Sub-Saharan Africa

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shared with other extended family members. Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community. This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community. "An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle. Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt. Cousins will be called brother or sister". This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand; however, it is no less important. "Also reflecting their communal ethic, Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbors or colleagues, a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions." Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children. Traditionally, in many cultures "men do the heavy work of clearing and ploughing the land, women sow the seeds, tend the fields, harvest the crops, haul the water, and bear the major burden for growing the family's food". Despite their work in the fields, women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures. "When young women migrate to cities, this imbalance between the sexes, as well as financial need, often causes young women of lower economic status, who lack education and job training, to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two".

6473:, with 80% of the total world's annual mine production and 88% of the world's platinum reserve. Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33% of the world's bauxite, with Guinea as the major supplier. Zambia is a major producer of copper. The Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan. Production from DR Congo is very small, but the country has 80% of the proven reserves in Africa, which are 80% of those worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa is a major producer of gold, producing up to 30% of global production. Major suppliers are South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Guinea, and Mali. South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905, but in 2007 it moved to second place, according to GFMS, the precious metals consultancy. Uranium is major commodity from the region. Significant suppliers are Niger, Namibia, and South Africa. Namibia was the number one supplier from sub-Saharan Africa in 2008. The region produces 49% of the world's 6264: 2199: 6279: 6974: 9080: 2790: 9003: 2370: 19119: 1758: 344: 11519: 9163: 2454: 6866: 6932:

children) in the region benefit from school meal programs, and about 82% of the funding for these programs is provided by governments. Nonetheless, a lot must yet happen for this region to catch up. The statistics show that the literacy rate for sub-Saharan Africa was 65% in 2017. In other words, one-third of the people aged 15 and above were unable to read and write. The comparative figure for 1984 was an illiteracy rate of 49%. In 2017, only about 22% of Africans were internet users at all, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

6791: 9238: 2538: 1296: 36: 6485:. All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves' economic benefits. Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia. Almost all reserves are offshore, so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations. Sub-Saharan oil is viscous, with a very low sulfur content. This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs. New sources of oil are being located in sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else. Of all new sources of oil, 11328: 11004: 3870: 752: 6531: 7691:. Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions, not two. A house is meant to be experienced from all angles. Third, art is meant to be performed. Sub-Saharan Africans have a specific name for masks. The name incorporates the sculpture, the dance, and the spirit that incorporates the mask. The name denotes all three elements. Fourth, art that serves a practical function. The artist and craftsman are not separate. A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool. Fifth, the use of 5807: 9274: 2580: 1051: 8448: 7655: 4347: 4386: 2188: 7700:, a British art historian, has compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D'Arcy Thompson. Lastly, sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract, instead of naturalistic. Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions, social norms, ideas, values, etc. An artist might exaggerate the head of a sculpture in relation to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom. 11482: 4230: 285: 11362: 4014: 11298: 11227: 10794: 4194: 3792: 3540: 10455: 10074: 9438: 8877: 3204: 2958: 11158: 10755: 4086: 3834: 3498: 11038: 10683: 10572: 7218: 3906: 3414: 3288: 8841: 10647: 7040: 3372: 10876: 10416: 9927: 9833: 9778: 3666: 3162: 3078: 2994: 10494: 10255: 9642: 9127: 3582: 2832: 2412: 8628: 4355: 6747:, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, aid, the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending. The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased from $ 7 billion (2002) to $ 27 billion (2009). China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor. 11196: 11128: 10131: 9876: 9727: 9682: 8961: 4050: 3036: 2706: 2328: 11452: 10719: 10533: 9981: 9481: 8058: 6628: 4158: 3456: 3246: 3120: 7068:(UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retro viral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone. The number of AIDS-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 per cent less than the number in 2005. The number of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 per cent less than the number in 2001. 6928:

education. In Rwanda, the first year of secondary school was attached to primary education in 2009, which significantly increased the number of pupils enrolled at this level of education. In 2012, the primary completion rate (PCR) – which measures the proportion of children reaching the final year of primary school – was 70%, meaning that more than three out of ten children entering primary school do not reach the final primary year.

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Niger, for example, the number of children entering school increased by more than three-and-a-half times between 1999 and 2011. In Ethiopia, over the same period, over 8.5 million more children were admitted to primary school. The net rate of first-year access in sub-Saharan Africa has thus risen by 19 points in 12 years, from 58% in 1999 to 77% in 2011. Despite the considerable efforts, the latest available data from the

10926: 10338: 10031: 9395: 9310: 2916: 2622: 11422: 11268: 11068: 10176: 9524: 4122: 3942: 3708: 2664: 1631: 4401: 10966: 9350: 11392: 9202: 3750: 2496: 6762: 1700: 4416: 4370: 1899: 13512:: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia 6684: 5353: 5343: 18273: 321: 8367: 1487: 8198: 11533: 571: 7942: 6818:, the South African Minister of Science and Technology, even with the drain enrollments in sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005, expanding at an annual rate of 8.7%, which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world. In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university-level degrees abroad has increased. 7132:. The healthcare system has five levels of providers: health posts which are first-level primary care for rural areas, health centers and clinics, district hospitals, regional hospitals, and tertiary hospitals. These programs are funded by the government of Ghana, financial credits, Internally Generated Fund (IGF), and Donors-pooled Health Fund. 8624:. The most talented sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues. There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs. Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans. FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games. 17943:

and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the

6322:(AfDB) and the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund. These projects must be sustainable, involve a cross-border dimension and/or have a regional impact, involve public and private capital, contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development, and involve at least one country in sub-Saharan Africa. 12848:

Peter Mitchell et al., The Oxford Handbook of African Archeology (2013), p. 855: "The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin (Magnavita et al., 2006) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still

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levels of sub-Saharan Africa and Africa, in general, were higher than numeracy levels in South Asia. In the 1940s more than 75% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa was numerate. The numeracy of the West African countries, Benin and Ghana, was even higher with more than 80% of the population being

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Television is the second major source of information. Because of power shortages, the spread of television viewing has been limited. Eight per cent have television, a total of 62 million. Those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market. Digital television and pay for

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is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers

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Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world. Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile, south of Egypt. The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria, parts of Turkey, and

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ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of

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languages, is rhythmic and centered around the drum. Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic, usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition. Dance involves moving multiple body parts. These aspects of sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved sub-Saharan Africans and

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Literacy rates have gone up in sub-Saharan Africa, and internet access has improved considerably. At least 39 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have some large-scale school feeding programs, which can improve access to education. In aggregate, 16% of school-age children (and 25% of primary school-age

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increased by 5% per year in sub-Saharan Africa, with major variations between countries, with percentages varying from 1.8% in Cameroon to over 6% in Burundi. As of 2015, governments in sub-Saharan Africa spend on average 18% of their total budget on education, against 15% in the rest of the world.

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in 2000, with the aim of achieving universal schooling (MDG2) and eliminating gender disparities, especially in primary and secondary education (MDG3). Since the World Education Forum in Dakar, considerable efforts have been made to respond to these demographic challenges in terms of education. The

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Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil, thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation. Sub-Saharan Africa has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy, of which only 7% has been explored. The failure to exploit its full energy potential is

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In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing. The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth. Cotton cloth is referred to as machira. Xhosa, Tswana, Sotho, and Swazi also made extensive use of hides. Hides come from cattle,

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Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse, with many communities, villages, and cities, each with their own beliefs and traditions. Traditional African Societies are communal, they believe that the needs of the many far outweigh an individual's needs and achievements. Essentially, an individual's keep must be

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estimates that, for 2012, there were still 57.8 million children who were not in school. Of these, 29.6 million were in sub-Saharan Africa alone, a figure which has not changed for several years. Many sub-Saharan countries have notably included the first year of secondary school in basic

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African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix. Hydro Turbine Markets in sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $ 120.0 million in 2007 and was estimated to reach $ 425.0 million. Asian countries, notably China, India, and

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According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 1.1 billion in 2019. The current growth rate is 2.3%. The UN predicts for the region a population between 2 and 2.5 billion by 2050 with a population density of 80 per km compared to 170

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electrical potential. Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential. In 2003, China promised to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years. Training African

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Archeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10,000 years. According to Zangato and Holl, there is evidence of iron-smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3,000 to 2,500 BCE. Extensive walled sites and

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Higher diversity in Sub-Saharan African countries has been found to lead to a poorer economy. Researchers have argued that this is because of ethnic favoritism in their politics. Sub-Saharan leaders are more likely to provide better resources to their coethnic groups when in power. A study found

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produced multiple results in sub-Saharan Africa. The greatest advance was in access to primary education, which governments had made their absolute priority. The number of children in a primary school in sub-Saharan Africa thus rose from 82 million in 1999 to 136.4 million in 2011. In

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Less than 40% of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all-season road, the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world. Spending on roads averages just below 2% of GDP with varying degree among countries. This compares with 1% of GDP that is typical in industrialised

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says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit. There is such international interest in sub-Saharan agriculture, that the World Bank increased its financing of African

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In Africa, it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs, infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $ 93 billion a year). Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas

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highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population, scarce water supplies and climate change. Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame. Aggressive moves by China, South Korea, and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in

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Japan, are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent. The majority of these power projects are hydro-based because of China's vast experience in the construction of hydro-power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme.

1663:. Nubia in her greatest phase is considered sub-Saharan Africa's oldest urban civilisation. Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world. Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids. Sudan, the site of ancient Nubia, has more pyramids than anywhere else in the world. 7777: 7588:

Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication. For example, the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks. A binary system of one or two marks are combined. Random outcomes are generated using a

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Traditional sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region's various populations. The common perception of sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums. This is partially true. A large part of sub-Saharan music, mainly among speakers of

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Traditional religions in sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology, cosmology and metaphysics. Mythologies, for example, demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos. Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos.

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is another challenge, with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there has generally been progress here as well, as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990. Additionally, the

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countries, and 2–3% of GDP found in fast-growing emerging economies. Although the level of expenditure is high relative to the size of Africa's economies, it remains small in absolute terms, with low-income countries spending an average of about US$ 7 per capita per year.

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that, on average, children of the favored ethnic group are 2.25% more likely to attend primary school and 1.80% more likely to complete primary school. A 1% increase in GDP is associated with a 1.5% increase in the ethnic favoritism effect on primary school attendance.

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Sub-Saharan Africa was severely harmed when government revenue declined from 22% of GDP in 2011 to 17% in 2021. 15 African nations were (or are) at significant risk of debt, and 7 were (2021) in financial crisis according to the IMF. The region went on to receive IMF

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Land-based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa accounts for about 80% of the world's identified manganese resources, and Ukraine accounts for

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After the Sahara became a desert, it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water, food, and supplies across the desert. Prior to the introduction of the

2142:. It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterward the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the Dutch (now under French control) and the British found themselves at war again. The British captured the Dutch possession yet again at the 7092:, is also endemic to parts of the region. More than 99% of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein. In response, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease. 8714:

have produced many notable long-distance athletes. Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent. Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold, save for two exceptions, all the men's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the

15776: 18977: 7036:, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost. 1396:

in the 11th century. Nri was famous for having a priest-king who wielded no military power. Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory. Other major states included the kingdoms of

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Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West, China, India, and other emerging economies, even though it holds only 10% of proven oil reserves, less than the Middle East. This race has been referred to as the second

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in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious, spiritual legitimacy. The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian/Congo copper belt.

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Like most of the world, sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western-style clothing. In some countries like Zambia, used Western clothing has flooded markets, causing great angst in the retail community. Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional

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As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara, with the remaining four in East and Central Asia. According to the

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in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy. South Africa, Namibia, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzania and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries.

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and global warming. As of right now Sub-Saharan Africa has degraded land covering one million square kilometres. Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield, pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers. The

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Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa's growth, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average 30–40% returns for

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in the 16th century. The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav. The Mwata Yamyo's legitimacy, like that of the Luba king, came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian. This

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However, Southern Africa is predominantly Christian. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa.

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largely due to significant underinvestment, as at least four times as much (approximately $ 23 billion a year) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure.

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In 2019, 424 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were reportedly living in severe poverty. In 2022, 460 million people—an increase of 36 million in only three years—were anticipated to be living in extreme poverty as a result of the

7361:-speakers is a belief in a creator god or higher deity, along with ancestor spirits, territorial spirits, evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits, and priests of territorial spirits. New world religions such as 316:, though the organization states that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories." 17233:

Onambele, Luc; Ortega-Leon, Wilfrido; Guillen-Aguinaga, Sara; Forjaz, Maria João; Yoseph, Amanuel; Guillen-Aguinaga, Laura; Alas-Brun, Rosa; Arnedo-Pena, Alberto; Aguinaga-Ontoso, Ines; Guillen-Grima, Francisco (12 October 2022).

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Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3% of their GDP on science and technology in 2007. This represents an increase from US$ 1.8 billion in 2002 to US$ 2.8 billion in 2007, a 50% increase in spending.

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As of 2009, 50% of Africa was rural with no access to electricity. In 2021, Africa generated 889 TWh of electricity, amounting to 3.13% of the global market share. Many countries were (as of 2009) affected by power shortages.

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or non-linear scaling. The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales. Before the discovery of fractal geometry, Leopold Sedar Senghor, Senegal's first president, referred to this as "dynamic symmetry".

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Agriculture represents 20% to 30% of GDP and 50% of exports. In some cases, 60% to 90% of the labor force are employed in agriculture. Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming. This has made agricultural activity

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is a major migration movement that originated in West Central Africa (possibly around Cameroon) around 2500 BCE, reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE.

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Africa, Volume 1 of Cities of the world: a compilation of current information on cultural, geographical, and political conditions in the countries and cities of six continents, based on the Department of State's "post

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West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the Bilad as-Sūdan, 'Land of the Blacks', of the

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with a five-year goal of improving energy access for at least two million people in sub-Saharan Africa. It has so far invested around $ 45 million to renewable energy projects in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

14066:"The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group." 15773: 13163:

Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian

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agricultural programs to $ 1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year. Recently, there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries. Early in 2009,

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extends across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10° to 15° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include

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is also neither simple or linear. It defines duality, the material and immaterial, male and female, heaven and earth. Common principles of being and becoming are widespread: Among the Dogon, the principle of

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Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE. By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains, wheat, and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile.

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worldwide. In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the

5865:, the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7% in 2013. This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household. 17084: 8436:, kitenge is known as Chitenge. One of the unique materials, which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth, an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda. It came from the Mutuba tree ( 1566:

or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states. Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties.

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referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE. These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration.

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Modern sub-Saharan African music has been influenced by music from the New World (Jazz, Salsa, Rhythm and Blues etc.) vice versa being influenced by enslaved sub-Saharan Africans. Popular styles are

17412: 8824:), and a largely Arabized native Nubian population that represents the majority at 70% hence its inclusion in North Africa, but geographically and culturally Sudan is part of Sub Saharan Africa. 1444:, the British expanded their influence into the Nigerian interior. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition, and in the following year the 16954: 512:, the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier that is interrupted only by the 4493:

branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn, and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region. Additionally, the Semitic branch of the family, in the form of

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The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of

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Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.

18234: 17467: 17464:"UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa—with nearly 1 million added in the last year—while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall" 12921: 18898: 15630: 878: 746: 13417: 6275:

The percentage of residences with access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest in the world. In some remote regions, fewer than one in every 20 households has electricity.

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developed in Southern and East Africa by around 350,000 to 260,000 years ago and gradually migrated across the continent in waves. Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, their expansion

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As can be seen: 800m is Kenya; 5000m is Ethiopia; 10000m is Ethiopia; marathon is Kenya. The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records, though the latter is held by

434:(UN). This is considered a non-standardized geographical region with the number of countries included varying from 46 to 48 depending on the organization describing the region (e.g. 17820: 12537: 8568:. In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent's supremacy by winning the title too. Momentous achievements for sub-Saharan African football. Famous sub-Saharan football stars include 1452:. In 1900, the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria 4655:") have long been present. The San evince unique physical traits, and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa. 19069: 17524: 11585: 4597:, which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family. Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern, central and southeastern Africa, though 18823: 1883:, the mainstream position held within the scientific community, all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa. During the first millennium CE, 430:

that are situated fully in that specified region, the term may also include polities that only have part of their territory located in that region, per the definition of the

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is the first world champion to come out of sub-Saharan Africa. Countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as

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only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within sub-Saharan Africa.

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conquered Egypt in 525 BCE, although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans-saharan trade.

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is an endemic illness in sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur. Routine immunization has been introduced in order to prevent

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sheep, goat, and elephant. Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society. Skins were tanned to form leather, dyed, and embedded with beads.

6711:(MDGs). Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such as areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa. 12797: 13472: 7593:

recursive process. It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks. This system is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa.

16798: 15987: 17379: 16033: 15898: 15427: 13702: 13424: 13395: 2248: 18706:"Prestige Panel [Democratic Republic of Congo; Kuba peoples] (1999.522.15) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | the Metropolitan Museum of Art" 16932: 16296: 16682: 15375: 6250: 16297:"From the SelectedWorks of Maheta Matteo: From "Blood Diamond" to "Blood Coltan": Should International Corporations Pay the Price for the Rape of the DR Congo?" 15034: 13853: 19883: 17076: 16767: 8495:

In Central Africa, the Kuba people developed raffia cloth from the raffia plant fibers. It was widely used in the region. Barkcloth was also extensively used.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development (1996). Lost Crops of Africa: Grains. National Academy Press,

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In 2007, Radio was the major source of information in sub-Saharan Africa. Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population. Countries such as

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Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat. Traditional society typically focused on raising sheep, goats, and especially cattle. Dishes include

1223:, pottery was independently invented in West Africa, with the earliest pottery there dating to about 9,400 BC from central Mali. It spread throughout the 1006: 17612:

Verguet S, Jassat W, Hedberg C, Tollman S, Jamison DT, Hofman KJ (February 2012). "Measles control in Sub-Saharan Africa: South Africa as a case study".

14507: 2211: 18028: 16271: 15713: 917:

forests, grasslands, and shrublands are found in the high mountains and mountain ranges of eastern Africa, from the Ethiopian Highlands to South Africa.

16958: 15836: 14326: 6731:(ODA) and yet others by private investors. In sub-Saharan Africa, the state spends around $ 9.4 billion out of a total of $ 24.9 billion. In 1557:

Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people, marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the

19136:, Agence Française de Développement, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, Orange & UNESCO, Agence Française de Développement & UNESCO. 17978: 15478: 11620:"The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa." 7687:

Although sub-Saharan African art is very diverse, there are some common themes. One is the use of the human figure. Second, there is a preference for

1573:

existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east. During the 15th century, the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at

21172: 20942: 20748: 20518: 16167: 15579: 15093: 13943: 13524:(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, 9116: 7828:

Some forms of sub-Saharan African music use strings, horns, and very little poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern Sahel and along the Nile, among the

6678: 630:

The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj, from the area to their extreme east on the

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Agence Française de Développement, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie, Orange, & UNESCO. (2015). Digital Services for Education in Africa.

16704: 13598: 18331: 450:(AU) uses a different regional breakdown, recognizing all 55 member states on the continent—grouping them into five distinct and standard regions. 17564: 16417: 8071:

Southeast African cuisine, especially those of the Swahili people, reflects its Islamic, geographical Indian Ocean cultural links. Dishes include

1107:. They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers. The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE, when primitive 20324: 20094: 18218: 17762: 17463: 16621: 16579: 18873: 17706: 15503: 13246: 12901: 6829:. However, literacy rates in sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries. The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in 4489:

branch are mainly spoken in the north, with its speech area extending into the Sahel (northern Mauritania, northern Mali, northern Niger). The

16012: 15638: 15349: 12222: 7377:

speakers is the belief in Divinity; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man. Among

4569:

family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages (1,436) it contains. The vast majority of languages of this family are

18168: 17996: 11875: 8699:

is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries. South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies. In 2003 the

270: 18856: 18680: 18658: 18458: 17496: 16130: 12008: 11897: 7032:, and helped reshape the health policy of sub-Saharan Africa. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based 1146:(upright man) evolved 1.5 million years ago. Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small-brained and used primitive 1085:

at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.

14538: 13810: 13178: 12108:

the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography

8913: 7684:

at the Cape in South Africa, dated 77,000 years. Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world.

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technicians to use solar power is part of the China-Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister

6302:

With electrification numbers, sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar

2265: 925: 859: 17357: 14684: 14354: 6905:, provided the opportunity to reiterate and reinforce these goals. This initiative contributed to having education made a priority of the 4454:, Afroasiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world. Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE. The 19197: 17344:

Knippenberg R, Alihonou E, Soucat A, et al. (June 1997). "Implementation of the Bamako Initiative: strategies in Benin and Guinea".

15186: 14881: 14838: 14760: 14614: 11687: 6941: 6469:. A 2001 estimate is that 42% of the world's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa. South Africa is the largest producer of 6315: 921: 18705: 18632: 17285: 15002: 14963: 14924: 14799: 14703: 11699: 8544:

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons. Major competitions include the

6267:

Energy sources in sub-Saharan Africa. Fossil fuels and hydroelectric power make up the largest share of sub-Saharan African electricity.

19065: 18537:"African Influences in Modern Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 14662: 14631: 14557: 14210: 14145: 13972: 8134:, pork and non-fish seafood are avoided by Christians and Muslims. Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians. 7065: 6736: 6653:

is a strong advocate and donor to this cause. Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups.

1216:

had spread to all corners of the world. This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic, cultural and genetic evidence.

21087: 20663: 19017: 18793: 18735: 17958: 14595: 14576: 13914: 13882: 13785:

Schneider, Edgar Werner and Kortmann, Bernd(2004). A handbook of varieties of English: a multimedia reference tool, Volume 1. Berlin:

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Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.

12410:

Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Thomas, Mark G.; Manica, Andrea; Gunz, Philipp; Stock, Jay T.; Stringer, Chris; Grove, Matt; Groucutt, Huw S.;

20927: 20503: 16986: 16478:"Large scale land investments, household displacement and the effect on land degradation in semiarid agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia" 14407: 14076: 10993: 1417:, whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the well-known city of Eko which was named 18815: 14727: 14431: 6382:

outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive. Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise.

2275: 13154:

Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.

11257: 1425:-speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral, wealth, ancient science and technology and the 20239: 15292: 13505: 12032:

van Zinderen-Bakker, E.M. (14 April 1962). "A Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe".

20079: 17683: 17654: 17590: 7385:, the belief in one's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits. The Semitic 5332: 2182: 1936:

that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many

18540: 18510: 17437: 17007: 15529: 7138:, which was first identified in 1976, occasionally occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. The 2013–2016 4329: 20947: 20864: 20523: 20440: 20016: 18257: 16535: 16322: 13768:

Peek, Philip M. and Yankah, Kwesi (2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. London: (Routledge) Taylor & Francis, p. 205,

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Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.

11930: 10362: 8796:. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of North Africa. Although a long-standing member of the 1880: 546: 18117: 16728: 16200: 14105: 19928: 18626: 18566: 18488: 18426: 18267: 18127: 17947: 17925: 17025: 16861: 16438: 16378: 15359: 15180: 14996: 14957: 14875: 14793: 14001: 13835: 13794: 13688: 13529: 13326: 12864: 12625: 11845: 11820: 11797: 11774: 11751: 7057: 5386: 970:

is at Africa's southern tip, and is home to diverse subtropical and temperate forests, woodlands, grasslands, and shrublands.

18761: 17935: 16455: 13332: 13289: 13223: 13199:

Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: University Press.

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were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators, both for their meat and their marrow. In hunting,

20099: 12817: 9377: 7759: 7139: 6330: 5847:, private-sector investment portfolios, and remittances – began to exceed official development assistance. 5454: 498: 16703:

Ken Gwilliam, Vivien Foster, Rodrigo Archondo-Callao, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Alberto Nogales, and Kavita Sethi(2008).

16352: 11999:"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth's Orbit, Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks" 11898:"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks" 11608:"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings" 6263: 19437: 16790: 15604: 11929:

Claussen, Mark; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim (1999).

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A world map illustrating the proportion of population aged 15-49 infected with HIV in 2019. HIV is endemic especially in

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Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilizations of

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locomotion and freed hands, giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open

431: 17740: 17383: 16029: 15890: 13706: 11720: 9101: 8492:. Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant. Raffia cloth and barkcloth are also utilised in the region. 18999: 17320: 16928: 16674: 16300: 15979: 15554: 15269: 11837: 309: 14289: 13572: 13450: 12545: 7397:

is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance-dance; trance-healers.

6889:

in 1990, delegates from 155 countries and representatives of some 150 organizations gathered with the goal to promote

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within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Languages belonging to the family's

1730:, Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean. Growing from the proto-Aksumite 19106: 18602: 18582: 18403: 18351: 18317: 18228: 18063: 16495: 16401: 15949: 15153: 15024: 14918: 14832: 14754: 13861: 13773: 13378: 13314:

Societies, religion, and history: central-east Tanzanians and the world they created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE

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Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114

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In the 19th and 20th centuries, the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups:

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is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years. South Africa hosted the

6735:, SSA states represent almost all spending; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending; in 6507: 2375: 1751: 896: 795: 502: 474: 18925: 16830: 13550: 13418:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 6318:(NEPAD) is developing an integrated, continent-wide energy strategy. This has been funded by, amongst others, the 20774: 19190: 17133:"Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden" 16090: 15242: 6924: 6910:

amount of funds raised has been decisive. Between 1999 and 2010, public spending on education as a percentage of

6549:

Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world. These crops included

2243: 173: 18432: 16593: 15376:"Africa might have dodged a bullet, but systemic warnings abound for poverty reduction efforts on the continent" 8229:

and fufu are eaten in the region. Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot. Dominant crops include

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Hidden Innovation: Policy, Industry and the Creative Sector (Creative Economy and Innovation Culture Se Series)

14116: 13658: 13247:"The Peoples of the West from the Weilue: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE" 12561: 11743: 8642: 6696: 2162:. During the 1950s and early 1960s, most sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule. 2059:, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants. They reached the 1989:

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged, such as the

1168:

mastered the art of making fire. They were the first hominids to leave Africa, going on to colonize the entire

16260: 16056: 15828: 15688: 14503: 7357:. Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. Among 1738:

4th century BCE), it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE. The Aksumites constructed monolithic

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of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "

4333: 208: 19163: 9085: 8645:

governs rugby games in the region. South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in

2795: 2198: 1750:, established in the 12th century, built churches out of solid rock. These rock-hewn structures include the 21213: 20114: 19903: 19360: 18077: 16156: 15089: 13576: 7896: 7763: 7332: 7202: 7167: 6906: 6756: 6708: 6645: 2147: 1491: 537: 458: 447: 13951: 8225:

Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of sub-Saharan Africa: Its cuisine reflects that.

1405:

in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700–900 and 1400 respectively, and center of

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From Chaos to Cohesion: A Regional Approach to Security, Stability, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Bellwood, Peter S.(2005). First farmers: the origins of agricultural societies. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 218,

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Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 138–39, 142,

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is very diverse. A lot of regional overlapping occurs, but there are dominant elements region by region.

7109:(FGM). Somalia, Guinea, Djibouti, Sierra Leone and Mali have the highest prevalence of FGM in the world. 7061: 6994: 6949: 6918:

In the years immediately after the Dakar Forum, the efforts made by the African States towards achieving

6890: 5874: 2270: 1041: 16651: 8457:

In West Africa, again cotton is the material of choice. In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the

7728: 7297:). West Africa is the only subregion of sub-Saharan Africa which has a Muslim majority population, and 6810:

countries, predominantly in Europe, the United States and Canada. This has been described as an African

1239:, the use of oxen, mule, and horses for desert crossing was common, and trade routes followed chains of 21223: 21002: 20857: 20578: 20433: 20009: 19738: 19183: 17854: 16414: 16373:

Ghazvinian, John (2008). Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 1–16,

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are also commonly practiced across sub-Saharan Africa, with these religions being especially common in

6870: 5906: 4609:

groups, respectively, can also be found in those regions. Bantu-speakers can also be found in parts of

2158:

in southeastern South Africa. The small kingdom gained world fame during and after their defeat in the

2013: 1511:, Chad. The area is located approximately 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Lake Chad, and has been 1029: 996: 697:

in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa, who spoke languages belonging to the

13543:"Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP) — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 6278: 1874: 1251:

being a major economic force for its establishment. It is thought that the camel was first brought to

1115:

was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter, although

21112: 21102: 20907: 20813: 20688: 20678: 20483: 20406: 19673: 16878: 13318: 13250: 9331: 9295: 9259: 9223: 9184: 9148: 8621: 8473:

of Ghana and Ivory Coast, from silk of the various moth species in West Africa. Kente comes from the

7358: 7125: 7106: 7021: 5885:

in 2012 to 50% of gross domestic product in 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic caused it to rise to 57% of

5328: 5180: 5073: 4935: 4899: 4798: 4731: 4566: 2127: 1481: 988: 525: 439: 16879:"Does the Leader's Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa" 7936: 7680:, eastern Morocco. The second-oldest abstract form of art, and the oldest rock art, is found in the 906:

In East Africa, woodlands, savannas, and grasslands are found in the equatorial zone, including the

21117: 21007: 20937: 20693: 20583: 20513: 20154: 18288: 18156: 17556: 16009: 13370: 12304:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" 12214: 11789: 9168: 7928: 7071: 6539: 6326: 6319: 5450: 2459: 2123: 2115: 1917:

On the coastal section of Southeast Africa, a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with

1694: 1209: 1065:, early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest 18003: 17208: 17054:

School Meal Programs Around the World: Results from the 2021 Global Survey of School Meal Programs

12942:

Mokhtar (editor), AnciGent Civilizations of Africa Vo. II, General History of Africa, UNESCO, 1990

11867: 8308:(milky beer). Influences from the Indian and Malay communities can be seen in its use of curries, 7932: 6785: 5843:

In the mid-2010s, private capital flew to sub-Saharan Africa – primarily from the

21177: 21097: 21062: 21047: 21032: 20987: 20922: 20753: 20673: 20638: 20623: 20608: 20563: 20498: 20389: 20264: 20254: 20059: 19873: 18851: 18688: 18654: 18454: 18095: 17874:"Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections" 14988:

The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa Estuaries of the World

14535: 12267:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 2–3,

11998: 11905: 11717:"Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region" 8451: 8393: 7316: 5138: 5118: 4498: 4427: 2227: 1834: 1703: 1191:, was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa, many scientists consider 1033: 1025: 20804: 19118: 17954:, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: 16183:

About 42% of world reserves and about 75% of the world reserve base are located in South Africa.

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cloth that comes in rectangular shapes, made of pure cotton, and put together to make clothing.

6973: 2004:

During the early 1960s, the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule.

1021: 21052: 20628: 20269: 20159: 20089: 19390: 14681: 14611: 12657:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 47,

12085:

Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München

11503: 11473: 11443: 11413: 11383: 11353: 11319: 11289: 11029: 9368: 7378: 7374: 7155: 6968: 6911: 6795: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5361: 5285: 5265: 5012: 4871: 4826: 4769: 4664: 4393: 2171: 1814:

In the Middle Ages several powerful Somali empires dominated the region's trade, including the

1772: 1614: 1366: 1333:

figure. There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel, based on

1268: 1188: 992: 984: 714: 509: 186: 15170: 14861: 14822: 14744: 12636:

Davidson, Basil. Africa History, Themes and Outlines, revised and expanded edition. New York:

12284:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 3,

12083: 11737: 11683: 10919:

is often not considered part of sub-Saharan Africa, as it is considered part of North Africa.

7915:. New World styles like Salsa, R&B/Rap, Reggae, and Zouk also have widespread popularity. 5483:

which flows through the city. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.

21152: 21127: 20977: 20972: 20952: 20917: 20902: 20850: 20728: 20703: 20553: 20548: 20528: 20493: 20478: 20426: 20329: 20249: 20214: 20199: 20184: 20139: 20074: 20002: 19815: 19773: 19768: 19683: 19546: 19365: 19285: 19280: 18709: 18616: 17289: 15296: 14986: 14947: 14908: 14783: 14700: 14554: 13502: 12357: 12353:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" 12144:, Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255. 11695: 11631: 9243: 8553: 8549: 8523: 7755: 7129: 6894: 6283: 5244: 4984: 4971: 4803: 4482: 4408: 4362: 2543: 1858: 1743: 1449: 967: 874: 847: 843: 832: 799: 778:(green and yellow), and more desert or semi-desert regions, centered on Namibia and Botswana. 763: 710: 698: 521: 501:

applies the "sub-Saharan" classification to 46 of Africa's 55 countries, excluding Djibouti,

372: 20380: 18312:, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, pp. 102–03, 16396:, (2002). The Civilization of Africa. University of Virginia Press: Charlottesville, p. 98, 14782:

John Hartley; Jason Potts; Terry Flew; Stuart Cunningham; Michael Keane; John Banks (2012).

14659: 14635: 14381: 14218: 14153: 13980: 12834:

Akinwumi Ogundiran, Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives

7649: 1369:

is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world.

21137: 21107: 21092: 21077: 21067: 21057: 21022: 21017: 20967: 20912: 20887: 20800: 20791: 20782: 20713: 20683: 20668: 20653: 20643: 20633: 20598: 20593: 20543: 20488: 20463: 20204: 19469: 19131: 19021: 18853:

Sport's great rivalries: Kenya vs. Ethiopia, and a one-sided battle (at least on the track)

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Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003)

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city-state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the

559: 19290: 14404: 14246: 14084: 12616:

Collins, Robert O. and Burns, James. M(2007). A History of Sub-saharan Africa. Cambridge:

11966: 8534: 7767: 5401:. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous 1757: 1436:

were responsible for most of the slaves exported from modern-day Nigeria, selling them to

1037: 895:

stretching along the southern coast of West Africa and across most of Central Africa (the

343: 8: 21147: 21142: 21082: 21037: 20997: 20892: 20873: 20723: 20718: 20658: 20613: 20573: 20468: 20449: 20304: 20279: 20129: 20124: 20104: 20069: 20054: 19981: 19888: 19868: 19733: 19405: 19313: 19146: 17182: 17031: 14724: 14428: 12907: 12637: 12416:"Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?" 11556: 11179: 8557: 7697: 7622: 7489: 7135: 6779: 6482: 6311:

and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003.

5402: 5161: 4708: 4325: 2139: 1833:

was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during

1690: 1678: 1535: 1445: 1334: 1244: 1045: 1010: 900: 892: 882: 851: 624: 360: 240: 18597:, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, p. 103, 18480: 17955: 12987:

Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) Page 229

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According to the CIA, low global literacy rates are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa,

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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spanned the southern Sahara, south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the

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culture. The Yoruba built massive mud walls around their cities, the most famous being

870: 759: 738: 533: 19127: 18398:

Eglash, Ron: "African Fractals: Modern computing and indigenous design." Rutgers 1999

15663: 15453:"For Sub-Saharan Africa, Coronavirus Crisis Calls for Policies for Greater Resilience" 15402:"Extreme poverty rises in West Africa due to COVID-19 pandemic | World Food Programme" 13679:

Brown, Keith and Ogilvie, Sarah(2008). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world

12119: 11607: 21132: 21042: 20932: 20708: 20618: 20508: 20299: 20294: 20234: 20189: 20149: 20044: 20025: 19878: 19858: 19810: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19598: 19343: 19338: 19328: 19323: 19102: 18622: 18598: 18594: 18578: 18562: 18514: 18422: 18399: 18382: 18347: 18313: 18309: 18263: 18224: 18123: 17933:

Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)

17921: 17903: 17714: 17707:"Opinion | A brutal custom : Join forces to banish the mutilation of women" 17629: 17361: 17326: 17316: 17267: 17164: 17021: 16857: 16647: 16491: 16477: 16434: 16397: 16393: 16374: 16064: 15721: 15355: 15176: 15149: 14992: 14953: 14914: 14904: 14871: 14828: 14789: 14750: 13831: 13790: 13786: 13769: 13740: 13684: 13525: 13374: 13322: 13279: 13200: 13126: 13071: 13004: 12911: 12883: 12733: 12709: 12679: 12658: 12641: 12621: 12600: 12518: 12461: 12443: 12392: 12333: 12285: 12268: 12248: 12089: 12061: 11841: 11816: 11793: 11770: 11747: 11561: 10897: 10776: 10602: 10485: 9973: 9906: 9757: 9279: 8700: 8573: 8458: 8100: 7962:

West African cuisine can be described as starchy, flavorfully spicey. Dishes include

7841: 7732: 7602: 7575: 7532: 7526: 7468: 7462: 7033: 7017: 6919: 6606: 5870: 5838: 5449:, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of 5374: 5290: 5156: 5035: 4976: 4914: 4842: 4831: 4757: 4618: 4459: 4455: 4443: 4378: 2585: 2107: 2048: 2019: 1826: 1602: 1495: 1410: 1256: 1174: 1147: 1108: 1074: 980: 775: 726: 364: 18536: 16913: 16326: 16010:"Can You Hear Me Now?"How Cell Phones are Transforming Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa 1295: 20354: 20274: 20224: 20179: 20164: 20144: 20134: 20109: 20049: 19970: 19958: 19943: 19923: 19908: 19783: 19447: 19425: 18339: 18191: 17893: 17885: 17621: 17441: 17353: 17257: 17247: 17154: 17144: 16957:(Press release). Department of Science and Technology. 22 June 2006. Archived from 16901: 16893: 16736: 16635: 16196: 14271: 14120: 14106:"Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007: Population and Housing Census Results" 13736: 13632: 13061: 13053: 13037: 12839:, citing Magnavita 2004; Magnavita et al. 2004, 2006; Magnavita and Schleifer 2004. 12809: 12570: 12508: 12500: 12451: 12435: 12382: 12374: 12323: 12184: 12141: 12049: 11975: 11961: 11953: 11546: 11538: 10316: 10104: 10066: 9961: 9918: 9914: 9854: 9799: 9769: 9765: 9584: 9468: 9430: 9386: Geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community 8601: 8552:, a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country. The 8519: 8437: 7845: 7806: 7716: 7676:

in the world is a shell necklace, dated to 82,000 years, in the Cave of Pigeons in

7564: 7545: 7514: 7495: 7405: 7324: 7114: 7010: 5406: 5301: 5270: 5112: 5051: 4945: 4910: 4836: 4791: 4786: 4715: 4626: 4502: 4486: 4471: 4447: 4423: 4337: 2111: 2060: 1961: 1842: 1838: 1815: 1625: 1574: 1570: 1519: 1453: 1422: 1414: 1286: 1123:

and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals. The tools were classed as

1089: 767: 658: 614: 497:) are all geographically considered to be part of sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the 284: 248: 17944: 17625: 14781: 14012: 14011:. South East Consortium for International Development. 31 May 2006. Archived from 8382: 8361: 5818:. The reason given is: The most recent data in this section seems to be from 2015. 1318: 35: 20284: 20194: 20084: 19965: 19758: 19693: 19678: 19643: 19613: 19509: 19226: 18961: 18874:"Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods" 18860: 18838: 18757: 18182:

Okwu AS (1979). "Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa".

17962: 17951: 17939: 17932: 17149: 16990: 16711: 16639: 16451: 16421: 16016: 15780: 15479:"The Search for Sustainable Solutions to Debt Accumulation in Sub-Saharan Africa" 15142: 14731: 14707: 14688: 14666: 14618: 14599: 14580: 14561: 14542: 14435: 14411: 14358: 14330: 14059: 13814: 13312: 13273: 13217: 13119: 12998: 12832: 12780: 12727: 12411: 11851: 11766: 11716: 11149: 10740: 10668: 10632: 10593: 10515: 10468: 10446: 10325: 10286: 10206: 10197: 10158: 10062: 10011: 10002: 9969: 9867: 9863: 9812: 9808: 9709: 9673: 9593: 9554: 9545: 9511: 9502: 9426: 9025: 8988: 8789: 8724: 8658: 8605: 8441: 8397: 8262: 8242: 7983: 7956: 7924: 7789: 7747: 7614: 7606: 7551: 7508: 7323:

respectively. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa also constituted in absolute terms the

7222: 7159: 7124:, most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the 7102: 7044: 6728: 6704: 6669:

sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol.

6598: 6570: 6254: 5878: 5472: 5295: 5209: 5198: 5190: 5185: 5106: 5077: 5056: 5017: 4999: 4993: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4905: 4887: 4855: 4774: 4735: 4648: 4630: 4594: 4582: 4574: 4538: 4526: 2118:. For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the slowly expanding settlement was a 2099: 2080: 2036: 1965: 1933: 1907: 1892: 1888: 1784: 1546: 1531: 1441: 1433: 1310: 1096: 1002: 952: 929: 888: 751: 722: 590: 541: 419: 384: 376: 197: 19863: 19003: 17790: 17741:"Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation" 14945: 13520: 13518: 8760:

Only six African countries are not geopolitically a part of sub-Saharan Africa:

19953: 19788: 19703: 19698: 19688: 19603: 19576: 19494: 19442: 19415: 19400: 19375: 19318: 19295: 19231: 19218: 18788: 18259:

Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions

16626: 16584: 16348: 15168: 13042:"A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History" 12439: 12378: 11218: 11059: 10947: 10861: 10476: 10401: 10052: 9965: 9948: 9897: 9748: 9416: 9193: 8946: 8809: 8805: 8781: 8677: 8597: 8581: 8561: 8388:

In East Africa, one finds extensive use of cotton clothing. Shemma, shama, and

8230: 8131: 7837: 7659: 7581: 7569: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7457: 7142:

originated in Guinea, later spreading to neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone.

7085: 7002: 5307: 5275: 5255: 5130: 5124: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5041: 5029: 5005: 4957: 4918: 4882: 4877: 4861: 4751: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4610: 4586: 4570: 4550: 4534: 4506: 2159: 2092: 2028: 1941: 1925: 1796: 1780: 1715: 1660: 1469: 1461: 1426: 1389: 1381: 1346: 1290: 1282: 1220: 1104: 866: 694: 653: 635: 602: 598: 435: 411: 368: 352: 313: 292: 16897: 12695:

Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.

11786:

The Struggle Over Eritrea, 1962-1978: War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa

8840: 8296:). Crops utilised are sorghum, maize (corn), pumpkin beans, leafy greens, and 4675:

rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa. They are principally spoken by

2102:

became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa. In 1652, a

1212:

launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans. By 10,000 BCE,

1050: 21202: 19753: 19519: 19514: 19504: 19476: 19380: 17748: 17718: 17330: 16622:"Twenty-First-Century Land Grabs: Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession" 16068: 15725: 14112: 13515: 13509: 13271: 12447: 12153:

Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.

12003: 11524: 11367: 11119: 11089: 10437: 10237: 9957: 9624: 9093: 9062: 8813: 8685: 8665: 8585: 8474: 7810: 7751: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7346: 7320: 7098: 6882: 6841: 6815: 6530: 6406: 5784: 5653: 5480: 5458: 5428: 5420: 5249: 5236: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5203: 5082: 5046: 5023: 4892: 4704: 4688: 4643: 4578: 4510: 4389: 4358: 4019: 2155: 2076: 2052: 2044: 1957: 1929: 1903: 1854: 1747: 1586: 1563: 1406: 1132: 1055: 679: 667: 610: 153: 89: 19206: 17252: 16490:

Bowden, Rob (2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 37,

12813: 12708:, revised and expanded edition. New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 87–107, 12574: 12559:

Jesse, Friederike (2010). "Early Pottery in Northern Africa - An Overview".

12504: 12328: 12303: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8447: 8261:). Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects. 7654: 4385: 2187: 2051:

speakers. They slowly moved south, and the earliest ironworks in modern-day

19913: 19728: 19566: 19486: 19420: 19395: 19333: 19123: 18577:

Bowden, Rob(2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 40,

18336:

Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy

17907: 17633: 17365: 17358:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199706)12:1+<S29::AID-HPM465>3.0.CO;2-U

17271: 17168: 16825: 15062: 14297: 13446: 13075: 12522: 12465: 12396: 12337: 11551: 11341: 11303: 11232: 11187: 11017: 10832: 10807: 10799: 10585: 10554: 9215: 8785: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8593: 8564:

for the sixth time, which is the current record for a sub-Saharan team. In

8313: 8285: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8015: 7979: 7912: 7833: 7829: 7793: 7703:

The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of

7681: 7673: 7394: 7274: 7254: 7234: 7230: 7182: 7110: 7074:

in sub-Saharan Africa increased from 40 years in 1960 to 61 years in 2017.

6998: 6874: 6740: 6665: 6636: 6594: 6554: 6359: 6303: 5854: 5664: 5605: 5461:

range of hills, and is the centre of a large-scale gold and diamond trade.

5438: 5434: 4780: 4700: 4554: 4341: 4199: 3797: 3545: 2219: 2151: 2119: 2064: 2056: 1928:

traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African

1808: 1761: 1590: 1582: 1558: 1550: 1539: 1527: 1523: 1465: 1354: 1350: 1338: 1322: 1274: 1204: 1180: 1152: 1142: 1062: 791: 783: 755: 454: 305: 101: 18379:

The African Genius, An Introduction to African Social and Cultural History

18343: 17889: 15058:"This Is Africa's New Biggest City: Lagos, Nigeria, Population 21 Million" 11931:"Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene" 7400:

Generally, traditional African religions are united by an ancient complex

7370: 6893:

and the radical reduction of illiteracy before the end of the decade. The

4497:, is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world. 4346: 19898: 19843: 19805: 19800: 19793: 19748: 19743: 19720: 19591: 19561: 19556: 19305: 19265: 19260: 17871: 17232: 15351:

Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times

14984: 14913:. Routledge Critical Introductions to Urbanism and the City. p. 71. 14481: 12753: 11957: 11659: 11333: 11311: 11009: 10337: 10246: 10108: 10079: 9940: 9633: 9472: 9443: 9251: 9071: 8882: 8797: 8728: 8638: 8589: 8577: 8470: 8466: 8421: 8370: 8341: 8076: 8027: 8011: 7950: 7880: 7814: 7668:

late 19th / early 20th centuries. Female (left) and male Vertical styles.

7641: 7342: 6834: 6811: 6720: 6617: 6610: 6402: 6335: 5725: 5592: 5507: 5382: 5378: 4745: 4668: 4451: 4404: 3875: 2963: 1830: 1822: 1804: 1393: 1342: 1326: 1299: 1278: 1120: 1100: 955:

lie in Southern Africa, and are surrounded by semi-deserts including the

914: 771: 606: 583: 470: 462: 423: 415: 332: 81: 18220:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

12582: 10965: 9349: 8703:

was held in South Africa, first time it was held in sub-Saharan Africa.

7736: 7645: 7362: 7315:

majority. In 2012, sub-Saharan Africa constituted in absolute terms the

4501:

are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea). The

19848: 19822: 19658: 19648: 19638: 19586: 19571: 19536: 19452: 19270: 19238: 19098: 18203: 16905: 16543: 15605:"Electricity Production Data | World Electricity Statistics | Enerdata" 15428:"COVID-19 and Africa: Socio-economic implications and policy responses" 13249:. Translated by Hill, John E. Section 15 and notes. Archived from 11812: 11281: 11171: 11163: 11043: 10760: 10688: 10660: 10577: 9323: 8825: 8793: 8669: 8569: 8345: 8289: 8281: 8209: 8191: 7849: 7382: 7350: 7290: 7250: 7217: 7064:'s outreach programs. According to a 2013 special report issued by the 6826: 6744: 6732: 6688: 6574: 6355: 6339: 6308: 5862: 4680: 4647:

for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa. In the

4598: 4546: 4374: 4091: 3911: 3839: 3503: 3419: 3293: 2223: 2103: 2088: 2068: 1983: 1968: 1895:, and the latter now account for three-quarters of Kenya's population. 1402: 1373: 1330: 1119:

likely did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small

1007:

List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § List of African kingdoms

937: 812: 770:

of Central and West Africa (blue). Southern Africa has a transition to

486: 466: 443: 328: 219: 20842: 20418: 15238: 9140: 8408:, but are of a thicker cloth, and have an edging only on a long side. 7832:, made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times. Among the 7051:

In 2011, sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69% of all people living with

7039: 4537:, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the 2055:

are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the

2043:-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the 1944:. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of 1329:

of Nigeria (lasting from 1,500 BCE to 200 CE) is known from a type of

709:

for Africa south of the Sahara), who spoke languages belonging to the

347:

Simplified climatic map of Africa: sub-Saharan Africa consists of the

19918: 19838: 19708: 19385: 19370: 19348: 18899:"South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government" 18416: 17557:"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Sub-Saharan Africa | Data" 16705:

Africa infrastructure country diagnostic, Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa

12481:"The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans" 12053: 10974: 10811: 10652: 10346: 10149: 9994: 9700: 9494: 9358: 8979: 8855: 8749: 8627: 8560:, a first for a sub-Saharan country. In 2010, Cameroon played in the 8317: 8258: 8023: 7822: 7688: 7413: 7304: 7089: 6822: 6632: 6462: 6450: 6398: 6379: 6287: 5773: 5503: 5491: 5427:; it is a regionally important economic centre. It is located on the 5148: 4638: 4590: 4467: 4354: 3377: 2135: 2131: 1937: 1819: 1707: 1656: 1578: 1169: 1161: 1160:

eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the

1066: 907: 877:

can be found much more in the interior, contrasting with savanna and

644: 623:("Country of the Blacks"), which was situated in the vicinity of the 529: 129: 85: 19994: 19175: 18683:[Proclamation 2005: Barcloth making in Uganda] (in French). 18386: 18195: 14820: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12243:

Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York:

8057: 7771: 6627: 19663: 19653: 19524: 19248: 19044:"Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition" 17791:"Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total" 17053: 16955:"South Africa's Investment in Research and Development on the Rise" 15714:"More than half of sub-Saharan Africans lack access to electricity" 13057: 12782:

Komé-Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline

11240: 11141: 10939: 10881: 10815: 10732: 10624: 10499: 10429: 10421: 10260: 10044: 9932: 9846: 9838: 9791: 9783: 9647: 9408: 9132: 9017: 8817: 8716: 8707: 8417: 8250: 8246: 8214: 8183: 8139: 8104: 8096: 8031: 8007: 7971: 7908: 7888: 7868: 7692: 7677: 7417: 7354: 7286: 7278: 7242: 7241:. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa ( 7052: 6886: 6849:

numerate. In contrast, numeracy in South Asia was only around 50%.

6845: 6830: 6799: 6656:

Cash crops include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, and tobacco.

6602: 6515: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6442: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6394: 6371: 6363: 5850: 5677: 5581: 5495: 5442: 5424: 5410: 4652: 4622: 4542: 4530: 4522: 3671: 3587: 3167: 3083: 2999: 2837: 2417: 2084: 2024: 1949: 1945: 1911: 1788: 1765: 1731: 1723: 1248: 960: 941: 747:

List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions

528:

between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa that dates back to the

482: 380: 141: 137: 113: 18681:"Proclamation 2005: La fabrication des tissus d'écorce en Ouganda" 18655:"Intangible Heritage Home –- intangible heritage – Culture Sector" 18332:"Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa" 17495:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2013. Archived from 16573: 16571: 16569: 15920: 14902: 14824:

Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance

7852:

is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork.

7848:. Dancing involves swaying body movements and footwork. Among the 4400: 1630: 582:

Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct

19541: 19499: 19430: 19243: 17240:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

14037: 13391: 12871: 12263: 12261: 11928: 11457: 11345: 11201: 11133: 11111: 11021: 10984: 10724: 10563: 10538: 10524: 10507: 10460: 10308: 10189: 10167: 10136: 9986: 9881: 9732: 9718: 9687: 9576: 9537: 9486: 8966: 8777: 8773: 8761: 8744: 8657:. Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the 8485: 8429: 8401: 8329: 8321: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8254: 8218: 8088: 8065: 8051: 8047: 8039: 7999: 7991: 7900: 7892: 7884: 7876: 7860: 7781: 7662: 7590: 7401: 7390: 7298: 7282: 7270: 7246: 7081: 7077: 6990: 6902: 6761: 6550: 6511: 6499: 6438: 6418: 6375: 6367: 5749: 5712: 5701: 5568: 5487: 5464: 5446: 5371: 4762: 4740: 4676: 4606: 4463: 4458:

branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the

4415: 4163: 4055: 3461: 3251: 3209: 3125: 3041: 2711: 2333: 2072: 2071:

was a medieval kingdom (c. 1250–1629), which existed between the

1998: 1994: 1990: 1884: 1792: 1727: 1719: 1699: 1638: 1594: 1421:

by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers. The

1124: 1092: 1082: 1070: 839: 766:

of the Sahel and areas surrounding semi-deserts (orange) and the

718: 690: 639: 631: 555: 551: 490: 478: 253: 168: 133: 109: 69: 19051: 19018:"Where We Work | U.S. Agency for International Development" 18618:

Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa: Opportunities and Challenges

18066:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 June 2024 – via CIA.gov. 17018:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

16615: 16613: 16611: 15504:"Africa's Rapid Economic Growth Hasn't Fully Closed Income Gaps" 13352: 13350: 11584:. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. Archived from 11495: 7776: 7440: 5423:

is the former capital of, as well as the most populous city in,

4513:

in West Africa (Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Chad).

4369: 2047:

by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original

1898: 1464:, the foremost world power at the time. Nigeria was granted its 291:

Definition of "sub-Saharan Africa" as used in the statistics of

19933: 19893: 19668: 19551: 19253: 19210: 18684: 17017: 16566: 15689:"Access to electricity – SDG7: Data and Projections – Analysis" 13819:

Khoisan languages and linguistics: the Riezlern symposium 2003.

13093:

Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon

12479:

Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, et al. (May 2009).

12120:

International Association for the History of Religions (1959),

11632:"Afrotropical ecozone: boundaries, characteristics, biomes ..." 11435: 11405: 11375: 11103: 11051: 10889: 10853: 10845: 10696: 10616: 10546: 10393: 10384: 10300: 10269: 10229: 10220: 10145: 10015: 9910: 9889: 9761: 9740: 9696: 9656: 9616: 9607: 9568: 9515: 9287: 9176: 9054: 9045: 8975: 8938: 8929: 8801: 8462: 8433: 8425: 8413: 8333: 8325: 8309: 8277: 8234: 8203: 8190:

from banana or millet. Cooking techniques include roasting and

8179: 8163: 8159: 8147: 8116: 8043: 8035: 7995: 7967: 7904: 7864: 7856: 7818: 7308: 7258: 7025: 6978: 6683: 6621: 6582: 6562: 6558: 6535: 6503: 6446: 6434: 5736: 5640: 5629: 5616: 5499: 5390: 5352: 5342: 4494: 3983: 3629: 3335: 2879: 2753: 2291: 2218:

greater than 4 in 2008. All are above the world average except

1979: 1975: 1918: 1634: 1598: 1377: 1358: 1303: 1228: 933: 683: 407: 403: 336: 149: 145: 125: 121: 97: 93: 16389: 16387: 12258: 11656:"Political definition of 'Major regions', according to the UN" 8755: 7444: 4350:

Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa

2226:. More than 40% of the population in sub-Saharan countries is 19938: 19581: 17013: 16608: 15580:"Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Shock and Little Room to Maneuver" 14946:

Kerstin Pinther; Larissa Förster; Christian Hanussek (2012).

13347: 12414:; Rightmire, G. Philip; d’Errico, Francesco (1 August 2018). 11465: 11427: 11273: 11209: 11183: 11081: 11073: 10931: 10916: 10181: 10036: 9529: 9400: 9315: 8829: 8769: 8765: 8711: 8409: 8405: 8373: 8337: 8273: 8269: 8226: 8151: 8135: 8120: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8061: 7987: 7975: 7872: 7798: 7312: 7294: 7266: 7238: 7192: 7121: 7113:, the most extreme form of FGM, is concentrated primarily in 6898: 6590: 6578: 6458: 6454: 6351: 6325:

Renewable Energy Performance Platform was established by the

5760: 5688: 5557: 5468: 5414: 5398: 5394: 5367: 5346: 4634: 4614: 4602: 4475: 4127: 3947: 3713: 2921: 2669: 2627: 2231: 1953: 1800: 1776: 1739: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1486: 1418: 1385: 1362: 1252: 1240: 1236: 1224: 1078: 956: 948: 828: 820: 807: 787: 743:

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

702: 494: 348: 320: 301: 117: 77: 73: 15293:"Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa" 15169:

Loretta Lees; Hyun Bang Shin; Ernesto López Morales (2015).

13808:"On external genealogical relationships of the Khoe family". 12237: 8548:, a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the 8424:

are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn. In

8366: 8142:

is used to make ugali, a popular dish with different names.

6362:

boast almost 100% penetration. Only five countries—Burundi,

5897:

of $ 23 billion in 2021 to assist critical public spending.

1413:. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the 705:

in most of the rest of the subcontinent (hence, the toponym

570: 562:" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed. 469:, and most North African states are likewise members of the 19531: 19353: 19066:"U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan [UPDATE 2" 18819: 18511:">TARA – Trust for African Rock Art: Rock Art in Africa" 17611: 17466:. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 21 May 2013. 17346:

The International Journal of Health Planning and Management

17236:"Maternal Mortality in Africa: Regional Trends (2000–2017)" 16484: 16384: 15631:"Africa's energy problems threatens growth, says Nepad CEO" 15555:"Growing Together The IMF and African Low-Income Countries" 15172:

Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement

14480:. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Archived from 13703:"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004" 12798:"On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central Africa" 11487: 11397: 10087: 9451: 9207: 8890: 8821: 8489: 8389: 8301: 8238: 8197: 8187: 8155: 8143: 8124: 8108: 8019: 8003: 7963: 7946: 7802: 7328: 7262: 7029: 6807: 6660: 6586: 6566: 6519: 6414: 5844: 4808: 4672: 4420: 4330:

Writing systems of Africa § Indigenous writing systems

4235: 3755: 2501: 2040: 1921: 1850: 1846: 824: 816: 619: 609:), or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to 517: 516:

in Sudan, though navigation on the Nile was blocked by the

513: 105: 19986: 14217:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 14152:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 14083:, Central Intelligence Agency, 23 May 2023, archived from 13979:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13950:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13921:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13889:, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 May 2023, archived from 13860:, Central Intelligence Agency, 22 May 2023, archived from 13631:. National Bureau of Statistics. June 2010. Archived from 12852: 8150:

or canjeero (Somali) bread. Other important foods include

7301:

has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa.

4714:

Major languages of Africa by region, family and number of

2207:

for Western Europe, 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas.

2122:

possession. In 1795, the Dutch colony was captured by the

928:

are transition zones between the tropical forests and the

18418:

Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity

17343: 16729:"Developed nations should invest in African universities" 16131:"Harnessing Sub-Saharan Africa's Critical Mineral Wealth" 15891:"China to train developing nations in solar technologies" 13035: 8800:, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west ( 8477: 6833:(90.7%; 2003 est.), while the lowest literacy rate is in 5529:

worldpopulationreview.com 2022 City Population estimates.

5417:, one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. 2202:

Fertility rates and life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa

1398: 17872:

WHO Ebola Response Team; et al. (16 October 2014).

17822:

Public Health and Education Spending in Ghana in 1992-98

16057:"Competition increases for pay TV in sub-Saharan Africa" 13681:

Concise Encyclopedias of Language and Linguistics Series

13425:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

13396:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

13272:

Evelyne Jone Rich; Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1971).

12478: 8752:

and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists.

8127:, but is rarely eaten since meat is viewed as a luxury. 6860: 4593:

are not. A major branch of the Niger–Congo languages is

4300:(Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009) 1429:, which is the largest man-made structure in the world. 15950:"Radio the Chief Medium for News in Sub-Saharan Africa" 13447:"World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division" 13216:

Klein, Martin A.; Wesley Johnson, G. (8 January 2010).

8300:. Beverages include ting (fermented sorghum or maize), 7941: 5479:, which translates to "cool water", a reference to the 1372:

In the forest zone, several states and empires such as

19884:

List of countries where Arabic is an official language

17482: 15921:"About | Renewable Energy Performance Platform (REPP)" 15628: 14985:

Salif Diop; Jean-Paul Barusseau; Cyr Descamps (2014).

13821:

Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 17. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

12409: 11610:. United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013 6703:

represents one of the most significant limitations to

1164:. Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting, 802:. It has a dry winter season and a wet summer season. 586:

sections based on each area's respective inhabitants.

19095:

Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

17763:"Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern" 17456: 16424:

KillerPlants.com, Plants That Change History Archive.

12795: 18408: 17800:. United States Agency for International Development 17012:(in English, Arabic, Chinese, French, and Spanish). 13806:

Güldemann, Tom and Edward D. Elderkin (forthcoming)

11514: 1581:. Other significant states and peoples included the 1136:

first appeared in the fossil record in Africa. From

862:

lie between the savannas and the equatorial forests.

758:

of Africa, showing the ecological break between the

273:

in 2019, the sub-Saharan population was 1.1 billion.

18561:Alexandre, Marc(1998). World Bank Publication: DC. 16675:"Global protocol could limit Sub-Saharan land grab" 16268:

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries

16258: 16231:

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries

15266:"Not to be Missed: Nairobi 'Green City in the Sun'" 15082: 13215: 13088: 12031: 8328:. European influences can be seen in cuisines like 8182:. Beverages are coffee (domesticated in Ethiopia), 7120:National health systems vary between countries. In 6342:are among the energy methods used in the projects. 2212:

list of countries and territories by fertility rate

2154:was a Southern African tribal state in what is now 1845:, whose military dominance forced governors of the 379:. The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all 17674: 17672: 16722: 16720: 15980:"Africa calling: Cellphone usage sees record rise" 15774:Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape 13817:In Brenzinger, Matthias and Christa König (eds.), 13310: 13118: 13090: 12778: 12202:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12 8115:are used, especially among Muslims. Meat includes 5914:(with other key actors of African or oil economy) 4505:branch is distributed in Central and West Africa. 4434:Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,500 languages. 1549:into Central Africa, during the 14th century, the 762:of North Africa and the Horn of Africa (red), the 457:, which is instead grouped with the definition of 18700: 18698: 18381:. Little, Brown and Company: Boston, pp. 168–80. 17131:Hotez, Peter J.; Kamath, Aruna (25 August 2009). 17056:(Report). Global Child Nutrition Foundation. 2022 16088: 14859: 14734:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14710:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14691:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14669:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 14583:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 14545:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 14438:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014. 14414:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14384:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14361:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14333:. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 14272:"20 million people can speak Luganda - linguists" 13473:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data" 12295: 9117:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa 8484:which means basket. It is sometimes used to make 6679:Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa 6498:Sub-Saharan Africa is a key player in the global 5486:Other major cities in sub-Saharan Africa include 4695:peoples and in West and Central Africa among the 1956: – a seaboard referred to as the 21200: 19133:Digital Services for Education in Africa 18614: 17819:Canagarajah, Sudharshan; Ye, Xiao (April 2001). 17525:"UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012" 17074: 16929:"Africa Analysis: Progress on science spending?" 16856:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–329. 13423:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 13365:M. Martin, Phyllis and O'Meara, Patrick (1995). 12544:. Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 12538:"Swiss archaeologist digs up West Africa's past" 7277:), as well as significant Muslim communities in 6985:Health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa include 18571: 18414: 18034:(Report). Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. 17956:The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions 17669: 17519: 17517: 17490:"Special Report: How Africa Turned AIDS Around" 16791:"African brain drain: is there an alternative?" 16717: 16407: 15201: 14821:Helmut K Anheier; Yudhishthir Raj Isar (2012). 14655: 14653: 14605: 14531: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14377: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14367: 12191:, (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104 8440:). In Madagascar a type of draped cloth called 7797:can be seen in its influence on music forms as 7229:African countries below the Sahara are largely 6413:The region is a major exporter to the world of 4679:peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the 4509:, its most widely spoken language, serves as a 4308:Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009) 732: 18695: 18119:The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 17738: 15943: 15941: 15140: 15090:"Lagos and Its Potentials for Economic Growth" 15049: 14677: 14675: 14455:, Central Intelligence Agency, 6 February 2023 14347: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14339: 14253:, Central Intelligence Agency, 7 February 2023 12960:Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg.92 12863:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAppiahGates2010 ( 11629: 8792:, which also makes up the largest bloc of the 8566:1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football 4319: 682:were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient 652:or Abyssinians, who were the forebears of the 20858: 20434: 20010: 19191: 19002:. CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org. Archived from 18111: 18109: 17945:World Christian Encyclopedia, summarised here 17818: 17440:. Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation. Archived from 15348:Bank, European Investment (19 October 2022). 15207: 15055: 14694: 14548: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14057: 13909: 13907: 13369:. 3rd edition, Bloomington and Indianapolis: 13278:. Random House School Division. p. 124. 13036:Liu, Hua; Prugnolle, Franck; Manica, Andrea; 12830: 12729:The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana 10371:SADC (Southern African Development Community) 6806:Forty per cent of African scientists live in 5525:Largest cities or towns in Sub Saharan Africa 5366:Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. 4541:. In Southern Africa, their speakers are the 4470:) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the 453:The term serves as a grouping counterpart to 19122: This article incorporates text from a 17514: 16876: 16154: 15664:"Access to energy is Africa development key" 14720: 14718: 14716: 14650: 14522: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14364: 14241: 14239: 14237: 14235: 13304: 12344: 8914:Economic Community of Central African States 8385:. Cotton seems to be the dominant material. 7982:. Ingredients are of native starchy tubers, 6954:Educational technology in sub-Saharan Africa 6506:and hosting about 50%of its reserves in the 6378:—still have a penetration of less than 10%. 1742:to cover the graves of their kings, such as 1585:, producers of the famous raffia cloth, the 1178:. Although some recent writers suggest that 402:is the area and regions of the continent of 17739:Feldman-Jacobs, Charlotte (February 2009). 17645: 17643: 17130: 17009:Youth and skills: putting education to work 16221: 15938: 15888: 15629:Creamer Media Reporter (12 November 2009). 14746:African Cities Driving the NEPAD Initiative 14672: 14586: 14567: 14441: 14336: 14319: 14317: 14315: 14203: 14098: 14061:Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East 14002:"Memories of Utopia – Infoshop, World Bank" 13965: 13410: 12858: 12350: 12302:Schlebusch; et al. (3 November 2017). 12204:, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490 12137: 12135: 11739:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State 8756:List of countries and regional organisation 6942:History of science and technology in Africa 6510:(DRC). The region also harbors significant 6461:, collectively supplies over 60% of global 4667:are concentrated in the upper parts of the 4521:The several families lumped under the term 1195:to be an early and primitive member of the 20865: 20851: 20441: 20427: 20017: 20003: 19198: 19184: 18621:. Twaweza Communications. pp. 78–79. 18106: 18029:The Future of the Global Muslim Population 16877:Franck, Raphaël; Rainer, Ilia (May 2012). 16578:Saul, John J.; Leys, Colin (1 July 1999). 16129:Chen, Wenjie; Laws, Athene; Valckx, Nico. 16128: 14939: 14387: 13904: 13875: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13116: 12997:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). 12725: 12301: 7373:, would be derived from this world. Among 7317:world's third largest Christian population 7066:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 6844:formation was able to determine, that the 5457:. The city is located in the mineral-rich 963:grasslands lie to the east of the deserts. 18615:Njogu, K.; Ngeta, K.; Wanjau, M. (2010). 18415:Richmond, Yale; Gestrin, Phyllis (2009). 18096:"National Profiles | World Religion" 18078:"National Profiles | World Religion" 18046:"Religions in South Sudan | PEW-GRF" 17973: 17971: 17897: 17438:"Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation: What we do" 17261: 17251: 17158: 17148: 16672: 16580:"Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism" 15768: 15766: 15764: 15762: 14713: 14417: 14232: 14069: 13936: 13065: 12529: 12512: 12455: 12386: 12327: 12088:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 11965: 11829: 11674: 10994:Economic Community of West African States 8509:History of theatre § African theatre 7447:divination and its four digit binary code 6935: 6502:market, producing over 70%of the world's 4637:and other Middle Eastern and South Asian 1875:History of Africa § Southeast Africa 850:) stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the 782:Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of 648:or Abyssinia, which was inhabited by the 19020:. Usaid.gov. 29 May 2012. Archived from 18329: 17640: 17310: 16926: 16727:Gabara, Nthambeleni (12 November 2009). 16577: 16164:U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 16124: 16122: 15760: 15758: 15756: 15754: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15658: 15656: 15530:"Sub-Saharan Africa: Living on The Edge" 15476: 15290: 15263: 15148:. Gale Research International, Limited. 14312: 13727: 12990: 12899: 12779:Philippe Lavachery; et al. (2012). 12194: 12189:Zamani: A Survey of East African History 12147: 12132: 11760: 11258:West African Economic and Monetary Union 10964: 10336: 9348: 8839: 8626: 8446: 8365: 8265:is sometimes used as a meat substitute. 8196: 8056: 7940: 7775: 7653: 7439: 7393:is comparable to the latter world view. 7216: 7038: 6972: 6864: 6789: 6760: 6682: 6626: 6529: 6393: 6316:New Partnership for Africa's Development 6277: 6262: 5849: 5351: 5341: 4414: 4399: 4384: 4368: 4353: 4345: 2197: 2186: 2023: 1971:as a consequence of these interactions. 1897: 1756: 1698: 1629: 1507:settlements have recently been found in 1485: 1384:arose in the 18th century in modern-day 1294: 1247:was in full motion by 500 BCE with 1243:that were strung across the desert. The 1049: 926:Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic 860:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic 750: 569: 342: 319: 283: 20872: 20448: 18338:, SAGE Publications, pp. 124–137, 18289:"A Conversation with Christopher Ehret" 18255: 18216: 18157:"A Conversation with Christopher Ehret" 17989: 17002: 17000: 16998: 16757: 16619: 16194: 16054: 15947: 15162: 14621:. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. 14602:. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. 14564:. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014. 14506:. The Language Journal. 22 April 2012. 14038:"SSI Finance – Loans and lending guide" 13841: 13244: 12996: 12689: 12552: 12535: 12351:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). 11763:Resource Conflict in the Horn of Africa 11735: 7325:world's third largest Muslim population 7088:("river blindness"), a common cause of 6257:, World Facts Book > Oil exporters. 5467:is the capital and the largest city of 5333:Genetic history of the African diaspora 2183:List of African countries by population 725:, who spoke languages belonging to the 670:"), which was inhabited by the Eastern 465:and North Africa) as it is part of the 21201: 19987:Articles related to Sub-Saharan Africa 19153:and U.S. Army War College Press, 2013. 19072:from the original on 30 September 2015 18976:. Web.worldbank.org. 27 October 2006. 18926:"'Nubian monkey' song and Arab racism" 18287:Ehret, Christopher (5 November 2004). 17968: 17828:. World Bank Publication. p. 21. 17704: 17686:from the original on 30 September 2015 17380:"Manageable Bamako Initiative schemes" 16976: 16974: 16972: 16970: 16968: 16726: 16173:from the original on 10 September 2015 14175:"Report on minority groups in Somalia" 13384: 13046:The American Journal of Human Genetics 12951:Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324 12165: 12081: 12068: 11806: 11783: 10363:Southern African Development Community 8641:is popular in sub-Saharan Africa. The 7249:) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions ( 2234:, with the exception of South Africa. 2210:Sub-Saharan African countries top the 1881:recent African origin of modern humans 1448:was chartered under the leadership of 1357:. They built stone structures like in 1202:The fossil and genetic evidence shows 1172:, and perhaps later on giving rise to 40:Geographical map of sub-Saharan Africa 20846: 20422: 20024: 19998: 19985: 19929:Portuguese-speaking African countries 19205: 19179: 18936:from the original on 8 September 2013 18923: 18863:, The Science of Sport, 14 July 2008. 18764:from the original on 18 November 2009 18661:from the original on 12 November 2009 18635:from the original on 21 December 2019 18286: 18175: 18154: 18115: 17593:from the original on 3 September 2014 17430: 17075:Alphonce Shiundu (2 September 2018). 16851: 16770:from the original on 12 November 2020 16760:"How severe is Africa's Brain Drain?" 16685:from the original on 8 September 2013 16507: 16240:from the original on 24 November 2018 16119: 16036:from the original on 26 December 2009 15960:from the original on 17 November 2009 15739: 15653: 15329:from the original on 1 September 2014 14841:from the original on 14 December 2020 14510:from the original on 5 September 2015 13311:Rhonda M. Gonzales (30 August 2009). 13181:from the original on 23 December 2017 13177:. Depts.washington.edu. 23 May 2004. 13017:from the original on 16 December 2019 12558: 12156: 11714: 11702:from the original on 19 November 2016 10117: 8006:, usually in the Sahel. Oils include 7729:History of architecture § Africa 7650:Ceramic art § Sub-Saharan Africa 7058:abstinence, be faithful, use a condom 6861:Major progress in access to education 6699:, the lack of infrastructure in many 5413:has the highest GDP, and also houses 1432:In the 18th century, the Oyo and the 920:South of the equatorial forests, the 426:. Geopolitically, in addition to the 18905:from the original on 18 January 2016 18491:from the original on 30 January 2009 18481:"'Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed" 18360:from the original on 31 October 2019 18237:from the original on 5 December 2020 18181: 18155:Ehret, Christopher (November 2004). 18136:from the original on 26 January 2021 17567:from the original on 30 October 2019 17470:from the original on 7 December 2018 17286:"User fees for health: a background" 17087:from the original on 1 February 2019 16995: 16788: 16458:from the original on 7 November 2009 16259:Daniel L. Edelstein (January 2009). 15990:from the original on 25 October 2009 15901:from the original on 3 November 2009 15347: 15291:Pugliese, Jessica (2 January 2014). 15122:from the original on 5 November 2015 13700: 13579:from the original on 12 January 2019 12225:from the original on 20 January 2018 12178: 10332: 8784:(claimed by Morocco); they form the 8245:, and sometimes exotic meats called 8014:(Sahel). One finds recipes that mix 7760:Sub-Saharan African music traditions 7140:Western African Ebola virus epidemic 6585:. Other domesticated crops included 6331:United Nations Environment Programme 5800: 4549:(Bushmen), in Southeast Africa, the 2214:with 40 of the highest 50, all with 1659:" ("land of the burnt face") by the 1156:. The brain later grew in size, and 1130:Roughly 1.8 million years ago, 1088:By 3 million years ago several 597:("Land of the Blacks") for the vast 18924:Malik, Nesrine (23 November 2009). 18841:, who was born and raised in Kenya. 18760:. AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009. 18435:from the original on 1 October 2018 18171:from the original on 24 April 2018. 17878:The New England Journal of Medicine 17537:from the original on 5 October 2014 16965: 16927:Nordling, Linda (29 October 2009). 16673:Mathiason, Nick (2 November 2009). 16299:. Works.bepress.com. Archived from 15303:from the original on 6 January 2014 15096:from the original on 9 October 2015 14884:from the original on 8 January 2020 14785:Key Concepts in Creative Industries 13854:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 12706:Africa History, Themes and Outlines 11807:Fegley, Randall (1995). "Eritrea". 9819: 8835: 8237:, chillis, and okra. Meats include 7937:History of the potato § Africa 7429:(becoming), and among the Bambara, 7233:, while those above the Sahara, in 6389: 5900: 5451:South Africa's three capital cities 1864: 1022:History of Africa § Prehistory 932:belt that spans the continent from 13: 19139: 18980:from the original on 30 March 2010 18850:Tucker, Ross and Dugas, Jonathan. 18826:from the original on 8 August 2013 18796:from the original on 10 April 2009 18784:"European Soccer's Racism Problem" 18461:from the original on 27 March 2019 18457:. ScienceDaily.com. 18 June 2007. 17705:Bonino, Emma (15 September 2004). 17657:from the original on 16 March 2014 17418:from the original on 27 March 2014 17209:"Onchocerciasis (river blindness)" 16758:Firsing, Scott (18 January 2016). 16508:Evans, Ambrose (12 October 2009). 16203:from the original on 12 March 2013 16089:Lisa A. Corathers (January 2009). 15809:from the original on 7 August 2020 15637:. Engineering News. Archived from 15245:from the original on 26 April 2015 15189:from the original on 30 March 2021 15070:from the original on 30 March 2021 15005:from the original on 30 March 2021 14966:from the original on 30 March 2021 14927:from the original on 30 March 2021 14802:from the original on 30 March 2021 14763:from the original on 30 March 2021 14504:"The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania" 13800: 13730:"Berber Languages and Linguistics" 13605:. World Bank. 2010. Archived from 12978:Sudan Notes and Records – 147 12924:from the original on 30 March 2021 12536:Bradley, Simon (18 January 2007). 12403: 11985:from the original on 8 August 2017 11878:from the original on 11 April 2020 11838:American University in Cairo Press 11761:Markakis, John (23 January 1998). 11736:Barakat, Halim (14 October 1993). 11690:from the original on 28 July 2017. 11630:ecosostenibile (2 February 2023). 7933:History of breakfast § Africa 6786:History of education § Africa 6465:, and is also a major exporter of 5389:, and the second-most populous in 5322: 4442:With the exception of the extinct 2007: 1647:, covered by present-day northern 1515:to the first millennium BCE. 310:United Nations Statistics Division 14: 21235: 19157: 18543:from the original on 18 June 2018 18048:. 2 December 2018. Archived from 17835:from the original on 6 March 2014 16935:from the original on 14 June 2013 16886:American Political Science Review 16620:Magdoff, Fred (1 November 2013). 16355:from the original on 26 June 2010 16277:from the original on 4 March 2016 16103:from the original on 4 March 2016 15948:English, Cynthia (23 June 2008). 15870:from the original on 28 July 2020 15829:"Nuclear Vs Solar Energy, Which?" 15268:. pulseafrica.com. Archived from 15116:"Africa's biggest shipping ports" 14749:. UN-HABITAT. 2006. p. 202. 13728:Lafkioui, Mena B. (24 May 2018). 13453:from the original on 15 June 2020 13392:"World Population Prospects 2022" 13335:from the original on 10 June 2016 13226:from the original on 27 June 2020 13175:"Weilue: The Peoples of the West" 13003:. Scarecrow Press. p. xxix. 12760:from the original on 23 June 2011 12599:, Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 16. 12597:The Encyclopedia of World History 12420:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12124:, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131, 12011:from the original on 7 March 2014 11833:Music and Media in the Arab World 11723:from the original on 8 March 2016 11582:"Sub-Saharan Africa Demographics" 10355: geographic, including above 8392:are types of Ethiopian clothing. 7733:Megalith § African megaliths 6672: 6651:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 6616:Domesticated animals include the 4711:is also a member of this family. 2230:than 15 years old, as well as in 2091:. Its old capital was located at 2001:kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. 1775:, city-states flourished such as 1666: 1475: 1095:species had developed throughout 574:Ethnographic map of Africa, from 428:African countries and territories 16:Region south of the Sahara Desert 21173:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 20943:Democratic Republic of the Congo 20749:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 20519:Democratic Republic of the Congo 20325:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 20095:Democratic Republic of the Congo 19126:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA ( 19117: 19058: 19036: 19010: 18992: 18966: 18948: 18917: 18891: 18866: 18844: 18808: 18776: 18750: 18738:from the original on 20 May 2009 18724: 18673: 18647: 18608: 18588: 18555: 18529: 18513:. 6 January 2009. Archived from 18503: 18473: 18447: 18392: 18371: 18323: 18303: 18280: 18276:from the original on 3 May 2016. 18249: 18210: 18148: 18088: 18070: 18056: 18038: 18021: 17997:"The Global Religious Landscape" 17914: 17865: 17847: 17812: 17783: 17755: 17732: 17698: 17605: 17579: 17549: 17398: 17372: 17337: 17304: 17278: 17226: 17201: 17187:WHO | Regional Office for Africa 17175: 17137:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17124: 17099: 17081:D+C, development and cooperation 17068: 17046: 16947: 16920: 16870: 16845: 16813: 16801:from the original on 11 May 2020 16782: 16764:London School of Economics Blogs 16751: 16735:. BuaNews Online. Archived from 16714:. World Bank and the SSATP: p. 4 16697: 16666: 16554:from the original on 25 May 2014 16528: 16516:from the original on 25 May 2014 16501: 16470: 16444: 16427: 16367: 16341: 16315: 16289: 16252: 16215: 16188: 16148: 16082: 16048: 16022: 16019:, Center for Global Development. 16002: 15972: 15913: 15882: 15857: 15851: 15839:from the original on 20 May 2013 15821: 15789: 15706: 15681: 15622: 15597: 15572: 15547: 15522: 15496: 15470: 15445: 15420: 15394: 15368: 15341: 15315: 15284: 15257: 15231: 15209:"Major urban areas - population" 15134: 15108: 15037:from the original on 19 May 2019 15017: 14978: 14896: 14853: 14814: 14775: 14737: 14624: 14496: 14466: 14282: 13483:from the original on 8 July 2016 13292:from the original on 10 May 2016 13219:Perspectives on the African past 13000:Historical Dictionary of Somalia 12796:É. Zangato; A.F.C. Holl (2010). 11531: 11517: 11480: 11450: 11420: 11390: 11360: 11326: 11296: 11266: 11225: 11194: 11156: 11126: 11096: 11066: 11036: 11002: 10960: 10924: 10874: 10838: 10792: 10753: 10717: 10681: 10645: 10609: 10570: 10531: 10492: 10453: 10414: 10377: 10293: 10253: 10213: 10174: 10129: 10072: 10029: 9979: 9925: 9874: 9831: 9776: 9725: 9680: 9640: 9600: 9561: 9522: 9479: 9436: 9393: 9344: 9308: 9272: 9236: 9200: 9161: 9125: 9078: 9038: 9009:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9001: 8959: 8922: 8875: 8513: 8465:style of clothing are featured. 7492:(Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania) 6881:At the World Conference held in 6719:(ICT) investments, over 40% for 6695:According to researchers at the 5805: 4525:include languages indigenous to 4228: 4192: 4156: 4120: 4084: 4048: 4012: 3976: 3940: 3904: 3868: 3832: 3790: 3748: 3706: 3664: 3622: 3580: 3538: 3496: 3454: 3412: 3370: 3328: 3286: 3244: 3202: 3160: 3118: 3076: 3034: 2992: 2956: 2914: 2872: 2830: 2788: 2746: 2704: 2662: 2620: 2578: 2536: 2494: 2452: 2410: 2376:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2368: 2326: 2284: 2134:as a major port on the route to 1752:Church of St. George at Lalibela 1038:Horn of Africa § Prehistory 910:ecosystem in Tanzania and Kenya. 796:Democratic Republic of the Congo 475:member states of the Arab League 34: 18421:. Boston: Intercultural Press. 17680:"WHO | Maternal mortality" 16854:A history of the global economy 16197:"Platinum: The Rich Man's Gold" 16055:Pfanner, Eric (6 August 2007). 15025:"What Makes Lagos a Model City" 14634:. BB Portuguese. Archived from 14474:"Population and Housing Census" 14264: 14167: 14138: 14051: 14030: 13994: 13824: 13779: 13762: 13721: 13694: 13673: 13647: 13621: 13591: 13565: 13535: 13495: 13465: 13439: 13359: 13265: 13238: 13209: 13193: 13167: 13157: 13148: 13139: 13110: 13101: 13082: 13029: 12981: 12972: 12963: 12954: 12945: 12936: 12893: 12842: 12824: 12789: 12772: 12746: 12719: 12698: 12668: 12651: 12630: 12610: 12589: 12472: 12278: 12207: 12113: 12025: 7722: 7627:Southeast Africa § Culture 7175:Religion in Sub Saharan Africa 6925:UNESCO Institute for Statistics 5381:. The city, with its adjoining 5337: 4658: 2165: 2083:in the territory of modern-day 1871:Southeast Africa § History 565: 558:periods are associated with a " 473:. However, while they are also 19764:Guinean Forests of West Africa 18539:. Metmuseum.org. 2 June 2014. 18330:Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005), 18002:. Pewforum.org. Archived from 16032:. MG.co.za. 23 December 2009. 15889:Hepeng, Jia (20 August 2004). 15785:Overseas Development Institute 15772:Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011. 15325:. World Bank. 29 August 2014. 15118:. Businesstech. 8 March 2015. 15056:John Campbell (10 July 2012). 14868:University of Queensland Press 14117:United Nations Population Fund 13741:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0219 13449:. Esa.un.org. 28 August 2019. 13261:– via Silk Road Seattle. 12802:Journal of African Archaeology 12726:Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975). 12562:Journal of African Archaeology 11967:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-FBE4-E 11920: 11904:. 12 July 1999. Archived from 11890: 11860: 11830:Frishkopf, Michael A. (2010). 11744:University of California Press 11648: 11623: 11600: 11574: 8643:Confederation of African Rugby 8535:History of games § Africa 7768:History of music § Africa 7623:Southern Africa § Culture 6723:generation and 80% for roads. 6697:Overseas Development Institute 6525: 4560: 4437: 2130:. The British intended to use 2031:: Tower in the Great Enclosure 1608: 1262: 1077:. However, they had adopted a 838:South of the Sahel, a belt of 589:Commentators in Arabic in the 383:artifacts associated with the 263: 1: 19779:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic 19276:Cameroonian Highlands forests 19000:"CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org" 18816:"Men's outdoor world records" 18262:. Syracuse University Press. 17626:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.123 16789:Ngwé, Luc (24 January 2018). 15802:. Us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za. 15175:. Policy Press. p. 315. 12969:Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din 12173:The Last Great Muslim Empires 11567: 8695:Cricket has a following. The 7665: 7619:Horn of Africa § Culture 7611:Central Africa § Culture 7339:Traditional African religions 6977:The Komfo Anokye Hospital in 6798:'s Earth Science building in 4629:, a Bantu language with many 4334:List of African ethnic groups 2176: 1960: – the Bantu 1735: 1673:Horn of Africa § History 1468:in 1960 during the period of 1015: 798:in particular are considered 638:. In modern-day Ethiopia and 19904:Middle East and North Africa 19361:East African montane forests 19128:license statement/permission 17979:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 17150:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412 16640:10.14452/MR-065-06-2013-10_1 16512:. Tradeafrica.blogspot.com. 16415:What was the cotton of Kush? 16325:. MBendi.com. Archived from 16222:E. Lee Bray (January 2009). 15354:. European Investment Bank. 15323:"Africa's impressive growth" 14952:. Jacana Media. p. 18. 13275:Africa: Tradition and Change 13089:James De Vere Allen (1993). 11938:Geophysical Research Letters 11809:World Bibliographical Series 10915:Depending on classification 8054:are all cooking techniques. 7897:Democratic Republic of Congo 7840:, there is extensive use of 7764:Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa 7333:Middle East and North Africa 7285:, and on the Swahili Coast ( 7168:African traditional religion 7105:, which pledges to prohibit 7020:conference organized by the 6912:gross national product (GNP) 6907:Millennium Development Goals 6773: 6757:Category:Transport in Africa 6750: 6709:Millennium Development Goals 6646:vulnerable to climate change 6631:The Naute Fruit Farm at the 6508:Democratic Republic of Congo 5445:capital and largest city in 5387:the most populous in Nigeria 2039:-speaking peoples, who were 1361:, but mainly constructed in 959:region of South Africa. The 733:Climate zones and ecoregions 7: 19151:Strategic Studies Institute 18217:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). 18184:Issue: A Journal of Opinion 18122:. James Currey Publishers. 18116:Ehret, Christopher (2002). 17965:, Foreign Policy, May 2007. 17745:Population Reference Bureau 17651:"WHO | Onchocerciasis" 13599:"Rankings - Doing Business" 13573:"Research – CPI – Overview" 13245:Yu Huan (September 2004) . 13121:The Rough Guide to Tanzania 12900:Thompson, Lloyd A. (1989). 11510: 9921:(unofficial, lingua franca) 9772:(unofficial, lingua franca) 9102:São Tomé and Príncipe dobra 8697:African Cricket Association 8664:Boxing is a popular sport. 8351: 7957:Sub-Saharan African cuisine 7780:A traditional polyrhythmic 7145: 7062:Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation 6995:neglected tropical diseases 6950:Mobile technology in Africa 6891:universal primary education 6495:are in sub-Saharan Africa. 6453:. South Africa, along with 5875:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5226:(Ghana, Ivory Coast): 20–25 4533:, though some, such as the 4320:Languages and ethnic groups 4279:Literacy (Male/Female 2006) 1879:According to the theory of 1825:and fortress building, the 1219:During the 11th millennium 1042:Prehistoric Southern Africa 686:geographers, respectively. 550:) left Africa to penetrate 355:in the north (yellow), the 10: 21240: 19088: 17107:"Fact sheet about malaria" 16454:. WorldDefenseReview.com. 16413:Vandaveer, Chelsie(2006). 15860:"Blog: Battle of the Bots" 14860:Stuart Cunningham (2013). 14632:"The Future of Portuguese" 14324:"Central African Republic" 13629:"National Literacy Survey" 13603:The Doing Business Project 12618:Cambridge University Press 12440:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005 12379:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w 10910: 9378:Central African Federation 8866:Central African Federation 8738: 8532: 8517: 8506: 8502: 8404:are similar to kangas and 8362:Folk costume § Africa 8355: 8138:(corn) is a major staple. 7922: 7918: 7745: 7726: 7639: 7615:East Africa § Culture 7607:West Africa § Culture 7600: 7596: 7149: 7101:in July 2003 ratified the 6962: 6939: 6897:, held ten years later in 6871:University of Antananarivo 6783: 6777: 6754: 6676: 5912:Oil production by country 5907:Mineral industry of Africa 5904: 5836: 5796: 5516: 5471:. The name comes from the 5359: 5326: 4722: 4581:. However, others such as 4516: 4323: 4315:(Press Freedom Index 2009) 2180: 2169: 2017: 2014:History of Southern Africa 2011: 1868: 1676: 1670: 1623: 1612: 1490:Fictionalised portrait of 1479: 1272: 1266: 1030:Prehistoric Central Africa 1019: 1000: 997:History of Southern Africa 978: 974: 736: 678:, as the ancestors of the 656:. In northern Somalia was 304:, classified as a part of 21186: 21161: 20880: 20762: 20737: 20456: 20338: 20313: 20032: 19992: 19831: 19719: 19674:Indian Ocean coastal belt 19612: 19485: 19304: 19217: 17311:Godfrey., Mugoti (2009). 16898:10.1017/S0003055412000172 15779:18 September 2012 at the 15635:www.engineeringnews.co.za 14949:Afropolis: City Media Art 13735:. Oxford Bibliographies. 13657:. Cia.gov. Archived from 13319:Columbia University Press 12595:Stearns, Peter N. (2001) 9332:Central African CFA franc 9296:Central African CFA franc 9260:Central African CFA franc 9224:Central African CFA franc 9185:Central African CFA franc 9149:Central African CFA franc 8719:. Famous runners include 8622:Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang 8539: 8201:This meal, consisting of 7527:Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology 7107:female genital mutilation 7022:World Health Organization 6958: 6386:service are on the rise. 6245: 5814:This section needs to be 5329:Genetic history of Africa 4293:(Human Development Index) 2128:French Revolutionary Wars 1482:History of Central Africa 1392:, was established by the 1054:Stone chopping tool from 989:History of Central Africa 526:an evident genetic divide 375:" south coast (olive) of 259: 246: 236: 228: 217: 206: 195: 184: 179: 167: 159: 65: 33: 26: 20928:Central African Republic 20504:Central African Republic 20080:Central African Republic 18901:. BBC. 29 October 2014. 18377:Davidson, Basil (1969). 18256:Baldick, Julian (1998). 17938:12 November 2010 at the 16452:"WorldDefenseReview.com" 15668:European Investment Bank 14991:. Springer. p. 66. 13944:"Congo, Republic of the" 13371:Indiana University Press 13125:. Rough Guides Limited. 12676:Atlas of African History 12221:. Cambridge University. 11790:Hoover Institution Press 11635:An Eco-sustainable World 9169:Central African Republic 8546:African Champions League 8528: 7929:List of African cuisines 7741: 7072:Life expectancy at birth 6345: 6327:European Investment Bank 6320:African Development Bank 5453:, it is the seat of the 4481:The distribution of the 4268:(2016, 2017 (PPP, US$ )) 2460:Central African Republic 2116:Dutch East India Company 1695:Ethiopian historiography 1619: 1577:, under the king title, 1380:and others emerged. The 601:(an expression denoting 499:UN Development Programme 400:Non-Mediterranean Africa 58: Sub-Saharan Africa 19874:Guineo-Congolian region 18960:3 December 2013 at the 18293:World History Connected 18161:World History Connected 17961:25 January 2010 at the 17253:10.3390/ijerph192013146 16989:13 October 2020 at the 16536:"Africa Regional Brief" 16420:14 January 2010 at the 15984:The Mail & Guardian 15477:Mukhopadhyay, Abhijit. 15141:Brian Rajewski (1998). 14706:20 January 2021 at the 14687:1 February 2021 at the 14665:4 February 2021 at the 14617:10 January 2021 at the 14598:26 January 2021 at the 14579:4 February 2021 at the 14541:10 January 2021 at the 14434:26 January 2021 at the 14357:12 January 2021 at the 14329:10 January 2021 at the 12859:Appiah & Gates 2010 12814:10.3213/1612-1651-10153 12575:10.3213/1612-1651-10171 12505:10.1126/science.1172257 12329:10.1126/science.aao6266 12175:, (Brill: 1997), p. 174 12082:Raunig, Walter (2005). 11684:"League of Arab States" 10345: Southern Africa ( 10024:Sudan & South Sudan 7469:Dahomey (Fon) mythology 7307:is the only country in 6707:and achievement of the 6534:Agricultural fields in 5877:. Sub-Saharan Africa's 5437:is the largest city in 4499:South Semitic languages 2259:Trans (Rank/Score) 2106:was established at the 1787:that competed with the 1302:sculpture, terracotta, 1034:Prehistoric East Africa 1026:Prehistoric West Africa 879:moist broadleaf forests 19164:African People website 18734:. Goafrica.about.com. 16195:Vronsky (1 May 1997). 16008:Aker, Jenny C.(2008). 14560:9 January 2021 at the 14119:. 2007. Archived from 14058:John A. Shoup (2011). 12674:McEvedy, Colin (1980) 12171:F.R.C. Bagley et al., 11784:Erlikh, Ḥagai (1983). 11504:West African CFA franc 11474:West African CFA franc 11444:West African CFA franc 11414:West African CFA franc 11384:West African CFA franc 11354:West African CFA franc 11320:West African CFA franc 11290:West African CFA franc 11182:(UM) (sometimes, like 11030:West African CFA franc 10988: 10973: Western Africa ( 10367: 9388: 9369:East African Community 9357: Eastern Africa ( 8870: 8635: 8454: 8377: 8348:(sugar syrup cookie). 8284:(fermented cornmeal), 8222: 8213:(stew), is typical of 8068: 7953: 7784: 7669: 7635: 7448: 7226: 7156:Christianity in Africa 7048: 6982: 6969:Demographics of Africa 6936:Science and technology 6878: 6803: 6796:University of Botswana 6766: 6692: 6640: 6542: 6410: 6291: 6268: 5895:Special Drawing Rights 5887:gross domestic product 5883:gross domestic product 5857: 5362:Urbanization in Africa 5357: 5349: 4665:Nilo-Saharan languages 4431: 4412: 4397: 4382: 4366: 4351: 4275:(Life Expectancy 2006) 2203: 2195: 2172:Demographics of Africa 2053:KwaZulu-Natal Province 2032: 1914: 1853:to pay tribute to the 1768: 1722:. Located in northern 1711: 1655:, was referred to as " 1641: 1637:of the Nubian Emperor 1615:History of East Africa 1503: 1438:European slave traders 1367:Great Mosque of Djenne 1306: 1269:History of West Africa 1058: 993:History of East Africa 985:History of West Africa 873:along the coast but a 848:East Sudanian savannas 779: 593:used the general term 579: 505:, Somalia, and Sudan. 406:that lie south of the 388: 359:(light green) and the 340: 317: 21088:São Tomé and Príncipe 20948:Republic of the Congo 20664:São Tomé and Príncipe 20524:Republic of the Congo 20240:São Tomé and Príncipe 20100:Republic of the Congo 19816:West Sudanian savanna 19774:Lower Guinean forests 19769:Upper Guinean forests 19684:Cape Floristic Region 19547:Cataracts of the Nile 19366:Eastern Arc Mountains 19286:Congolian rainforests 19281:East Sudanian savanna 19101:Publications (1997), 18859:20 April 2010 at the 18344:10.4135/9781452231648 17890:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100 17855:"Ebola virus disease" 17406:"World Aids Day 2012" 16351:. World-Nuclear.org. 16270:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 16233:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 16224:"Bauxite and Alumina" 16166:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 16155:John F. Papp (2001). 16096:. Minerals.usgs.gov. 15609:yearbook.enerdata.net 15297:Brookings Institution 14827:. SAGE. p. 118. 14730:30 March 2021 at the 14410:30 March 2021 at the 13813:25 March 2009 at the 13427:, Population Division 13398:, Population Division 12756:. Countrystudies.us. 12358:Nature Communications 11186:, considered part of 10968: 10833:11 official languages 10340: 9352: 9244:Republic of the Congo 9086:São Tomé and Príncipe 8854: Middle Africa ( 8843: 8630: 8554:Africa Cup of Nations 8533:Further information: 8524:List of African films 8518:Further information: 8507:Further information: 8450: 8369: 8356:Further information: 8332:(dried beef strips), 8207:and several kinds of 8200: 8060: 7944: 7923:Further information: 7779: 7756:African popular music 7746:Further information: 7737:Tumulus § Africa 7727:Further information: 7657: 7646:Pottery § Africa 7640:Further information: 7601:Further information: 7443: 7220: 7150:Further information: 7130:Ghana Health Services 7042: 6976: 6963:Further information: 6940:Further information: 6895:World Education Forum 6868: 6793: 6784:Further information: 6764: 6686: 6630: 6533: 6397: 6380:Broadband penetration 6284:Athlone Power Station 6281: 6266: 5853: 5360:Further information: 5355: 5345: 4804:Kordofanian languages 4718:speakers in millions: 4483:Afroasiatic languages 4418: 4403: 4388: 4372: 4357: 4349: 4324:Further information: 2796:São Tomé and Príncipe 2544:Republic of the Congo 2201: 2190: 2181:Further information: 2065:Eastern Cape Province 2027: 2018:Further information: 1940:members of the Bantu 1901: 1893:moved into the region 1869:Further information: 1849:north of the city of 1760: 1702: 1677:Further information: 1633: 1624:Further information: 1489: 1298: 1273:Further information: 1053: 1020:Further information: 1001:Further information: 968:Cape Floristic Region 875:hot semi-arid climate 833:hot semi-arid climate 800:megadiverse countries 764:hot semi-arid climate 754: 737:Further information: 573: 522:the river's cataracts 346: 323: 287: 20874:Languages of Africa 20450:Geography of Africa 19470:Zanzibar Archipelago 19438:Indian Ocean islands 19048:www.transparency.org 18691:on 12 November 2009. 17950:5 March 2016 at the 17751:on 13 February 2010. 17587:"WHO | Malaria" 16983:Savoirs communs, 17. 16852:Baten, Jörg (2016). 16710:18 July 2011 at the 16303:on 30 September 2015 16015:4 March 2016 at the 15720:. 13 November 2019. 14788:. SAGE. p. 47. 13655:"The World Factbook" 13635:on 17 September 2015 13575:. Transparency.org. 12908:Taylor & Francis 12820:on 26 December 2013. 12732:. Red Candle Press. 12638:Simon & Schuster 12219:Cambridge Dictionary 11958:10.1029/1999GL900494 11815:. p. mxxxviii. 11588:on 11 September 2022 11249:Sierra Leonean leone 10096:South Sudanese pound 9460:South Sudanese pound 8899:South Sudanese pound 8848: Central Africa 8733:John Cheruiyot Korir 8026:(sweet or sour) and 7237:, are predominantly 6701:developing countries 5455:Constitutional Court 5403:urban agglomerations 4392:women and children ( 4265:GDP per Capita (PPP) 2256:GDP per Capita (PPP) 2144:Battle of Blaauwberg 1818:, which excelled in 1458:British protectorate 613:. Its equivalent in 576:Meyers Blitz-Lexikon 554:and beyond. African 361:tropical rainforests 241:Over 1,000 languages 21214:Geography of Africa 21163:States with limited 20739:States with limited 20315:States with limited 19889:Mediterranean Basin 19869:Greater Middle East 19406:Ethiopian Highlands 19314:African Great Lakes 19172:– BBC World Service 19170:The Story of Africa 19130:). Text taken from 18792:. 2 December 2005. 18712:on 17 February 2009 18487:. 10 January 2002. 18052:on 2 December 2018. 17983:Pew Research Center 17352:(Suppl 1): S29–47. 17292:on 28 November 2006 17183:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 16833:on 24 November 2016 16739:on 23 February 2012 16592:(3). Archived from 16349:"World-Nuclear.org" 15986:. 23 October 2009. 15510:. 21 September 2022 15382:. 28 September 2022 15380:blogs.worldbank.org 14903:Lisa Benton-Short; 13709:on 6 September 2017 13701:Maaroufi, Youssef. 13683:. Elsevier, p. 12, 13117:Jens Finke (2010). 12849:await recognition." 12831:J. Cameron Monroe. 12497:2009Sci...324.1035T 12432:2018TEcoE..33..582S 12371:2019NatCo..10.3406M 12320:2017Sci...358..652S 12046:1962Natur.194..201V 11950:1999GeoRL..26.2037C 11557:Geography of Africa 11180:Mauritanian ouguiya 8743:The development of 8558:2010 FIFA World Cup 7772:Dance § Africa 7490:Serer creation myth 7476:(Nigeria, Cameroon) 7319:, after Europe and 7136:Ebola virus disease 6780:Education in Africa 6483:Scramble for Africa 6253:12 May 2012 at the 5915: 5405:. Lagos is a major 4709:Old Nubian language 4326:Languages of Africa 4286:(Transparency 2009) 2253:Literacy (M/F) 2104:victualling station 1930:Swahili City States 1691:History of Djibouti 1679:History of Ethiopia 1446:Royal Niger Company 1353:and the subsequent 1335:trans-Saharan trade 1245:trans-saharan trade 1046:African archaeology 1011:African archaeology 901:African Great Lakes 893:tropical rainforest 883:Ethiopian Highlands 852:Ethiopian Highlands 271:UNHCR Global Trends 21219:Historical regions 21209:Sub-Saharan Africa 20026:History of Africa 19949:Sub-Saharan Africa 19854:Commonwealth realm 19463:Northern Highlands 19411:Dahlak Archipelago 19149:". Carlisle, Pa.: 19024:on 17 October 2011 18517:on 30 January 2010 18455:"ScienceDaily.com" 18009:on 25 January 2017 17985:. 27 January 2011. 17711:The New York Times 17561:data.worldbank.org 17502:on 10 October 2017 17444:on 16 January 2013 17077:"More must happen" 16199:. Gold-Eagle.com. 16061:The New York Times 15066:. Washington D.C. 15033:. 7 January 2014. 15030:The New York Times 14484:on 2 February 2014 14453:The World Factbook 14251:The World Factbook 14215:The World Factbook 14191:on 21 October 2013 14150:The World Factbook 14081:The World Factbook 13977:The World Factbook 13948:The World Factbook 13919:The World Factbook 13887:The World Factbook 13858:The World Factbook 13750:on 3 February 2023 13553:on 14 January 2020 13477:data.worldbank.org 12245:Palgrave Macmillan 10989: 10956:Arabic and English 10824:South African rand 10786:Seychellois Creole 10705:Mozambican metical 10368: 10278:Tanzanian shilling 9665:Tanzanian shilling 9389: 8871: 8721:Haile Gebrselassie 8636: 8633:Namibia rugby team 8469:is created by the 8455: 8378: 8358:Clothing in Africa 8223: 8069: 7954: 7842:string instruments 7785: 7670: 7521:Bushongo mythology 7449: 7387:Abrahamic religion 7227: 7203:Traditional faiths 7164:Hinduism in Africa 7152:Religion in Africa 7126:Ministry of Health 7094:Maternal mortality 7060:campaign, and the 7049: 7007:maternal mortality 6987:HIV/AIDS in Africa 6983: 6965:HIV/AIDS in Africa 6946:Internet in Africa 6879: 6804: 6767: 6717:telecommunications 6693: 6641: 6543: 6411: 6292: 6269: 5911: 5858: 5358: 5350: 4432: 4413: 4398: 4383: 4367: 4352: 2278: (RANK/MARK) 2204: 2196: 2192:Population density 2033: 1915: 1891:-speaking peoples 1769: 1744:King Ezana's Stele 1712: 1687:History of Eritrea 1683:History of Somalia 1642: 1504: 1307: 1059: 871:hot desert climate 831:. The Sahel has a 780: 776:temperate climates 760:hot desert climate 739:Afrotropical realm 580: 534:Sahara pump theory 392:Sub-Saharan Africa 389: 371:(yellow) and the " 341: 318: 229: • Other 209:Traditional faiths 28:Sub-Saharan Africa 21224:Regions of Africa 21196: 21195: 21190: 21189: 20963:Equatorial Guinea 20840: 20839: 20766:other territories 20539:Equatorial Guinea 20416: 20415: 20342:other territories 20115:Equatorial Guinea 19979: 19978: 19879:Islands of Africa 19859:Equatorial Africa 19811:Inner Niger Delta 19599:Tibesti Mountains 19458:Central Highlands 19344:Virunga Mountains 19339:Rift Valley lakes 19329:Great Rift Valley 19324:East African Rift 19291:Ouaddaï highlands 19145:Chido, Diane E. " 19054:on 13 April 2012. 18628:978-9966-7244-8-9 18595:Christopher Ehret 18567:978-0-8213-4195-7 18428:978-1-931930-91-8 18310:Christopher Ehret 18269:978-0-8156-0522-5 18129:978-0-85255-475-3 17926:978-0-85229-956-2 17884:(16): 1481–1495. 17386:on 8 October 2007 17027:978-92-3-104240-9 16863:978-1-107-10470-9 16439:978-0-309-04990-0 16394:Christopher Ehret 16379:978-0-15-603372-5 15835:. 24 March 2006. 15408:. 20 January 2022 15361:978-92-861-5382-2 15182:978-1-447-3134-89 14998:978-3-319-0638-81 14959:978-1-431-4032-57 14910:Cities and Nature 14905:John Rennie Short 14877:978-0-702-2509-89 14795:978-1-446-2028-90 13836:978-0-631-20566-1 13795:978-3-11-017532-5 13787:Walter de Gruyter 13689:978-0-08-087774-7 13530:978-0-8213-7787-1 13508:5 August 2012 at 13501:According to the 13328:978-0-231-14242-7 13038:Balloux, François 12903:Romans and blacks 12754:"The Slave Trade" 12704:Davidson, Basil. 12626:978-0-521-86746-7 12491:(5930): 1035–44. 12314:(6363): 652–655. 11847:978-9-774-1629-30 11822:978-1-851-0924-51 11811:. Vol. 181. 11799:978-0-817-9760-26 11776:978-0-803-9884-77 11753:978-0-520-0790-76 11562:History of Africa 10898:Zimbabwean dollar 10788:, English, French 10777:Seychellois rupee 10249:, French, English 9636:, French, English 9280:Equatorial Guinea 9074:, French, English 8701:Cricket World Cup 8574:Emmanuel Adebayor 8550:Confederation Cup 8344:, and crueler or 8336:(stews of maize, 8272:(barbecue meat), 8101:pomegranate juice 8083:. Spices such as 7994:. Grains include 7949:accompanied with 7705:modernist artists 7603:Culture of Africa 7576:Tumbuka mythology 7554:(Kenya, Tanzania) 7533:Lugbara mythology 7463:Ashanti mythology 7211: Others (4%) 7034:healthcare reform 7028:, the capital of 7018:Bamako Initiative 6261: 6260: 5881:rose from 28% of 5871:COVID-19 pandemic 5839:Economy of Africa 5835: 5834: 5793: 5792: 5370:is a city in the 5320: 5319: 5252:(West Africa): 40 4641:, developed as a 4619:Equatorial Guinea 4460:Akkadian language 4262: 4261: 2586:Equatorial Guinea 2114:on behalf of the 2108:Cape of Good Hope 2020:Kingdom of Mutapa 1827:Sultanate of Adal 1603:Kingdom of Ndongo 1513:radiocarbon dated 1450:Sir George Goldie 1175:Homo floresiensis 1090:australopithecine 981:History of Africa 854:. The more humid 365:Equatorial Africa 357:tropical savannas 282: 281: 21231: 20881:Sovereign states 20867: 20860: 20853: 20844: 20843: 20827: 20826:(United Kingdom) 20822:Tristan da Cunha 20818:Ascension Island 20810: 20797: 20788: 20764:Dependencies and 20457:Sovereign states 20443: 20436: 20429: 20420: 20419: 20403: 20402:(United Kingdom) 20398:Tristan da Cunha 20394:Ascension Island 20386: 20373: 20364: 20340:Dependencies and 20033:Sovereign states 20019: 20012: 20005: 19996: 19995: 19983: 19982: 19971:Zambezian region 19959:Sudanian savanna 19944:Southeast Africa 19924:Northeast Africa 19909:Miombo woodlands 19784:Guinea Highlands 19448:Lamu Archipelago 19426:Gulf of Tadjoura 19200: 19193: 19186: 19177: 19176: 19121: 19082: 19081: 19079: 19077: 19062: 19056: 19055: 19050:. Archived from 19040: 19034: 19033: 19031: 19029: 19014: 19008: 19007: 19006:on 20 June 2010. 18996: 18990: 18989: 18987: 18985: 18970: 18964: 18952: 18946: 18945: 18943: 18941: 18921: 18915: 18914: 18912: 18910: 18895: 18889: 18888: 18886: 18884: 18878: 18870: 18864: 18848: 18842: 18835: 18833: 18831: 18812: 18806: 18805: 18803: 18801: 18780: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18769: 18754: 18748: 18747: 18745: 18743: 18728: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18717: 18708:. Archived from 18702: 18693: 18692: 18687:. Archived from 18677: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18666: 18651: 18645: 18644: 18642: 18640: 18612: 18606: 18592: 18586: 18575: 18569: 18559: 18553: 18552: 18550: 18548: 18533: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18522: 18507: 18501: 18500: 18498: 18496: 18477: 18471: 18470: 18468: 18466: 18451: 18445: 18444: 18442: 18440: 18412: 18406: 18396: 18390: 18375: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18327: 18321: 18307: 18301: 18300: 18284: 18278: 18277: 18253: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18242: 18214: 18208: 18207: 18179: 18173: 18172: 18152: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18141: 18113: 18104: 18103: 18092: 18086: 18085: 18074: 18068: 18067: 18060: 18054: 18053: 18042: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18025: 18019: 18018: 18016: 18014: 18008: 18001: 17993: 17987: 17986: 17975: 17966: 17918: 17912: 17911: 17901: 17869: 17863: 17862: 17851: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17840: 17834: 17827: 17816: 17810: 17809: 17807: 17805: 17795: 17787: 17781: 17780: 17778: 17776: 17767: 17759: 17753: 17752: 17747:. Archived from 17736: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17725: 17702: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17691: 17676: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17662: 17647: 17638: 17637: 17609: 17603: 17602: 17600: 17598: 17583: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17572: 17553: 17547: 17546: 17544: 17542: 17536: 17529: 17521: 17512: 17511: 17509: 17507: 17501: 17494: 17486: 17480: 17479: 17477: 17475: 17460: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17449: 17434: 17428: 17427: 17425: 17423: 17417: 17410: 17402: 17396: 17395: 17393: 17391: 17382:. Archived from 17376: 17370: 17369: 17341: 17335: 17334: 17308: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17297: 17288:. Archived from 17282: 17276: 17275: 17265: 17255: 17230: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17219: 17205: 17199: 17198: 17196: 17194: 17179: 17173: 17172: 17162: 17152: 17128: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17117: 17103: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17092: 17072: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17061: 17050: 17044: 17043: 17041: 17039: 17030:. Archived from 17004: 16993: 16978: 16963: 16962: 16961:on 27 July 2011. 16951: 16945: 16944: 16942: 16940: 16924: 16918: 16917: 16883: 16874: 16868: 16867: 16849: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16838: 16829:. Archived from 16817: 16811: 16810: 16808: 16806: 16786: 16780: 16779: 16777: 16775: 16755: 16749: 16748: 16746: 16744: 16724: 16715: 16701: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16690: 16670: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16659: 16650:. Archived from 16617: 16606: 16605: 16603: 16601: 16575: 16564: 16563: 16561: 16559: 16553: 16540: 16532: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16521: 16505: 16499: 16488: 16482: 16481: 16474: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16463: 16448: 16442: 16431: 16425: 16411: 16405: 16391: 16382: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16345: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16334: 16319: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16293: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16276: 16265: 16256: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16245: 16239: 16228: 16219: 16213: 16212: 16210: 16208: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16180: 16178: 16172: 16161: 16152: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16141: 16126: 16117: 16116: 16110: 16108: 16102: 16095: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16052: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16026: 16020: 16006: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15995: 15976: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15945: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15931: 15917: 15911: 15910: 15908: 15906: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15855: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15844: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15808: 15801: 15793: 15787: 15770: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15732: 15710: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15685: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15660: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15646: 15626: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15615: 15601: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15590: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15565: 15551: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15540: 15526: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15515: 15500: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15474: 15468: 15467: 15465: 15463: 15449: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15438: 15424: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15413: 15398: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15387: 15372: 15366: 15365: 15345: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15334: 15319: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15308: 15288: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15277: 15272:on 28 April 2007 15261: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15250: 15235: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15224: 15215:. Archived from 15205: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15166: 15160: 15159: 15138: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15127: 15112: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15086: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15053: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15021: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15010: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14971: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14900: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14889: 14857: 14851: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14818: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14807: 14779: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14768: 14741: 14735: 14722: 14711: 14698: 14692: 14679: 14670: 14657: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14643: 14628: 14622: 14609: 14603: 14590: 14584: 14571: 14565: 14552: 14546: 14533: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14489: 14470: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14445: 14439: 14426: 14415: 14402: 14385: 14379: 14362: 14349: 14334: 14321: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14296:. Archived from 14286: 14280: 14279: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14243: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14190: 14184:. Archived from 14179: 14171: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14161: 14142: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14131: 14125: 14110: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14094: 14092: 14073: 14067: 14065: 14055: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14034: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14017: 14006: 13998: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13969: 13963: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13940: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13911: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13879: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13850: 13839: 13828: 13822: 13804: 13798: 13783: 13777: 13766: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13749: 13743:. Archived from 13734: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13705:. Archived from 13698: 13692: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13666: 13651: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13640: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13595: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13549:. Archived from 13539: 13533: 13522: 13513: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13469: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13458: 13443: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13422: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13388: 13382: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13308: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13253:on 15 March 2005 13242: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13213: 13207: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13171: 13165: 13161: 13155: 13152: 13146: 13143: 13137: 13136: 13124: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13099: 13098: 13096: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13069: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 12994: 12988: 12985: 12979: 12976: 12970: 12967: 12961: 12958: 12952: 12949: 12943: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12929: 12897: 12891: 12880: 12869: 12868: 12856: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12838: 12828: 12822: 12821: 12816:. Archived from 12793: 12787: 12786: 12776: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12723: 12717: 12702: 12696: 12693: 12687: 12672: 12666: 12655: 12649: 12634: 12628: 12614: 12608: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12548:on 6 March 2012. 12542:SWI swissinfo.ch 12533: 12527: 12526: 12516: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12459: 12412:Timmermann, Axel 12407: 12401: 12400: 12390: 12348: 12342: 12341: 12331: 12299: 12293: 12282: 12276: 12265: 12256: 12241: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12211: 12205: 12200:James Hastings, 12198: 12192: 12185:Bethwell A. Ogot 12182: 12176: 12169: 12163: 12160: 12154: 12151: 12145: 12142:Nehemia Levtzion 12139: 12130: 12129: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12104: 12102: 12079: 12066: 12065: 12054:10.1038/194201a0 12040:(4824): 201–03. 12029: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12007:. 12 July 1999. 11994: 11992: 11990: 11984: 11969: 11935: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11854:on 28 July 2020. 11850:. Archived from 11826: 11803: 11780: 11757: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11691: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11662:on 20 April 2010 11658:. Archived from 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11578: 11547:African diaspora 11541: 11539:Geography portal 11536: 11535: 11534: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11456: 11454: 11453: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11396: 11394: 11393: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11008: 11006: 11005: 10982: 10972: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10798: 10796: 10795: 10779:(Re/Rs /-) 10759: 10757: 10756: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10671:(Re/Rs /-) 10651: 10649: 10648: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10488:, Arabic, French 10459: 10457: 10456: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10387:(also in ECCAS) 10383: 10381: 10380: 10360: 10354: 10344: 10317:Ugandan shilling 10299: 10297: 10296: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10223:(also in ECCAS) 10219: 10217: 10216: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10139:(also in ECCAS) 10135: 10133: 10132: 10118:Southeast Africa 10078: 10076: 10075: 10035: 10033: 10032: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9855:Djiboutian franc 9837: 9835: 9834: 9820:Northeast Africa 9800:Djiboutian franc 9782: 9780: 9779: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9690:(also in ECCAS) 9686: 9684: 9683: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9610:(also in ECCAS) 9606: 9604: 9603: 9585:Ugandan shilling 9567: 9565: 9564: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9505:(So.Sh /-) 9485: 9483: 9482: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9385: 9375: 9366: 9356: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8863: 8853: 8847: 8706:Over the years, 8602:Bruce Grobbelaar 8520:Cinema of Africa 8438:Ficus natalensis 8146:is used to make 8022:. Beverages are 7846:pentatonic scale 7838:Northeast Africa 7807:rhythm and blues 7717:Jacques Lipchitz 7667: 7565:Khoisan religion 7546:Akamba mythology 7540:Southeast Africa 7515:Lotuko mythology 7498:(Nigeria, Benin) 7496:Yoruba mythology 7406:ancestor worship 7221:Distribution of 7210: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7115:Northeast Africa 7011:infant mortality 6540:Eastern Province 6494: 6493: 6489: 6390:Oil and minerals 5916: 5910: 5901:Energy and power 5830: 5827: 5821: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5526: 5514: 5513: 5409:in Africa; this 5407:financial centre 5206:(Nigeria): 30–35 4930:Southeast Africa 4721: 4720: 4716:primary language 4474:of northeastern 4472:Eblaite language 4462:of Mesopotamia ( 4448:language isolate 4424:European African 4338:African diaspora 4234: 4232: 4231: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4018: 4016: 4015: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3040: 3038: 3037: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2262:Life (Exp.) 2237: 2236: 2112:Jan van Riebeeck 1962:Swahili language 1865:Southeast Africa 1843:Geledi Sultanate 1839:Ethiopian Empire 1829:, whose General 1816:Ajuran Sultanate 1799:for the wealthy 1762:Fasilides Castle 1737: 1626:History of Sudan 1571:Kingdom of Kongo 1440:. Following the 1415:Kingdom of Benin 1337:, including the 1287:Kingdom of Benin 953:Kalahari Deserts 768:tropical climate 615:Southeast Africa 524:. There is also 410:. These include 363:(dark green) of 274: 267: 180:Religions (2020) 57: 51: 46: The Sahara 45: 38: 24: 23: 21239: 21238: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21230: 21229: 21228: 21199: 21198: 21197: 21192: 21191: 21182: 21166: 21164: 21157: 20876: 20871: 20841: 20836: 20835: 20825: 20808: 20795: 20786: 20767: 20765: 20758: 20742: 20740: 20733: 20452: 20447: 20417: 20412: 20411: 20401: 20384: 20371: 20362: 20343: 20341: 20334: 20318: 20316: 20309: 20028: 20023: 19988: 19980: 19975: 19966:Tropical Africa 19827: 19715: 19694:Kalahari Desert 19679:Albany thickets 19644:Succulent Karoo 19608: 19510:Atlas Mountains 19481: 19300: 19213: 19204: 19160: 19142: 19140:Further reading 19091: 19086: 19085: 19075: 19073: 19064: 19063: 19059: 19042: 19041: 19037: 19027: 19025: 19016: 19015: 19011: 18998: 18997: 18993: 18983: 18981: 18974:"Worldbank.org" 18972: 18971: 18967: 18962:Wayback Machine 18953: 18949: 18939: 18937: 18922: 18918: 18908: 18906: 18897: 18896: 18892: 18882: 18880: 18879:. Worldbank.org 18876: 18872: 18871: 18867: 18861:Wayback Machine 18849: 18845: 18839:Stephen Cherono 18836: 18829: 18827: 18814: 18813: 18809: 18799: 18797: 18782: 18781: 18777: 18767: 18765: 18758:"AllAfrica.com" 18756: 18755: 18751: 18741: 18739: 18730: 18729: 18725: 18715: 18713: 18704: 18703: 18696: 18679: 18678: 18674: 18664: 18662: 18653: 18652: 18648: 18638: 18636: 18629: 18613: 18609: 18593: 18589: 18576: 18572: 18560: 18556: 18546: 18544: 18535: 18534: 18530: 18520: 18518: 18509: 18508: 18504: 18494: 18492: 18479: 18478: 18474: 18464: 18462: 18453: 18452: 18448: 18438: 18436: 18429: 18413: 18409: 18397: 18393: 18376: 18372: 18363: 18361: 18354: 18328: 18324: 18308: 18304: 18285: 18281: 18270: 18254: 18250: 18240: 18238: 18231: 18215: 18211: 18196:10.2307/1166258 18180: 18176: 18153: 18149: 18139: 18137: 18130: 18114: 18107: 18100:www.thearda.com 18094: 18093: 18089: 18082:www.thearda.com 18076: 18075: 18071: 18064:"Guinea-Bissau" 18062: 18061: 18057: 18044: 18043: 18039: 18031: 18027: 18026: 18022: 18012: 18010: 18006: 17999: 17995: 17994: 17990: 17977: 17976: 17969: 17963:Wayback Machine 17952:Wayback Machine 17940:Wayback Machine 17929: 17919: 17915: 17870: 17866: 17853: 17852: 17848: 17838: 17836: 17832: 17825: 17817: 17813: 17803: 17801: 17793: 17789: 17788: 17784: 17774: 17772: 17765: 17761: 17760: 17756: 17737: 17733: 17723: 17721: 17703: 17699: 17689: 17687: 17678: 17677: 17670: 17660: 17658: 17649: 17648: 17641: 17620:(9): 1594–600. 17610: 17606: 17596: 17594: 17585: 17584: 17580: 17570: 17568: 17555: 17554: 17550: 17540: 17538: 17534: 17527: 17523: 17522: 17515: 17505: 17503: 17499: 17492: 17488: 17487: 17483: 17473: 17471: 17462: 17461: 17457: 17447: 17445: 17436: 17435: 17431: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17408: 17404: 17403: 17399: 17389: 17387: 17378: 17377: 17373: 17342: 17338: 17323: 17309: 17305: 17295: 17293: 17284: 17283: 17279: 17231: 17227: 17217: 17215: 17207: 17206: 17202: 17192: 17190: 17181: 17180: 17176: 17129: 17125: 17115: 17113: 17105: 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11267: 11265: 11226: 11224: 11195: 11193: 11157: 11155: 11150:Liberian dollar 11127: 11125: 11097: 11095: 11067: 11065: 11037: 11035: 11003: 11001: 10987: 10980: 10978: 10970: 10963: 10925: 10923: 10913: 10875: 10873: 10839: 10837: 10793: 10791: 10754: 10752: 10741:Namibian dollar 10718: 10716: 10682: 10680: 10669:Mauritian rupee 10646: 10644: 10633:Malawian kwacha 10610: 10608: 10594:Malagasy ariary 10571: 10569: 10532: 10530: 10516:Swazi lilangeni 10493: 10491: 10454: 10452: 10415: 10413: 10378: 10376: 10366: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10350: 10342: 10335: 10333:Southern Africa 10294: 10292: 10280:(TSh. /=) 10263:(also in SADC) 10254: 10252: 10214: 10212: 10198:Kenyan shilling 10175: 10173: 10159:Burundian franc 10130: 10128: 10120: 10073: 10071: 10063:Sudanese Arabic 10030: 10028: 10003:Somali shilling 9980: 9978: 9926: 9924: 9875: 9873: 9832: 9830: 9822: 9777: 9775: 9726: 9724: 9710:Burundian franc 9681: 9679: 9650:(also in SADC) 9641: 9639: 9601: 9599: 9562: 9560: 9546:Kenyan shilling 9523: 9521: 9503:Somali shilling 9480: 9478: 9437: 9435: 9427:Sudanese Arabic 9394: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9381: 9373: 9371: 9364: 9362: 9354: 9347: 9309: 9307: 9304:Spanish, French 9273: 9271: 9237: 9235: 9201: 9199: 9162: 9160: 9157:English, French 9126: 9124: 9079: 9077: 9039: 9037: 9026:Congolese franc 9011:(also in SADC) 9002: 9000: 8989:Burundian franc 8960: 8958: 8932:(also in SADC) 8923: 8921: 8876: 8874: 8869: 8861: 8859: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8790:Northern Africa 8758: 8741: 8725:Kenenisa Bekele 8659:Rugby World Cup 8542: 8537: 8531: 8526: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8364: 8354: 7939: 7925:African cuisine 7921: 7774: 7748:Music of Africa 7744: 7739: 7725: 7652: 7638: 7629: 7599: 7559:Southern Africa 7552:Masai mythology 7548:(eastern Kenya) 7509:Dinka mythology 7335:respectively. 7223:Islam in Africa 7215: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7206: 7198: 7196: 7188: 7186: 7178: 7170: 7160:Islam in Africa 7148: 7103:Maputo Protocol 7045:Southern Africa 6971: 6961: 6956: 6938: 6863: 6814:. According to 6788: 6782: 6776: 6759: 6753: 6729:development aid 6705:economic growth 6681: 6675: 6571:black-eyed peas 6528: 6518:, the DRC, and 6491: 6487: 6486: 6392: 6348: 6290:, South Africa 6255:Wayback Machine 6216:Af: Ivory Coast 5913: 5909: 5903: 5879:government debt 5841: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5364: 5340: 5335: 5327:Main articles: 5325: 5323:Genetic history 5068:Southern Africa 4661: 4649:Kalahari Desert 4563: 4539:Bantu expansion 4527:Southern Africa 4519: 4440: 4344: 4322: 4229: 4227: 4193: 4191: 4157: 4155: 4121: 4119: 4085: 4083: 4049: 4047: 4013: 4011: 3977: 3975: 3941: 3939: 3905: 3903: 3869: 3867: 3833: 3831: 3791: 3789: 3749: 3747: 3707: 3705: 3665: 3663: 3623: 3621: 3581: 3579: 3539: 3537: 3497: 3495: 3455: 3453: 3413: 3411: 3371: 3369: 3329: 3327: 3287: 3285: 3245: 3243: 3203: 3201: 3161: 3159: 3119: 3117: 3077: 3075: 3035: 3033: 2993: 2991: 2957: 2955: 2915: 2913: 2873: 2871: 2831: 2829: 2789: 2787: 2747: 2745: 2705: 2703: 2663: 2661: 2621: 2619: 2579: 2577: 2537: 2535: 2495: 2493: 2453: 2451: 2411: 2409: 2369: 2367: 2327: 2325: 2285: 2283: 2194:in Africa, 2006 2185: 2179: 2174: 2168: 2148:Sir David Blair 2146:, commanded by 2100:Bartolomeu Dias 2081:Southern Africa 2035:Settlements of 2022: 2016: 2010: 2008:Southern Africa 1934:Swahili culture 1877: 1867: 1835:Adal's conquest 1773:ancient Somalia 1697: 1675: 1669: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1547:Bantu Migration 1494:, queen of the 1484: 1478: 1460:as part of the 1442:Napoleonic Wars 1434:Aro confederacy 1311:Bantu expansion 1293: 1271: 1265: 1048: 1018: 1013: 1003:African empires 999: 979:Main articles: 977: 930:miombo woodland 889:Tropical Africa 749: 735: 723:Southern Africa 664:Bilad al-Barbar 591:medieval period 568: 493:(and sometimes 420:Southern Africa 385:Bantu expansion 377:Southern Africa 367:, and the arid 296: 289:Combined green: 278: 277: 268: 264: 61: 60: 59: 55: 53: 52: The Sahel 49: 47: 43: 29: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21237: 21227: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21194: 21193: 21188: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21180: 21175: 21169: 21167: 21162: 21159: 21158: 21156: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20884: 20882: 20878: 20877: 20870: 20869: 20862: 20855: 20847: 20838: 20837: 20834: 20833: 20831:Western Sahara 20828: 20811: 20798: 20789: 20775:Canary Islands 20771: 20770: 20768: 20763: 20760: 20759: 20757: 20756: 20751: 20745: 20743: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20732: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20460: 20458: 20454: 20453: 20446: 20445: 20438: 20431: 20423: 20414: 20413: 20410: 20409: 20407:Western Sahara 20404: 20387: 20374: 20365: 20351:Canary Islands 20347: 20346: 20344: 20339: 20336: 20335: 20333: 20332: 20327: 20321: 20319: 20314: 20311: 20310: 20308: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20277: 20272: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20036: 20034: 20030: 20029: 20022: 20021: 20014: 20007: 19999: 19993: 19990: 19989: 19977: 19976: 19974: 19973: 19968: 19963: 19962: 19961: 19954:Sudan (region) 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19835: 19833: 19829: 19828: 19826: 19825: 19820: 19819: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19791: 19789:Gulf of Guinea 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19725: 19723: 19717: 19716: 19714: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19704:Cape Peninsula 19701: 19699:Okavango Delta 19696: 19691: 19689:Skeleton Coast 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19635: 19634: 19629: 19618: 19616: 19610: 19609: 19607: 19606: 19604:Western Sahara 19601: 19596: 19595: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19577:Nuba Mountains 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19529: 19528: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19497: 19495:Eastern Desert 19491: 19489: 19483: 19482: 19480: 19479: 19474: 19473: 19472: 19467: 19466: 19465: 19460: 19450: 19445: 19443:Comoro Islands 19435: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19416:Hanish Islands 19413: 19408: 19403: 19401:Danakil Desert 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19376:Horn of Africa 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19357: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19319:Albertine Rift 19310: 19308: 19302: 19301: 19299: 19298: 19296:Ennedi Plateau 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19257: 19256: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19235: 19234: 19232:Gulf of Guinea 19223: 19221: 19215: 19214: 19203: 19202: 19195: 19188: 19180: 19174: 19173: 19167: 19159: 19158:External links 19156: 19155: 19154: 19141: 19138: 19115: 19114: 19111: 19110: 19090: 19087: 19084: 19083: 19057: 19035: 19009: 18991: 18965: 18947: 18916: 18890: 18865: 18843: 18807: 18789:Deutsche Welle 18775: 18749: 18723: 18694: 18672: 18646: 18627: 18607: 18587: 18570: 18554: 18528: 18502: 18472: 18446: 18427: 18407: 18391: 18370: 18352: 18322: 18302: 18279: 18268: 18248: 18229: 18209: 18174: 18147: 18128: 18105: 18087: 18069: 18055: 18037: 18020: 17988: 17967: 17913: 17864: 17846: 17811: 17782: 17754: 17731: 17697: 17668: 17639: 17604: 17578: 17548: 17513: 17481: 17455: 17429: 17411:. Unaids.org. 17397: 17371: 17336: 17322:978-1435728905 17321: 17315:. : Lulu Com. 17303: 17277: 17225: 17200: 17174: 17123: 17098: 17067: 17045: 17026: 16994: 16964: 16946: 16931:. scidev.net. 16919: 16892:(2): 294–325. 16869: 16862: 16844: 16812: 16781: 16750: 16733:buanews.gov.za 16716: 16696: 16665: 16654:on 31 May 2014 16627:Monthly Review 16607: 16596:on 31 May 2014 16585:Monthly Review 16565: 16527: 16510:"Blogspot.com" 16500: 16483: 16469: 16443: 16426: 16406: 16383: 16366: 16340: 16329:on 10 May 2006 16314: 16288: 16251: 16214: 16187: 16147: 16118: 16081: 16047: 16021: 16001: 15971: 15937: 15912: 15881: 15864:Science Friday 15850: 15820: 15788: 15738: 15705: 15680: 15652: 15641:on 4 June 2013 15621: 15596: 15571: 15546: 15521: 15495: 15469: 15444: 15419: 15393: 15367: 15360: 15340: 15314: 15283: 15264:Pulse Africa. 15256: 15239:"Johannesburg" 15230: 15200: 15181: 15161: 15154: 15133: 15107: 15081: 15048: 15016: 14997: 14977: 14958: 14938: 14919: 14895: 14876: 14852: 14833: 14813: 14794: 14774: 14755: 14736: 14712: 14693: 14671: 14649: 14623: 14604: 14585: 14566: 14547: 14536:"South Africa" 14521: 14495: 14478:www.knbs.or.ke 14465: 14440: 14416: 14386: 14363: 14335: 14311: 14300:on 25 May 2023 14281: 14263: 14231: 14221:on 24 May 2023 14202: 14166: 14156:on 24 May 2023 14137: 14097: 14087:on 24 May 2023 14068: 14064:. p. 333. 14050: 14029: 13993: 13983:on 24 May 2023 13964: 13954:on 24 May 2023 13935: 13925:on 24 May 2023 13903: 13893:on 24 May 2023 13874: 13864:on 24 May 2023 13840: 13823: 13799: 13789:, pp. 867–68, 13778: 13761: 13720: 13693: 13672: 13661:on 28 May 2014 13646: 13620: 13590: 13564: 13534: 13514: 13494: 13464: 13438: 13409: 13383: 13358: 13346: 13327: 13303: 13284: 13264: 13237: 13208: 13192: 13166: 13156: 13147: 13138: 13131: 13109: 13100: 13081: 13058:10.1086/505436 13052:(2): 230–237. 13028: 13009: 12989: 12980: 12971: 12962: 12953: 12944: 12935: 12916: 12910:. p. 57. 12892: 12870: 12861:, p. 254. 12851: 12841: 12837:. p. 316. 12823: 12788: 12771: 12745: 12738: 12718: 12697: 12688: 12667: 12650: 12629: 12609: 12588: 12569:(2): 219–238. 12551: 12528: 12471: 12426:(8): 582–594. 12402: 12343: 12294: 12277: 12257: 12236: 12215:"black Africa" 12206: 12193: 12177: 12164: 12155: 12146: 12131: 12112: 12094: 12067: 12024: 12022: 12021: 11995: 11919: 11889: 11872:UNDP in Africa 11868:"About Africa" 11859: 11857: 11856: 11846: 11840:. p. 61. 11827: 11821: 11804: 11798: 11792:. p. 59. 11781: 11775: 11769:. p. 39. 11758: 11752: 11746:. p. 80. 11733: 11712: 11692: 11673: 11647: 11622: 11599: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11528: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11477: 11447: 11417: 11387: 11357: 11323: 11293: 11262: 11261: 11253: 11252: 11222: 11219:Nigerian naira 11191: 11153: 11123: 11093: 11063: 11060:Gambian dalasi 11033: 10998: 10997: 10979: 10969: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10948:Sudanese pound 10912: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10871: 10862:Zambian kwacha 10835: 10789: 10750: 10714: 10678: 10642: 10606: 10567: 10528: 10489: 10477:Comorian franc 10450: 10411: 10402:Angolan kwanza 10373: 10372: 10357: 10351: 10341: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10319:(USh /=) 10290: 10250: 10210: 10200:(KSh /=) 10171: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10069: 10053:Sudanese pound 10021: 10020: 10019: 9976: 9949:Ethiopian birr 9922: 9898:Eritrean nakfa 9871: 9826:Horn of Africa 9821: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9773: 9749:Eritrean nakfa 9722: 9677: 9667:(TSh /=) 9637: 9597: 9587:(USh /=) 9558: 9548:(KSh /=) 9519: 9476: 9433: 9417:Sudanese pound 9382: 9372: 9363: 9353: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9305: 9269: 9233: 9232:French, Arabic 9197: 9158: 9121: 9120: 9112: 9111: 9075: 9048:(also in EAC) 9035: 8998: 8969:(also in EAC) 8956: 8947:Angolan kwanza 8918: 8917: 8909: 8908: 8860: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8836:Central Africa 8834: 8812:), far north ( 8782:Western Sahara 8757: 8754: 8740: 8737: 8678:Gerrie Coetzee 8598:Jay-Jay Okocha 8582:Michael Essien 8541: 8538: 8530: 8527: 8515: 8512: 8504: 8501: 8383:clothing style 8376:cloth patterns 8353: 8350: 8132:Horn of Africa 7978:, foutou, and 7920: 7917: 7743: 7740: 7724: 7721: 7637: 7634: 7598: 7595: 7586: 7585: 7584:(South Africa) 7582:Zulu mythology 7579: 7573: 7570:Lozi mythology 7567: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7549: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7504: 7503:Central Africa 7500: 7499: 7493: 7486:Serer religion 7483: 7480:Igbo mythology 7477: 7474:Efik mythology 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458:Akan mythology 7454: 7453: 7207: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7147: 7144: 7086:Onchocerciasis 7003:onchocerciasis 6960: 6957: 6937: 6934: 6862: 6859: 6778:Main article: 6775: 6772: 6765:Road in Rwanda 6752: 6749: 6674: 6673:Infrastructure 6671: 6527: 6524: 6391: 6388: 6347: 6344: 6259: 6258: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6150:Af: Sth Africa 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5905:Main article: 5902: 5899: 5837:Main article: 5833: 5832: 5813: 5811: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5339: 5336: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5253: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5207: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5119:Northern Sotho 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4908: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4840: 4823: 4822: 4821:Horn of Africa 4817: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4728: 4727: 4726:Central Africa 4660: 4657: 4611:Central Africa 4562: 4559: 4535:Khoi languages 4518: 4515: 4439: 4436: 4321: 4318: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2249:Area (km) 2246: 2241: 2178: 2175: 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2160:Anglo-Zulu War 2093:Great Zimbabwe 2029:Great Zimbabwe 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1964:contains many 1948:(particularly 1942:Swahili people 1866: 1863: 1716:Axumite Empire 1671:Main article: 1668: 1667:Horn of Africa 1665: 1621: 1618: 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1545:Following the 1480:Main article: 1477: 1476:Central Africa 1474: 1470:decolonization 1462:British Empire 1427:Walls of Benin 1411:Sungbo's Eredo 1390:Kingdom of Nri 1382:Ashanti Empire 1347:Songhai Empire 1291:Kingdom of Nri 1283:Songhay Empire 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1257:Persian Empire 1105:Central Africa 1017: 1014: 976: 973: 972: 971: 964: 945: 918: 911: 904: 899:) west of the 886: 867:Horn of Africa 863: 836: 734: 731: 717:families; and 666:("Land of the 636:Horn of Africa 595:bilâd as-sûdân 567: 564: 432:United Nations 412:Central Africa 369:Kalahari Basin 353:Horn of Africa 314:Eastern Africa 298:Lighter green: 293:United Nations 280: 279: 276: 275: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 215: 214: 211: 204: 203: 200: 193: 192: 189: 182: 181: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 67: 63: 62: 54: 48: 42: 41: 39: 31: 30: 27: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21236: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21206: 21204: 21185: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21170: 21168: 21160: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21003:Guinea-Bissau 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20885: 20883: 20879: 20875: 20868: 20863: 20861: 20856: 20854: 20849: 20848: 20845: 20832: 20829: 20823: 20819: 20815: 20812: 20806: 20802: 20799: 20793: 20790: 20784: 20780: 20776: 20773: 20772: 20769: 20761: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20746: 20744: 20736: 20730: 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20579:Guinea-Bissau 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20459: 20455: 20451: 20444: 20439: 20437: 20432: 20430: 20425: 20424: 20421: 20408: 20405: 20399: 20395: 20391: 20388: 20382: 20378: 20375: 20369: 20366: 20360: 20356: 20352: 20349: 20348: 20345: 20337: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20322: 20320: 20312: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20155:Guinea-Bissau 20153: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20037: 20035: 20031: 20027: 20020: 20015: 20013: 20008: 20006: 20001: 20000: 19997: 19991: 19984: 19972: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19960: 19957: 19956: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19832:Macro-regions 19830: 19824: 19821: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19761: 19760: 19759:Guinea region 19757: 19755: 19754:Cape Mesurado 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19726: 19724: 19722: 19718: 19710: 19707: 19706: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19620: 19619: 19617: 19615: 19611: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19530: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19520:Gibraltar Arc 19518: 19516: 19515:Barbary Coast 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19505:Ancient Libya 19503: 19502: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19490: 19488: 19484: 19478: 19477:Swahili coast 19475: 19471: 19468: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19455: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19436: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19381:Afar Triangle 19379: 19378: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19316: 19315: 19312: 19311: 19309: 19307: 19303: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19255: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19233: 19230: 19229: 19228: 19227:Guinea region 19225: 19224: 19222: 19220: 19216: 19212: 19208: 19201: 19196: 19194: 19189: 19187: 19182: 19181: 19178: 19171: 19168: 19165: 19162: 19161: 19152: 19148: 19144: 19143: 19137: 19135: 19134: 19129: 19125: 19120: 19113: 19112: 19108: 19107:0-8213-3698-3 19104: 19100: 19096: 19093: 19092: 19071: 19067: 19061: 19053: 19049: 19045: 19039: 19023: 19019: 19013: 19005: 19001: 18995: 18979: 18975: 18969: 18963: 18959: 18956: 18951: 18935: 18931: 18927: 18920: 18904: 18900: 18894: 18875: 18869: 18862: 18858: 18855: 18854: 18847: 18840: 18825: 18821: 18817: 18811: 18795: 18791: 18790: 18785: 18779: 18763: 18759: 18753: 18737: 18733: 18727: 18711: 18707: 18701: 18699: 18690: 18686: 18682: 18676: 18660: 18656: 18650: 18634: 18630: 18624: 18620: 18619: 18611: 18604: 18603:0-8139-2085-X 18600: 18596: 18591: 18584: 18583:1-4034-9910-1 18580: 18574: 18568: 18564: 18558: 18542: 18538: 18532: 18516: 18512: 18506: 18490: 18486: 18482: 18476: 18460: 18456: 18450: 18434: 18430: 18424: 18420: 18419: 18411: 18405: 18404:0-8135-2613-2 18401: 18395: 18388: 18384: 18380: 18374: 18359: 18355: 18353:9780761930471 18349: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18318:0-8139-2085-X 18315: 18311: 18306: 18298: 18294: 18290: 18283: 18275: 18271: 18265: 18261: 18260: 18252: 18236: 18232: 18230:9781412981767 18226: 18222: 18221: 18213: 18205: 18201: 18197: 18193: 18189: 18185: 18178: 18170: 18166: 18162: 18158: 18151: 18135: 18131: 18125: 18121: 18120: 18112: 18110: 18101: 18097: 18091: 18083: 18079: 18073: 18065: 18059: 18051: 18047: 18041: 18030: 18024: 18005: 17998: 17992: 17984: 17980: 17974: 17972: 17964: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17941: 17937: 17934: 17927: 17923: 17917: 17909: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17868: 17860: 17856: 17850: 17831: 17824: 17823: 17815: 17799: 17792: 17786: 17771: 17764: 17758: 17750: 17746: 17742: 17735: 17720: 17716: 17712: 17708: 17701: 17685: 17681: 17675: 17673: 17656: 17652: 17646: 17644: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17619: 17615: 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15767: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15751: 15749: 15747: 15745: 15743: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15718:The Economist 15715: 15709: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15669: 15665: 15659: 15657: 15640: 15636: 15632: 15625: 15610: 15606: 15600: 15585: 15581: 15575: 15560: 15556: 15550: 15535: 15531: 15525: 15509: 15505: 15499: 15484: 15480: 15473: 15458: 15454: 15448: 15433: 15429: 15423: 15407: 15403: 15397: 15381: 15377: 15371: 15363: 15357: 15353: 15352: 15344: 15328: 15324: 15318: 15302: 15298: 15294: 15287: 15271: 15267: 15260: 15244: 15240: 15234: 15219:on 4 May 2012 15218: 15214: 15210: 15204: 15188: 15184: 15178: 15174: 15173: 15165: 15157: 15155:9780810376922 15151: 15147: 15146: 15137: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15095: 15091: 15085: 15069: 15065: 15064: 15059: 15052: 15036: 15032: 15031: 15026: 15020: 15004: 15000: 14994: 14990: 14989: 14981: 14965: 14961: 14955: 14951: 14950: 14942: 14926: 14922: 14920:9781134252749 14916: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14899: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14864: 14856: 14840: 14836: 14834:9781446258507 14830: 14826: 14825: 14817: 14801: 14797: 14791: 14787: 14786: 14778: 14762: 14758: 14756:9789211318159 14752: 14748: 14747: 14740: 14733: 14729: 14726: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14709: 14705: 14702: 14697: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14678: 14676: 14668: 14664: 14661: 14656: 14654: 14638:on 2 May 2012 14637: 14633: 14627: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14608: 14601: 14597: 14594: 14589: 14582: 14578: 14575: 14570: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14551: 14544: 14540: 14537: 14532: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14509: 14505: 14499: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14469: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14437: 14433: 14430: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14413: 14409: 14406: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14391: 14383: 14378: 14376: 14374: 14372: 14370: 14368: 14360: 14356: 14353: 14352:"South Sudan" 14348: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14332: 14328: 14325: 14320: 14318: 14316: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14285: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14252: 14248: 14242: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14206: 14187: 14183: 14176: 14170: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14141: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14113:New York City 14107: 14101: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14063: 14062: 14054: 14039: 14033: 14014: 14010: 14003: 13997: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13968: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13939: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13878: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13849: 13847: 13845: 13837: 13833: 13827: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13809: 13803: 13796: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13775: 13774:0-415-93933-X 13771: 13765: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13708: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13676: 13660: 13656: 13650: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13594: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13538: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13519: 13511: 13510:archive.today 13507: 13504: 13498: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13468: 13452: 13448: 13442: 13426: 13419: 13413: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13380: 13379:0-253-32916-7 13376: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13353: 13351: 13334: 13330: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13315: 13307: 13291: 13287: 13285:9780394009384 13281: 13277: 13276: 13268: 13252: 13248: 13241: 13225: 13221: 13220: 13212: 13206: 13205:0-19-814264-1 13202: 13196: 13180: 13176: 13170: 13160: 13151: 13142: 13134: 13132:9781848360754 13128: 13123: 13122: 13113: 13104: 13095: 13094: 13085: 13077: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13032: 13016: 13012: 13010:9780810866041 13006: 13002: 13001: 12993: 12984: 12975: 12966: 12957: 12948: 12939: 12923: 12919: 12917:0-415-03185-0 12913: 12909: 12905: 12904: 12896: 12889: 12888:0-333-59957-8 12885: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12866: 12860: 12855: 12845: 12836: 12835: 12827: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12792: 12784: 12783: 12775: 12759: 12755: 12749: 12741: 12739:9780608390352 12735: 12731: 12730: 12722: 12715: 12714:0-684-82667-4 12711: 12707: 12701: 12692: 12685: 12684:0-87196-480-5 12681: 12677: 12671: 12664: 12663:0-333-59957-8 12660: 12654: 12647: 12646:0-684-82667-4 12643: 12639: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12613: 12606: 12605:0-395-65237-5 12602: 12598: 12592: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12563: 12555: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12532: 12524: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12475: 12467: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12406: 12398: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12298: 12291: 12290:0-333-59957-8 12287: 12281: 12274: 12273:0-333-59957-8 12270: 12264: 12262: 12254: 12253:0-333-59957-8 12250: 12246: 12240: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12210: 12203: 12197: 12190: 12186: 12181: 12174: 12168: 12159: 12150: 12143: 12138: 12136: 12128: 12123: 12116: 12109: 12097: 12095:3-447-05175-2 12091: 12087: 12086: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12028: 12010: 12006: 12005: 12004:Science Daily 12000: 11996: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11893: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11834: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11734: 11722: 11719:. Infosamak. 11718: 11713: 11701: 11697: 11696:"Arab States" 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11636: 11633: 11626: 11609: 11603: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11573: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11529: 11526: 11525:Africa portal 11515: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11399: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11369: 11368:Guinea-Bissau 11358: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11305: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11154: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11124: 11121: 11120:Guinean franc 11118: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11094: 11091: 11090:Ghanaian cedi 11088: 11087: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11011: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10986: 10976: 10967: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10579: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10490: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10462: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10438:Botswana pula 10436: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10348: 10339: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10238:Rwandan franc 10236: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10183: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9977: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9934: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9872: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9625:Rwandan franc 9623: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9391: 9390: 9379: 9370: 9360: 9351: 9339: 9338: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9209: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9134: 9123: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9063:Rwandan franc 9061: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9010: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8857: 8842: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8816:) and south ( 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8746: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8686:Azumah Nelson 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8666:Battling Siki 8662: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8586:Didier Drogba 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8536: 8525: 8521: 8514:Film industry 8510: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8384: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8340:, tomatoes), 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8286:milk products 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8205: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8172:chili peppers 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7834:Afro-Asiatics 7831: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7811:rock and roll 7808: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7752:African dance 7749: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713:Henri Matisse 7710: 7709:Pablo Picasso 7706: 7701: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7517:(South Sudan) 7516: 7513: 7511:(South Sudan) 7510: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7381:-speakers is 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7347:Guinea Bissau 7344: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7321:Latin America 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7219: 7204: 7194: 7184: 7176: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7099:African Union 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7016:In 1987, the 7014: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877:, Madagascar 6876: 6872: 6867: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6842:human capital 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6816:Naledi Pandor 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6771: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6670: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6647: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6407:Plateau State 6404: 6400: 6396: 6387: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6103:Af: Eq.Guinea 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5971:Ar: Saudi Arb 5970: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5829: 5817: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5788: 5786: 5785:Port Harcourt 5783: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5654:Dar es Salaam 5652: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5481:Nairobi River 5478: 5477:Enkare Nyrobi 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5459:Witwatersrand 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5429:Swahili coast 5426: 5422: 5421:Dar es Salaam 5418: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5330: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5139:Indo-European 5137: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902:: <1 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874:: <1 4873: 4870: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4644:lingua franca 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4621:and southern 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4511:lingua franca 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4428:Indo-European 4425: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020:Guinea-Bissau 4010: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2156:KwaZulu-Natal 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:Limpopo River 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:Swahili Coast 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Tongoni Ruins 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1748:Zagwe dynasty 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1651:and southern 1650: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:Eastern Lunda 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:M'banza-Kongo 1572: 1567: 1565: 1564:imperial cult 1560: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Djenné-Djenno 1315: 1312: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1227:and southern 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210:out of Africa 1207: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138:Homo ergaster 1135: 1134: 1133:Homo ergaster 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061:According to 1057: 1056:Olduvai Gorge 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 969: 965: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916: 912: 909: 905: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 805: 804: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784:climate zones 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:Climate zones 753: 748: 744: 740: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 655: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 634:coast in the 633: 628: 626: 622: 621: 616: 612: 611:Western Sudan 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 577: 572: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548: 543: 539: 536:explains how 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508:Since around 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 448:African Union 446:, etc.). The 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373:Mediterranean 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 290: 286: 272: 266: 262: 258: 255: 252: 250: 245: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 221: 218: • 216: 212: 210: 207: • 205: 201: 199: 196: • 194: 190: 188: 185: • 183: 178: 175: 172: 170: 166: 163:1,137,938,708 162: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:Dar es Salaam 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 64: 37: 32: 25: 19: 21113:South Africa 21103:Sierra Leone 20908:Burkina Faso 20814:Saint Helena 20785: 20689:South Africa 20679:Sierra Leone 20484:Burkina Faso 20390:Saint Helena 20361: 20265:South Africa 20255:Sierra Leone 20060:Burkina Faso 19948: 19914:Mittelafrika 19864:Françafrique 19729:Pepper Coast 19567:Middle Egypt 19421:Gulf of Aden 19396:Danakil Alps 19334:Gregory Rift 19132: 19124:free content 19116: 19094: 19076:29 September 19074:. Retrieved 19060: 19052:the original 19047: 19038: 19028:29 September 19026:. Retrieved 19022:the original 19012: 19004:the original 18994: 18982:. Retrieved 18968: 18950: 18938:. Retrieved 18930:The Guardian 18929: 18919: 18909:29 September 18907:. Retrieved 18893: 18883:29 September 18881:. Retrieved 18868: 18852: 18846: 18828:. Retrieved 18810: 18798:. Retrieved 18787: 18778: 18766:. Retrieved 18752: 18740:. Retrieved 18726: 18714:. Retrieved 18710:the original 18689:the original 18675: 18663:. Retrieved 18649: 18637:. Retrieved 18617: 18610: 18590: 18573: 18557: 18547:29 September 18545:. Retrieved 18531: 18519:. Retrieved 18515:the original 18505: 18493:. Retrieved 18484: 18475: 18463:. Retrieved 18449: 18437:. Retrieved 18417: 18410: 18394: 18378: 18373: 18362:, retrieved 18335: 18325: 18305: 18296: 18292: 18282: 18258: 18251: 18239:. Retrieved 18219: 18212: 18190:(3): 19–24. 18187: 18183: 18177: 18164: 18160: 18150: 18138:. 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Retrieved 11586:the original 11576: 11552:Black people 11499: 11498: 11491: 11490: 11469: 11468: 11461: 11460: 11439: 11438: 11431: 11430: 11409: 11408: 11401: 11400: 11379: 11378: 11371: 11370: 11349: 11348: 11342:Yamoussoukro 11337: 11336: 11315: 11314: 11307: 11306: 11304:Burkina Faso 11285: 11284: 11277: 11276: 11244: 11243: 11236: 11235: 11233:Sierra Leone 11213: 11212: 11205: 11204: 11188:North Africa 11175: 11174: 11167: 11166: 11145: 11144: 11137: 11136: 11115: 11114: 11107: 11106: 11085: 11084: 11077: 11076: 11055: 11054: 11047: 11046: 11025: 11024: 11018:Yamoussoukro 11013: 11012: 10975:UN subregion 10952: 10951: 10943: 10942: 10935: 10934: 10914: 10902: 10901: 10893: 10892: 10885: 10884: 10866: 10865: 10857: 10856: 10849: 10848: 10828: 10827: 10819: 10818: 10808:Bloemfontein 10803: 10802: 10800:South Africa 10781: 10780: 10772: 10771: 10764: 10763: 10745: 10744: 10736: 10735: 10728: 10727: 10709: 10708: 10700: 10699: 10692: 10691: 10673: 10672: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10655: 10637: 10636: 10628: 10627: 10620: 10619: 10598: 10597: 10589: 10588: 10586:Antananarivo 10581: 10580: 10559: 10558: 10555:Lesotho loti 10550: 10549: 10542: 10541: 10520: 10519: 10511: 10510: 10503: 10502: 10481: 10480: 10472: 10471: 10464: 10463: 10442: 10441: 10433: 10432: 10425: 10424: 10406: 10405: 10397: 10396: 10389: 10388: 10347:UN subregion 10321: 10320: 10312: 10311: 10304: 10303: 10282: 10281: 10273: 10272: 10265: 10264: 10242: 10241: 10233: 10232: 10225: 10224: 10202: 10201: 10193: 10192: 10185: 10184: 10163: 10162: 10154: 10153: 10141: 10140: 10107:and Arabic ( 10100: 10099: 10091: 10090: 10083: 10082: 10057: 10056: 10048: 10047: 10040: 10039: 10023: 10007: 10006: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9989: 9953: 9952: 9944: 9943: 9936: 9935: 9902: 9901: 9893: 9892: 9885: 9884: 9859: 9858: 9850: 9849: 9842: 9841: 9825: 9804: 9803: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9786: 9753: 9752: 9744: 9743: 9736: 9735: 9714: 9713: 9705: 9704: 9692: 9691: 9669: 9668: 9660: 9659: 9652: 9651: 9629: 9628: 9620: 9619: 9612: 9611: 9589: 9588: 9580: 9579: 9572: 9571: 9550: 9549: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9532: 9507: 9506: 9498: 9497: 9490: 9489: 9471:and Arabic ( 9464: 9463: 9455: 9454: 9447: 9446: 9421: 9420: 9412: 9411: 9404: 9403: 9359:UN subregion 9336: 9335: 9327: 9326: 9319: 9318: 9300: 9299: 9291: 9290: 9283: 9282: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9246: 9228: 9227: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9210: 9189: 9188: 9180: 9179: 9172: 9171: 9153: 9152: 9144: 9143: 9136: 9135: 9106: 9105: 9097: 9096: 9089: 9088: 9067: 9066: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9049: 9030: 9029: 9021: 9020: 9013: 9012: 8993: 8992: 8984: 8983: 8971: 8970: 8951: 8950: 8942: 8941: 8934: 8933: 8903: 8902: 8894: 8893: 8886: 8885: 8856:UN subregion 8786:UN subregion 8759: 8742: 8705: 8694: 8690:Jake Matlala 8682:Samuel Peter 8674:Hogan Bassey 8663: 8637: 8606:Samuel Eto'o 8594:Nwankwo Kanu 8543: 8497: 8494: 8481: 8456: 8387: 8379: 8342:French wines 8314:pickled fish 8267: 8224: 8208: 8202: 8186:, fermented 8176:coconut milk 8168:leafy greens 8129: 8070: 7961: 7955: 7913:South Africa 7854: 7830:Nilo-Saharan 7827: 7794:Nilo-Saharan 7786: 7723:Architecture 7702: 7698:William Fagg 7686: 7682:Blombos Cave 7674:abstract art 7671: 7630: 7587: 7437:(becoming). 7434: 7433:(being) and 7430: 7426: 7425:(being) and 7422: 7410: 7399: 7395:San religion 7379:Afro-Asiatic 7375:Nilo-Saharan 7337: 7303: 7275:Burkina Faso 7255:Sierra Leone 7235:North Africa 7228: 7183:Christianity 7174: 7134: 7119: 7111:Infibulation 7076: 7070: 7050: 7024:was held in 7015: 6999:tuberculosis 6984: 6930: 6917: 6880: 6875:Antananarivo 6855: 6851: 6840:Research on 6839: 6820: 6805: 6768: 6741:water supply 6725: 6713: 6694: 6666:George Soros 6658: 6655: 6642: 6637:Keetmanshoop 6615: 6595:African rice 6581:, and pearl 6555:castor beans 6548: 6544: 6514:deposits in 6497: 6479: 6412: 6384: 6360:South Africa 6349: 6324: 6313: 6304:photovoltaic 6301: 6297: 6293: 6274: 6270: 6183:Af: Cameroon 6120:Af: DR Congo 5891: 5867: 5859: 5855:Johannesburg 5842: 5823: 5815: 5665:Antananarivo 5606:Johannesburg 5485: 5476: 5463: 5441:. It is the 5439:South Africa 5435:Johannesburg 5433: 5419: 5365: 5338:Major cities 5286:Nilo-Saharan 5266:Afro-Asiatic 5193:(Nigeria): 7 5013:Nilo-Saharan 4972:Austronesian 4872:Nilo-Saharan 4827:Afro-Asiatic 4770:Nilo-Saharan 4713: 4662: 4659:Nilo-Saharan 4642: 4613:such as the 4564: 4520: 4480: 4441: 4433: 4394:Nilo-Saharan 4342:Black people 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4200:Sierra Leone 3798:Burkina Faso 3546:South Africa 2220:South Africa 2209: 2205: 2166:Demographics 2152:Zulu Kingdom 2097: 2057:Xhosa people 2034: 2003: 1988: 1973: 1916: 1878: 1847:Omani empire 1813: 1770: 1746:. The later 1713: 1643: 1583:Kuba Kingdom 1568: 1559:Lunda Empire 1556: 1551:Luba Kingdom 1544: 1517: 1505: 1466:independence 1431: 1371: 1355:Bornu Empire 1351:Kanem Empire 1339:Ghana Empire 1323:Ghana Empire 1316: 1308: 1275:Ghana Empire 1233: 1218: 1214:Homo sapiens 1213: 1205:Homo sapiens 1203: 1201: 1196: 1193:H. georgicus 1192: 1185: 1181:H. georgicus 1179: 1173: 1165: 1157: 1151: 1150:, much like 1143:Homo erectus 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1116: 1112: 1087: 1063:paleontology 1060: 913:Distinctive 891:encompasses 792:South Africa 781: 715:Nilo-Saharan 707:Black Africa 706: 688: 675: 671: 663: 657: 649: 643: 629: 618: 599:Sudan region 594: 588: 584:ethnographic 581: 575: 566:Nomenclature 547:Homo sapiens 545: 507: 455:North Africa 452: 399: 395: 391: 390: 324: 306:North Africa 297: 295:institutions 288: 265: 187:Christianity 102:Johannesburg 66:Major cities 18: 21165:recognition 21118:South Sudan 21008:Ivory Coast 20741:recognition 20694:South Sudan 20584:Ivory Coast 20317:recognition 20270:South Sudan 20160:Ivory Coast 19899:Middle East 19844:Afromontane 19806:Niger Delta 19801:Niger Basin 19794:Dahomey Gap 19749:Cape Palmas 19744:Ivory Coast 19739:Slave Coast 19592:Upper Egypt 19562:Lower Nubia 19557:Lower Egypt 19532:Nile Valley 19266:Congo Basin 19261:Pool Malebo 19068:. UPI.com. 18984:15 November 18800:26 December 18768:26 December 18742:26 December 18732:"About.com" 18716:17 November 18665:17 November 18639:30 November 18521:21 November 18465:28 February 17859:www.who.int 17798:DHS Program 17724:12 February 17682:. Who.int. 17653:. Who.int. 17589:. Who.int. 17390:28 December 17296:28 December 17213:www.who.int 17143:(8): e412. 17111:www.who.int 17060:12 February 16906:10419/96093 16658:12 February 16600:12 February 16520:15 November 16462:13 November 16359:20 December 16333:20 December 16091:"Manganese" 16074:12 February 16040:27 December 15994:12 February 15964:12 February 15905:14 November 15874:12 February 15843:12 February 15614:19 February 15406:www.wfp.org 15223:18 November 14459:12 February 14257:12 February 14043:12 February 13639:5 September 13547:www.cia.gov 13457:22 December 13021:15 February 12808:(1): 7–23. 12365:(1): 3406. 12015:28 February 11715:Infosamak. 11706:20 November 11666:15 December 11334:Ivory Coast 11312:Ouagadougou 11010:Ivory Coast 10961:West Africa 10247:Kinyarwanda 10109:Juba Arabic 10080:South Sudan 9941:Addis Ababa 9634:Kinyarwanda 9473:Juba Arabic 9444:South Sudan 9345:East Africa 9252:Brazzaville 9072:Kinyarwanda 8883:South Sudan 8798:Arab League 8729:Paul Tergat 8590:Roger Milla 8578:George Weah 8471:Akan people 8467:Kente cloth 8422:South Sudan 8233:, cassava, 8077:sukuma wiki 8028:millet beer 8012:shea butter 7951:peanut soup 7945:A plate of 7881:Ivory Coast 7790:Niger–Congo 7672:The oldest 7642:African art 7452:West Africa 7359:Niger–Congo 7343:South Sudan 6835:South Sudan 6812:brain drain 6802:, Botswana 6721:electricity 6687:Skyline of 6635:outside of 6618:guinea fowl 6611:raffia palm 6526:Agriculture 6403:Jos Plateau 6336:Solar power 6069:Af: Tunisia 6021:Af: Algeria 6004:Af: Nigeria 5726:Addis Ababa 5508:Addis Ababa 5383:conurbation 5245:Senegambian 5199:Volta–Niger 5186:Benue–Congo 5181:Niger–Congo 5175:West Africa 5074:Niger–Congo 4985:Niger-Congo 4936:Niger–Congo 4900:Niger–Congo 4799:Niger–Congo 4746:Kinyarwanda 4732:Niger–Congo 4567:Niger–Congo 4561:Niger–Congo 4452:Mesopotamia 4438:Afroasiatic 4409:Afroasiatic 4363:Niger-Congo 4272:Life (Exp.) 3876:Ivory Coast 3766:32.7%/15.9% 3724:47.9%/42.3% 3682:92.7%/86.2% 3598:80.9%/78.3% 3514:91.4%/92.3% 3472:86.8%/83.6% 3388:88.2%/80.5% 3304:76.5%/65.3% 3262:73.7%/90.3% 3178:80.4%/81.8% 3070:175/115,50 2964:South Sudan 2932:79.6%/60.8% 2890:76.8%/57.7% 2848:77.5%/62.2% 2806:92.2%/77.9% 2764:71.4%/59.8% 2722:84.4%/72.7% 2716:174,507,539 2680:77.7%/70.2% 2638:88.5%/79.7% 2596:93.4%/80.3% 2554:90.5%/79.0% 2512:40.8%/12.8% 2470:64.8%/33.5% 2386:80.9%/54.1% 2344:67.3%/52.2% 2302:82.9%/54.2% 2126:during the 2063:in today's 1859:Ahmed Yusuf 1831:Ahmed Gurey 1823:engineering 1609:East Africa 1343:Mali Empire 1327:Nok culture 1279:Mali Empire 1263:West Africa 1148:stone tools 1109:stone tools 915:Afromontane 772:subtropical 711:Niger-Congo 699:Afroasiatic 625:Great Lakes 607:West Africa 544:(including 471:Arab League 463:Middle East 424:West Africa 416:East Africa 333:Arab League 331:in Africa ( 329:Arab states 312:instead of 220:No religion 82:Addis Ababa 21203:Categories 21178:Somaliland 21098:Seychelles 21063:Mozambique 21048:Mauritania 21033:Madagascar 20988:The Gambia 20923:Cape Verde 20796:(Portugal) 20754:Somaliland 20674:Seychelles 20639:Mozambique 20624:Mauritania 20609:Madagascar 20564:The Gambia 20499:Cape Verde 20372:(Portugal) 20330:Somaliland 20250:Seychelles 20215:Mozambique 20200:Mauritania 20185:Madagascar 20140:The Gambia 20075:Cape Verde 19849:Arab world 19823:Yorubaland 19734:Gold Coast 19659:Maputaland 19649:Nama Karoo 19639:Thembuland 19587:The Sudans 19572:Nile Delta 19537:Nile Delta 19453:Madagascar 19271:Chad Basin 19239:Cape Lopez 19166:(archived) 19099:World Bank 18955:Towson.edu 18932:. London. 18830:26 October 18657:. UNESCO. 18364:2 November 18241:20 October 18140:20 October 17571:30 October 17091:3 February 16805:2 December 16774:2 December 16743:16 October 16681:. London. 16544:World Bank 16281:19 October 16207:19 October 16177:19 October 16157:"Chromium" 16107:19 October 16030:"MG.co.za" 15954:Gallup.com 15895:scidev.net 15783:. London: 15645:14 October 15589:28 October 15564:28 October 15539:28 October 15514:28 October 15488:28 October 15462:28 October 15457:World Bank 15437:28 October 15412:28 October 15386:28 October 15126:26 October 15100:26 October 14701:"Cameroon" 14555:"Botswana" 14488:14 October 14294:Ethnologue 14290:"Malagasy" 14276:New Vision 14195:14 October 14182:somraf.org 14130:14 October 14022:14 October 13373:, p. 156, 12928:20 October 11989:29 October 11813:Clio Press 11698:. UNESCO. 11568:References 11282:Porto-Novo 11172:Nouakchott 11164:Mauritania 11044:The Gambia 10761:Seychelles 10713:Portuguese 10689:Mozambique 10661:Port Louis 10578:Madagascar 10410:Portuguese 10018:(official) 9870:(official) 9815:(official) 9518:(official) 9324:Libreville 9110:Portuguese 8955:Portuguese 8826:Mauritania 8794:Arab World 8670:Dick Tiger 8618:Sadio Mané 8614:Yaya Touré 8610:Kolo Touré 8570:Abedi Pele 8346:koeksister 8318:fish stews 8290:buttermilk 8192:marinating 7383:henotheism 7351:Mozambique 7311:to have a 7291:Mozambique 7251:the Gambia 7225:by country 6827:South Asia 6755:See also: 6745:sanitation 6733:irrigation 6689:Libreville 6677:See also: 6639:, Namibia 6575:watermelon 6409:, Nigeria 6356:Seychelles 6340:hydropower 6309:Xu Guanhua 6235:10,780,400 6232:Af: Africa 6126:2008 est. 6078:Australia 6037:Af: Angola 5942:85,540,000 5863:World Bank 5826:April 2021 5789:3,324,694 5765:3,326,001 5741:3,630,326 5717:3,651,919 5693:3,652,029 5669:3,669,900 5645:3,756,445 5621:3,926,645 5610:11,061,878 5597:4,219,209 5586:17,071,000 5573:4,336,670 5562:21,320,000 5443:provincial 5162:Portuguese 4653:Hottentots 4639:loan words 4573:, such as 4361:drummers ( 4168:12,855,153 4132:17,129,076 4092:Mauritania 3988:10,057,975 3952:24,200,000 3880:20,617,068 3840:Cape Verde 3802:15,730,977 3760:12,666,987 3700:136/46,50 3676:11,392,629 3634:11,862,740 3616:144/52,50 3550:59,899,991 3504:Seychelles 3424:21,669,278 3420:Mozambique 3340:14,268,711 3322:134/45,83 3298:19,625,000 3294:Madagascar 3154:164/77,50 3112:140/49,00 3088:85,237,338 3028:110/31,00 2950:148/54,00 2926:31,894,000 2884:32,369,558 2842:44,928,923 2782:157/64,67 2758:10,473,282 2740:112/34,24 2674:39,002,772 2656:129/43,50 2614:158/65,50 2572:116/34,25 2530:132/44,50 2506:10,329,208 2446:109/30,50 2422:18,879,301 2404:146/53,50 2380:68,692,542 2362:103/29,00 2320:132/58,43 2296:18,498,000 2244:Population 2224:Seychelles 2177:Population 2089:Mozambique 2079:rivers of 2069:Monomotapa 2061:Fish River 1984:Menouthias 1969:loan-words 1841:, and the 1704:Stone city 1601:, and the 1374:Bono State 1331:terracotta 1255:after the 1197:H. erectus 1189:descendant 1186:H. habilis 1166:H. erectus 1158:H. erectus 1153:H. habilis 1117:H. habilis 1113:H. habilis 1075:chimpanzee 1016:Prehistory 938:Mozambique 813:Mauritania 560:Wet Sahara 487:Mauritania 467:Arab world 444:World Bank 160:Population 21053:Mauritius 20629:Mauritius 20205:Mauritius 19919:Negroland 19839:Aethiopia 19709:False Bay 19386:Al-Habash 19371:Serengeti 19349:Kavirondo 17839:29 August 17719:0362-4331 17331:946180025 16837:29 August 16648:144627886 16069:0362-4331 15726:0013-0613 15333:29 August 15307:5 January 14660:"Senegal" 14382:"Nigeria" 14211:"Somalia" 14146:"Eritrea" 14009:secid.org 13973:"Burundi" 13557:2 January 13230:10 August 12678:, p. 44. 12640:, p. 54, 12620:, p. 62, 12448:0169-5347 12062:186244151 11727:30 August 10812:Cape Town 10653:Mauritius 10566:, English 10527:, English 10449:, English 10328:, English 10289:, English 10209:, English 10150:Bujumbura 9995:Mogadishu 9701:Bujumbura 9676:, English 9596:, English 9557:, English 9495:Mogadishu 9380:(defunct) 9216:N'Djamena 8980:Bujumbura 8868:(defunct) 8750:Cape Town 8562:World Cup 8444:is worn. 8259:crocodile 8231:plantains 8215:Ethiopian 8024:palm wine 7823:rap music 7689:sculpture 7482:(Nigeria) 7414:Cosmology 7371:Candomblé 7305:Mauritius 7231:Christian 7090:blindness 6823:West Asia 6774:Education 6751:Transport 6633:Naute Dam 6603:kola nuts 6463:manganese 6451:manganese 6401:from the 6399:Phenakite 6288:Cape Town 6222:2008 est. 6200:E: France 6189:2008 est. 6172:2008 est. 6156:2007 est. 6140:2007 est. 6134:Af: Gabon 6109:2007 est. 6092:2007 est. 6086:Af: Sudan 6075:2007 est. 6059:2007 est. 6056:1,845,000 6053:Af: Egypt 6043:2008 est. 6040:1,910,000 6027:2007 est. 6024:2,173,000 6010:2011 est. 6007:2,352,000 5993:2008 est. 5990:4,725,000 5987:As: Libya 5977:2008 est. 5974:9,200,000 5961:2007 est. 5958:9,980,000 5955:E: Russia 5945:2007 est. 5889:in 2021. 5778:4,800,954 5774:Cape Town 5754:5,118,844 5730:5,227,794 5706:5,515,794 5682:6,160,327 5658:7,404,689 5634:8,952,496 5504:Mogadishu 5492:Cape Town 5164:: 14 5149:Afrikaans 4921:dialects) 4915:Bravanese 4754:: 5+ 4748:: 12 4591:Kiswahili 4468:Babylonia 4240:7,154,237 4204:6,190,280 4135:1,267,000 4099:1,030,700 4096:3,359,185 4060:4,128,572 4024:1,647,000 3916:1,782,893 3763:1,240,000 3742:97/26,75 3718:8,791,832 3658:97/26,75 3592:1,123,913 3553:1,219,912 3532:72/16,00 3466:2,108,665 3448:82/19,00 3406:51/14,00 3382:1,284,264 3378:Mauritius 3364:62/15,50 3280:99/27,50 3256:2,130,819 3238:82/19,00 3196:62/15,50 3172:1,990,876 3130:9,832,017 3094:50%/28.8% 3091:1,127,127 3046:5,647,168 2968:8,260,490 2929:1,886,068 2908:86/21,50 2866:NA/15,50 2698:96/25,00 2632:1,514,993 2590:1,110,000 2548:3,700,000 2509:1,284,000 2488:80/17,75 2464:4,511,488 2428:77%/59.8% 2383:2,345,410 2338:8,988,091 2299:1,246,700 2271:EODBR/SAB 2136:Australia 2132:Cape Town 2098:In 1487, 1938:Afro-Arab 1906:south of 1820:hydraulic 1793:Parthians 1710:, Somalia 1708:Gondershe 1657:Aethiopia 1579:Manikongo 1199:species. 1170:Old World 1162:Acheulean 908:Serengeti 869:includes 645:Al-Habash 530:Neolithic 396:Subsahara 247:Internet 237:Languages 130:Mogadishu 86:Cape Town 21153:Zimbabwe 21128:Tanzania 20978:Ethiopia 20973:Eswatini 20953:Djibouti 20918:Cameroon 20903:Botswana 20820: / 20816: / 20809:(France) 20803: / 20781: / 20777: / 20729:Zimbabwe 20704:Tanzania 20554:Ethiopia 20549:Eswatini 20529:Djibouti 20494:Cameroon 20479:Botswana 20396: / 20392: / 20385:(France) 20379: / 20357: / 20353: / 20305:Zimbabwe 20280:Tanzania 20130:Ethiopia 20125:Eswatini 20105:Djibouti 20070:Cameroon 20055:Botswana 19664:Highveld 19654:Bushveld 19622:Rhodesia 19525:Ifriqiya 19391:Barbaria 19249:Igboland 19070:Archived 18978:Archived 18958:Archived 18934:Archived 18903:Archived 18857:Archived 18824:Archived 18820:iaaf.org 18794:Archived 18762:Archived 18736:Archived 18659:Archived 18633:Archived 18541:Archived 18489:Archived 18485:BBC News 18459:Archived 18433:Archived 18387:70-80751 18358:archived 18274:Archived 18235:Archived 18223:. SAGE. 18169:Archived 18134:Archived 17959:Archived 17948:Archived 17936:Archived 17908:25244186 17830:Archived 17684:Archived 17655:Archived 17634:22230581 17591:Archived 17565:Archived 17532:Archived 17468:Archived 17413:Archived 17366:10173105 17272:36293727 17169:19707588 17085:Archived 17020:. 2012. 16987:Archived 16939:23 April 16933:Archived 16914:15227415 16799:Archived 16768:Archived 16708:Archived 16683:Archived 16549:Archived 16514:Archived 16456:Archived 16418:Archived 16353:Archived 16272:Archived 16261:"Copper" 16235:Archived 16201:Archived 16168:Archived 16098:Archived 16034:Archived 16013:Archived 15988:Archived 15958:Archived 15899:Archived 15868:Archived 15837:Archived 15833:Redorbit 15804:Archived 15777:Archived 15327:Archived 15301:Archived 15243:Archived 15187:Archived 15145:reports" 15120:Archived 15094:Archived 15068:Archived 15041:16 March 15035:Archived 15003:Archived 14964:Archived 14925:Archived 14907:(2013). 14882:Archived 14839:Archived 14800:Archived 14761:Archived 14728:Archived 14704:Archived 14685:Archived 14663:Archived 14642:11 April 14615:Archived 14596:Archived 14593:"Zambia" 14577:Archived 14574:"Malawi" 14558:Archived 14539:Archived 14508:Archived 14449:"Uganda" 14432:Archived 14408:Archived 14355:Archived 14327:Archived 13915:"Angola" 13883:"Rwanda" 13811:Archived 13577:Archived 13506:Archived 13481:Archived 13451:Archived 13333:Archived 13290:Archived 13224:Archived 13179:Archived 13076:16826514 13040:(2006). 13015:Archived 12922:Archived 12758:Archived 12583:43135518 12523:19407144 12466:30007846 12397:31506422 12338:28971970 12247:, p. 2, 12229:13 March 12223:Archived 12009:Archived 11980:Archived 11882:15 March 11876:Archived 11721:Archived 11700:Archived 11688:Archived 11640:9 August 11511:See also 11241:Freetown 11142:Monrovia 10992:ECOWAS ( 10940:Khartoum 10882:Zimbabwe 10816:Pretoria 10769:Victoria 10733:Windhoek 10625:Lilongwe 10605:, French 10603:Malagasy 10500:Eswatini 10486:Comorian 10430:Gaborone 10422:Botswana 10261:Tanzania 10170:, French 10148:(former 10061:Arabic ( 10045:Khartoum 10005:(So.Sh) 9974:Tigrinya 9933:Ethiopia 9907:Tigrinya 9847:Djibouti 9839:Djibouti 9792:Djibouti 9784:Djibouti 9758:Tigrinya 9721:, French 9699:(former 9648:Tanzania 9425:Arabic ( 9409:Khartoum 9196:, French 9133:Cameroon 9094:São Tomé 9018:Kinshasa 8978:(former 8818:Kordofan 8717:marathon 8708:Ethiopia 8418:Tanzania 8402:Kitenges 8371:The Akan 8352:Clothing 8263:Mushroom 8251:antelope 8247:bushmeat 8221:cuisine. 8219:Eritrean 8184:chai tea 8180:tomatoes 8162:, rice, 8140:Cornmeal 8105:cardamon 8097:cinnamon 8032:Roasting 8008:palm oil 7988:cocoyams 7972:couscous 7909:Mbaqanga 7889:Cameroon 7869:Highlife 7844:and the 7693:fractals 7678:Taforalt 7578:(Malawi) 7572:(Zambia) 7418:ontology 7363:Santería 7355:Cameroon 7331:and the 7327:, after 7287:Tanzania 7279:Ethiopia 7243:Djibouti 7146:Religion 7053:HIV/AIDS 6981:, Ghana 6887:Thailand 6846:numeracy 6831:Zimbabwe 6800:Gaborone 6620:and the 6607:oil palm 6516:Zimbabwe 6500:minerals 6475:diamonds 6471:platinum 6467:chromium 6443:iron ore 6431:antimony 6427:vanadium 6423:chromium 6372:Ethiopia 6364:Djibouti 6329:and the 6251:Archived 6246:Source: 6175:Germany 6166:Af: Chad 6112:Vietnam 6095:Ecuador 5939:W: World 5931:Like... 5873:and the 5678:Khartoum 5582:Kinshasa 5496:Kinshasa 5425:Tanzania 5411:megacity 5372:Nigerian 5356:Kinshasa 5144:Germanic 5125:Chichewa 5036:Kalenjin 4989:Ubangian 4977:Malagasy 4851:Cushitic 4843:Tigrinya 4758:Tshiluba 4623:Cameroon 4543:Khoikhoi 4531:Tanzania 4523:Khoi-San 4491:Cushitic 4444:Sumerian 4426:family ( 3784:38/8,00 3672:Zimbabwe 3588:Eswatini 3574:33/8,50 3490:35/9,00 3168:Botswana 3084:Ethiopia 3000:Djibouti 2838:Tanzania 2418:Cameroon 2392:162/11.9 2085:Zimbabwe 1950:Zanzibar 1946:Tanzania 1912:Tanzania 1797:Axumites 1789:Sabaeans 1781:Mosyllon 1766:Ethiopia 1734:period ( 1732:Iron Age 1724:Ethiopia 1536:Baguirmi 1502:kingdoms 1341:and the 1249:Carthage 1097:Southern 961:Bushveld 942:Tanzania 794:and the 729:family. 701:family; 676:Barbaroi 627:region. 510:3900 BCE 483:Djibouti 381:Iron Age 351:and the 169:Demonyms 142:Windhoek 138:Pretoria 114:Kinshasa 21138:Tunisia 21108:Somalia 21093:Senegal 21078:Nigeria 21068:Namibia 21058:Morocco 21023:Liberia 21018:Lesotho 20968:Eritrea 20938:Comoros 20913:Burundi 20888:Algeria 20805:Réunion 20801:Mayotte 20792:Madeira 20787:(Spain) 20783:Melilla 20714:Tunisia 20684:Somalia 20669:Senegal 20654:Nigeria 20644:Namibia 20634:Morocco 20599:Liberia 20594:Lesotho 20544:Eritrea 20514:Comoros 20489:Burundi 20464:Algeria 20381:Réunion 20377:Mayotte 20368:Madeira 20363:(Spain) 20359:Melilla 20290:Tunisia 20260:Somalia 20245:Senegal 20230:Nigeria 20220:Namibia 20210:Morocco 20175:Liberia 20170:Lesotho 20120:Eritrea 20090:Comoros 20065:Burundi 20040:Algeria 19542:Bashmur 19500:Maghreb 19431:Red Sea 19244:Mayombe 19219:Central 19207:Regions 19089:Sources 18940:9 April 18495:9 April 18204:1166258 17928:p. 306 17899:4235004 17804:30 July 17775:30 July 17614:Vaccine 17263:9602585 17160:2727001 17038:22 July 16821:"World" 16689:9 April 15276:14 June 15213:cia.gov 14405:"Niger" 14247:"Kenya" 14077:"Sudan" 13713:26 July 13487:21 July 13431:17 July 13402:17 July 13164:Studies 13067:1559480 12514:2947357 12493:Bibcode 12485:Science 12457:6092560 12428:Bibcode 12388:6736881 12367:Bibcode 12316:Bibcode 12308:Science 12042:Bibcode 11976:6463581 11946:Bibcode 11912:7 March 11614:20 July 11458:Senegal 11346:Abidjan 11256:UEMOA ( 11202:Nigeria 11134:Liberia 11112:Conakry 11022:Abidjan 10985:Maghreb 10906:English 10870:English 10749:English 10725:Namibia 10677:English 10641:English 10564:Sesotho 10557:(L)(M) 10539:Lesotho 10525:SiSwati 10518:(L)(E) 10508:Mbabane 10461:Comoros 10326:Swahili 10309:Kampala 10287:Swahili 10207:Swahili 10190:Nairobi 10168:Kirundi 10137:Burundi 10105:English 10067:English 10055:(£Sd.) 9987:Somalia 9962:Amharic 9919:English 9915:Italian 9900:(Nfk) ' 9882:Eritrea 9770:English 9766:Italian 9751:(Nfk) ' 9733:Eritrea 9719:Kirundi 9688:Burundi 9674:Swahili 9594:Swahili 9577:Kampala 9555:Swahili 9538:Nairobi 9487:Somalia 9469:English 9431:English 9334:(FCFA) 9298:(FCFA) 9262:(FCFA) 9226:(FCFA) 9187:(FCFA) 9151:(FCFA) 9141:Yaoundé 9115:CEMAC ( 8967:Burundi 8912:ECCAS ( 8907:English 8810:Zaghawa 8806:Masalit 8778:Tunisia 8774:Morocco 8762:Algeria 8745:tourism 8739:Tourism 8503:Theater 8486:dashiki 8430:Namibia 8398:Swahili 8334:potjies 8330:biltong 8322:chutney 8310:sambals 8306:chibuku 8298:cabbage 8294:yoghurt 8255:warthog 8243:chicken 8235:peanuts 8160:lentils 8130:In the 8089:saffron 8066:cabbage 8052:spicing 8048:mashing 8040:boiling 8000:sorghum 7992:cassava 7919:Cuisine 7901:Kizomba 7895:in the 7893:Soukous 7885:Makossa 7877:Zoblazo 7861:Senegal 7782:kalimba 7663:Chiwara 7660:Bambara 7597:Culture 7591:fractal 7535:(Congo) 7529:(Congo) 7523:(Congo) 7465:(Ghana) 7402:animism 7391:Judaism 7299:Nigeria 7283:Eritrea 7271:Senegal 7247:Somalia 7239:Islamic 7082:measles 7078:Malaria 6991:malaria 6903:Senegal 6883:Jomtien 6837:(27%). 6691:, Gabon 6551:sorghum 6512:lithium 6490:⁄ 6439:bauxite 6419:uranium 6376:Somalia 6368:Eritrea 6248:CIA.gov 6241:Russia 6192:France 6169:156,000 6153:199,100 6137:243,900 6123:261,000 6106:368,500 6089:466,100 6072:664,000 6013:Norway 5816:updated 5797:Economy 5750:Nairobi 5713:Kampala 5702:Abidjan 5569:Yaounde 5488:Abidjan 5475:phrase 5465:Nairobi 5447:Gauteng 5302:Songhai 5291:Saharan 5157:Romance 5113:Umbundu 5052:Shilluk 4946:Swahili 4911:Swahili 4864:: 30–35 4858:: 10–15 4837:Amharic 4832:Semitic 4792:Masalit 4787:Zaghawa 4763:Kirundi 4741:Lingala 4697:Songhai 4693:Zaghawa 4685:Masalit 4677:Nilotic 4635:Persian 4627:Swahili 4607:Nilotic 4551:Sandawe 4517:Khoisan 4464:Assyria 4456:Semitic 4407:women ( 4379:Khoisan 4171:196,712 4164:Senegal 4063:111,369 4056:Liberia 3991:245,857 3955:238,535 3883:322,463 3847:322,462 3844:499,000 3823:150/116 3805:274,200 3781:156/139 3772:111/2.8 3739:172/155 3730:106/2.9 3721:112,620 3697:159/155 3688:146/2.2 3679:390,580 3637:752,614 3613:115/158 3469:825,418 3462:Namibia 3436:130/2.5 3427:801,590 3361:132/128 3343:118,480 3301:587,041 3277:130/131 3252:Lesotho 3235:162/168 3226:143/2.3 3214:752,438 3210:Comoros 3175:600,370 3142:180/1.1 3133:637,657 3126:Somalia 3100:120/2.7 3067:175/181 3058:126/2.6 3049:121,320 3042:Eritrea 3025:163/177 3016:111/2.8 3004:516,055 2971:619,745 2947:154/118 2938:176/1.5 2905:112/129 2896:130/2.5 2887:236,040 2863:131/120 2854:126/2.6 2845:945,087 2821:180/140 2812:111/2.8 2800:212,679 2737:131/120 2728:136/2.7 2719:923,768 2712:Nigeria 2686:146/2.2 2677:582,650 2653:158/152 2644:106/2.9 2635:267,667 2611:170/178 2602:168/1.8 2560:162/1.9 2551:342,000 2527:178/182 2518:175/1.6 2485:183/159 2476:158/2.8 2467:622,984 2443:171/174 2434:146/2.2 2425:475,440 2401:182/152 2359:176/130 2350:168/1.8 2334:Burundi 2317:172/171 2240:Country 2228:younger 2124:British 2077:Limpopo 2073:Zambezi 2049:Khoisan 1999:Karagwe 1995:Bunyoro 1991:Buganda 1926:Persian 1885:Nilotic 1857:Sultan 1837:of the 1811:trade. 1728:Eritrea 1720:Red Sea 1639:Taharqa 1595:Burundi 1532:Shilluk 1500:Matamba 1125:Oldowan 1093:hominid 1083:savanna 1079:bipedal 1071:gorilla 975:History 922:Western 881:in the 856:Guinean 840:savanna 727:Khoisan 719:Khoisan 703:Negroes 695:Semites 691:Hamites 680:Somalis 672:Baribah 668:Berbers 662:or the 659:Barbara 654:Habesha 640:Eritrea 632:Red Sea 603:Central 556:pluvial 552:Eurasia 491:Somalia 479:Comoros 308:by the 254:.africa 174:African 134:Nairobi 110:Kampala 70:Abidjan 21148:Zambia 21143:Uganda 21083:Rwanda 21038:Malawi 20998:Guinea 20893:Angola 20824: 20807: 20794: 20724:Zambia 20719:Uganda 20659:Rwanda 20614:Malawi 20574:Guinea 20469:Angola 20400: 20383: 20370: 20300:Zambia 20295:Uganda 20235:Rwanda 20190:Malawi 20150:Guinea 20045:Angola 19934:Sahara 19894:MENASA 19669:Fynbos 19552:Darfur 19254:Mbaise 19211:Africa 19105: 18685:UNESCO 18625: 18601: 18581: 18565: 18439:9 June 18425: 18402: 18385: 18350: 18316: 18266: 18227: 18202: 18126: 17924: 17906: 17896: 17770:UNICEF 17717: 17632: 17541:13 May 17448:27 May 17364: 17329: 17319: 17270: 17260: 17218:22 May 17193:22 May 17167: 17157: 17116:22 May 17024: 16912: 16860: 16795:UNESCO 16646: 16494: 16437: 16400: 16377: 16140:13 May 16067: 15930:7 June 15731:7 June 15724: 15698:7 June 15673:7 June 15358: 15249:25 May 15193:4 July 15179: 15152: 15009:4 July 14995: 14970:4 July 14956: 14931:4 July 14917: 14888:4 July 14874: 14845:4 July 14831: 14806:4 July 14792: 14767:4 July 14753: 14725:"Mali" 14429:"Chad" 14304:25 May 14225:25 May 14160:25 May 14091:25 May 13987:25 May 13958:25 May 13929:25 May 13897:25 May 13868:25 May 13834: 13793: 13772: 13754:25 May 13687: 13613:25 May 13528: 13421:(XSLX) 13377: 13367:Africa 13339:9 June 13325: 13296:9 June 13282: 13203: 13129: 13074: 13064: 13007: 12914: 12886: 12764:9 June 12736: 12712: 12682: 12661: 12644: 12624: 12603: 12581: 12521: 12511: 12464: 12454: 12446: 12395: 12385: 12336: 12288: 12271: 12251: 12101:9 June 12092: 12060: 12034:Nature 11974: 11844: 11819: 11796: 11773: 11750: 11485: 11455: 11436:Niamey 11425: 11406:Bamako 11395: 11376:Bissau 11365: 11331: 11301: 11271: 11230: 11199: 11161: 11131: 11104:Guinea 11101: 11071: 11052:Banjul 11041: 11007: 10983: 10981: 10971: 10950:(SDG) 10929: 10890:Harare 10879: 10854:Lusaka 10846:Zambia 10843: 10797: 10758: 10743:(N$ ) 10722: 10707:(MTn) 10697:Maputo 10686: 10650: 10617:Malawi 10614: 10596:(Ar.) 10575: 10547:Maseru 10536: 10497: 10469:Moroni 10458: 10447:Tswana 10419: 10394:Luanda 10385:Angola 10382: 10365:(SADC) 10361: 10359: 10353: 10343: 10301:Uganda 10298: 10270:Dodoma 10258: 10230:Kigali 10221:Rwanda 10218: 10179: 10161:(FBu) 10146:Gitega 10134: 10077: 10065:) and 10034: 10016:Arabic 10012:Somali 9984: 9972:, and 9970:Somali 9930: 9911:Arabic 9903:lang.' 9890:Asmara 9879: 9868:French 9864:Arabic 9857:(Fdj) 9836: 9813:French 9809:Arabic 9802:(Fdj) 9781: 9762:Arabic 9754:lang.' 9741:Asmara 9730: 9712:(FBu) 9697:Gitega 9685: 9657:Dodoma 9645: 9617:Kigali 9608:Rwanda 9605: 9569:Uganda 9566: 9527: 9516:Arabic 9512:Somali 9484: 9441: 9429:) and 9419:(£S.) 9398: 9384: 9376: 9374: 9367: 9365: 9355: 9340:French 9313: 9288:Malabo 9277: 9268:French 9241: 9205: 9177:Bangui 9166: 9130: 9083: 9055:Kigali 9046:Rwanda 9043: 9034:French 9006: 8997:French 8991:(FBu) 8976:Gitega 8964: 8939:Luanda 8930:Angola 8927: 8880: 8864: 8862: 8852: 8846: 8814:Nubian 8802:Darfur 8731:, and 8540:Sports 8482:kenten 8463:kaftan 8459:boubou 8452:Kangas 8434:Zambia 8426:Malawi 8420:, and 8414:Uganda 8338:onions 8326:samosa 8324:, and 8278:bogobe 8204:injera 8178:, and 8164:banana 8148:injera 8123:, and 8117:cattle 8111:, and 8093:cloves 8079:, and 8050:, and 8044:frying 8036:baking 8002:, and 7996:millet 7990:, and 7968:kenkey 7935:, and 7907:, and 7905:Angola 7865:Gambia 7857:Mbalax 7819:reggae 7770:, and 7735:, and 7715:, and 7648:, and 7625:, and 7369:, and 7353:, and 7309:Africa 7259:Guinea 7209: 7201: 7199: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7179: 7166:, and 7026:Bamako 6979:Kumasi 6959:Health 6952:, and 6622:donkey 6609:, and 6583:millet 6563:cotton 6559:coffee 6536:Rwanda 6504:cobalt 6449:, and 6447:copper 6435:coltan 6374:, and 6358:, and 6219:54,400 6203:71,400 6186:87,400 5925:bb/day 5737:Kumasi 5641:Ibadan 5630:Luanda 5617:Douala 5521: 5518: 5500:Luanda 5473:Maasai 5393:after 5391:Africa 5296:Kanuri 5271:Chadic 5210:Yoruba 5191:Ibibio 5151:: 7–10 5107:Tswana 5057:Maasai 5018:Kanuri 4952:Gikuyu 4948:: 5–10 4919:Bajuni 4906:Zigula 4888:Kunama 4856:Somali 4775:Nubian 4707:. The 4705:Kanuri 4689:Nubian 4631:Arabic 4605:, and 4583:Fulani 4575:Yoruba 4503:Chadic 4495:Arabic 4487:Berber 4390:Maasai 4359:Yoruba 4340:, and 4248:1,700 4243:56,785 4233: 4207:71,740 4197: 4176:3,500 4161: 4140:1,200 4125: 4104:4,500 4089: 4068:1,300 4053: 4027:36,125 4017: 3984:Guinea 3981: 3960:4,700 3945: 3924:2,600 3919:11,295 3912:Gambia 3909: 3888:3,900 3873: 3852:7,000 3837: 3814:79/3.6 3795: 3753: 3711: 3669: 3646:99/3.0 3630:Zambia 3627: 3604:79/3.6 3601:11,089 3595:17,363 3585: 3562:55/4.7 3559:13,600 3543: 3529:111/81 3520:54/4.8 3517:29,300 3508:87,476 3501: 3487:66/123 3478:56/4.5 3475:11,200 3459: 3445:135/96 3417: 3394:42/5.4 3391:22,300 3375: 3352:89/3.3 3336:Malawi 3333: 3319:134/12 3310:99/3.0 3291: 3268:89/3.3 3259:30,355 3249: 3207: 3184:37/5.6 3181:17,000 3165: 3123: 3109:107/93 3081: 3039: 3007:23,000 2997: 2961: 2919: 2880:Uganda 2877: 2835: 2793: 2770:89/3.3 2761:26,338 2754:Rwanda 2751: 2709: 2695:95/124 2667: 2641:18,100 2625: 2599:37,400 2593:28,051 2583: 2541: 2499: 2457: 2415: 2373: 2341:27,830 2331: 2292:Angola 2289: 2150:. 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