406:
2190:
1822:
1786:
1743:"Myanmar 2020 – Rohingya Citizenship: Now or Never?"
1159:
1157:
1155:
368:, which decreased in use after the establishment of
2933:
Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI) 2020
741:in 1935 and those who emigrated were denaturalized
3383:Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
2394:
2313:
1370:
1312:
1229:
1193:
903:
715:. However, Pandit successfully argued that he had
3704:20.500.11820/70ec4970-03ea-4fda-88fa-07df64698bbc
1217:
1152:
777:after World War II. During the foundation of the
5292:
3122:Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union
3079:Gibney, Matthew J. (2017). "Denationalization".
3024:Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany
2294:Shahid, Rudabeh; Patel, Champa (19 March 2020).
1947:
1919:. Kapur, Devesh; Singh, Nirvikar. New York, NY.
761:, Jews who retained citizenship in a neutral or
439:", were denaturalized and made stateless by the
3333:
2920:
2908:
2527:
2515:
2463:
2448:
2436:
2296:"Understanding India's citizenship controversy"
1916:The other one percent : Indians in America
1912:
1563:
1551:
1527:
1515:
979:and Muslim Advocates, a sister organization of
3517:
3376:
2845:
2262:
1816:
1013:Convention on the Nationality of Married Women
959:has employed the software ATLAS, which run on
543:
3897:
3859:on 5 May 2022 – via The New York Times.
3334:Bolhuis, Maarten P.; van Wijk, Joris (2020).
2487:
283:
5044:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3525:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1982:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1100:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
1058:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006
986:
916:and citizens of some Arab states, including
837:". Latvia and Estonia's denaturalization of
314:, the denaturalization of people accused of
3740:
2833:
2565:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2293:
1736:
1734:
1689:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1306:
1119:
506:
3904:
3890:
3233:
3040:
2821:
2703:
2676:
2256:
2208:
2136:
2107:
2083:
2048:
1986:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1804:
1780:
1364:
833:. In Slovenia, these people are known as "
575:deported from Germany during the Holocaust
372:and the reduction in territory considered
290:
276:
3741:Weil, Patrick; Handler, Nicholas (2018).
3702:
3680:
3638:
3618:
3537:
3416:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3394:
3351:
2959:
2944:
2809:
2475:
2424:
1614:
1602:
1001:denaturalization of naturalized Americans
322:, denaturalization is often considered a
3430:
3411:
3195:
3059:
3018:
2632:
2488:Paulussen, Christophe; van Waas, Laura.
2244:
2172:
1768:
1740:
1731:
1337:
1247:
588:
568:
29:
3597:
3580:
3562:
3176:
2872:
2792:
2608:
2220:
1900:
1713:
1701:
1677:
1578:
1503:
1486:
1474:
1393:
1289:
1262:
1187:
867:
501:was mostly caused by denaturalization.
5293:
3850:
3800:
3483:
3252:
3214:
3078:
2999:
2896:
2884:
2860:
2765:
2753:
2715:
2688:
2664:
2376:"Soviet Ark Lands its Reds in Finland"
2336:
2232:
2184:
2119:
1876:
1840:
1725:
1665:
1629:
1590:
1539:
1417:
1405:
1352:
1211:
1175:
981:National Association of Muslim Lawyers
793:and tried to deport them to India. In
334:Denaturalization is the case in which
3885:
3807:European Journal of Migration and Law
3776:
3626:International Review of the Red Cross
3377:Bücken, Luca; de Groot, René (2018).
3340:European Journal of Migration and Law
3302:
3138:
3097:
2980:
2727:
2620:
2412:
2400:
2319:
2196:
1888:
1828:
1792:
846:Dominican citizens of Haitian descent
320:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3911:
3711:
3663:
3459:
3274:
3157:
3116:
3004:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2777:
2160:
2148:
2095:
1864:
1852:
1653:
1641:
1376:
1318:
1274:
1235:
1223:
1199:
1163:
995:process. According to legal scholar
773:At least eight million Germans were
564:
413:Nationality and Status of Aliens Act
3295:
2728:Pauls, Karen (September 25, 2022).
2268:
703:United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
13:
3683:The British Journal of Criminology
3081:The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship
3043:The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship
2985:. University of California Press.
1741:Farmaner, Mark (2 November 2018).
14:
5327:
2983:Rethinking Statehood in Palestine
973:National Crime Information Center
658:Greek–Turkish population exchange
640:, Turkey continued the policy of
5273:
5272:
3994:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3518:Liebisch-GĂĽmĂĽĹź, Carolin (2020).
2721:
725:1933 German denaturalization law
475:brought on a heightened fear of
5139:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
3490:Journal of Contemporary History
3414:U.S. intelligence and the Nazis
3236:Statelessness: A Modern History
2638:
2573:
2533:
2481:
2368:
2342:
2287:
2042:
1994:
1941:
1906:
1063:
1006:
977:Open Society Justice Initiative
957:Department of Homeland Security
904:Terrorists and foreign fighters
892:The use of denaturalization by
711:'s lawyer, a Californian named
487:
16:Revoking a person's citizenship
4976:Federated States of Micronesia
4340:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3782:The American Historical Review
3619:Paulussen, Christophe (2021).
3465:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3260:. Princeton University Press.
3200:. Cambridge University Press.
1093:international human rights law
1071:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1021:As of 2014, more than a dozen
671:Jews who fled or were expelled
1:
3726:10.1080/13621025.2019.1616447
3433:The Journal of Modern History
3162:. Stanford University Press.
3060:Iordachi, Constantin (2019).
1146:
858:National Register of Citizens
856:, were excluded from India's
823:Burma Citizenship Act of 1982
745:, often to make it easier to
739:lost their citizenship rights
648:by denaturalizing Armenians,
329:
5257:British Overseas Territories
3319:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789
3279:. Harvard University Press.
3238:. Harvard University Press.
3234:Siegelberg, Mira L. (2019).
3124:. Harvard University Press.
3102:. Harvard University Press.
3026:. Harvard University Press.
2923:, pp. 358–359, 363–364.
969:Terrorist Screening Database
831:collapse of the Eastern Bloc
757:were also denaturalized. In
667:Second Czechoslovak Republic
7:
5127:Renunciation of citizenship
3181:. Oxford University Press.
3083:. Oxford University Press.
3045:. Oxford University Press.
2921:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
2909:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
2528:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
2516:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
2464:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
2449:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
2437:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
1564:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
1552:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
1528:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
1516:Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020
1078:linked nationality to the "
933:been convicted of a crime.
544:Targets of denaturalization
447:. Attempts to denaturalize
344:renunciation of citizenship
10:
5332:
3843:
3412:Breitman, Richard (2005).
3098:Kraut, Julia Rose (2020).
3000:Belton, Kristy A. (2017).
2968:
2846:BĂĽcken & de Groot 2018
2269:Raj, Vatsal (2020-08-10).
2049:Rangaswamy, Padma (2007).
1748:London School of Economics
1049:
1010:
791:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
775:expelled and denaturalized
620:The disintegration of the
521:temporary exclusion orders
409:Naturalization Act of 1906
378:. The British practice of
357:
353:
34:Denaturalized Polish Jews
25:Denationalized citizenship
18:
5252:
5226:
5168:
5109:
5062:
4963:
4853:
4680:
4673:
4442:
4367:
4224:
4217:
3926:
3919:
3819:10.1163/15718166-12342100
3762:10.1017/S0738248018000019
3640:10.1017/S1816383121000278
3600:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3539:10.1017/S0020743819000904
3353:10.1163/15718166-12340079
3219:. Duke University Press.
987:Fraudulent naturalization
805:". Greece has encouraged
747:confiscate their property
75:Aboard aircraft and ships
3974:Central African Republic
3581:Macklin, Audrey (2021).
3503:10.1177/0022009414528260
3396:10.1177/1023263X17754036
3215:Sharma, Nandita (2020).
3196:Rangelov, Iavor (2014).
2973:
2350:"Will Fight Deportation"
2151:, pp. 226–227, 237.
1891:, pp. 722, 724–725.
1045:
634:second-class citizenship
398:Canadian nationality law
19:Not to be confused with
5072:Commonwealth of Nations
3664:Said, Wadie E. (2021).
3612:10.1080/014198798329793
2834:Weil & Handler 2018
1690:Weil & Handler 2018
1454:Weil & Handler 2018
1442:Weil & Handler 2018
1430:Weil & Handler 2018
1307:Weil & Handler 2018
1052:British nationality law
4886:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3801:Zedner, Lucia (2016).
3750:Law and History Review
3139:Mantu, Sandra (2015).
2495:T.M.C. Asser Instituut
2034:: CS1 maint: others (
1948:Coulson, Doug, 1969-.
1120:
795:apartheid South Africa
759:German-occupied Europe
713:Sakharam Ganesh Pandit
613:. In Austria-Hungary,
598:
586:
507:
428:David Scott FitzGerald
360:History of citizenship
43:
5269:Partially recognized.
4134:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3794:10.1093/ahr/122.3.702
3275:Zalc, Claire (2021).
1913:Chakravorty, Sanjoy.
1668:, pp. 34, 36–38.
1656:, pp. 1815–1816.
1644:, pp. 1814–1815.
1137:right to a fair trial
1050:Further information:
1011:Further information:
817:, an ethnic group in
642:ethnic homogenization
592:
572:
212:Diplomatic protection
33:
5208:Second-class citizen
5181:Multiple citizenship
4650:United Arab Emirates
4284:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3633:(916–917): 605–618.
3587:Manitoba Law Journal
3477:10.1093/hgs/16.2.217
1903:, pp. 622, 630.
1819:, pp. 230, 241.
1680:, pp. 9, 53–54.
1444:, pp. 296, 308.
1109:multiple citizenship
1080:right to have rights
1074:(1951), philosopher
1028:multiple citizenship
920:, who fought in the
898:political repression
868:Political dissidents
799:black South Africans
696:. However, the 1923
650:Assyrians or Syriacs
421:political dissidence
380:penal transportation
5311:Human rights abuses
5198:Permanent residency
5117:Loss of citizenship
5092:Caribbean Community
4345:Trinidad and Tobago
4330:St. Kitts and Nevis
4232:Antigua and Barbuda
3714:Citizenship Studies
3695:10.1093/bjc/azaa085
3569:Queen's Law Journal
3306:Citizenship Studies
3158:Mays, Devi (2020).
2947:, pp. 609–610.
2887:, pp. 237–238.
2875:, pp. 432–433.
2768:, pp. 229–230.
2427:, pp. 606–607.
2259:, pp. 143–144.
2223:, pp. 622–623.
2163:, pp. 16, 302.
2110:, pp. 140–141.
2098:, pp. 233–234.
1867:, pp. 226–227.
1855:, pp. 187–188.
1817:Liebisch-GĂĽmĂĽĹź 2020
1807:, pp. 141–142.
1716:, pp. 438–439.
1554:, pp. 354–356.
1489:, pp. 431–432.
1456:, pp. 297–298.
1408:, pp. 365–366.
1214:, pp. 364–365.
1190:, pp. 427–428.
1178:, pp. 361–362.
894:liberal democracies
874:Communist Party USA
821:, according to the
755:concentration camps
694:qualifying as white
607:Jewish emancipation
307:loss of citizenship
237:Permanent residency
4272:Dominican Republic
2651:The New York Times
2382:. January 18, 1920
2380:The New York Times
2356:. December 1, 1919
2354:The New York Times
2235:, pp. 30, 32.
807:Slavic Macedonians
789:denaturalized the
679:annexed to Germany
599:
587:
585:, on 25 April 1942
559:liberal democratic
534:Dominican Republic
453:Japanese Canadians
449:Japanese Americans
415:in 1914 and 1918.
257:Identity cleansing
44:
5288:
5287:
5262:Open border with
5105:
5104:
4959:
4958:
4438:
4437:
4358:US Virgin Islands
4285:
4009:Equatorial Guinea
3423:978-0-521-85268-5
3286:978-0-674-98771-5
3267:978-0-691-16494-6
3245:978-0-674-24051-3
3226:978-1-4780-0245-1
3207:978-1-107-01219-6
3188:978-0-19-956998-4
3169:978-1-5036-1321-8
3150:978-90-04-29300-7
3131:978-0-674-06780-6
3109:978-0-674-97606-1
3090:978-0-19-880585-4
3071:978-90-04-40111-2
3052:978-0-19-880585-4
3033:978-0-674-25299-8
3011:978-0-8122-9432-3
2992:978-0-520-38563-4
2587:. 16 October 2019
2062:978-1-4381-0712-7
2013:978-1-315-70630-6
1961:978-1-4384-6662-0
1926:978-0-19-064874-9
1593:, pp. 28–29.
1277:, pp. 20–21.
1056:According to the
930:national security
922:Soviet–Afghan War
914:Spanish Civil War
827:Rohingya genocide
717:reasonably relied
677:, which had been
638:Armenian genocide
593:Refugee camp for
565:Ethnic minorities
300:
299:
247:Right to homeland
5323:
5316:Denaturalization
5276:
5275:
5122:Denaturalization
5011:Papua New Guinea
4996:Marshall Islands
4678:
4677:
4283:
4222:
4221:
3924:
3923:
3913:Nationality laws
3906:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3860:
3838:
3797:
3773:
3747:
3737:
3708:
3706:
3689:(4): 1044–1065.
3677:
3660:
3642:
3615:
3594:
3577:
3559:
3541:
3514:
3480:
3456:
3427:
3408:
3398:
3373:
3355:
3330:
3313:(3–4): 367–379.
3296:Journal articles
3290:
3271:
3249:
3230:
3211:
3192:
3173:
3154:
3135:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3056:
3037:
3020:Brubaker, Rogers
3015:
2996:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2300:Atlantic Council
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2052:Indian Americans
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2025:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1973:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1125:
938:counterterrorism
882:Julia Rose Kraut
733:
690:Indian emigrants
636:. Following the
622:Austro-Hungarian
611:Treaty of Berlin
512:
461:changed the laws
303:Denaturalization
292:
285:
278:
252:Voluntary return
165:Lost citizenship
46:
45:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5301:Nationality law
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5248:
5222:
5203:Right of return
5164:
5101:
5064:
5058:
5021:Solomon Islands
4955:
4921:Northern Cyprus
4916:North Macedonia
4849:
4684:
4669:
4434:
4363:
4213:
3915:
3910:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3846:
3841:
3745:
3670:UCLA Law Review
3564:Macklin, Audrey
3424:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3268:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3189:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3110:
3091:
3072:
3053:
3034:
3012:
2993:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2822:Siegelberg 2019
2820:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2704:Siegelberg 2019
2702:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2677:Siegelberg 2019
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:, pp. 6–7.
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2263:
2257:FitzGerald 2017
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2209:FitzGerald 2017
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2137:FitzGerald 2017
2135:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2108:Siegelberg 2019
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2084:Siegelberg 2019
2082:
2078:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1805:FitzGerald 2017
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1781:Siegelberg 2019
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1617:, p. 1044.
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1365:FitzGerald 2017
1363:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1141:proportionality
1116:non-refoulement
1066:
1054:
1048:
1019:
1009:
989:
946:foreign fighter
918:Osama bin Laden
906:
887:First Amendment
870:
862:Bengali Muslims
839:ethnic Russians
811:Turks of Greece
779:State of Israel
727:
685:living abroad.
630:"dissimilation"
626:Ottoman Empires
624:, Russian, and
567:
546:
494:legal residence
490:
481:Immigration law
362:
356:
332:
296:
262:Right of return
207:Criminalization
42:in October 1938
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:Naturalization
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:Nordic Council
5084:
5079:
5077:European Union
5074:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5040:American Samoa
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4951:United Kingdom
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4854:Rest of Europe
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Czech Republic
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4682:European Union
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Western Sahara
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:Congo Republic
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3861:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3813:(2): 222–242.
3798:
3788:(3): 702–726.
3774:
3756:(2): 295–354.
3738:
3720:(4): 304–319.
3709:
3678:
3661:
3616:
3606:(4): 613–638.
3595:
3578:
3560:
3532:(2): 229–244.
3515:
3497:(3): 537–555.
3485:Frankl, Michal
3481:
3471:(2): 217–242.
3457:
3445:10.1086/693113
3439:(3): 495–530.
3428:
3422:
3409:
3374:
3346:(3): 338–365.
3331:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3272:
3266:
3250:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3212:
3206:
3193:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3130:
3114:
3108:
3095:
3089:
3076:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3038:
3032:
3016:
3010:
2997:
2991:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2962:, p. 611.
2960:Paulussen 2021
2949:
2945:Paulussen 2021
2937:
2925:
2913:
2911:, p. 363.
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2863:, p. 233.
2850:
2838:
2836:, p. 295.
2826:
2824:, p. 207.
2814:
2812:, p. 609.
2810:Paulussen 2021
2797:
2795:, p. 441.
2782:
2780:, p. 316.
2770:
2758:
2756:, p. 229.
2746:
2720:
2708:
2706:, p. 134.
2693:
2691:, p. 362.
2681:
2679:, p. 133.
2669:
2667:, p. 579.
2657:
2637:
2635:, p. 229.
2625:
2623:, p. 329.
2613:
2598:
2572:
2532:
2530:, p. 362.
2520:
2518:, p. 365.
2508:
2480:
2478:, p. 612.
2476:Paulussen 2021
2468:
2466:, p. 340.
2453:
2451:, p. 349.
2441:
2439:, p. 339.
2429:
2425:Paulussen 2021
2417:
2405:
2393:
2367:
2341:
2339:, p. 363.
2324:
2312:
2286:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2211:, p. 143.
2201:
2199:, p. 209.
2189:
2187:, p. 310.
2177:
2175:, p. 215.
2165:
2153:
2141:
2139:, p. 142.
2124:
2122:, p. 294.
2112:
2100:
2088:
2086:, p. 139.
2076:
2061:
2041:
2012:
1993:
1960:
1940:
1925:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1879:, p. 551.
1869:
1857:
1845:
1843:, p. 100.
1833:
1831:, p. 371.
1821:
1809:
1797:
1795:, p. 716.
1785:
1773:
1771:, p. 266.
1761:
1730:
1728:, p. 360.
1718:
1706:
1704:, p. 438.
1694:
1692:, p. 305.
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1632:, p. 378.
1619:
1615:Tripkovic 2021
1607:
1605:, p. 608.
1603:Paulussen 2021
1595:
1583:
1568:
1566:, p. 358.
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 230.
1532:
1530:, p. 352.
1520:
1518:, p. 351.
1508:
1506:, p. 434.
1491:
1479:
1477:, p. 430.
1458:
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 297.
1422:
1420:, p. 366.
1410:
1398:
1396:, p. 429.
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 131.
1357:
1355:, p. 365.
1342:
1340:, p. 519.
1323:
1311:
1309:, p. 296.
1294:
1292:, p. 428.
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 427.
1252:
1250:, p. 511.
1240:
1238:, p. 103.
1228:
1216:
1204:
1202:, p. 308.
1192:
1180:
1168:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1122:ne bis in idem
1065:
1062:
1047:
1044:
1040:Lost Canadians
1023:European Union
1008:
1005:
997:Audrey Macklin
993:naturalization
988:
985:
942:radicalization
905:
902:
869:
866:
850:black Haitians
797:, millions of
669:denaturalized
652:, Greeks, and
566:
563:
551:securitization
545:
542:
530:Guantanamo Bay
489:
486:
465:Home Secretary
433:Russian Empire
355:
352:
348:naturalization
331:
328:
298:
297:
295:
294:
287:
280:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
222:Foreign worker
219:
214:
209:
204:
203:
202:
189:
188:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
162:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
138:Naturalization
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
110:
109:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
86:
79:
78:
77:
64:
63:
57:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5328:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5281:
5280:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5264:Schengen Area
5261:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Statelessness
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:Ius sanguinis
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5097:African Union
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:organizations
5063:International
5061:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:United States
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Liechtenstein
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4687:Schengen Area
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:United States
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Guinea-Bissau
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:Sorkin, David
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2899:, p. 43.
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2848:, p. 38.
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2739:September 25,
2735:
2731:
2724:
2718:, p. 36.
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2633:Breitman 2005
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2586:
2585:www.uscis.gov
2582:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2547:
2546:The Intercept
2543:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2247:, p. 27.
2246:
2245:Rangelov 2014
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2173:Brubaker 1998
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1783:, p. 33.
1782:
1777:
1770:
1769:Iordachi 2019
1765:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1581:, p. 43.
1580:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1379:, p. 29.
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:Caglioti 2017
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1321:, p. 21.
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1248:Caglioti 2017
1244:
1237:
1232:
1226:, p. 90.
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1166:, p. 30.
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Hannah Arendt
1073:
1072:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1017:Statelessness
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
950:death penalty
947:
943:
939:
934:
931:
927:
926:Islamic State
923:
919:
915:
911:
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
770:citizenship.
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
731:
726:
721:
718:
714:
710:
705:
704:
699:
698:Supreme Court
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:Romani people
612:
608:
604:
603:Romanian Jews
596:
591:
584:
580:
576:
571:
562:
560:
555:
552:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
510:
502:
500:
499:statelessness
495:
485:
482:
478:
474:
469:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:white émigrés
434:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Western world
401:
399:
394:
393:German Empire
390:
386:
385:welfare state
381:
377:
376:
375:terra nullius
371:
367:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
293:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
273:
271:
270:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:
187:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
170:denaturalized
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
158:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:transnational
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:
108:
105:
104:
97:
96:Birth tourism
94:
93:
92:
91:
87:
85:
84:
83:Jus sanguinis
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
55:
51:
48:
47:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
5278:
5244:Soviet Union
5239:Ancient Rome
5234:Nazi Germany
5160:Repatriation
5150:
5143:
5121:
5110:By procedure
4645:Turkmenistan
4600:Saudi Arabia
4164:South Africa
4149:Sierra Leone
3954:Burkina Faso
3920:By continent
3870:. Retrieved
3857:the original
3810:
3806:
3785:
3781:
3753:
3749:
3717:
3713:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3669:
3630:
3624:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3573:
3567:
3529:
3523:
3494:
3488:
3468:
3464:
3461:Dean, Martin
3436:
3432:
3413:
3389:(1): 38–51.
3386:
3382:
3343:
3339:
3310:
3304:
3276:
3257:
3235:
3216:
3197:
3178:
3159:
3140:
3121:
3099:
3080:
3061:
3042:
3023:
3001:
2982:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2873:Macklin 2021
2868:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2793:Macklin 2021
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2723:
2711:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2649:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2611:, p. 4.
2609:Macklin 2014
2591:21 September
2589:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2551:21 September
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2471:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2403:, p. 6.
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2322:, p. ?.
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2221:McGarry 1998
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2051:
2044:
2002:
1996:
1950:
1943:
1915:
1908:
1901:McGarry 1998
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1746:
1721:
1714:Macklin 2021
1709:
1702:Macklin 2021
1697:
1685:
1678:Macklin 2014
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1579:McGarry 2010
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1504:Macklin 2021
1487:Macklin 2021
1482:
1475:Macklin 2021
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1394:Macklin 2021
1372:
1360:
1314:
1290:Macklin 2021
1270:
1263:Macklin 2021
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1188:Macklin 2021
1183:
1171:
1133:
1127:
1113:
1104:ratification
1097:
1084:Patrick Weil
1069:
1068:In her book
1067:
1064:Human rights
1055:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1007:Loss of ties
990:
961:Amazon Cloud
955:In 2019, US
954:
935:
907:
891:
878:Emma Goldman
871:
843:
772:
767:Vichy France
751:Nazi ghettos
742:
722:
701:
687:
619:
600:
556:
547:
516:
515:
503:
491:
488:Consequences
473:9/11 attacks
470:
463:so that the
455:
445:World War II
441:Soviet Union
425:
402:
373:
363:
333:
324:human rights
312:9/11 attacks
302:
301:
169:
88:
81:
50:Legal status
21:Denaturation
5306:Citizenship
5218:Travel visa
5176:Citizenship
5001:New Zealand
4845:Switzerland
4800:Netherlands
4610:South Korea
4590:Philippines
4570:North Korea
4450:Afghanistan
4354:Puerto Rico
4277:El Salvador
4169:South Sudan
4054:Ivory Coast
3778:Zahra, Tara
2897:Belton 2017
2885:Zedner 2016
2861:Zedner 2016
2766:Zedner 2016
2754:Zedner 2016
2716:Belton 2017
2689:Gibney 2017
2665:Feigin 2006
2337:Gibney 2017
2233:Belton 2017
2185:Sorkin 2019
2120:Sorkin 2019
1877:Frankl 2014
1841:Sharma 2020
1726:Gibney 2017
1666:Belton 2017
1630:Gibney 2017
1591:Belton 2017
1540:Zedner 2016
1418:Gibney 2017
1406:Gibney 2017
1353:Gibney 2017
1212:Gibney 2017
1176:Gibney 2017
1089:nationality
785:. In 1949,
736:German Jews
728: [
683:Polish Jews
675:Sudetenland
509:sui generis
417:World War I
340:nationality
336:citizenship
326:violation.
186:Immigration
116:Citizenship
107:Nationality
5295:Categories
4931:San Marino
4911:Montenegro
4876:Azerbaijan
4790:Luxembourg
4655:Uzbekistan
4625:Tajikistan
4530:Kyrgyzstan
4525:Kazakhstan
4485:East Timor
4460:Bangladesh
4282:Greenland
4257:Costa Rica
4159:Somaliland
4144:Seychelles
4109:Mozambique
4094:Mauritania
4079:Madagascar
4034:The Gambia
3969:Cape Verde
3118:Lohr, Eric
2621:Mantu 2015
2501:7 February
2413:Kraut 2020
2401:Kraut 2020
2320:Kraut 2020
2305:9 February
2280:2022-02-09
2197:Akram 2021
1954:. Albany.
1889:Zahra 2017
1829:Biner 2011
1793:Zahra 2017
1754:7 February
1147:References
835:the Erased
803:Bantustans
389:emigration
366:banishment
358:See also:
330:Definition
217:Expatriate
70:Birthplace
61:Birthright
5169:By result
4971:Australia
4785:Lithuania
4615:Sri Lanka
4605:Singapore
4585:Palestine
4495:Indonesia
4430:Venezuela
4375:Argentina
4335:St. Lucia
4320:Nicaragua
4295:Guatemala
4099:Mauritius
3835:148301985
3827:1388-364X
3770:149657234
3734:182477566
3657:239635972
3649:1816-3831
3556:219102286
3548:0020-7438
3511:1461-7250
3453:149124480
3405:158833491
3370:228966461
3362:1388-364X
3327:144086552
3143:. Brill.
3064:. Brill.
2778:Troy 2019
2561:cite news
2275:LSE Blogs
2161:Zalc 2021
2149:Zalc 2021
2096:Dean 2002
2071:228654847
2030:cite book
2022:908047319
1978:cite book
1970:962141092
1935:965470087
1865:Zalc 2021
1853:Mays 2020
1654:Said 2021
1642:Said 2021
1377:Zalc 2021
1319:Zalc 2021
1275:Zalc 2021
1236:Lohr 2012
1224:Lohr 2012
1200:Troy 2019
1164:Zalc 2021
910:terrorism
787:Sri Lanka
673:from the
477:terrorism
316:terrorism
175:renounced
40:Nuremberg
5279:Category
5191:Internal
5186:Passport
5152:Ius soli
5082:Mercosur
4991:Kiribati
4830:Slovenia
4825:Slovakia
4815:Portugal
4705:Bulgaria
4635:Thailand
4580:Pakistan
4555:Mongolia
4550:Malaysia
4475:Cambodia
4420:Suriname
4410:Paraguay
4395:Colombia
4305:Honduras
4267:Dominica
4242:Barbados
4218:Americas
4209:Zimbabwe
4179:Tanzania
4024:Ethiopia
4019:Eswatini
3999:Djibouti
3964:Cameroon
3949:Botswana
3868:(Report)
3676:: 1800–.
3256:(2019).
3120:(2012).
3022:(1998).
2734:CBC News
1128:de facto
1026:holding
815:Rohingya
783:refugees
743:en masse
646:Anatolia
595:Rohingya
579:WĂĽrzburg
525:passport
517:De facto
456:en masse
143:Ius Doni
126:multiple
90:Jus soli
36:expelled
5227:Defunct
5054:Vanuatu
4964:Oceania
4946:Ukraine
4901:Moldova
4891:Georgia
4881:Belarus
4871:Andorra
4866:Armenia
4861:Albania
4820:Romania
4765:Ireland
4760:Iceland
4755:Hungary
4745:Germany
4735:Finland
4730:Estonia
4725:Denmark
4710:Croatia
4700:Belgium
4695:Austria
4660:Vietnam
4560:Myanmar
4545:Lebanon
4455:Bahrain
4425:Uruguay
4400:Ecuador
4380:Bolivia
4310:Jamaica
4290:Grenada
4237:Bahamas
4189:Tunisia
4154:Somalia
4139:Senegal
4124:Nigeria
4114:Namibia
4104:Morocco
4069:Liberia
4064:Lesotho
4014:Eritrea
3984:Comoros
3959:Burundi
3934:Algeria
3844:Reports
2969:Sources
819:Myanmar
583:Bavaria
435:, the "
370:prisons
354:History
305:is the
242:Refugee
227:Illegal
121:missing
54:persons
5031:Tuvalu
4941:Turkey
4936:Serbia
4926:Russia
4906:Monaco
4896:Kosovo
4840:Sweden
4810:Poland
4805:Norway
4775:Latvia
4750:Greece
4740:France
4715:Cyprus
4674:Europe
4640:Turkey
4630:Taiwan
4535:Kuwait
4520:Jordan
4510:Israel
4470:Brunei
4465:Bhutan
4405:Guyana
4385:Brazil
4325:Panama
4315:Mexico
4252:Canada
4247:Belize
4204:Zambia
4194:Uganda
4129:Rwanda
4084:Malawi
4044:Guinea
3939:Angola
3927:Africa
3833:
3825:
3768:
3732:
3655:
3647:
3554:
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