Mogadishu - Knowledge

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it contradicts oral, ancient written sources and archaeological evidence on the pre-existing civilizations and communities that flourished on the Somali coast, and to which were the forefathers of Mogadishu and other coastal cities. Thus, the Persian and Arab founding "myths" are regarded as an outdated false colonialist reflection on Africans ability to create their own sophisticated states. It has now been widely accepted that there were already communities on the Somali coast with ethnic Somali leadership, to whom the Arab and Persian families had to ask for permission to settle in their cities. It also seems the local Somalis retained their political and numerical superiority on the coast while the Muslim immigrants would go through an assimilation process by adopting the local language and culture.

4076:). They number around 3,000 units and come in various designs. The auto-rickshaws represent a lower cost alternative to taxis and minibuses, typically charging half the price for the same distance, with flexible rates. Due to their affordability, capacity to negotiate narrow lanes and low fuel consumption, the three-wheeled vehicles are often appealing investment opportunities for small-scale entrepreneurs. They are generally preferred for shorter commutes. In June 2013, two new taxi companies also started offering road transportation to residents. Part of a fleet of over 100 vehicles, Mogadishu Taxi's trademark yellow cabs offer rides throughout the city at flat rates of $ 5. City Taxi, the firm's nearest competitor, charges the same flat rate, with plans to add new cabs to its fleet. 980: 131: 4054: 3801:. In 2012, Zamzam foundation started agricultural training school declared its purpose to be “rebuilding food production system of the country and accelerate its yield, while promoting income generation for low-income families”. The School conducted 22 training programs during that period. in 2013 the Agricultural training school became Zamzam University of Science & Technology (ZUST). the first classes for the bachelor's degree September 2014, followed by the faculty of Medicine in 2015. Currently the ZUST has six faculties and centre for graduate studies. The permanent campus of the university is located in the KM11 Weydoow Mogadishu. 4312: 207: 1388: 3956: 4214: 121: 160: 4100: 254: 92: 4080:

Mayor Mohamed Ahmed Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes. In March 2015, the Benadir administration likewise launched a renovation project on the Hawo Asir-Fagah major road in Mogadishu. The government-public partnership aims to facilitate vehicle access in the area. According to Karaan district commissioner Ahmed Hassan Yalah'ow, the reconstruction initiative will also make the road all-weather resistant and is slated to be completed shortly.

1683: 3712:(SNU) was established in the 1950s, during the trusteeship period. In 1973, its programmes and facilities were expanded. The SNU developed over the next 20 years into an expansive institution of higher learning, with 13 departments, 700 staff and over 15,000 students. On 14 November 2013, the Cabinet unanimously approved a federal government plan to reopen the Somali National University, which had been closed down in the early 1990s. The refurbishing initiative cost US$ 3.6 million, and was completed in August 2014. 1480: 4677: 12723: 4664: 3482:. It is the main mosque in the city, and an iconic building in Somali society. With a capacity of up to 10,000 worshippers, it is the single largest masjid in the Horn region. In 2015, the federal authorities completed formal refurbishments on the mosque's infrastructure. The upgrades are part of a larger governmental renovation campaign aimed at all of the masjids in Mogadishu. To this end, the municipal authority is refurbishing the historic Central Mosque, situated downtown. 2903:. The 3.5 million EUR initiative lasted three and a half years, and saw the establishment in Mogadishu of a sustainable waste collection system, a technical training centre, water quality testing laboratories, better access to clean drinking water, improved employment and livelihood opportunities in the low-cost fuel production sector, strengthened skills training and regulation in the construction sector, and laboratories for the testing of construction material quality. 4690: 2860: 3758: 4143: 939: 13356: 1896: 899: 13366: 717: 4651: 4625: 4154:

airspace. In September 2013, the Turkish company Favori LLC began operations at the airport. The firm announced plans to renovate the aviation building and construct a new one, as well as upgrade other modern service structures. A $ 10 million project, it will increase the airport's existing 15 aircraft capacity to 60. In January 2015, a new, state-of-the-art terminal was opened at the airport. Featuring modern passenger facilities and a

341: 4638: 991: 1859: 3610: 261: 214: 167: 1277: 3562: 3982:. Presidential addresses and political rallies, among other events, were also held there. In September 2013, the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks, including the Mogadishu Stadium. 4034: 2033: 2912: 1691: 8072: 3697: 1565: 2896:

renovating important local government centers in September 2014, including the capital's former Fisho Guverno compound. In January 2015, the Benadir administration also opened a new Health & Safety Office to supervise health and safety practices in the city, and launched a municipal beautification campaign ahead of various international conferences that are slated to be held there.

3049:(TEDx) conference. The event was organized by the FirstSomali Bank to showcase improvements in business, development and security to potential Somali and international investors. A second consecutive TEDx entrepreneurial conference was held the following year in the capital, highlighting new enterprises and commercial opportunities, including the establishment of the city's first 1867:

rehabilitation of roads and general infrastructure, with residents cooperating with the civil and police authorities to tighten up on security. Nur recognized the opportunity to transform Mogadishu although resources were limited. Working with urban strategist Mitchell Sipus, the Benadir government sought to design and deploy a data-driven approach to post-war reconstruction.

1324:) Sultan Yusuf marched into the city with an 8,000 strong army and ruled in favour of the Shingani leader, with the loser fleeing the city. Yusuf would nominate a relative of the deposed chief to lead the Hamarweyn quarter ending the dispute. Sultan Yusuf is even referred to as the governor of Mogadishu in some sources, highlighting the power he exerted over the city. 3656:. Among the scheduled projects was the construction of a new headquarters for the academy in Mogadishu, in recognition of Somalia's traditional position as the centre for the development and promotion of the Somali language. In February 2015, the foundation stone for the new Regional Somali Language Academy was officially laid at an inauguration ceremony in the city. 3432: 3797:

in English. Its campus includes physical and digital libraries, as well as IT and scientific laboratories. The university is a member of the Somali Research and Educational Network, and is authorized as a degree-granting institution by the national Ministry of Education Directorate of Higher Education and Culture. Other tertiary institutions in the capital include

4119:, situated 50 kilometers to the south, served as the capital's main airport while Mogadishu International Airport, now renamed Aden Adde International Airport, briefly shut down. However, in late 2010, the security situation in Mogadishu had significantly improved, with the federal government eventually managing to assume full control of the city by August 2011. 3624:

pacification in 2011, renovations resumed at the market. Shops were rehabilitated, selling everything from fruit and garments to building materials. As in the rest of the city, Barkaara Market's real estate values have also risen considerably. As of 2013, the local Tabaarak firm was renting out a newly constructed warehouse at the market for $ 2,000 per month.

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Somali and Turkish engineers, the upgrade was completed in November and included lane demarcation. The road construction initiative was part of a larger agreement signed by the Somali and Turkish governments to establish Mogadishu and Istanbul as sister cities, and in the process bring all of Mogadishu's roads up to modern standards. Following the treaty, the

2993: 3042:. 50 construction trucks and machines were imported from Turkey. The yard produces concrete, asphalt and paving stones for building projects and entrepreneurs. The Istanbul Municipality was also scheduled to bring in 100 specialists to accelerate the construction initiative which ultimately aims to modernize the capital's infrastructure. 4046:(TIKA) launched a citywide cleaning project in conjunction with the municipal cleaning department. The initiative saw around 100 rubbish collection vehicles and other equipment operated by TIKA clean the city's roads, with the Benadir municipality taking over operation of the cleaning project in March 2015. 4079:

In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched a citywide street naming, house numbering and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. According to former

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Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to other localities in Somalia as well as to neighbouring countries. The capital itself is cut into several grid layouts by an extensive road network. In October 2013, major construction began on the 23-kilometer road leading to the airport. Overseen by

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was established in 2012 with the aim of providing instruction and research. The college is staffed by an accredited Master's-level faculty, and governed by a board of trustees consisting of academics and prominent entrepreneurs. City University's syllabus features a curriculum and foundation programs

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Among the new hotels is the six-floor Jazeera Palace Hotel. It was built in 2010 and opened in 2012. Situated within 300m of the Aden Adde International Airport, it has a 70-room capacity with a 70% occupancy rate. The hotel expects to host over 1,000 visitors by 2015, for which it plans to construct

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began returning to Mogadishu for investment opportunities and to take part in the post-conflict reconstruction. Through both private efforts and public initiatives like the Somali Diaspora Corps, they have participated in the renovation of schools, hospitals, banks and other infrastructure. They have

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In August 2011, militant group al Shabaab made a strategic withdrawal from Mogadishu to return to hit-and-run tactics. Mayor Mohamed Nur recognized the opportunity as critical to stabilizing and rebuilding the city. Working closely with the UN, USAID, and DRC, Nur's administration started large-scale

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believed that the city was founded and ruled by a council of Arab and Persian families. However, the reference I.M Lewis and Cerulli received traces back to one 19th century text called the Kitab Al-Zunuj, which has been discredited by modern scholars as unreliable and unhistorical. More importantly,

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In 2012–2013, Mogadishu's municipal authority in conjunction with the British and Norwegian governments began a project to install solar-powered street lights on all of the capital's major roads. With equipment imported from Norway, the initiative cost around $ 140,000 and lasted several months. The

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organized a shipment of 22,000 books from the United States to Somalia as part of an initiative to restock the library. In December of the year, the Somali authorities officially launched a major project to rebuild the National Library. With Zainab Hassan serving as Director, the $ 1 million federal

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In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a UK-based independent researcher who lived in Somalia for 25 years and completed her doctoral thesis on the Reer Hamar/Benadiri people stated that the Reer Hamar "belong to the lineage groups that are associated with stone-town Mogadishu, the oldest

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of pre-Islamic immigration of Arabs from Himyar in southern Arabia, their founding of most of the more important towns of the coast from Mogadishu to Mombasa, and also Kilwa, together with their subsequent conversion to Islam, is uncorroborated by other sources and unsupported by the archaeological

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After incurring some damage during the civil war, the federal government launched the Mogadishu Port Rehabilitation Project, an initiative to rebuild, develop and modernize the port. The renovations included the installation of Alpha Logistics technology. A joint international delegation consisting

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The facility grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after successive renovation projects. With the outbreak of the civil war in the early 1990s, Mogadishu International Airport's flight services experienced routine disruptions and its grounds and equipment were largely destroyed.

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In the Wednesday evening attack, a car driven by a suicide bomber rammed into the Posh Hotel in south Mogadishu before gunmen rushed into Pizza House, an adjacent restaurant, and took 20 people hostage. District police chief Abdi Bashir told Reuters Somali security forces took back control of the

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Somali popular music enjoys a large audience in Mogadishu, and was widely sold prior to the civil war. With the government managing to secure the city in mid-2011, radios once again play music. On 19 March 2012, an open concert was held in the city, which was broadcast live on local television. In

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that have inhabited the city since the beginning, several minorities have also historically lived in the city. With the beginning of Islam, Arab and Persian migrants began to settle during the medieval period. Centuries of intermarriage between the various ethnic groups, which also include Bantus,

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type. Precipitation per year averages 429.2 mm (16.9 in). There are 47 wet days annually, which are associated with a 12% annual daily probability of rainfall. The city has an average of 3,066 hours of sunshine per year, with 8.4 hours of sunlight per day. Mean daylight hours and minutes

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brokered by the UN. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected a new president. With the help of a

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In October 2013, the federal Cabinet endorsed an agreement with the Turkish firm Al-Bayrak to manage the Port of Mogadishu for a 20-year period. The deal was secured by the Ministry of Ports and Public Works, and also assigns Al-Bayrak responsibility for rebuilding and modernizing the seaport. In

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Mogadishu has a number of hotels, most of which were recently constructed. The city's many returning expatriates, investors and foreign workers are among these establishments' main customers. To meet the growing demand, hotel representatives have also begun participating in international industry

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opened in 1967 as an important cultural landmark in the national capital. It closed down after the start of the civil war in the early 1990s but reopened in March 2012 after reconstruction. In September 2013, the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation

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Conflicting dates as to the foundation of the city exists. I.M Lewis suggests that along with Brawa Mogadishu was founded in the tenth century. However Jama discounts this tradition on the basis of epigraphic evidence, namely a tombstone of a woman which was found in Mogadishu that was dated to

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was established after independence in 1960, when the old Garesa Museum was turned into a National Museum. The National Museum was later moved in 1985, renamed to the Garesa Museum, and converted to a regional museum. After shutting down, the National Museum later reopened. As of January 2014, it

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headquarters, and rehabilitation of public playgrounds in several districts. In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched the House Numbering and Post Code System. It also began distributing national identity cards in March of the same year. In addition, the municipal authorities started

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Among the administration's development initiatives are a US$ 100 million urban renewal project, the creation of garbage disposal and incineration plants, the launch of a citywide cleanup project, the creation of asphalt and cement plants, rehabilitation of the Town Hall and parliament buildings,

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the real power broker who in turn convinced the Hiraab Imam to acquiesce to the decision. Omani and later Zanzibari officials were mere representatives of the Sultan to collect customs and needed the fort for their own security rather than control of the city. The Fort of Garessa was eventually

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It has a king over it, and is a place of great trade in merchandise. Ships come there from the kingdom of Cambay (India) and from Aden with stuffs of all kinds, and with spices. And they carry away from there much gold, ivory, beeswax, and other things upon which they make a profit. In this town

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In December 2011, the Turkish government unveiled plans to further modernize the airport as part of Turkey's broader engagement in the local post-conflict reconstruction process. Among the scheduled renovations were new systems and infrastructure, including a modern control tower to monitor the

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In May 2011, the Ministry of Transport announced that SKA-Somalia had been contracted to manage operations at the re-opened Aden Adde International Airport over a period of ten years. Among its first initiatives, worth an estimated $ 6 million, SKA invested in new airport equipment and expanded

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Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic institutions. As part of the government's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the country are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. Compulsory education lasts 15 years, Primary and middle school is financed by the state and free of charge in

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was created in late 1972 by the Barre administration. It served as an open market for the sale of goods and services, including produce and clothing. After the start of the civil war, the market was controlled by militant groups, who used it as a base for their operations. Following Mogadishu's

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According to Demographia, Mogadishu has a population of around 2,425,000 residents as of April 2017. It is the 210th largest city in the world by population size. The urban area occupies 91 km (35 sq mi), with a population density of around 26,800/km (69,000/sq mi). The

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and other Somali coastal cities was founded upon an indigenous network involving hinterland trade and that happened even before significant Arab migrations or trade with the Somali coast. That goes back approximately four thousand years and are supported by archaeological and textual evidences.

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In July 2012, Mohammed Osman Ali (Dhagah-tur), the General Director of the Ministry of Aviation and Transport, also announced that the Somali government had begun preparations to revive the Mogadishu-based national carrier, Somali Airlines. The first new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in

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in the Hamar Jajab district. It was one of the largest markets in the city before closing down operations in the early 1990s. In September 2014, the municipal authorities reopened the Ansaloti to the public, with officials supervising all parts of the market. According to the Benadir Political

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specializes in the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power to residents and businesses within its service area in Banaadir. Villa and Mansion Architects, an international architectural firm founded by the Somali-British architect Alexander Yusuf has its regional offices in

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and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. According to Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing

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announced that the federal government was slated to reopen the former Institute of Diplomacy in Mogadishu. The centre historically served as one of the most important national institutions for diplomacy and international relations. Beyle also pledged to reestablish the institute's diplomacy

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government was elected to office, which enacted numerous reforms, especially in the security sector. By August 2011, the new administration and its AMISOM allies had managed to capture all of Mogadishu from the Al-Shabaab militants. Mogadishu has subsequently experienced a period of intense

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In October 2014, the firm Tawakal Money Express (Tawakal) began construction of the seven-storey Tawakal Plaza Mogadishu. The new high rise is slated to be completed by the end of 2015, and will feature a Tawakal Global Bank customer and financial services center, a large, 338 square meter

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global bioclimatic scheme. The mean temperature in the city year-round is 27 °C (81 °F), with an average maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) and an average minimum of 24 °C (75 °F). Mean temperature readings per month vary by 3 °C (5.4 °F), corresponding with a

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The key Hawiye subclans that dominate Mogadishu (including the Abgal, Habr Geidr, and Murosade) are all split internally between those that support the TFG, those that support the insurgency, and those (probably the majority) that are hedging their bets between the two and attempting to

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officials specializing in infrastructure reconstruction visited the facility in June 2013. According to Mogadishu Port manager Abdullahi Ali Nur, the delegates along with local Somali officials received reports on the port's functions as part of the rebuilding project's planning stages.

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supermarket, a 46-room luxury hotel, restaurant and coffee shop facilities, and conference and event halls. In addition, the Nabaad Supermarket provides major retail service to local shoppers. Open daily until 10 pm, the convenience chain imports most of its products from the

849:, a Muslim medieval geographer in the year 1220 describes Mogadishu as the most prominent town on the coast. Yaqut also mentioned Mogadishu as being a town inhabited by Berbers, described as "dark-skinned" and considered ancestors of modern Somalis. By the thirteenth century, 2958:

announced a preliminary plan to reestablish the US embassy in Mogadishu. He indicated that although there was no set timetable for the premises' relaunch, the US government had immediately begun upgrading its diplomatic representation in the country. President of Somalia

1214:. Most were Muslims, although a few adhered to heathen bedouin tradition; there were also a number of Abyssinian Christians further inland. Mogadishu itself was a wealthy, and well-built city-state, which maintained commercial trade with kingdoms across the world. The 4304:, was established in Mogadishu. The SFA also organized the annual Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Symposium (Mogpaafis), which brought together an array of filmmakers and movie experts from across the globe, including other parts of Northeast Africa and the 3138:, the new urban complex includes town houses, apartment flats, a mosque, recreational areas, playgrounds, a supermarket and roads. It is slated to be erected just outside the northern part of the capital, within a 7-kilometer radius of the Industrial Road. 3785:. The Turkish Boarding School was also established, with the Mogadishu Polytechnic Institute and Shabelle University campus likewise undergoing renovations. Additionally, a New Islamic University campus is being built. In April 2014, Prime Minister 3125:

law. The draft bill was prepared by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in conjunction with government attorneys. Approved by the Cabinet, it establishes a secure legal framework for foreign investment in Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.

885:. The Gibil Madow (Dark Skins) faction of the Benadiri are said to hail from the Somali clan groups from inland which make up the majority of Benadiris with a small minority being Gibil Cads (Light Skins) which descend from Muslim immigrants. 3718:(MU) is a non-governmental university that is governed by a board of trustees and a University Council. It is the brainchild of a number of professors from the Somali National University as well as other Somali intellectuals. Financed by the 1792:

but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.

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also laid the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the former meteorological school in Mogadishu. A new national Aviation Training Academy is likewise being built at the Aden Adde International Airport. This is the first of its kind.

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support services by hiring, training and equipping 200 local workers to meet international airport standards. The company also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renovations, restored a dependable supply of electricity, revamped the

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restaurant at midnight after the gunmen had held hostages inside for several hours. Five of the gunmen were killed, Bashir said. "We are in control of the hotel but it was mostly destroyed by the suicide bomber," he told Reuters by phone.

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for land reserved for the new US embassy compound. Mohamud concurrently signed an Establishment Agreement with the EU Head of Delegation in Somalia Michele Cervone d’Urso, which facilitates the opening of more embassies in Mogadishu by

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Mogadishu traditionally served as a commercial and financial centre. Before the importation of mass-produced cloth from Europe and America, the city's textiles were forwarded throughout the interior of the continent, as well as to the

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officially re-launched the station as part of an initiative to develop the national telecommunications sector. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

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Thousands of Italians and other people from the Italian empire began to settle in Mogadishu and founded small manufacturing companies across Somalia. They also developed some agricultural areas in the south near the capital, such as

1178:. They were generally tall with an olive skin complexion, with some being darker. They would wear traditional rich white silk wrapped around their bodies and have Islamic turbans and coastal people would only wear sarongs, and wrote 4346:. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the broadcaster was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. Other radio stations headquartered in the city include 3601:

agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct the National Theatre of Somalia in addition to several other major infrastructural landmarks.

6318: 7798:"Sports, arts and streetlights: Semblance of normal life returns to Mogadishu, despite mortars Read it on Global News: Global News | Sports, arts and streetlights: Semblance of normal life returns to Mogadishu, despite mortars" 5637: 9115: 1103:. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants. Mogadishu, the center of a thriving weaving industry known as 3774:

until 2010. It offers a range of undergraduate courses in various fields, including economics, statistics, business, accountancy, technology, computer science, health sciences, education, law and public administration.

9145: 5317:"David D. Laitin and khadar ali. <italic>Somalia: Nation in Search of a State</italic>. (Profiles/Nations of Contemporary Africa.) Boulder, Colo.: Westview or Gower, London. 1987. Pp. xvii, 198. $ 28.00". 3588:. In 1983, it held approximately 7,000 books, little in the way of historical and cultural archival material, and was open to the general public. The National Library later closed down in the 1990s. In June 2013, the 8902: 7797: 5152:

Akanni, O. F., et al. "Access to Agricultural Information among Rural Farmers–A Case of Ido Local Government Area Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 5.6

1083:, who passed by Mogadishu in the 15th century, noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its centre and many mosques with cylindrical minarets. In the 16th century, 9299: 1658:

The July 1989 riots resulted in a large exodus of foreigners from the city and intensification of opposition towards the regime. This incident and other events over the following months led to the outbreak of the

1023:, among other places. He also describes the hospitality of the people of Mogadishu and how locals would put travellers up in their home to help the local economy. Battuta added that the city was ruled by a Somali 1618:. Most of the people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed. However, several officials escaped abroad and started to form dissident groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force. 5859: 3593:

government-funded initiative will see a new library complex built in the capital within six months. In preparation for the relaunch, 60,000 additional books from other Arab League states are expected to arrive.

1498:(the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, with Mogadishu serving as the nation's capital. A government was formed by 5297:

Urbano, Annalisa. "A "Grandiose Future for Italian Somalia": Colonial Developmentalist Discourse, Agricultural Planning, and Forced Labor (1900–1940)." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017):

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public schools, between the ages of 7 and 19, and by 2015 enrollment of children in this age range was nearly 55%. Secondary or high school education is not mandatory but required in order to then progress to

7919: 1788:'s presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured 4253:

company Simatech Shipping LLC to handle vital operations at the seaport. Under the name Mogadishu Port Container Terminal, the firm is slated to handle all of the port's technical and operational functions.

1228:, moved both into Shabelle basin and into Mogadishu. A new political elite led by Abgaal Yaquub imams, with ties to the new leaders in the interior, moved into Shingaani quarter of the city. Remnants of the 1015:'s appearance on the Somali coast in 1331, the city was at the zenith of its prosperity. He described Mogadishu as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, which was famous for its high quality 3781:(BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. It has since expanded into other fields. Another tertiary institution in the city is the Zamzam University of Science and Technology and 8734: 7595: 876:

Mogadishu is traditionally inhabited by four clans. These are the Moorshe, Iskashato, DhabarWeyne, and the Bandawow. Moorshe is regarded the oldest group in Mogadishu and is considered to be a sub-clan of

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In 1999, the Somali Institute of Management and Administration (SIMAD) was co-established in Mogadishu by incumbent president of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. The institution subsequently grew into the

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and comes within 30 km (19 mi) of the Indian Ocean near Mogadishu before turning southwestward. Usually dry during February and March, the river provides water essential for the cultivation of

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systems, and firmed up on security and work-flow. Additionally, SKA connected the grounds' Somali Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency (SCAMA) and immigration, customs, commercial airlines and

3676:, Hotel Taleex, Hotel Towfiq, Benadir Hotel, Ambassador Hotel, Kuwait Plaza Hotel, Safari Hotel Diplomat, Dayax Hotel, Safari Guesthouse and Bin Ali Hotel. The Posh Hotel was mostly destroyed by a 3512:. It later incurred significant damage during the civil war. In April 2013, after a visit to the site to inspect its condition, the Diocese of Mogadiscio announced plans to refurbish the building. 1809:

in February 2009 to retake control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its control of southern Somalia, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the

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population numbered 22,000, accounting for over 44% of the city's population of 50,000 residents. Mogadishu remained the capital of Italian Somaliland throughout the latter polity's existence. In

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evidence and must be dismissed as unhistorical. The suggestion that these families must have come from Siraf to the Somali coast before the eleventh century must therefore be regarded as unproven

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offices, reconstruction of correctional facilities, rehabilitation and construction of health facilities, establishment of a Police Training Center and a permanent base in Jasiira for the new

1163:. During this expedition he briefly attacked Mogadishu, capturing an Ottoman ship and firing upon the city, which compelled the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace treaty with the Portuguese. 972:(a former slave of Greek origin) wrote a global history of many places he visited Mogadishu and called it the richest and most powerful city in the region and was an Islamic center across the 5969: 3899:

Mogadishu is home to scholastic and media institutions. As part of the municipality's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. The

6302: 8472: 5450: 1027:, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar, He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali) but was also fluent in Arabic. The Sultan also had a retinue of 8028: 3672:

Other hotels in the city include the Lafweyn Palace Hotel, Amira Castle Hotel, Sahafi Hotel, Hotel Nasa-Hablod, Oriental Hotel, Hotel Guuleed, Hotel Shamo, Peace Hotel, Aran Guest House,

9123: 5233: 671:) is another phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, meaning "seat of the Shah/merchant Shah" which reflects the city's early Persian influence. The Arabic ' 4374:

ensemble also organized the Reconciliation Music Festival, the first international music festival to be held in Mogadishu in two decades. Mogadiscio also includes the headquarters of

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was established on 20 August 2012 at the end of the TFG's interim mandate. It represented the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war. The

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By the late 19th century, the Imamate began to decline due to internal problems, the Imamate also faced challenges from Imperialist kingdoms, the Zanzibari Sultan from the coast and

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launched a renovation project at the Konis facility, during which artificial football turf contributed by FIFA was installed at the stadium. The Ex-Lujino basketball stadium in the

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occurred in stages, with treaties signed in the 1880s followed by economic engagement between Somali clans and the Commercial Company of Benadir, and then direct governance by the

8127: 7805: 10221: 6717: 3648:

in the Horn region. In January 2015, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announced that the institute was slated to be finalized in conjunction with the governments of

1776:

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into factions. Some of the more radical elements, including a youth milita within the courts military wing known as

11427: 9939: 9149: 6032: 1379:

constructed in 1870. The Sultan of Zanzibar later leased and then sold the infrastructure that he had built to the Italians, but not the land itself, which was Somali owned.

8708: 3970:

was constructed in 1978 during the Barre administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. The facility was mainly used for hosting sporting activities, such as the

3585: 10568: 8002: 7887: 3997:

also underwent a $ 10,000 rehabilitation, with funding provided by the local Hormuud Telecom firm. Additionally, the municipal authority oversaw the reconstruction of the

11197: 10327: 9491: 9286: 7771: 14597: 7689: 6448: 5131: 11616: 10982: 10058: 5930: 5180: 1584:. Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution," and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the 11030: 9315:

Meanwhile the Hawiye clan mainly live in South/Central Somalia, their most influential subdivisions are the Abgal and Habr Gedir, which are both dominant in Mogadishu.

8678: 7831: 843:. According to Ross E. Dunn neither Mogadishu, or any other city on the coast could be considered alien enclaves of Arabs or Persians, but were in-fact African towns. 11561: 7910: 3034:

The galvanization of Mogadishu's real estate sector was in part facilitated by the establishment of a local construction yard in November 2012 by the Municipality of

8312: 935:, and left an extensive architectural legacy in present-day southern Somalia. A local city-state which much influence over the hinterland neighbouring coastal towns. 11219: 11167: 9257:"Refworld | Somalia: Information on the present treatment of the Darood tribe by the Hawiye tribe, forming the backbone of the United Somali Congress, in Mogadishu" 8932: 4354:, Radio Bar-Kulan, Radio Kulmiye, Radio Dannan, Radio Dalsan, Radio Banadir, Radio Maanta, Gool FM, Radio Xurmo, and Radio Xamar, also known as Voice of Democracy. 4258:

September 2014, the federal government officially delegated management of the Mogadishu Port to Al-Bayrak. The firm's modernization project will cost $ 80 million.

6904: 6790: 5065: 4043: 873:

mentions the Banu Majid who fled the Mundhiriya region in Yemen in the year 1159 and settled in Mogadishu and also traders from the port towns of Abyan and Haram.

8954: 8730: 7603: 9625: 3015:

Mogadishu's economy has grown rapidly since the city's pacification in mid-2011. The SomalFruit processing factory was reopened once again, as well as the local

10720: 10663: 10603: 10546: 10418: 9450: 8898: 6476: 1588:, arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. 4911: 1431:). In the 1930s, new buildings and avenues were built. A 114 km (71 mi) narrow-gauge railway was laid from Mogadishu to Jowhar. An asphalt road, the 9999: 1224:

collapsed in the 17th century due to heavy taxing against their subjects which started a rebellion. The ex-subjects became a new wave of Somali migrants, the

11004: 7498: 6504: 6409: 4092:

offered flights to numerous global destinations. In the mid-1960s, the airport was enlarged to accommodate more international carriers, with the state-owned

3734:

abroad thanks to a scholarship programme. Mogadishu University has established multiple partnerships with several other academic institutions, including the

3054: 492: 7344: 5433:

Bellini, Oscar Eugenio; Campioli, Andrea; Pero, Claudio Del; Talamo, Cinzia M. L.; Chiaroni, Davide; Guidarini, Stefano; Magni, Camillo (19 November 2022).

3669:

a larger overall building and conference facilities. A new landslide hotel within the airport itself is also slated to be completed by the end of the year.

130: 14205: 11595: 9336: 9230: 7853: 7228: 3911:(BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu, including the 3023:

was established in the capital, representing the first commercial bank to open in southern Somalia since 1991. The Somali civil engineer and entrepreneur

7626: 7402: 5623:

What are Somalia's Development Perspectives?: Science Between Resignation and Hope? : Proceedings of the 6th SSIA Congress, Berlin 6-9 December 1996

1599:

programme of industry and land, the Mogadishu-based new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the

206: 11137: 1545:, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military 13402: 10917: 9066: 8876: 11642: 10887: 9440:"Somalia: The Reer Hamar and/or Benadiri, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans and risks they face from other clans" 8058: 7666: 5243:

Somalia e Benadir viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale Prima traversata della Somalia compiuta per incarico della Societa geografica italiana

3468:

contains an inscription dated from the same year, which commemorates the masjid's late founder, Khusra ibn Mubarak al-Shirazi (Khusrau ibn Muhammed).

2056:), as with much of southeastern Somalia. Summer (Jun-Aug) is the coldest and rainiest reason. By contrast, towns in northern Somalia generally have a 8232: 600:

In 1894, the Somali chief had signed a treaty of peace, friendship, and protection with Filonardi of the Commercial Company of Benadir. The onset of

7744: 14572: 9872: 8786: 6370: 5953: 3546: 7572: 8476: 4980: 9175: 8024: 3730:, as well as other donor institutions, the university counts hundreds of graduates from its seven faculties, some of whom continue on to pursue 3418:

assisted the Ministry in the project, which is slated to be finalized ahead of the planned plebiscite and local and national elections in 2016.

10080: 9540: 8405: 3782: 5218: 4096:

providing regular trips to many major cities. By 1969, the airport's many landing grounds could also host small jets and DC 6B-type aircraft.

11535: 4158:, it will enable the airport to double its number of daily commercial flights to 60, with a throughput of around 1,000 passengers per hour. 1757:, a former colonel in the Somali Army, entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. The government then relocated to 746:, a Greek travel document dating from the first century AD, as one of a series of commercial ports on the Somali littoral. According to the 14592: 13700: 12708: 10440: 3857:(TEDx) conference, opened by Liban Egal. The establishment of a local construction yard has also galvanized the city's real-estate sector. 1236:

merchants began to look for new linkages and regional trade opportunities since the Abgaal had commandeered the existing trading networks.

159: 9595: 3577:

holds many culturally important artefacts, including old coins, bartering tools, traditional artwork, ancient weaponry and pottery items.

10252: 9961: 8980: 8165: 8119: 6071: 5751: 5676: 5247: 3798: 2954:

In May 2015, in recognition of the sociopolitical progress made in Somalia and its return to effective governance, US Secretary of State

1887:

ownership disputes. As of 2016, there are postal codes for 156 localities and sub-localities, including the Mogadishu metropolitan area.

253: 12499: 6639: 5589: 303: 11457: 11096: 10301: 9905: 9843: 9804: 8843: 8656: 8375: 8287: 6678: 10213: 9570: 7719: 7195: 6701: 3489:

was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somaliland. Known as the "Cattedrale di Mogadiscio", it was constructed in a

1614:

of the late 1970s, the Barre administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the

1370:

valleys in the hinterland. The Omani Sultans' authority in Mogadishu, however, was largely nominal (existing by name only). When Imam

1347:

river itself was referred to as the 'Geledi river' by Kirk, perhaps in respect of the volume of produce that the Sultanate output. In

10278: 9513: 2832:(TFG) was the internationally recognized central government of Somalia between 2004 and 2012. Based in Mogadishu, it constituted the 1810: 1797: 1371: 9931: 9036: 14198: 12529: 11435: 6024: 1343:

filled with grain produced from the farms of the Geledi in the interior. Kirk met the Imam Mahmood who reigned over Mogadishu. The

609: 8704: 7967: 6868:

Enrico, Cerulli, How a Hawiye tribe used to live, Chapter 4, scritti vari editi ed inediti, Vol. 2, edited by Enrico Cerulli, Roma

6054:

Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1988). Elfasi, M.; Hrbek, Ivan (eds.).

1996:. The sandy beaches of Mogadishu have vibrant coral reefs, and are prime real estate for the first tourist resorts in many years. 14546: 14167: 13425: 10572: 5567:

The Origins and Development of Mogadishu AD 1000 to 1850: A Study of the Urban Growth Along the Benadir Coast of Southern Somalia

4161:

As of January 2015, the largest airline services using Aden Adde International Airport include the Somali-owned private carriers

3632:

Affairs Vice Chairman Mohamed Adan "Anagel", the facility is now open for business and will compete with other regional markets.

3361:

Mogadishu is inhabited by All Somali clan-families, with the most dominated being the Abgaal and Murusade clans. Apart from the

1749:

peacekeepers and air support by the United States, it drove out the rival ICU and solidified its rule. On 8 January 2007, as the

1573: 1170:

indicates that the native inhabitants of the Mogadishu polity were of the same origins as the denizens of the northern people of

530: 10497:"SOMALIA: H.E Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed lays foundation stone for the Aviation Training Academy at Aden Adde Airport" 7994: 7883: 4338:. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, 2064:). While the city is relatively dry, due to its coastal location, relative humidity is rather high, averaging 79% for the year. 1765:, marking the first time since the fall of the Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country. 14042: 13395: 11483: 11189: 10335: 9483: 7767: 5201:

Horn and Crescent Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, by Randall L. Pouwels – Notes to Pages 37–40

4190: 2920: 1699: 9671: 7933: 7697: 6432: 5621: 2951:. Embassies that are scheduled to reopen in the city include those of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Italy and South Korea. 1920:) in southeastern Somalia. The region itself is coextensive with the city and is much smaller than the historical province of 14602: 12455: 12434: 12413: 12392: 12360: 12339: 12318: 12295: 12242: 12199: 12178: 12157: 12102: 12059: 12038: 11991: 11968: 11947: 11905: 11884: 11863: 11810: 11789: 11757: 11736: 10974: 10054: 8159: 7529: 7467: 6852: 6784: 6711: 6672: 6633: 6555: 6442: 6403: 6065: 5924: 5914: 5888: 5809: 5670: 5631: 5444: 5408: 5174: 5164: 5044: 4178: 3589: 3348: 11612: 11038: 10818: 10032: 9714: 9621: 9374: 9264: 8816: 8682: 8435: 8349: 7827: 7136: 6967: 6261: 1615: 120: 13084: 4381: 4194: 3885: 3509: 1878:, the mayorship continued to oversee Mogadishu's ongoing post-conflict reconstruction. Building off the initial pilot, the 11090:"Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 – Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure"" 8316: 5010: 3134:

and China. The Al Buruuj firm also launched a major real estate project in January 2015, Daru-Salam City. Financed by the

14191: 12840: 12794: 12678: 11668: 11223: 11159: 9768: 9014: 8924: 6053: 5610:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia edited by Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley Page 252

5088: 1916: 1351:

there was little grain instead a large quantity of ivory and skins which had already been loaded onto ships destined for

353: 6888: 6774: 13158: 11842: 8757:"My government does not want, nor will it seek to extend its mandated term beyond September 2016 says president Hassan" 7130: 6312: 6255: 6203: 3355:

and Mogadishu municipal estimates and censuses; Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.

1833: 6664:

The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century

1829:

reconstruction spearheaded by the Somali diaspora, the municipal authorities, and Turkey, a historic ally of Somalia.

1007:(1213–1286) noted that Mogadishu city had already become the leading Islamic centre in the region. By the time of the 577:

maritime trade. Mogadishu enjoyed the height of its prosperity during the 14th and 15th centuries and was during the

13388: 12542: 12263: 12123: 11926: 10712: 10655: 10595: 10538: 10410: 9708: 9439: 7079: 6998: 6944: 6898: 6470: 6364: 6228: 6001: 5963: 5853: 5782: 5745: 5575: 4905: 4267: 3542: 1722:. The UN soldiers withdrew altogether from the country on 3 March 1995, having incurred more significant casualties. 9991: 9740: 4895: 3110:(First Takaful and Re-Takaful Insurance Company) is the city's first full service insurance firm in many years. The 1253:

was a powerful kingdom that ruled large parts of southern and central Somalia. It successfully revolted against the

13756: 13630: 11331: 6118: 5436:

Innovative Approach for the Development of Sustainable Settlements in East Africa: Affordable Housing for Mogadishu

4947: 4009: 3896:

is undergoing a US$ 1.5 million Somali federal government funded renovation, including a new library complex.

3641: 3538:. It sits on high ground that overlooks the city on the Indian Ocean, with access to both the harbour and airport. 1785: 1742: 1339:

visited the region in 1873 and noted a variety of things. Roughly 20 large dhows were docked in both Mogadishu and

979: 11509: 11008: 10746: 10685: 10629: 10383: 10188: 8760: 8627: 8254: 7482: 6753:. Transactions of the Kenya History Society. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. 6498: 6393: 4198: 2049: 469: 14617: 12661: 11063: 10951: 10361: 10136: 10110: 9092: 8601: 8542: 4362: 4147: 4089: 4017: 4013: 3944: 3460:

is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital. It was built circa 667 (1268–9 AD) along with the

3378:), who mainly inhabit the oldest districts of Mogadishu. In the colonial period, European expatriates, primarily 2829: 1847: 1738: 9328: 5550:

Gervase Mathew, "The East African Coast until the Coming of the Portuguese", in R. Oliver and G. Mathew (eds.),

750:, maritime trade already connected peoples in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the Indian Ocean. 14607: 12777: 12640: 9223: 7221: 5117: 4186: 4004:

National sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these are the Somali Football Federation,

2876: 1077:

as a corrupted transliteration of the name Mogadishu, the famous port with which Polo had confused the island.

824: 742: 9287:"Country Policy and Information Note Somalia: Majority clans and minority groups in south and central Somalia" 8096: 13094: 13079: 13035: 12943: 12811: 12630: 10867: 8524: 4544: 4520: 3819: 3815: 3095: 2964: 2884: 2844: 2840: 2823: 1875: 1511: 1454: 617: 14071: 11321: 9146:"SOMALIA: Tawakal Money Express announce building projects to house upcoming Tawakal Global Bank in Somalia" 8868: 6877:

Lee V. Cassanelli, Towns and Trading centres in Somalia: A Nomadic perspective, Philadelphia, 1980, pp. 8–9.

5434: 3053:

business in several years. A number of large firms have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these is the

1671:

that followed the ouster of Barre's regime. Armed factions led by United Somali Congress commanders General

1651:

administration, sprang up across the country. Mogadishu saw its first major outbreak of violence during the

1554: 639:

afterwards devastated the city. As of the late 2010s and 2020s, a period of major reconstruction commenced.

14172: 13148: 13074: 13030: 12522: 12481: 11638: 10895: 9062: 5398: 4050:

solar panels have helped to improve night-time visibility and enhance the city's overall aesthetic appeal.

3866: 3793: 3472: 3436: 3062: 1652: 1627: 548:

region on the Indian Ocean, which, unlike other Somali regions, is considered a municipality rather than a

106: 11371: 10158: 9116:"SOMALIA: Prime Minister welcomes foreign investment law as business-friendly step in the right direction" 8567: 8498: 8229: 7409: 6813: 5828:

Patricians of the Benaadir: Islamic Learning, Commerce and Somali Urban Identity in the Nineteenth Century

5349: 3903:(SNU) was established in the 1950s, and professors from the university later founded the non-governmental 3031:. The Historic Central Bank was regenerated, with the Moumin Business Centre likewise under construction. 964:"), as medieval Arabic-speakers named the Somali coast. Following his visit to the city, the 12th-century 663:

which mean "Sight Killer" or "Blinder", possibly referring to the city's blinding beauty. Magh'ad-e shāh (

14582: 13205: 13168: 13163: 13153: 12981: 12823: 12703: 12698: 12671: 11361: 11341: 7740: 7662: 5166:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

5127: 3893: 3881: 3597: 3581: 3493: 1900: 1777: 1772:

An armoured column of M1A1 Abrams Tanks and M2 Bradley IFVs of 1-64th Armor move down a dirt road outside

1707: 827:, detailing multiple prosperous port cities in ancient Somalia, as well as the identification of ancient 711: 11411: 10841: 9868: 9197: 8782: 6354: 4361:(SNTV) is the central government-owned broadcaster. On 4 April 2011, the Ministry of Information of the 4249:

In 2013, the Port of Mogadishu's management reportedly reached an agreement with representatives of the

3385:

Following a greatly improved security situation in the city in 2012, Somali expatriates and many of the

1257:

and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.

14612: 14028: 13269: 7568: 7326: 5662:

Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa

4358: 3990: 3912: 3900: 3889: 3709: 3573: 3566: 3550: 1840: 1711: 1585: 1535: 1495: 1474: 927:

in the 13th century. The Mogadishu Sultanate maintained a vast trading network, dominated the regional

628: 20: 5799: 4972: 1636:

By the late 1980s, Barre's regime had become increasingly unpopular. The authorities became ever more

14577: 14014: 13222: 13181: 13106: 13101: 12747: 12615: 11381: 9171: 4496: 4053: 3846: 3814:

As Somalia's capital city, Mogadishu has many important national institutions. It is the seat of the

3122: 3107: 2899:

In March 2015, the Benadir administration completed the SECIL project in conjunction with the EU and

2073: 2044:, Mogadishu has a dry climate. It is classified as hot and dry-winter (winter is hotter than summer) 1523: 1088: 11391: 11351: 10084: 9548: 8397: 7630: 7222:"Il Razionalismo nelle colonie italiane 1928–1943 – La "nuova architettura" delle Terre d'Oltremare" 5826: 5276: 13524: 13252: 11590: 11401: 9737:"AFRICA/SOMALIA – "I found signs of hope," said Bishop Bertin who has just returned from Mogadishu" 6844: 5843: 5212: 4668: 4529:, athlete who died while trying to cross the Mediterranean sea as a migrant in order to attend the 4005: 3916: 3719: 1719: 1519: 1507: 1503: 1051: 1004: 850: 98: 3754:. As of 2012, MU also has accreditation with the Board of the Intergovernmental Organization EDU. 2805:

Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)

13695: 13232: 13227: 13143: 13040: 13020: 12722: 12590: 12515: 11539: 6740: 6123:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea"

5099: 4311: 4170: 4124: 3111: 1871: 1814: 1796:

Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate

1576:(SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel 865:. He said the local people in the Benadir coast and the interior were predominantly inhabited by 799:

The founding ethnicity of Mogadishu and its subsequent sultanate has been a topic of intrigue in

754: 594: 481: 10444: 3390:

also helped to propel the local real estate market. Since 2015, Mogadishu and many parts of the

2976:

member states. The EU also announced that it had opened a new EU Delegation office in the city.

1741:(TFG), established two years earlier, sought to establish its authority. With the assistance of 1553:

seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The

909: 677:', meaning "hallowed (place)" may also be a root after establishment. The 16th century explorer 13872: 13138: 13045: 8988: 4351: 3858: 3747: 3457: 3058: 2980: 2833: 2798: 1806: 1065:

The island's appellation "Madagascar" is not of local origin but rather was popularized in the

836: 725: 562: 12350: 11562:"Somalie : « Bilan », le premier média 100 % féminin qui brise les tabous" 10248: 9969: 8149: 7071: 6055: 5735: 5660: 5241: 1062:

After him is named the Abdul-Aziz Mosque in Mogadishu which has remained there for centuries.

14587: 13557: 11937: 11895: 10309: 9040: 6623: 6545: 5565: 4556: 4490: 4394: 4065: 3932: 3786: 3735: 3535: 3394:

of the country have seen a rise in refugees and migrants mainly those who are returning from

3090: 2960: 2892: 2872: 1754: 1750: 1577: 1387: 1375: 1332: 1297: 384: 102: 11461: 11089: 9894: 9830: 9791: 8839: 8652: 8050: 7652: 6662: 5060: 4380:, a Somali newspaper composed exclusively of women, founded in 2020 with the support of the 1374:

sought to build a fort in the city, he was thus obligated to request permission from Sultan

1151:

there is plenty of meat, wheat, barley, and horses, and much fruit: it is a very rich place.

984: 14385: 14099: 13337: 13242: 13191: 13089: 13052: 13025: 12731: 12610: 12600: 8276: 8200: 7723: 7199: 5665:. University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications. Routledge. p. 129. 4424: 3975: 3928: 3904: 3842: 3715: 3701: 3531: 3479: 3131: 3039: 2068: 1945: 1941: 1726: 1336: 1321: 707: 457: 12309:

Supporting Refugee Children in 21st Century Britain: A Compendium of Essential Information

10274: 9517: 4233:

of Mogadishu. Classified as a major class port, it is the largest harbour in the country.

3089:

is another telecommunications service provider that is centered in the capital. The local

8: 13421: 13327: 13312: 13292: 13264: 13069: 12999: 12757: 9675: 7340: 4845: 4825: 4550: 4442: 4132: 3955: 3878: 3874: 3838: 3731: 3527: 3490: 3486: 2888: 2078: 1981: 1957: 1937: 1672: 1664: 1641: 1550: 1491: 1289: 578: 12493: 8204: 4213: 3497: 2077:

per day are 8 hours and 24 minutes. The percentage of possible sunshine is 70%. Average

14567: 14457: 13284: 13186: 13126: 13015: 12752: 12625: 12620: 12605: 12550: 12307: 12135: 11512:. Fédération internationale des coalitions pour la diversité culturelle. Archived from 10861: 8518: 7959: 6837: 6604: 5122: 4578: 4448: 4436: 4327: 4297: 4099: 3989:

and Konis Stadium are two other major sporting facilities in the capital. In 2013, the

3908: 3835: 3827: 3778: 3524: 3461: 3344: 3135: 3118: 3078: 1487: 1404: 932: 902: 721: 601: 379: 2979:

In February 2014, Somalia's Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

1733:

organization, assumed control of much of the southern part of the country and imposed

1591:

The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programmes, including the

1358:

The Geledi Sultans were at the height of their power. They dominated the East African

589:

industry. In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the

13822: 13365: 13332: 13302: 13247: 13217: 12767: 12451: 12430: 12409: 12388: 12356: 12335: 12314: 12291: 12259: 12238: 12195: 12174: 12153: 12119: 12098: 12055: 12034: 12027: 12014: 11987: 11964: 11943: 11922: 11901: 11880: 11859: 11838: 11806: 11785: 11753: 11732: 11293: 10789: 10386:. Intergovernmental Organization for Accreditation in Higher Learning. Archived from 9704: 8218: 8155: 7490: 7126: 7075: 7064: 7016:

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Volume 17; Volumes 1872–1873

6994: 6940: 6894: 6848: 6780: 6754: 6707: 6668: 6629: 6551: 6438: 6399: 6360: 6308: 6251: 6224: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6061: 5997: 5991: 5959: 5920: 5849: 5805: 5778: 5741: 5666: 5627: 5581: 5571: 5440: 5404: 5330: 5170: 5040: 4901: 4301: 4226: 4218: 3994: 3967: 3940: 3920: 3850: 3447: 3020: 3005: 2923:

in Mogadishu. As of January 2014, these diplomatic missions include the embassies of

2751: 2704: 2657: 2609: 2045: 1965: 1929: 1925: 1676: 1592: 1526:(later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular 1317: 1160: 1156: 766: 651:(Muqdisho) have many theories but it is most likely derived from a morphology of the 11487: 8568:"Somalia: Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government 10 January 2015" 8342:"Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'" 5715:

The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveller of the Fourteenth Century Page 124

1546: 1146:

Duarte Barbosa, the famous Portuguese traveller wrote about Mogadishu (c 1517–1518):

740:

is believed to have been the predecessor state of Mogadishu. It is mentioned in the

13359: 13322: 13317: 13274: 12666: 12653: 12585: 12575: 11980: 8208: 7937: 7336: 6596: 5517: 5322: 4867: 4781: 4775: 4716: 4526: 4339: 4335: 4291: 4238: 4174: 4127:

facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounges, put into place electronic

4110:

in flight (1984). The Mogadishu-based national carrier was relaunched in late 2013.

3854: 3771: 3767: 3086: 3046: 1985: 1977: 1933: 1631: 1581: 1328: 1316:. Following a struggle between the two leading figures of each respective quarter ( 1261: 1254: 1221: 1182:

as a lingua franca. Their weaponry consisted of traditional Somali weapons such as

924: 882: 869:

with a minority of Arab, Persian and Indian merchants living in the coastal towns.

664: 636: 570: 447: 12187: 10467:"Somali PM lay foundation stone for rebuilding meteorological school in Mogadishu" 8731:"Kerry In Mogadishu: 'Somalia's Return to Effective Government Is An Opportunity'" 5881: 4605:, American citizen. U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district 1682: 1300:

ultimately being the dominant force with the Omanis having a nominal presence and

14317: 14263: 13907: 13596: 13259: 13237: 13173: 12933: 12918: 12762: 12595: 12445: 12424: 12403: 12382: 12371: 12329: 12285: 12274: 12253: 12232: 12221: 12210: 12189: 12168: 12147: 12113: 12092: 12081: 12070: 12049: 12002: 11958: 11916: 11874: 11853: 11832: 11821: 11800: 11779: 11768: 11747: 11726: 11715: 11704: 11415: 11405: 11395: 11385: 11375: 11365: 11355: 11345: 11335: 11325: 10810: 10024: 9762: 9698: 9396: 9359: 9256: 8808: 8427: 8341: 8236: 7120: 6245: 4859: 4817: 4596: 4502: 4347: 4331: 4323: 4315: 4182: 4166: 4104: 4093: 3998: 3986: 3960: 3645: 3628: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3099: 3082: 2996: 2984:

department, its information and broadcasting department, as well as its library.

1973: 1969: 1949: 1883: 1596: 1515: 1470: 1443: 1367: 1301: 1265: 969: 846: 652: 558: 277: 230: 183: 66: 58: 43: 13380: 6961: 6587:

Alpers, Edward A. (1976). "Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800".

5570:. Studies in African archaeology. Vol. 12. Uppsala University. p. 33. 5497:

Renewers of the Age Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir - Page 44

4266:

There were projects during the 1980s to reactivate the 114 km (71 mi)

1479: 1139:

also brought their Indian textile and fruit to the Somali coast in exchange for

835:

visited the Sultanate in the 14th century, he identified the Sultan as being of

14350: 14077: 13369: 13307: 12923: 12913: 12893: 12828: 12648: 12580: 12083:

An Introduction to Somali History from 5000 Years B.C. Down to the Present Time

11664: 10159:"Somalia: President orders use of Somali as official language of communication" 7657: 5423:

Journal of African History p.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver

5002: 4599:, Dutch citizen. Former politician and member of the Dutch parliament, activist 4584: 4536: 4400: 4343: 3979: 3870: 3677: 3620: 3613: 3440: 3352: 2973: 2900: 2828:

The Government of Somalia has its seat in Mogadishu, the nation's capital. The

2057: 2000: 1989: 1961: 1953: 1907: 1499: 1458: 1313: 1250: 1203: 1175: 1132: 1120: 1084: 920: 870: 808: 800: 605: 590: 10133:"Somali President Orders the Use of Somali Language in the Official Documents" 9010: 8213: 8188: 4282:. Only a few remaining tracks inside Mogadishu's harbour area are still used. 861:

located in the Benadir coast had become Islamic and commercial centers in the

14561: 14183: 14066: 13546: 12863: 12488: 12279:. Vol. 53. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 10793: 10185:"Presidents Of Somalia And Djibouti Lay New Regional Somali Language Academy" 8222: 7624: 7494: 5585: 5334: 5103: 4676: 4530: 4418: 4371: 4162: 4069: 3831: 3520: 2488: 1758: 1679:, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital. 1415:, the surrounding territory came under Italian control with some resistance. 1392: 1233: 1229: 1199: 1167: 1091:

sailed to Mogadishu with cloths and spices for which they in return received

1080: 961: 878: 840: 758: 678: 318: 305: 11160:"Chinese-Djiboutian delegation visits Mogadishu port to plan reconstruction" 5845:

Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society By I'M Lewis

5326: 4278:

by British troops. It was originally intended that this railway would reach

4068:

in Mogadishu. The next most frequently used public vehicles in the city are

1296:

vied over who would be the superior power on the Benadir Coast, with Sultan

14516: 14124: 14046: 14037: 13967: 13929: 13642: 13486: 13411: 12868: 12816: 12570: 12188:

Metz, Helen Chapin; Library of Congress. Federal Research Division (1993).

11728:

Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century

8120:"'Mogadishu is like Manhattan': Somalis return home to accelerate progress" 5506:

H. Neville Chittick, "The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean", in

4663: 4566: 4472: 4454: 4322:

In addition, there are a number of radio news agencies based in Mogadishu.

4275: 3862: 3861:

is one of the oldest Islamic places of worship in the capital, built circa

3727: 3690: 3476: 3114:, the national monetary authority, also has its headquarters in Mogadishu. 3050: 3028: 3009: 2868: 1993: 1668: 1637: 1531: 1447: 1363: 1293: 973: 881:

who established one of the most powerful medieval kingdoms in Africa, the

862: 782: 613: 566: 538: 82: 7427: 6434:

The African Diaspora in India: Assimilation, Change and Cultural Survivals

5541:

The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa By Timothy Insoll – Page 62

3943:

serves as a major national seaport and is the largest harbour in Somalia.

3085:, the largest telecommunications company in southern and central Somalia. 1805:

small team of African Union troops, the coalition government also began a

1538:

became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke.

14478: 14139: 13962: 13712: 13552: 13464: 12961: 12898: 12476: 10656:"Mogadishu Municipality resumes solar light installations on major roads" 9736: 9294: 8499:"Governor Muungaabs meet with the 17 district commissioners of Mogadishu" 8473:"Number of Infrastructure Development Projects are underway in Mogadishu" 7163: 6758: 5032: 4615: 4508: 4484: 4478: 4466: 4406: 4376: 4326:

is the federal government-run public broadcaster. Established in 1951 in

4279: 4136: 4116: 3971: 3936: 3892:

is based in Mogadishu and holds many culturally important artefacts. The

3823: 3757: 2859: 2848: 2067:

Mogadishu is located in or near the tropical thorn woodland biome of the

1874:

in 2012 and the subsequent election of an inaugural President in the new

1604: 1436: 1412: 1312:

control had been in a period of decline and disarray near the end of the

1066: 1059: 1036: 1012: 832: 582: 537:. The city has served as an important port connecting traders across the 11328: 4940: 4142: 1663:

in 1991, the toppling of Barre's government, and the disbandment of the

1655:, during the crackdown Barres forces killed approximately 400 civilians. 1502:

and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with

938: 14333: 14328: 14285: 14215: 14104: 14000: 13984: 13973: 13956: 13951: 13833: 13762: 13687: 13535: 13491: 13297: 12971: 12903: 12804: 12782: 12635: 11513: 10743:"Benadir administration reconstructs Hawo Asir-Fagah road in Mogadishu" 10742: 10689: 10625: 10387: 10184: 8756: 8623: 8250: 7627:"USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia" 7246: 5801:

Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir

4689: 4681: 4602: 4572: 4514: 4305: 4107: 3924: 3853:

was established in the capital, which organized Mogadishu's first-ever

3673: 3103: 3024: 2955: 1825: 1781: 1715: 1703: 1611: 1600: 1558: 1527: 1280:

A picture of Sef bin Ahmed in the year 1891, the brother of the former

1215: 1195: 1074: 1040: 804: 632: 443: 410: 14148: 12471: 11915:

Fage, John Donnelly; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Crowder, Michael (1984).

11067: 10947: 10357: 10300:

Miriri, Duncan (15 June 2017). Boulton, Ralph; Sarkar, Pritha (eds.).

10132: 10106: 9172:"Shopping at night in Mogadishu comes to live, thanks to retail chain" 9088: 8597: 8538: 6925:

Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society., Philadelphia, 1982,

6608: 5400:

Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally

4177:, The airport also offers flights to other cities in Somalia, such as 3877:

was built in 1928 by the colonial authorities in Italian Somalia in a

3627:

In February 2014, the Benadir administration began renovations at the

1043:. He also claimed that the city was a very populous with many wealthy 898: 785:. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the 14449: 14380: 14023: 13978: 13858: 12873: 12799: 12565: 11781:

Development of communication in the Arab states: needs and priorities

11749:

The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac

10761: 7306: 6745:. Translated by Costelloe, Joseph. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute. 6163:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

5514:(Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 183–231, at 194–195 and 198. 5507: 4460: 4430: 4412: 4403:, famous scholar of Islamic and Somali history and pan-Islamic leader 3561: 3016: 2013: 1895: 1667:. Many of the opposition groups began competing for influence in the 1660: 1645: 1044: 923:

under the rule of Fakhr ad-Din before becoming part of the expanding

762: 716: 574: 438: 10842:"Somali travellers heap praise on SKA services at Mogadishu airport" 9622:"SOMALIA: Gov't to launch population census ahead of 2016 elections" 8428:"Abdirahman Omar Osman, Mogadishu mayor, dies after suicide bombing" 7546:, Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p.327. 7027: 7025: 6625:

The Return of Cosmopolitan Capital: Globalization, the State and War

5955:

The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronolog

4135:

officials to the internet. By January 2013, the firm had introduced

3501: 1858: 1073:

was first recorded in the memoirs of 13th-century Venetian explorer

14465: 14424: 14295: 14279: 14268: 14153: 14110: 14009: 13896: 13876: 13773: 13751: 13729: 13682: 13675: 13653: 13648: 13637: 13625: 13619: 13612: 13601: 13469: 12976: 12966: 12951: 12928: 12858: 12787: 12507: 12149:

A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa

11799:

Bevilacqua, Piero; Clementi, Andreina De; Franzina, Emilio (2001).

8284:

Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world

8092: 6600: 6151:, 2nd edition, revised, illustrated, (Westview Press: 1988), p. 20. 6149:

A modern history of Somalia: nation and state in the Horn of Africa

4854: 4834: 4590: 4128: 3927:

administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. It hosts

3653: 3649: 3391: 3074: 3066: 3035: 2928: 2924: 2008: 1911: 1879: 1801: 1730: 1542: 1403:

In 1905, Italy made Mogadishu the capital of the newly established

1352: 1344: 1055: 950:

For many years Mogadishu functioned as the pre-eminent city in the

828: 778: 774: 737: 703: 545: 358: 11428:"After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station" 10811:"Somalia: SKA Effectively Manages Aden-Adde International Airport" 9831:"National Museum of Somalia, Mogadiscio: Roof Restoration Project" 9596:"Syrian Refugees in Somalia Enrich Culture, Contribute to Economy" 4229:, also known as the Mogadishu International Port, is the official 3584:

was established in 1975, and came under the responsibility of the

1924:. The city is administratively divided into eighteen districts of 990: 573:

in the 13th century which was an important player in the medieval

541:

for millennia and has an estimated urban population of 2,610,483.

14494: 14418: 14402: 14366: 14344: 14322: 14311: 14246: 14241: 14134: 14115: 14093: 14060: 13918: 13912: 13901: 13890: 13867: 13853: 13844: 13718: 13664: 13590: 13574: 13502: 13480: 13475: 13447: 12956: 12538: 12287:

Humanitarianism Under Fire: The US and UN Intervention in Somalia

11318: 8624:"EU and UNHABITAT highlight impact of SECIL project in Mogadishu" 7294: 7022: 6503:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Somali Democratic Republic. 1978. 5724:

The History of Somalia – Page 36 by Raphael Chijioke Njoku · 2013

5512:

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3: From c.1050 to c. 1600

4445:, MP, former Prime Minister of Somalia, former Mayor of Mogadishu 4230: 4061: 3609: 3407: 3403: 3362: 3070: 2041: 1921: 1541:

On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of

1128: 1124: 1016: 1008: 916: 912: 866: 770: 586: 565:

in the 9th-13th century, which for many centuries controlled the

534: 428: 346: 13784: 12215:. Nairobi, Kenya: New People Media Centre, Comboni Missionaries. 7886:. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. March 2023. 6742:

Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Volume II: India, 1541–1545

6160: 1706:

took place in Mogadishu between Somali factions, volunteers and

1276: 823:

This is corroborated by the first century AD Greek document the

14511: 14500: 14489: 14483: 14413: 14396: 13940: 13839: 13828: 13817: 13811: 13806: 13800: 13795: 13778: 13745: 13740: 13723: 13670: 13659: 13607: 13579: 13541: 13530: 13519: 13508: 13497: 12888: 12853: 12492: 12272: 11368: 10713:"New taxi companies offer peace of mind to Mogadishu residents" 10162: 9901: 9838: 9799: 9402: 8840:"The Earth and its Inhabitants: Africa (South and East Africa)" 8575: 8398:"Somali president replaces security chiefs and Mogadishu mayor" 8189:"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" 8151:

Arab League League of Arab States Investment and Business Guide

5093: 4694: 4650: 4629: 4624: 4296:

Mogadishu has historically served as a media hub. In 1975, the

4271: 4155: 3723: 3505: 3465: 2944: 2021: 2017: 1818: 1789: 1762: 1746: 1734: 1457:, an Italian administered fiduciary political entity under the 1428: 1420: 1348: 1309: 1225: 1211: 1207: 1187: 1179: 1116: 1032: 1028: 1024: 858: 72: 11378: 11358: 11338: 11250: 10528:, Issues 53–61, (National Technical Information Service: 1986) 10214:"Somalia is 'ripe for investment', says Mogadishu hotel owner" 8809:"Somalia: Somali Govt to Revive Former Institute of Diplomacy" 7960:"Life After Warfare: How a Digital Map Could Revive Mogadishu" 7884:"Context Assessment: Heightened Political Violence in Somalia" 7854:"Female opposition MP among dozens killed in Somalia bombings" 7051:. Greenwood Publishing Group; Illustrated edition. p. 18. 7049:

Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa)

5706:

The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354: Volume II Page 375

5473:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho, Issue 1

4740: 4033: 1800:(ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in 1768: 1039:(1332 to 1406) noted in his book that Mogadishu was a massive 14527: 14522: 14440: 14429: 14391: 14361: 14355: 14339: 14300: 14257: 14252: 14088: 14082: 14055: 13995: 13989: 13945: 13923: 13767: 13734: 13585: 13568: 13563: 13458: 13453: 13442: 12908: 12848: 12772: 11851: 11510:"Mogadishu music festival helps city move past sounds of war" 11408: 10328:"Cabinet endorses plans to reopen Somali National University" 10025:"Somalia: Gov't, China Officially Sign Cooperation Agreement" 9201: 9113: 8539:"Banadir administration plans to renovate government centers" 8154:. Int'l Business Publications. 7 February 2007. p. 211. 7596:"Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term" 5037:

The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

4805: 4746: 4655: 4637: 4242: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3451: 3431: 3415: 3399: 3395: 3382:, would also contribute to the city's cosmopolitan populace. 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2911: 2032: 1690: 1549:

on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the

1396: 1359: 1340: 1191: 1183: 1171: 1140: 1136: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1020: 965: 943: 854: 816: 787: 621: 12447:

The New Communist Third World: An Essay in Political Economy

12194:. Thomas Leiper Kane Collection. Federal Research Division. 10888:"Turkish carrier to start direct Mogadishu flights in March" 9764:

Reports Service: Northeast Africa series, Volume 13, Issue 1

7690:"UN boss urges support for Somalia ahead of Istanbul summit" 7625:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1 May 2009).

3696: 1564: 1407:. The Italians subsequently spelled the name of the city as 1202:, although they received assistance from its close ally the 14505: 14435: 14407: 13934: 13789: 13707: 13513: 13057: 12883: 12878: 9672:"Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government" 9467:

part of the city ... which was historically known as Hamar"

8925:"Turkish organisations open construction yard in Mogadishu" 8505:. 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 4790: 4731: 4642: 4250: 2968: 1988:. Features of the city include the Hamarwein old town, the 1648: 1305: 1281: 1092: 928: 831:

with the city that would later be known as Mogadishu. When

11798: 11064:"The Official Website of the Mogadishu International Port" 10780:

Schmitz, Sebastain (2007). "By Ilyushin 18 to Mogadishu".

8679:"SOMALIA: China officially opens embassy in Somalia today" 7995:"Banadir officials launch Mogadishu Street Naming Project" 7169: 4761: 4743: 4725: 2992: 1686:

A view over destroyed Mogadishu coast during the civil war

11834:

A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497–1499

11588: 11388: 11348: 11220:"Somalia hands over Mogadishu seaport to Turkish company" 8598:"Banadir administration calls society to boost cleanness" 7439: 7258: 6547:

A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497–1499

6247:

Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4

5432: 5378: 5270: 4808: 4793: 4758: 4728: 4037:

Newly constructed roads and buildings in Mogadishu (2015)

3549:

of Italian Somaliland, and then the administrator of the

1453:

After World War II Mogadishu was made the capital of the

1435:, was also constructed and intended to link Mogadishu to 1096: 839:

origin, an ancient term to describe the ancestors of the

474: 12234:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600

12004:

The Early Islamic Architecture of the East African Coast

11398: 11238: 10686:"Auto-rickshaws transform public transport in Mogadishu" 10358:"Federal government re-opens Somali National University" 9792:"Museum development and monuments conservation: Somalia" 9571:"Yemeni refugees integrate smoothly into Somali society" 9089:"Somalia opens first insurance company in over 20 years" 8372:"Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution" 8079:

public domain material from this U.S government document

7282: 7175: 5066:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4044:

Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency

3665:

conferences, such as the Africa Hotel Investment Forum.

3475:

was constructed in 1987 with financial support from the

12255:

Mussolini as empire-builder: Europe and Africa, 1932-36

12208: 11872: 9484:"Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?" 7768:"Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?" 7593: 7433: 7370: 7252: 6589:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

5554:, Volume 1 (Clarendon Press, 1963), pp. 94–127, at 102. 4139:

to ferry travelers to and from the passenger terminal.

1906:

Mogadishu is situated on the Indian Ocean coast of the

1382: 12137:

The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State

10539:"Mogadishu looks to future, renovates sports stadiums" 10384:"EDU Accreditation Status — Mogadishu University" 10302:"At least 19 killed in hotel attack in Somali capital" 9652: 8187:

Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007).

7549: 7151: 6991:

Somalia:A Chronology of Historical Documents 1827–2000

6919: 6198:. US: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 5486:

The modern history of Somaliland: from nation to state

3019:

factory, which was also refurbished. In May 2012, the

1054:

who was described as the governor and island chief of

983:

Flag of the Mogadishu area according to a 1576 map by

260: 213: 166: 12068: 11778:

Bakr, Yahya Abu; Labib, Saʻad; Kandil, Hamdy (1985).

11745: 11717:

The Total Somali Clan Genealogy: A Preliminary Sketch

11274: 10767: 9420: 9360:"Somalia's Endless Transition: Breaking the Deadlock" 8313:"Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia" 7358: 7312: 7270: 4799: 4784: 4719: 3055:

Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company

1694:

Aerial view of a residential area in Mogadishu (1992)

757:

that engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting

503: 12220:

Oliver, Roland Anthony; Fage, John Donnelly (1960).

12170:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho

11596:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

10975:"Dubai's SKA signs deal to manage Mogadishu airport" 9408: 8186: 8142: 7687: 6805: 5003:"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" 4755: 4737: 4409:, 19th-century scholar, poet, reformist, astrologist 1450:

it was captured by British forces in February 1941.

1239: 1218:

city was surrounded by walled stone fortifications.

1159:

commander João de Sepúvelda led a small fleet on an

672: 561:

up until the present, serving as the capital of the

557:

Mogadishu has a long history, which ranges from the

549: 11005:"Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years" 10411:"Profiles of Somalia's top presidential candidates" 9828: 9640: 8336: 8334: 8315:. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from 7382: 7094:

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 5 - Page 88

5532:

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volum 3 – Page 198

5262: 5239: 4802: 4787: 4752: 4734: 4722: 3586:

Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education

3508:. The church served as the traditional seat of the 2999:

is one of many firms with headquarters in Mogadishu

2081:at solar noon on the 21st day of the month is 75%. 1839:In March 2022, al-Shabaab killed over 60 people in 14598:Populated places established in the 1st millennium 12306: 12134: 12026: 12013: 11979: 11918:The Cambridge history of Africa. From 1905 to 1940 11031:"The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back!" 10055:"London conference aims to speed Somalia recovery" 8277:"Klimatafel von Mogadischu (Mogadiscio) / Somalia" 7909: 7063: 6836: 6304:The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition, Complete 6105:J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, 5697:Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1 – Page 48 5366: 5307:Horn of Africa – Volume 2, Issue 4 – Page 34, 1979 4559:Former President of International Court of Justice 4274:, built by the Italians in 1926 but dismantled in 4016:is likewise centered in the city, and manages the 3556: 1882:administration launched a citywide street naming, 919:. It rose as one of the pre-eminent powers in the 13410: 12016:The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East 11914: 11665:"Konya and Mogadishu Signed Sister City Protocol" 11639:"Mungaab seeks Doha's help in reviving Mogadishu" 9932:"Somalia's national library rises amid the ruins" 9107: 8562: 8560: 7743:. Independent Newspapers Online. 10 August 2011. 7300: 6528: 6188: 5475:, (International African Institute: 1955), p. 47. 3884:style, and served as the traditional seat of the 2947:, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, and 1327:Despite the Somali political decline, trade with 635:'s presidency (1969–1991). The three-decade long 14559: 11222:. Diplomat.so. 21 September 2014. Archived from 9789: 9696: 9255:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 8981:"Somalia business keen to join forces for peace" 8331: 8057:, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 January 2023, 7911:"Al-Shabaab rebels withdraw from Somali capital" 7791: 7789: 7520:"Envoy to London Cited on Unrest in Mogadishu". 7066:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s 7036:. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 62. 6543: 6025:"The Sultanates of Somalia | World Civilization" 5204: 5031: 4189:, as well as to international destinations like 3644:is an intergovernmental regulating body for the 1832:In October 2017, over 500 people were killed by 12426:Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics 11897:Pirate State: Inside Somalia's Terrorism at Sea 11777: 11667:. Union of Turkish World Municipalities. 2022. 11256: 10848:. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 10805: 10803: 9700:Consolata Missionaries in the World (1901-2001) 9138: 7989: 7987: 7985: 6966:(PhD). University College London. p. 156. 6057:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 3081:sectors. Other firms based in the city include 1050:This period gave birth to notable figures like 753:During ancient times Mogadishu was part of the 627:This was followed by independence in 1960, the 14547:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 14213: 14168:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 12091:Kusimba, Chapurukha Makokha (1 January 1999). 11486:. Africanews.com. 21 June 2010. Archived from 11130:"Djibouti and China to rebuild Mogadishu port" 10833: 9224:"Italian arquitecture in Somalia (in Italian)" 9114:Prime Minister’s Media Office (10 June 2013). 9039:. Villa and Mansion Architects. Archived from 8837: 8557: 8475:. Act For Somalia. 26 May 2013. Archived from 7902: 7828:"Committee: 1000 dead in Oct 14 terror attack" 7198:(in Italian). Pagine di Difesa. Archived from 6963:The social structure of southern Somali tribes 5727: 5619: 4897:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa 3783:Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology 1506:as President of the Somali National Assembly, 1464: 1308:representatives in Mogadishu. Mogadishu under 1031:(ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal 724:built by Fakr ad-Din, the first Sultan of the 14199: 13396: 12523: 12352:A Political and Economic Dictionary of Africa 12111: 11725:Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Ford, Richard (1997). 11484:"Somalia: Musicians undaunted with music ban" 10966: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10773: 10649: 10647: 10208: 10206: 9664: 9164: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 7786: 7645: 6138:, (Cambridge University Press.: 1966), p. 30. 6109:, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190. 6096:, (Cambridge University Press: 1998), p. 121. 5347: 4609: 4499:, former Prime Minister, President of Somalia 13701:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 12503:(11th ed.). 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Singer, actress 4523:, former Prime Minister of Somalia 4451:, former Prime Minister of Somalia 3738:in Denmark, three universities in 3366:produced a minority people called 3155: 888: 240:Location within the Horn of Africa 14: 14629: 12465: 11200:from the original on 7 April 2014 11102:from the original on 19 June 2020 10749:from the original on 2 April 2015 10632:from the original on 2 April 2015 10441:"SIMAD University — History" 10421:from the original on 2 April 2018 10360:. Goobjoog News. 16 August 2014. 9494:from the original on 27 June 2012 9456:from the original on 5 March 2022 9178:from the original on 2 April 2015 9069:from the original on 5 March 2016 8899:"Happy International Women's Day" 8819:from the original on 1 March 2014 8630:from the original on 2 April 2015 8604:from the original on 2 April 2015 8574:. 10 January 2015. 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Goobjoog. 20 March 2015. 7663:Central Intelligence Agency 7629:. Unhcr.org. Archived from 7047:Abdullahi, Mohamed (2001). 6935:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 6739:Schurhammer, Georg (1977). 6221:The Travels of Ibn Battutah 5169:. James Currey Publishers. 4973:"Mogadishu Population 2024" 4517:, engineer, social activist 4511:, former Mayor of Mogadishu 3894:National Library of Somalia 3598:National Theatre of Somalia 3582:National Library of Somalia 2847:serves as the government's 2561:Average precipitation days 2347:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2207:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2088:Climate data for Mogadishu 1901:International Space Station 1899:Mogadishu as seen from the 1712:Battle of Mogadishu of 1993 1644:, encouraged by Ethiopia's 1465:Somali Republic (1960–1991) 1335:'s reign. British explorer 731: 712:Maritime history of Somalia 673: 550: 10: 14634: 14173:British Overseas Territory 12408:. Macmillan South Africa. 12072:Italian Journal of Zoology 12001:Garlake, Peter S. (1966). 10768:Instituto di Zoologia 1966 10628:. Goobjoog. 7 March 2015. 10083:. Tabaarak. Archived from 8077:This article incorporates 7313:Americana Corporation 1976 6661:Barendse, Rene J. (2002). 6628:. I.B.Tauris. p. 22. 5211:Parlamento, Italy (1897). 4610:Twin towns – sister cities 4359:Somali National Television 4289: 4261: 3991:Somali Football Federation 3913:Somali Football Federation 3901:Somali National University 3890:National Museum of Somalia 3820:Somalia Federal Parliament 3809: 3804: 3750:, and two universities in 3710:Somali National University 3604: 3574:National Museum of Somalia 3567:National Museum of Somalia 3551:Trust Territory of Somalia 3515: 3410:who are fleeing conflict. 2987: 2879:that targeted his office. 2821: 2817: 2804: 2796: 2087: 2027: 1870:With the passing of a new 1625: 1586:Somali Democratic Republic 1536:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 1496:Trust Territory of Somalia 1475:Somali Democratic Republic 1468: 791:to transport their cargo. 701: 692: 629:Somali Democratic Republic 243:Show map of Horn of Africa 21:Mogadishu (disambiguation) 18: 14542: 14222: 14163: 13436: 13419: 13350: 13283: 13213: 13204: 13134: 13125: 13011: 13007: 12998: 12942: 12839: 12743: 12739: 12730: 12719: 12691: 12558: 12549: 11773:. Economic Features, Ltd. 11752:. Americana Corporation. 11720:. African Studies Centre. 11591:"Mogadishu (id: O000173)" 11460:. Vlex.cn. Archived from 11095:. Government of Somalia. 10866:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9790:Crespo-Toral, H. (1988). 9703:. Paulines. p. 127. 9697:Giovanni Tebaldi (2001). 9013:. Somali Energy Company. 8523:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8214:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 7403:"Brothers in Arms Part I" 6960:Luling, Virginia (1971). 6824:– via Google Books. 6816:. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 6749:Strandes, Justus (1968). 6544:E. G. Ravenstein (2010). 6525:Cousins (1895), pp. 11–12 6381:– via Google Books. 6301:Bulliet, Richard (2011). 6029:courses.lumenlearning.com 5958:. Mcfarland. p. 49. 4977:worldpopulationreview.com 4849: 4829: 4497:Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed 4318:analog-to-digital machine 4300:(SFA), the nation's film 3847:Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed 3770:, with Mohamud acting as 3659: 3616:in the heart of Mogadishu 3450:, they are predominantly 3342: 3173:— 3108:Islamic Insurance Company 2749: 2702: 2655: 2607: 2560: 2486: 2416: 2346: 2276: 2206: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 1603:, eventually joining the 1249:By the 17th century, the 498: 480: 468: 454: 437: 427: 419: 408: 403: 395: 390: 377: 372: 364: 352: 334: 299: 152: 143: 115: 89: 80: 31: 13525:Central African Republic 12423:Versteegh, Kees (2008). 12328:Sachs, Moshe Y. (1988). 12284:Rutherford, Ken (2008). 12191:Somalia: a country study 12075:. Università di Firenze. 12007:. Institute. p. 10. 11900:. Chicago Review Press. 11823:Africa: a market profile 11589:United States Congress. 11414:19 December 2013 at the 11404:16 December 2013 at the 11394:25 November 2013 at the 11384:19 December 2013 at the 11354:13 November 2013 at the 11324:19 December 2013 at the 11296:. IRIN. 24 August 2001. 10218:How We Made It In Africa 9488:How We Made It in Africa 9174:. Xinhua. 6 March 2015. 8901:. Somali Media Mapping. 8759:. Goobjoog. 6 May 2015. 8733:. NBC News. 5 May 2015. 8653:"Embassies in Mogadishu" 7332:Somalia: A Country Study 6845:University of California 6667:. Taylor & Francis. 6437:. Taylor & Francis. 6244:Versteegh, Kees (2008). 6195:Somalia: A Country Study 4701: 4427:, taekwondo practitioner 4285: 4006:Somali Olympic Committee 3950: 3917:Somali Olympic Committee 3742:, seven universities in 3720:Islamic Development Bank 3565:Old fort used as Museum 3027:opened the city's first 2036:The Mogadishu beachfront 1862:Mogadishu Overview, 2017 1850:killed over 120 people. 1824:In November 2010, a new 1720:Somali National Alliance 1616:1978 coup d'état attempt 1520:Abdirashid Ali Shermarke 1508:Aden Abdullah Osman Daar 1504:Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf 1052:Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu 994:Almnara Tower, Mogadishu 946:stone house in Mogadishu 647:The origins of the name 597:'s sphere of influence. 99:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 12591:Sultanate of the Geledi 12500:Encyclopædia Britannica 11982:The Cold War, 1945-1991 11876:Encyclopædia Britannica 11613:"Twin Cities of Ankara" 11536:"Somali Webchat Series" 11374:7 December 2013 at the 11269:World radio TV handbook 11190:"Holidays in Mogadishu" 9514:"Somali Diaspora Corps" 8838:Reclus, Elisee (1889). 8785:. AMISOM. 11 May 2015. 8235:3 February 2012 at the 8193:Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci 6060:. UNESCO. p. 600. 5100:Oxford University Press 4475:, writer, visual artist 4237:of the Director of the 4171:African Express Airways 4115:In the late 2000s, the 4028: 4018:national Taekwondo team 3112:Central Bank of Somalia 1914:administrative region ( 1069:by Europeans. The name 595:Sultanate of the Geledi 193:Location within Somalia 14618:Cities built on a grid 12402:Venter, Al J. (1975). 12370:Shinnie, P.L. (1971). 12080:Jama, Mohamed (1962). 11770:Arab Report and Record 10846:Shabelle Media Network 10815:Shabelle Media Network 9449:: 1. 3 December 2012. 9011:"Mission & Vision" 8503:Shabelle Media Network 8093:"Districts of Somalia" 7104:Cyril, Daryll (1957). 6835:Dunn, Ross E. (1987). 6776:The History of Somalia 6622:Harris, Nigel (2003). 6472:Kenya Past and Present 6250:. Brill. p. 276. 6219:Battutah, Ibn (2002). 5552:History of East Africa 5510:and R. Oliver (eds.), 5348:Leo Africanus (1526). 4840: 4821: 4505:, long-distance runner 4439:, author, intellectual 4397:, President of Somalia 4319: 4270:between Mogadishu and 4222: 4208: 4150: 4111: 4083: 4058: 4038: 3964: 3762: 3748:University of Djibouti 3705: 3617: 3569: 3443: 3375: 3000: 2981:Abdirahman Duale Beyle 2916: 2864: 2836:branch of government. 2799:Deutscher Wetterdienst 2037: 1903: 1863: 1773: 1710:. Among these was the 1695: 1687: 1569: 1484: 1483:Mogadishu Avenue, 1963 1400: 1372:Azzan bin Qais of Oman 1285: 1153: 995: 987: 947: 931:trade, minted its own 905: 795:Foundation and origins 728: 726:Sultanate of Mogadishu 563:Sultanate of Mogadishu 433:Maqdishawi or Hamarawi 287:Location within Africa 51: 14608:Port cities in Africa 14072:São Tomé and Príncipe 13422:Dependent territories 12477:Mogadishu in the past 12305:Rutter, Jill (2003). 12146:Lewis, I. M. (1988). 12133:Lewis, I. M. (1965). 10220:. 27 September 2013. 9998:. 21 September 2012. 9541:"Opportunity Somalia" 9516:. SSG. Archived from 6092:Sanjay Subrahmanyam, 5842:Lewis, I. M. (2008). 5804:. BRILL. p. 65. 5327:10.1086/ahr/94.4.1148 5163:Lewis, I. M. (1999). 5096:UK English Dictionary 5007:hdi.globaldatalab.org 4587:, orthopaedic surgeon 4557:Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 4395:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 4314: 4216: 4145: 4102: 4066:public transportation 4056: 4036: 3958: 3933:Somali First Division 3787:Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed 3760: 3736:University of Aalborg 3699: 3612: 3564: 3536:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 3434: 3398:or are from war torn 3147:Historical population 3091:Somali Energy Company 2995: 2961:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 2914: 2893:Somali Postal Service 2862: 2035: 1898: 1861: 1771: 1755:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 1751:Battle of Ras Kamboni 1693: 1685: 1578:Salaad Gabeyre Kediye 1572:Alongside Barre, the 1567: 1482: 1390: 1279: 1148: 1005:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi 993: 982: 941: 901: 853:described Mogadishu, 815:Mogadishu along with 719: 602:Italian colonial rule 529:, is the capital and 456: • Summer ( 385:Yusuf Hussein Jimaale 14386:United Arab Emirates 13414:of African countries 12680:(2009–present) 12611:Warsangali Sultanate 12601:Majeerteen Sultanate 12484:at Mogadishucity.net 12373:The African Iron Age 11831:De Sá, João (1898). 11714:Abbink, Jan (1999). 11364:3 April 2013 at the 11344:20 June 2013 at the 11334:6 April 2013 at the 10898:on 10 September 2017 10817:. 10 November 2012. 10031:. 9 September 2013. 9298:: 13. January 2019. 8931:. 14 November 2012. 8815:. 13 February 2014. 7289:Adam & Ford 1997 7125:. LULU. p. 25. 7106:Africa Volumes 27-28 6747:pp. 98–99. See also 6359:. Ashgate/Variorum. 6177:The African Iron Age 5564:Jama, Ahmed (1996). 4425:Faisal Jeylani Aweys 4357:The Mogadishu-based 3939:. Additionally, the 3905:Mogadishu University 3843:President of Somalia 3836:official residential 3830:since January 2018. 3716:Mogadishu University 3702:Mogadishu University 3545:was the seat of the 3532:President of Somalia 3525:official residential 3496:style, based on the 3132:United Arab Emirates 3040:Turkish Red Crescent 2891:, rebuilding of the 2137:Record high °C (°F) 1815:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 1727:Islamic Courts Union 1665:Somali National Army 1642:resistance movements 1580:and Chief of Police 1019:that it exported to 1003:During his travels, 736:The ancient city of 708:History of Mogadishu 319:2.03917°N 45.34194°E 97:Clockwise from top: 19:For other uses, see 12334:. Worldmark Press. 12029:Somalia in Pictures 11963:. Nova Publishers. 10575:on 10 November 2013 10338:on 12 December 2013 10057:. AFP. 3 May 2013. 9204:on 23 February 2015 8685:on 26 December 2016 8230:Final Revised Paper 8205:2007HESS...11.1633P 8001:. 29 January 2014. 7606:on 19 February 2014 7481:Ap (22 July 1989). 7341:Library of Congress 7014:Kirk, John (1873). 6534:Room (2006), p. 230 5659:Mire, Sada (2020). 5516:The account in the 5272:Ricordi del Benadir 4551:Said Abdullahi Deni 4443:Hassan Abshir Farah 4133:Somali Police Force 3875:Mogadishu Cathedral 3859:Arba'a Rukun Mosque 3849:. In May 2012, the 3487:Mogadishu Cathedral 3458:Arba'a Rukun Mosque 3148: 2963:and Prime Minister 2907:Diplomatic missions 2889:Somali Armed Forces 2877:suicide bomb attack 2417:Record low °C (°F) 2277:Daily mean °C (°F) 2007:) rises in central 1841:a series of attacks 1673:Mohamed Farah Aidid 1595:. In addition to a 1492:State of Somaliland 1399:in Mogadishu, 1939. 1290:Sultanate of Geledi 903:Mogadishan currency 894:Mogadishu Sultanate 579:early modern period 521:, locally known as 315: / 196:Show map of Somalia 14583:Capitals in Africa 12982:South West Somalia 12626:British Somaliland 12621:Italian Somaliland 12606:Sultanate of Hobyo 12313:. Trentham Books. 12290:. Kumarian Press. 12152:. Westview Press. 12118:. Westview Press. 12097:. AltaMira Press. 12020:. Greystone Press. 12012:Greystone (1967). 11516:on 2 February 2014 11464:on 1 February 2014 11070:on 3 December 2013 11041:on 2 December 2013 11011:on 2 November 2014 10545:. 4 January 2013. 10447:on 5 December 2013 10390:on 4 February 2014 10275:"Mogadishu Hotels" 10249:"Focus on Somalia" 10165:on 22 January 2015 10087:on 4 February 2014 9972:on 27 January 2014 9678:on 25 January 2015 9152:on 16 October 2014 8991:on 4 December 2010 8578:on 10 January 2015 8404:. 22 August 2019. 8378:on 20 January 2013 8348:. 21 August 2012. 8055:The World Factbook 7808:on 15 January 2013 7726:on 5 January 2014. 7487:The New York Times 7470:: 6. 19 July 1989. 7401:Ahmed III, Abdul. 7202:on 5 November 2013 7070:. UNESCO. p. 5773:Fage, J.D (1977). 5734:Fage, J.D (1977). 5123:The World Factbook 4835:[muq'diʃo] 4579:Elisa Kadigia Bove 4491:Sa'id of Mogadishu 4449:Ali Mohammed Ghedi 4437:Cristina Ali Farah 4328:Italian Somaliland 4320: 4298:Somali Film Agency 4223: 4151: 4112: 4059: 4039: 3995:Abdulaziz District 3965: 3909:Benadir University 3828:Mayor of Mogadishu 3779:Benadir University 3763: 3706: 3618: 3570: 3462:Fakr ad-Din Mosque 3444: 3345:Italian Somaliland 3146: 3136:Salaam Somali Bank 3123:foreign investment 3119:Abdi Farah Shirdon 3079:telecommunications 3008:and as far as the 3001: 2917: 2865: 2038: 1904: 1876:Federal Government 1864: 1848:double car bombing 1786:Ethiopian military 1774: 1696: 1688: 1653:14 July 1989 riots 1570: 1559:Mohamed Siad Barre 1488:British Somaliland 1485: 1405:Italian Somaliland 1401: 1391:A group of senior 1286: 999:Medieval Mogadishu 996: 988: 985:Fernão Vaz Dourado 948: 906: 755:Somali city-states 729: 722:Fakr ad-Din Mosque 531:most populous city 396: • Urban 290:Show map of Africa 14613:Cities in Somalia 14555: 14554: 14537: 14536: 14471: 14455: 14181: 14180: 13823:Equatorial Guinea 13558:Rep. of the Congo 13378: 13377: 13346: 13345: 13200: 13199: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13085:Political parties 13075:Political history 13031:Foreign relations 12994: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12768:Guardafui Channel 12717: 12716: 12656:(1986–1992) 12643:(1981–1991) 12457:978-0-7099-2709-9 12436:978-90-04-14476-7 12415:978-0-86954-023-7 12394:978-0-521-64629-1 12362:978-1-135-35555-5 12341:978-0-471-62406-6 12320:978-1-85856-292-6 12297:978-1-56549-260-8 12244:978-0-521-22215-0 12201:978-0-8444-0775-3 12180:978-1-56902-104-0 12173:. Red Sea Press. 12159:978-0-8133-7402-4 12104:978-0-7619-9051-2 12061:978-0-904180-05-3 12040:978-0-8225-6586-4 11993:978-0-8103-8926-7 11970:978-1-59033-265-8 11949:978-0-521-22505-2 11907:978-1-56976-774-0 11886:978-0-85229-787-2 11865:978-0-85229-529-8 11812:978-88-7989-655-9 11791:978-92-3-102082-7 11759:978-0-7172-0106-8 11738:978-1-56902-073-9 11731:. Red Sea Press. 11438:on 16 August 2013 11226:on 1 October 2014 10473:. 23 April 2014. 10312:on 19 June 2017. 10251:. Air Transport. 9739:. Agenzia Fides. 8434:. 1 August 2019. 8319:on 5 October 2016 8161:978-1-4330-0175-8 7918:. 7 August 2011. 7860:. 24 March 2022. 7436:, p. 94–105. 6854:978-0-520-05771-5 6786:978-0-313-37857-7 6713:978-0-313-31333-2 6674:978-1-317-45835-7 6635:978-1-86064-786-4 6557:978-1-108-01296-6 6444:978-1-351-37365-4 6405:978-962-217-710-9 6190:Helen Chapin Metz 6121:, Agatharchides, 6067:978-92-3-101709-4 5926:978-1-909112-79-7 5811:978-90-04-16729-2 5672:978-0-429-76924-5 5633:978-3-86093-230-8 5446:978-3-031-00284-7 5410:978-0-253-03751-0 5214:Atti Parlimentari 5176:978-0-85255-280-3 5106:on 22 March 2020. 5046:978-1-138-12566-7 4772: 4421:, actress, writer 4227:Port of Mogadishu 4219:Port of Mogadishu 3968:Mogadishu Stadium 3941:Port of Mogadishu 3921:Mogadishu Stadium 3851:First Somali Bank 3464:. Arba'a Rukun's 3448:places of worship 3427:Places of worship 3359: 3358: 3021:First Somali Bank 3006:Arabian Peninsula 2809: 2808: 2752:possible sunshine 2610:relative humidity 1677:Ali Mahdi Mohamed 1593:Mogadishu Stadium 1111:), together with 681:knew the city as 554:(federal state). 514: 513: 324:2.03917; 45.34194 14625: 14578:Ajuran Sultanate 14469: 14453: 14225: 14224: 14208: 14201: 14194: 14185: 14184: 13405: 13398: 13391: 13382: 13381: 13368: 13358: 13357: 13211: 13210: 13177: 13164:Mineral industry 13154:Economic history 13132: 13131: 13065: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13004: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12725: 12681: 12674: 12657: 12644: 12616:Dervish movement 12576:Walashma dynasty 12556: 12555: 12532: 12525: 12518: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12496: 12494:"Mukdishu" 12461: 12440: 12419: 12398: 12377: 12366: 12345: 12324: 12312: 12301: 12280: 12269: 12248: 12227: 12216: 12205: 12184: 12163: 12142: 12140: 12129: 12108: 12087: 12076: 12065: 12044: 12032: 12021: 12019: 12008: 11997: 11985: 11974: 11953: 11932: 11911: 11890: 11869: 11848: 11827: 11816: 11795: 11774: 11763: 11742: 11721: 11710: 11690: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11661: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11609: 11603: 11600: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11542:on 21 April 2013 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11490:on 29 March 2012 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11424: 11418: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11196:. 5 March 2014. 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11166:. 13 June 2013. 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11136:. Archived from 11125: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11101: 11094: 11086: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11060: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11035:Keydmedia Online 11027: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10894:. Archived from 10883: 10872: 10871: 10865: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10651: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10507:on 25 April 2014 10493: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10463: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10308:. Archived from 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10245: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10021: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9910: 9899: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9848: 9835: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9809: 9796: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9694: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9600:Voice of America 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9551:on 10 March 2014 9547:. Archived from 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9520:on 10 March 2014 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9463: 9461: 9455: 9444: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9405:, p. 50–51. 9400: 9394: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9379: 9364: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9310: 9304: 9291: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9126:on 11 March 2014 9122:. Archived from 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8961:. 31 August 2013 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8865: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8469: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8338: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8281: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8247: 8241: 8226: 8216: 8199:(5): 1633–1644. 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8095:. Statoids.com. 8089: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7991: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7936:. Archived from 7930: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7804:. Archived from 7802:Associated Press 7793: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7696:. Archived from 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7602:. Archived from 7600:Garoweonline.com 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7337:Washington, D.C. 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7069: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6842: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6746: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6350: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6116: 6110: 6103: 6097: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5518:Book of the Zanj 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5394: 5388: 5385:Huntingford 1980 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5321:. October 1989. 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5102:. Archived from 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4891: 4874: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4712: 4693: 4692: 4680: 4679: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4627: 4527:Samia Yusuf Omar 4370:April 2013, the 4292:Media in Somalia 4239:Port of Djibouti 4175:Turkish Airlines 4125:baggage handling 3768:SIMAD University 3732:Master's degrees 3498:Cefalù Cathedral 3162: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3063:Somali companies 2885:Defence Ministry 2564: 2085: 2084: 2058:hot arid climate 1807:counteroffensive 1743:Ethiopian troops 1632:Somali Civil War 1582:Jama Ali Korshel 1433:Strada Imperiale 1329:Geledi Sultanate 1272:Geledi Sultanate 1262:Geledi Sultanate 1255:Ajuran Sultanate 1222:Ajuran Sultanate 955: 954: 883:Ajuran Sultanate 676: 670: 637:Somali Civil War 620:administered by 571:Ajuran Sultanate 553: 510: 507: 505: 491: 461: 448:East Africa Time 345: 343: 342: 330: 329: 327: 326: 325: 320: 316: 313: 312: 311: 308: 291: 281: 273: 272: 263: 262: 256: 244: 234: 226: 225: 216: 215: 209: 197: 187: 179: 178: 169: 168: 162: 133: 123: 94: 62: 54: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 14633: 14632: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14551: 14538: 14533: 14532: 14474: 14460: 14372: 14371: 14291: 14218: 14212: 14182: 14177: 14159: 14158: 14144: 14129: 14051: 14032: 14018: 13881: 13862: 13432: 13415: 13409: 13379: 13374: 13342: 13279: 13270:Public holidays 13196: 13175: 13113: 13059: 12986: 12938: 12934:Woqooyi Galbeed 12919:Middle Shebelle 12835: 12795:Mountain ranges 12763:Greater Somalia 12726: 12713: 12687: 12679: 12672: 12655: 12642: 12596:Isaaq Sultanate 12545: 12536: 12472:Mogadishu today 12468: 12458: 12437: 12416: 12395: 12363: 12342: 12321: 12298: 12266: 12245: 12202: 12181: 12160: 12141:. F.A. Praeger. 12126: 12105: 12062: 12041: 11994: 11971: 11950: 11929: 11908: 11887: 11866: 11845: 11813: 11792: 11760: 11739: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11684: 11674: 11672: 11663: 11662: 11658: 11648: 11646: 11637: 11636: 11632: 11622: 11620: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11585: 11581: 11571: 11569: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11508: 11507: 11503: 11493: 11491: 11482: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11465: 11456: 11455: 11451: 11441: 11439: 11426: 11425: 11421: 11416:Wayback Machine 11406:Wayback Machine 11396:Wayback Machine 11386:Wayback Machine 11376:Wayback Machine 11366:Wayback Machine 11356:Wayback Machine 11346:Wayback Machine 11336:Wayback Machine 11326:Wayback Machine 11319:Mustaqbal Radio 11317: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11279: 11275: 11267: 11263: 11255: 11251: 11243: 11239: 11229: 11227: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11201: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11140:on 19 June 2020 11126: 11115: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11073: 11071: 11062: 11061: 11054: 11044: 11042: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11014: 11012: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10971: 10967: 10957: 10955: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10929: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10901: 10899: 10884: 10875: 10859: 10858: 10851: 10849: 10838: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10809: 10808: 10801: 10778: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10726: 10724: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10692:on 2 April 2015 10684: 10683: 10679: 10669: 10667: 10652: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10624: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10592: 10588: 10578: 10576: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10537: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10510: 10508: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10465: 10464: 10460: 10450: 10448: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10407: 10403: 10393: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10339: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10273: 10272: 10268: 10258: 10256: 10247: 10246: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10212: 10211: 10204: 10194: 10192: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10088: 10079: 10078: 10074: 10064: 10062: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10038: 10036: 10023: 10022: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9928: 9924: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9878: 9876: 9867: 9866: 9862: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9833: 9827: 9823: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9720: 9718: 9711: 9695: 9691: 9681: 9679: 9670: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9620: 9619: 9615: 9605: 9603: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9579: 9577: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9539:Mark T. Jones. 9537: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9497: 9495: 9480: 9473: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9401: 9397: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9367:Strategic Forum 9362: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9325: 9321: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9253: 9249: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9207: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9191: 9181: 9179: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9120:WidhWidh Online 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9043:on 3 April 2015 9035: 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9009: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8875:. 17 May 2012. 8867: 8866: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8766: 8764: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8622: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8566: 8565: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8516: 8515: 8508: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8479:on 3 March 2016 8471: 8470: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8237:Wayback Machine 8185: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8162: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8071: 8064: 8062: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 7993: 7992: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7940:on 4 April 2012 7932: 7931: 7927: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7826: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7809: 7794: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7700:on 19 June 2010 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7665:. 14 May 2009. 7651: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7541: 7537: 7532:. 18 July 1989. 7519: 7518: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7479: 7475: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7446:Fitzgerald 2002 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7350: 7348: 7323: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7192: 7188: 7182:Eichstaedt 2010 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7133: 7117: 7113: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7060: 7056: 7045: 7041: 7030: 7023: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6847:. p. 373. 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6636: 6620: 6616: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6445: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6187: 6183: 6175:P. L. Shinnie, 6174: 6170: 6159: 6155: 6146: 6142: 6133: 6129: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6068: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5966: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5346: 5342: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5246:. p. 522. 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5217:. p. 234. 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4917: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4855:[ħamar] 4798: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4751: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4687: 4674: 4661: 4648: 4635: 4622: 4612: 4597:Ayaan Hirsi Ali 4542: 4503:Mustafa Mohamed 4390: 4348:Mustaqbal Radio 4324:Radio Mogadishu 4316:Radio Mogadishu 4302:regulatory body 4294: 4288: 4264: 4211: 4205:December 2013. 4167:Daallo Airlines 4108:Boeing 707-338C 4105:Somali Airlines 4094:Somali Airlines 4086: 4057:Mogadishu taxis 4031: 4026: 3999:Banadir Stadium 3987:Banadir Stadium 3963:being renovated 3961:Banadir Stadium 3953: 3812: 3807: 3794:City University 3686: 3662: 3646:Somali language 3638: 3629:Ansaloti Market 3607: 3559: 3518: 3429: 3424: 3144: 3100:Islamic finance 3094:Mogadishu. The 3083:Hormuud Telecom 2997:Hormuud Telecom 2990: 2909: 2857: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2030: 2005:Webiga Shabelle 1893: 1884:house numbering 1856: 1834:a truck bombing 1634: 1626:Main articles: 1624: 1612:Ogaden campaign 1597:nationalization 1516:Somali Republic 1477: 1471:Somali Republic 1469:Main articles: 1467: 1385: 1302:Said bin Sultan 1274: 1266:Hobyo Sultanate 1247: 1242: 1174:the capital of 1123:merchants from 1001: 970:Yaqut al-Hamawi 960:– "Land of the 958:Bilad al Barbar 896: 891: 889:Medieval Period 847:Yaqut al-Hamawi 797: 771:Parthian Persia 761:merchants with 734: 714: 702:Main articles: 700: 695: 645: 551:maamul goboleed 502: 489: 488: 455: 340: 338: 323: 321: 317: 314: 309: 306: 304: 302: 301: 295: 294: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 283: 282: 275: 268: 264: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 236: 235: 228: 221: 217: 200: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 181: 174: 170: 148: 147: 139: 138: 137: 136: 127: 126: 111: 110: 85: 76: 70: 63: 56: 48: 41: 34: 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14631: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14519: 14508: 14497: 14486: 14475: 14473: 14472: 14461: 14445: 14443: 14432: 14421: 14410: 14399: 14388: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14358: 14347: 14336: 14325: 14314: 14303: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14260: 14249: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14232: 14229: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14216:Arab countries 14211: 14210: 14203: 14196: 14188: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14145: 14143: 14142: 14131: 14120: 14118: 14107: 14096: 14085: 14074: 14063: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14034: 14020: 14005: 14003: 13992: 13981: 13970: 13959: 13948: 13937: 13926: 13915: 13904: 13893: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13864: 13849: 13847: 13836: 13825: 13814: 13803: 13792: 13781: 13770: 13759: 13748: 13737: 13726: 13715: 13704: 13691: 13678: 13667: 13656: 13645: 13634: 13615: 13604: 13593: 13582: 13571: 13560: 13549: 13538: 13527: 13516: 13505: 13494: 13483: 13472: 13461: 13450: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13408: 13407: 13400: 13393: 13385: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13372: 13362: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13289: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13223:Child marriage 13220: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13192:Transportation 13189: 13184: 13182:Communications 13179: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13135: 13129: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13102:Prime Minister 13099: 13098: 13097: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13055: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13012: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12948: 12946: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12924:Lower Shebelle 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12845: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12829:Bajuni Islands 12821: 12820: 12819: 12809: 12808: 12807: 12802: 12792: 12791: 12790: 12785: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12744: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12695: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12676: 12664: 12659: 12651: 12649:Isaaq genocide 12646: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12581:Adal Sultanate 12578: 12573: 12568: 12562: 12560: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12535: 12534: 12527: 12520: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12491:, ed. (1911). 12489:Chisholm, Hugh 12485: 12479: 12474: 12467: 12466:External links 12464: 12463: 12462: 12456: 12450:. Croom Helm. 12441: 12435: 12420: 12414: 12399: 12393: 12378: 12367: 12361: 12346: 12340: 12325: 12319: 12302: 12296: 12281: 12270: 12264: 12249: 12243: 12228: 12217: 12206: 12200: 12185: 12179: 12164: 12158: 12143: 12130: 12124: 12109: 12103: 12088: 12077: 12066: 12060: 12045: 12039: 12022: 12009: 11998: 11992: 11975: 11969: 11954: 11948: 11933: 11927: 11912: 11906: 11891: 11885: 11870: 11864: 11849: 11844:978-8120611368 11843: 11828: 11817: 11811: 11796: 11790: 11775: 11764: 11758: 11743: 11737: 11722: 11711: 11692: 11691: 11682: 11656: 11630: 11604: 11602: 11601: 11579: 11553: 11527: 11501: 11475: 11449: 11419: 11311: 11285: 11283:, p. 126. 11273: 11261: 11249: 11245:Robertson 1977 11237: 11211: 11181: 11151: 11113: 11081: 11052: 11022: 10996: 10965: 10939: 10909: 10873: 10832: 10799: 10772: 10770:, p. 342. 10760: 10734: 10703: 10677: 10643: 10617: 10586: 10560: 10530: 10518: 10488: 10458: 10432: 10401: 10375: 10349: 10319: 10292: 10266: 10235: 10202: 10176: 10150: 10124: 10098: 10072: 10046: 10013: 9983: 9953: 9922: 9886: 9860: 9821: 9782: 9754: 9728: 9709: 9689: 9663: 9651: 9639: 9613: 9602:. 16 June 2021 9587: 9562: 9531: 9505: 9471: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9350: 9319: 9278: 9247: 9215: 9189: 9163: 9137: 9106: 9080: 9054: 9028: 9002: 8972: 8946: 8916: 8890: 8857: 8830: 8800: 8774: 8748: 8722: 8696: 8670: 8641: 8615: 8589: 8556: 8530: 8490: 8449: 8419: 8389: 8363: 8330: 8304: 8268: 8253:. Climatemps. 8242: 8179: 8160: 8141: 8110: 8084: 8042: 8016: 7981: 7951: 7925: 7901: 7875: 7845: 7819: 7785: 7758: 7729: 7711: 7680: 7658:World Factbook 7644: 7633:on 10 May 2011 7617: 7586: 7560: 7558:, p. 476. 7548: 7535: 7512: 7473: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7393: 7391:, p. 602. 7381: 7379:, p. 306. 7369: 7367:, p. 279. 7357: 7317: 7315:, p. 214. 7305: 7303:, p. 478. 7293: 7291:, p. 226. 7281: 7279:, p. 290. 7269: 7267:, p. 338. 7265:Greystone 1967 7257: 7255:, p. 835. 7245: 7213: 7186: 7174: 7172:, p. 233. 7162: 7150: 7132:978-1483405773 7131: 7111: 7096: 7087: 7080: 7054: 7039: 7021: 7006: 6999: 6981: 6952: 6945: 6927: 6918: 6899: 6879: 6870: 6861: 6853: 6827: 6804: 6785: 6765: 6731: 6712: 6692: 6673: 6653: 6634: 6614: 6601:10.2307/217389 6579: 6570: 6556: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6490: 6462: 6443: 6423: 6404: 6384: 6365: 6345: 6332: 6314:978-1133171102 6313: 6293: 6275: 6257:978-9004144767 6256: 6236: 6229: 6211: 6205:978-0844407753 6204: 6192:, ed. (1992). 6181: 6168: 6153: 6140: 6127: 6111: 6098: 6085: 6066: 6046: 6016: 6002: 5983: 5964: 5944: 5925: 5905: 5873: 5854: 5834: 5817: 5810: 5790: 5783: 5765: 5746: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5671: 5651: 5632: 5612: 5603: 5576: 5556: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5499: 5490: 5477: 5464: 5445: 5425: 5416: 5409: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5340: 5309: 5300: 5290: 5275:. p. 32. 5261: 5232: 5203: 5194: 5175: 5155: 5145: 5109: 5080: 5052: 5045: 5024: 4994: 4964: 4929: 4906: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4685: 4672: 4671:, Saudi Arabia 4659: 4646: 4633: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4585:Linda Suleiman 4582: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4540: 4537:Yasmin Warsame 4534: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4388:Notable people 4386: 4352:Radio Shabelle 4290:Main article: 4287: 4284: 4263: 4260: 4210: 4207: 4085: 4082: 4070:auto rickshaws 4030: 4027: 4025: 4024:Transportation 4022: 3980:Somalia League 3952: 3949: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3685: 3682: 3680:in June 2017. 3678:suicide bomber 3661: 3658: 3637: 3634: 3621:Bakaara Market 3614:Bakaara Market 3606: 3603: 3558: 3555: 3517: 3514: 3441:Horn of Africa 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3357: 3356: 3353:United Nations 3340: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3140: 2989: 2986: 2974:European Union 2908: 2905: 2856: 2853: 2822:Main article: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705:sunshine hours 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2658:sunshine hours 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2074:continentality 2029: 2026: 2001:Shebelle River 1990:Bakaara Market 1908:Horn of Africa 1892: 1889: 1855: 1854:Reconstruction 1852: 1623: 1620: 1524:Prime Minister 1500:Abdullahi Issa 1466: 1463: 1384: 1381: 1314:Hiraab Imamate 1273: 1270: 1251:Hiraab Imamate 1246: 1245:Hiraab Imamate 1243: 1241: 1238: 1204:Ottoman Empire 1176:Adal Sultanate 1085:Duarte Barbosa 1000: 997: 942:Entrance of a 921:Horn of Africa 895: 892: 890: 887: 871:Ibn al-Mujawir 809:Enrico Cerulli 801:Somali Studies 796: 793: 767:Ptolemic Egypt 733: 730: 699: 696: 694: 691: 644: 641: 624:in the 1950s. 606:Italian Empire 591:Hiraab Imamate 559:ancient period 512: 511: 500: 496: 495: 485: 478: 477: 472: 466: 465: 464:(Not Observed) 462: 452: 451: 441: 435: 434: 431: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 413: 406: 405: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 388: 387: 382: 375: 374: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 336: 332: 331: 297: 296: 286: 266: 265: 258: 257: 251: 250: 249: 248: 239: 219: 218: 211: 210: 204: 203: 202: 201: 192: 172: 171: 164: 163: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 134: 128: 124: 118: 117: 116: 113: 112: 96: 95: 87: 86: 81: 78: 77: 64: 49: 32: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14630: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14529: 14525: 14524: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14513: 14509: 14507: 14503: 14502: 14498: 14496: 14492: 14491: 14487: 14485: 14481: 14480: 14476: 14468: 14467: 14462: 14459: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14438: 14437: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14426: 14422: 14420: 14416: 14415: 14411: 14409: 14405: 14404: 14400: 14398: 14394: 14393: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14374: 14368: 14364: 14363: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14352: 14348: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14337: 14335: 14331: 14330: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14319: 14315: 14313: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14297: 14293: 14288: 14287: 14282: 14281: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14273: 14270: 14266: 14265: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14254: 14250: 14248: 14244: 14243: 14239: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14226: 14221: 14217: 14209: 14204: 14202: 14197: 14195: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14162: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14146: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14132: 14127: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14112: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14101: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14086: 14084: 14080: 14079: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14068: 14064: 14062: 14058: 14057: 14053: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14021: 14016: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13993: 13991: 13987: 13986: 13982: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13969: 13965: 13964: 13960: 13958: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13938: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13927: 13925: 13921: 13920: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13909: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13898: 13894: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13883: 13878: 13874: 13870: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13856: 13855: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13841: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13830: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13819: 13815: 13813: 13809: 13808: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13797: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13782: 13780: 13776: 13775: 13771: 13769: 13765: 13764: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13753: 13749: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13731: 13727: 13725: 13721: 13720: 13716: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13692: 13690: 13689: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13661: 13657: 13655: 13651: 13650: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13628: 13627: 13622: 13621: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13605: 13603: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13572: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13561: 13559: 13555: 13554: 13550: 13548: 13547:Guinea-Bissau 13544: 13543: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13506: 13504: 13500: 13499: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13484: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13406: 13401: 13399: 13394: 13392: 13387: 13386: 13383: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13361: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13254: 13253:Mental health 13251: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13124: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12997: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12838: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12724: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12682: 12677: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12586:Ajuran Empire 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12533: 12528: 12526: 12521: 12519: 12514: 12513: 12510: 12502: 12501: 12495: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12459: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12428: 12427: 12421: 12417: 12411: 12407: 12406: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12386: 12385: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12355:. Routledge. 12354: 12353: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12332: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12311: 12310: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12289: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12271: 12267: 12265:9780333193174 12261: 12258:. Macmillan. 12257: 12256: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12236: 12235: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12207: 12203: 12197: 12193: 12192: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12172: 12171: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12151: 12150: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12131: 12127: 12125:9780865315556 12121: 12117: 12116: 12110: 12106: 12100: 12096: 12095: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12078: 12074: 12073: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12053: 12052: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12031: 12030: 12023: 12018: 12017: 12010: 12006: 12005: 11999: 11995: 11989: 11984: 11983: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11962: 11961: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11934: 11930: 11928:9780521222150 11924: 11920: 11919: 11913: 11909: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11878: 11877: 11871: 11867: 11861: 11857: 11856: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11703:AARP (1975). 11701: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11686: 11670: 11666: 11660: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11369:Radio Banadir 11367: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11339:Radio Kulmiye 11337: 11333: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11315: 11299: 11295: 11289: 11282: 11277: 11270: 11265: 11259:, p. 25. 11258: 11253: 11247:, p. 29. 11246: 11241: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11199: 11195: 11194:Port Strategy 11191: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11139: 11135: 11134:Africa Review 11131: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11098: 11091: 11085: 11069: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10897: 10893: 10892:Africa Review 10889: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10869: 10863: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10804: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10764: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10650: 10648: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10405: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10332:Horseed Media 10329: 10323: 10316: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10296: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10207: 10190: 10186: 10180: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10001: 9997: 9996:The Economist 9993: 9987: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9926: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9890: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9832: 9825: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9793: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9716: 9712: 9710:9789966210234 9706: 9702: 9701: 9693: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9661:, p. 10. 9660: 9655: 9649:, p. 10. 9648: 9643: 9627: 9624:. RBC Radio. 9623: 9617: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9576: 9575:www.aa.com.tr 9572: 9566: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9478: 9476: 9468: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9429:, p. 18. 9428: 9423: 9417:, p. 47. 9416: 9411: 9404: 9399: 9392: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9288: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9232: 9225: 9219: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9094: 9090: 9084: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9006: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8862: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8272: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8145: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8080: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7969: 7966:. June 2013. 7965: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7916:The Telegraph 7912: 7905: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7790: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7694:Horseed Media 7691: 7684: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7454: 7448:, p. 25. 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7415:on 3 May 2012 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7327:"Coup d'Etat" 7321: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7230: 7223: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7184:, p. 41. 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7160:, p. 28. 7159: 7158:Hamilton 2007 7154: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7107: 7100: 7091: 7083: 7081:9789231017124 7077: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7058: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7028: 7026: 7017: 7010: 7002: 7000:9780968874301 6996: 6992: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6946:9781579584542 6942: 6938: 6931: 6922: 6906: 6902: 6900:9781909112797 6896: 6892: 6891: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6831: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6574: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6388: 6372: 6368: 6366:9780860787723 6362: 6358: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6230:9780330418799 6226: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6102: 6095: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6005: 6003:9780521209816 5999: 5995: 5994: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5965:9781476608891 5961: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5909: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5855:9781850658986 5851: 5847: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5784:9780521209816 5780: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5747:9780521209816 5743: 5739: 5738: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5577:9789150611236 5573: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5538: 5529: 5522: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5387:, p. 94. 5386: 5381: 5375:, p. 19. 5374: 5369: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5304: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4926: 4913: 4909: 4907:9780521657020 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4856: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4777: 4766: 4711: 4707: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4614:Mogadishu is 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4531:2012 Olympics 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4419:Yasmine Allas 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4372:Waayaha Cusub 4367: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:Jubba Airways 4159: 4157: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4137:shuttle buses 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3832:Villa Somalia 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521:Villa Somalia 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370:, or ‘Ad’ad ( 3369: 3364: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3121:signed a new 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3010:Persian coast 3007: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656:Mean monthly 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2489:precipitation 2485: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 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The new 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725:In 2006, the 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1442:In 1940, the 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427:(present-day 1426: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Yusuf Mahamud 1295: 1291: 1283: 1278: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Leo Africanus 1164: 1162: 1158: 1155:In 1542, the 1152: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Vasco Da Gama 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 992: 986: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 925:Ajuran Empire 922: 918: 914: 911: 904: 900: 886: 884: 880: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 842: 841:Somali people 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 818: 813: 810: 806: 802: 792: 790: 789: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 744: 739: 727: 723: 718: 713: 709: 705: 690: 688: 684: 680: 679:Leo Africanus 675: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 640: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 552: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 509: 501: 497: 494: 486: 483: 479: 476: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 453: 449: 445: 442: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 412: 409: • 407: 402: 398: 394: 389: 386: 383: 381: 378: • 376: 371: 367: 363: 360: 357: 355: 351: 348: 337: 333: 328: 300:Coordinates: 298: 279: 255: 232: 208: 185: 161: 151: 146:OpenStreetMap 142: 132: 122: 114: 108: 104: 100: 93: 88: 84: 79: 74: 68: 60: 53: 45: 30: 22: 14588:Indian Ocean 14521: 14517:Saudi Arabia 14510: 14499: 14488: 14477: 14464: 14454:(proclaimed) 14448: 14434: 14423: 14412: 14401: 14390: 14379: 14360: 14349: 14338: 14327: 14316: 14306: 14305: 14294: 14284: 14278: 14262: 14251: 14240: 14214:Capitals of 14147: 14138:(economic), 14133: 14125:Yamoussoukro 14123: 14109: 14098: 14087: 14076: 14065: 14054: 14047:South Africa 14038:Bloemfontein 14036: 14022: 14008: 13994: 13983: 13972: 13968:Burkina Faso 13961: 13950: 13939: 13928: 13917: 13906: 13895: 13885: 13884: 13866: 13852: 13838: 13827: 13816: 13805: 13794: 13783: 13772: 13761: 13750: 13739: 13728: 13717: 13706: 13694: 13693: 13681: 13680: 13669: 13658: 13647: 13643:Sierra Leone 13636: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13606: 13595: 13584: 13573: 13562: 13551: 13540: 13529: 13518: 13507: 13496: 13487:Antananarivo 13485: 13474: 13463: 13452: 13441: 13429: 13293:Architecture 13233:Demographics 13228:Coat of arms 13169:Oil industry 13144:Central Bank 13061: 13041:Human rights 13021:Constitution 12571:Land of Punt 12498: 12446: 12425: 12405:Africa Today 12404: 12383: 12372: 12351: 12330: 12308: 12286: 12275: 12254: 12233: 12222: 12211: 12190: 12169: 12148: 12136: 12114: 12093: 12082: 12071: 12050: 12028: 12015: 12003: 11981: 11959: 11938: 11917: 11896: 11875: 11854: 11833: 11822: 11801: 11780: 11769: 11767:ARR (1978). 11748: 11727: 11716: 11705: 11697:Bibliography 11696: 11695: 11685: 11673:. 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Fage 5187:6 November 5017:3 December 4881:References 4872:Mogadiscio 4682:Saint Paul 4603:Ilhan Omar 4573:Zahra Bani 4515:Musse Olol 4463:, musician 4306:Arab world 3925:Siad Barre 3674:Muna Hotel 3636:Institutes 3446:Among the 3104:swift code 3025:Nasra Agil 2956:John Kerry 2901:UN–Habitat 2813:Government 2797:Source 1: 2563:(≥ 0.1 mm) 1982:Wardhigley 1958:Howl-Wadag 1938:Dharkenley 1782:insurgency 1778:al-Shabaab 1729:(ICU), an 1601:Arab world 1528:referendum 1494:, and the 1409:Mogadiscio 1216:metropolis 1196:battle axe 1157:Portuguese 1143:and wood. 1075:Marco Polo 1041:metropolis 1011:traveller 968:historian 953:بلد البربر 805:Ioan Lewis 769:, Greece, 633:Siad Barre 404:Population 373:Government 310:45°20′31″E 307:02°02′21″N 103:Lido Beach 101:monument, 14568:Mogadishu 14458:Palestine 14450:Jerusalem 14381:Abu Dhabi 14307:Mogadishu 14024:Cape Town 14015:executive 13979:Mauritius 13930:N'Djamena 13886:Mogadishu 13859:executive 13696:Jamestown 13338:Languages 13243:Education 13174:Shilling 13149:Companies 13090:President 13053:Judiciary 13026:Elections 12874:Galguduud 12812:Mountains 12800:Cal Madow 12732:Geography 12667:Civil War 12566:Laas Geel 12429:. Brill. 11329:Bar-Kulan 11106:31 August 10989:2 October 10862:cite news 10852:9 January 10825:9 January 10794:1074-4320 10569:"Somalia" 10501:Raxanreeb 10425:21 August 10368:24 August 10117:2 October 9647:AARP 1975 9240:1 January 9198:"Somalia" 9099:5 January 8850:11 August 8519:cite news 8356:24 August 8228:(direct: 8223:1027-5606 8051:"Somalia" 7999:Bar-Kulan 7751:2 October 7653:"Somalia" 7495:0362-4331 7238:2 January 7227:. Fedoa. 7206:2 January 5848:. Hurst. 5586:0284-5040 5373:Jama 1962 5335:1937-5239 5118:"Somalia" 5073:19 August 4918:13 August 4431:Ayub Daud 4413:Hawa Abdi 4062:Minibuses 3684:Education 3454:mosques. 3422:Landmarks 3368:Benadiris 3343:Sources: 3335:2,425,000 3324:1,100,000 3065:from the 3017:Coca-Cola 2855:Municipal 2834:executive 2069:Holdridge 2046:semi-arid 2014:sugarcane 1891:Geography 1821:militia. 1661:civil war 1646:communist 1622:Civil war 1607:in 1974. 1512:President 1337:John Kirk 1322:Hamarweyn 1045:merchants 851:Ibn Sa'id 763:Phoenicia 698:Antiquity 649:Mogadishu 643:Etymology 575:Silk Road 519:Mogadishu 444:UTC+03:00 439:Time zone 415:2,726,815 267:Mogadishu 220:Mogadishu 173:Mogadishu 33:Mogadishu 14466:Ramallah 14425:Damascus 14296:Khartoum 14280:Hargeisa 14269:Djibouti 14264:Djibouti 14154:Cameroon 14111:Windhoek 14100:Victoria 14067:São Tomé 14043:judicial 14010:Pretoria 13897:Monrovia 13877:Eswatini 13774:Lilongwe 13752:Kinshasa 13730:Khartoum 13683:Hargeisa 13676:Zimbabwe 13654:Botswana 13649:Gaborone 13638:Freetown 13626:Tifariti 13620:El Aaiún 13613:Tanzania 13602:Djibouti 13597:Djibouti 13470:Ethiopia 13412:Capitals 13360:Category 13328:Religion 13265:Polygamy 13238:Diaspora 13070:Military 13000:Politics 12977:Puntland 12967:Jubaland 12952:Galmudug 12929:Togdheer 12859:Banaadir 12788:Lamadaya 12758:Wildlife 12704:Military 12699:Maritime 12692:By topic 12543:articles 11669:Archived 11643:Archived 11617:Archived 11468:10 March 11412:Archived 11402:Archived 11392:Archived 11382:Archived 11372:Archived 11362:Archived 11352:Archived 11342:Archived 11332:Archived 11322:Archived 11298:Archived 11198:Archived 11168:Archived 11097:Archived 10983:Archived 10952:Archived 10926:Archived 10819:Archived 10753:27 March 10747:Archived 10721:Archived 10696:17 March 10664:Archived 10630:Archived 10604:Archived 10547:Archived 10511:25 April 10475:Archived 10471:Qoobjoog 10419:Archived 10394:10 March 10362:Archived 10279:Archived 10253:Archived 10222:Archived 10189:Archived 10137:Archived 10111:Archived 10059:Archived 10033:Archived 10000:Archived 9940:Archived 9906:Archived 9873:Archived 9844:Archived 9805:Archived 9769:Archived 9741:Archived 9715:Archived 9626:Archived 9555:10 March 9524:10 March 9498:10 March 9492:Archived 9451:Archived 9391:survive. 9375:Archived 9337:Archived 9300:Archived 9265:Archived 9261:Refworld 9231:Archived 9176:Archived 9130:10 March 9093:Archived 9067:Archived 9021:17 April 9015:Archived 8995:10 March 8933:Archived 8903:Archived 8877:Archived 8873:Phys.org 8844:Archived 8817:Archived 8787:Archived 8761:Archived 8735:Archived 8709:Archived 8657:Archived 8634:20 March 8628:Archived 8602:Archived 8572:Raadgoob 8543:Archived 8509:10 March 8436:Archived 8432:BBC News 8406:Archived 8382:2 August 8350:Archived 8288:Archived 8255:Archived 8233:Archived 8166:Archived 8128:Archived 8097:Archived 8059:archived 8029:Archived 8003:Archived 7974:10 March 7968:Archived 7920:Archived 7888:Archived 7868:31 March 7862:Archived 7838:12 March 7832:Archived 7772:Archived 7745:Archived 7667:Archived 7573:Archived 7499:Archived 7389:ARR 1978 7345:archived 7229:Archived 7137:Archived 6974:23 March 6968:Archived 6905:Archived 6859:, p. 125 6791:Archived 6718:Archived 6679:Archived 6640:Archived 6563:21 April 6505:Archived 6477:Archived 6449:Archived 6410:Archived 6371:Archived 6319:Archived 6262:Archived 6072:Archived 6033:Archived 6009:7 August 5996:. 1975. 5970:Archived 5931:Archived 5889:Archived 5860:Archived 5752:Archived 5677:Archived 5644:26 April 5638:Archived 5590:Archived 5457:26 April 5451:Archived 5277:Archived 5248:Archived 5219:Archived 5181:Archived 5132:Archived 5011:Archived 4981:Archived 4948:Archived 4912:Archived 4852:‎ 4832:‎ 4830:مُقْدِشو 4822:Muqdisho 4658:, Turkey 4632:, Turkey 4591:Mo Farah 4199:Istanbul 4191:Djibouti 4187:Hargeisa 4129:check-in 3976:football 3974:and for 3935:and the 3929:football 3915:and the 3873:region. 3654:Ethiopia 3650:Djibouti 3547:governor 3387:diaspora 3380:Italians 3075:security 3038:and the 3036:Istanbul 2929:Ethiopia 2925:Djibouti 2851:branch. 2750:Percent 2698:3,082.3 2608:Average 2487:Average 2202:(103.6) 2192:(102.2) 2157:(103.6) 2147:(103.1) 2142:(103.1) 2060:(Köppen 2009:Ethiopia 1966:Shangani 1930:Bondhere 1926:Abdiaziz 1912:Banaadir 1802:Djibouti 1731:Islamist 1702:several 1543:Las Anod 1423:and the 1411:. After 1368:Shebelle 1353:Zanzibar 1345:Shabelle 1318:Shingani 1292:and the 1056:Maldives 1009:Moroccan 933:currency 910:medieval 829:Sarapion 781:and the 779:Nabataea 775:Sabaeans 748:Periplus 738:Sarapion 732:Sarapion 704:Sarapion 687:Magadoxo 683:Magadazo 669:مقعد شاه 616:and the 546:Banaadir 359:Banaadir 52:Muqdisho 14495:Bahrain 14419:Lebanon 14403:Baghdad 14367:Tunisia 14351:Tripoli 14345:Morocco 14323:Comoros 14312:Somalia 14247:Algeria 14242:Algiers 14149:Yaoundé 14135:Abidjan 14116:Namibia 14094:Tunisia 14078:Tripoli 14061:Morocco 13919:Nairobi 13913:Comoros 13902:Liberia 13891:Somalia 13868:Lobamba 13854:Mbabane 13845:Lesotho 13719:Kampala 13665:Burundi 13591:Senegal 13575:Conakry 13503:Eritrea 13481:Algeria 13476:Algiers 13448:Nigeria 13430:italics 13428:are in 13308:Cuisine 13285:Culture 13206:Society 13187:Tourism 13127:Economy 13016:Cabinet 12957:Khatumo 12841:Regions 12753:Climate 12551:History 12539:Somalia 11709:. AARP. 11572:20 July 11442:6 April 11389:Gool FM 11204:4 April 10902:26 June 10782:Airways 10636:7 March 10306:Reuters 9966:Waamood 9182:6 March 8985:Reuters 8823:1 March 8402:Reuters 8201:Bibcode 8134:14 June 7812:26 June 7778:26 June 7704:27 June 7637:27 June 7610:12 June 7579:27 June 7528:(143). 7466:(138). 6820:6 April 6685:4 April 6646:4 April 6377:6 April 6078:4 April 5358:15 July 5283:15 July 5254:5 March 5225:5 March 5153:(2019). 4987:19 June 4868:Italian 4645:, Qatar 4616:twinned 4539:, model 4481:, model 4340:Amharic 4336:Italian 4268:railway 4262:Railway 4251:Iranian 4243:Chinese 4231:seaport 4183:Berbera 4179:Galkayo 3834:is the 3810:General 3805:Culture 3605:Markets 3523:is the 3516:Palaces 3408:Syrians 3404:Yemenis 3363:Somalis 3338:+120.5% 3313:570,000 3305:+117.4% 3302:500,000 3291:230,000 3280:172,700 3269:171,312 3258:116,222 3247:104,332 3071:finance 2988:Economy 2818:Federal 2556:(16.9) 2482:(61.2) 2477:(61.7) 2472:(61.2) 2467:(63.5) 2462:(64.4) 2457:(64.4) 2452:(62.2) 2447:(64.4) 2442:(65.1) 2437:(64.4) 2432:(66.9) 2427:(66.6) 2422:(66.2) 2412:(75.0) 2407:(74.3) 2402:(75.6) 2397:(75.7) 2392:(74.1) 2387:(73.4) 2382:(73.6) 2377:(74.7) 2372:(76.8) 2367:(78.1) 2362:(76.8) 2357:(74.1) 2352:(73.4) 2342:(80.8) 2337:(80.4) 2332:(81.5) 2327:(81.1) 2322:(79.7) 2317:(78.6) 2312:(77.7) 2307:(80.1) 2302:(82.8) 2297:(84.0) 2292:(82.4) 2287:(80.4) 2282:(79.9) 2272:(86.4) 2267:(87.4) 2262:(87.1) 2257:(86.4) 2252:(84.9) 2247:(83.5) 2242:(83.5) 2237:(85.3) 2232:(88.2) 2227:(90.0) 2222:(87.6) 2217:(86.4) 2212:(86.4) 2197:(99.1) 2187:(98.6) 2182:(96.8) 2177:(96.8) 2172:(93.7) 2167:(91.4) 2162:(94.8) 2152:(99.1) 2042:equator 2028:Climate 2022:bananas 1986:Yaqshid 1978:Wadajir 1934:Daynile 1922:Benadir 1880:Benadir 1718:of the 1514:of the 1212:cannons 1208:muskets 1188:daggers 1129:Malindi 1125:Mombasa 1121:Swahili 1089:Cambaya 1033:eunuchs 962:Berbers 917:Somalia 867:Somalis 837:Barbara 693:History 665:Persian 587:textile 535:Somalia 499:Website 490:average 470:Climate 429:Demonym 365:Founded 347:Somalia 335:Country 65:Xamar ( 14512:Riyadh 14501:Muscat 14490:Manama 14484:Kuwait 14463: 14414:Beirut 14397:Jordan 14318:Moroni 14228:Africa 14130: 14033: 14019: 13941:Niamey 13908:Moroni 13863: 13840:Maseru 13829:Maputo 13818:Malabo 13812:Zambia 13807:Lusaka 13801:Angola 13796:Luanda 13779:Malawi 13746:Rwanda 13741:Kigali 13724:Uganda 13671:Harare 13660:Gitega 13608:Dodoma 13580:Guinea 13542:Bissau 13536:Gambia 13531:Banjul 13520:Bangui 13509:Bamako 13498:Asmara 13370:Portal 13333:Sports 13303:Cinema 13248:Health 13218:Anthem 12944:States 12889:Sanaag 12854:Bakool 12824:Island 12817:Bahaya 12748:Cities 12709:Postal 12662:Piracy 12541: 12454: 12433: 12412: 12391: 12359: 12338: 12317: 12294: 12262: 12241: 12198: 12177: 12156: 12122: 12101: 12058: 12037: 11990: 11967: 11946: 11925: 11904: 11883: 11862: 11841: 11809: 11788: 11756: 11735: 11494:25 May 11164:Sabahi 10792: 10717:Sabahi 10660:Sabahi 10600:Sabahi 10543:Sabahi 10415:Sabahi 9902:UNESCO 9839:UNESCO 9800:UNESCO 9707: 9606:8 June 9580:8 June 8929:Sabahi 8909:6 July 8793:11 May 8767:11 May 8741:11 May 8221: 8158: 8103:25 May 8075: 8035:2 July 7894:4 June 7673:31 May 7493: 7129: 7078: 6997: 6943: 6897: 6851: 6783: 6757: 6710: 6671: 6632: 6609:217389 6607: 6554: 6441: 6402: 6363: 6311: 6254: 6227: 6202: 6064: 6000: 5962: 5923: 5852: 5808: 5781: 5744: 5683:6 June 5669: 5630: 5584: 5574: 5443: 5407: 5333: 5298:69–88. 5173: 5138:6 June 5094:Lexico 5043: 4925:720CE. 4904: 4864:مقديشو 4860:Arabic 4850:حَمَرْ 4846:Wadaad 4826:Wadaad 4818:Somali 4695:Almaty 4669:Medina 4630:Ankara 4618:with: 4487:, poet 4461:K'naan 4332:Somali 4272:Jowhar 4197:, and 4195:Jeddah 4169:, and 4012:. The 3907:(MU). 3888:. The 3882:Gothic 3879:Norman 3839:palace 3746:, the 3724:Jeddah 3660:Hotels 3528:palace 3506:Sicily 3502:Cefalù 3494:Gothic 3491:Norman 3466:mihrab 3452:Muslim 3376:Cadcad 3372:Somali 3327:+93.0% 3316:+14.0% 3294:+33.2% 3272:+47.4% 3261:+11.4% 3250:+39.1% 3239:+19.0% 3236:75,000 3228:+14.5% 3225:63,000 3217:−24.7% 3214:55,000 3203:73,000 3192:72,000 3184:+44.0% 3181:72,000 3170:50,000 3087:Telcom 2945:Uganda 2695:257.3 2692:261.0 2689:266.6 2686:264.0 2683:254.2 2680:226.3 2677:219.0 2674:272.8 2671:261.0 2668:282.1 2665:251.4 2662:266.6 2551:(0.4) 2546:(1.7) 2541:(1.3) 2536:(1.0) 2531:(1.7) 2526:(2.5) 2521:(3.2) 2516:(2.4) 2511:(2.4) 2506:(0.3) 2093:Month 2020:, and 2018:cotton 1992:, and 1974:Waberi 1970:Shibis 1950:Heliwa 1813:, and 1790:Baidoa 1763:Baidoa 1747:AMISOM 1735:sharia 1640:, and 1555:putsch 1518:, and 1429:Jowhar 1421:Janale 1393:Somali 1349:Barawa 1310:Abgaal 1264:, and 1234:Ajuran 1230:Ajuran 1226:Abgaal 1198:, and 1192:spears 1184:swords 1180:Arabic 1137:Hormuz 1117:Barawa 1029:wazirs 1025:Sultan 1017:fabric 966:Syrian 913:Somali 879:Ajuran 859:Barawa 759:Somali 710:, and 685:(alt. 655:words 653:Somali 612:after 484:(2019) 354:Region 344: 278:Arabic 274: 271:مقديشو 231:Arabic 227: 224:مقديشو 184:Arabic 180: 177:مقديشو 73:Arabic 67:Somali 59:Somali 55: 44:Arabic 40: 37:مقديشو 14528:Yemen 14523:Sanaa 14441:Qatar 14430:Syria 14392:Amman 14362:Tunis 14356:Libya 14340:Rabat 14301:Sudan 14258:Egypt 14253:Cairo 14089:Tunis 14083:Libya 14056:Rabat 13996:Praia 13990:Benin 13946:Niger 13924:Kenya 13768:Gabon 13735:Sudan 13586:Dakar 13569:Egypt 13564:Cairo 13459:Ghana 13454:Accra 13443:Abuja 13323:Music 13318:Media 13275:Women 12914:Nugal 12909:Mudug 12894:Hiran 12849:Awdal 12773:Hafun 11649:7 May 11100:(PDF) 11093:(PDF) 10922:Aksam 10481:9 May 9909:(PDF) 9898:(PDF) 9847:(PDF) 9834:(PDF) 9808:(PDF) 9795:(PDF) 9454:(PDF) 9443:(PDF) 9378:(PDF) 9373:: 2. 9363:(PDF) 9303:(PDF) 9290:(PDF) 9234:(PDF) 9227:(PDF) 8291:(PDF) 8280:(PDF) 7964:WIRED 7413:(PDF) 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12239:ISBN 12196:ISBN 12175:ISBN 12154:ISBN 12120:ISBN 12099:ISBN 12056:ISBN 12035:ISBN 11988:ISBN 11965:ISBN 11944:ISBN 11923:ISBN 11902:ISBN 11881:ISBN 11860:ISBN 11839:ISBN 11807:ISBN 11786:ISBN 11754:ISBN 11733:ISBN 11677:2024 11651:2021 11625:2014 11574:2024 11548:2013 11522:2013 11496:2012 11470:2014 11444:2013 11306:2014 11232:2014 11206:2014 11176:2013 11146:2013 11108:2013 11076:2013 11047:2013 11017:2012 10991:2011 10960:2015 10934:2014 10904:2012 10868:link 10854:2013 10827:2013 10790:ISSN 10755:2015 10729:2014 10698:2015 10672:2014 10638:2015 10612:2014 10581:2013 10555:2014 10513:2014 10483:2014 10453:2013 10427:2012 10396:2014 10370:2014 10344:2013 10287:2014 10261:2015 10230:2014 10197:2015 10171:2015 10145:2015 10119:2014 10093:2014 10067:2014 10041:2013 10008:2014 9978:2014 9948:2014 9917:2014 9881:2014 9855:2014 9816:2014 9777:2016 9749:2014 9723:2024 9705:ISBN 9684:2015 9634:2015 9608:2024 9582:2024 9557:2014 9526:2014 9500:2014 9462:2021 9386:2021 9345:2021 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6080:2018 6062:ISBN 6041:2019 6011:2020 5998:ISBN 5978:2017 5960:ISBN 5939:2020 5921:ISBN 5900:2020 5868:2020 5850:ISBN 5806:ISBN 5779:ISBN 5760:2023 5742:ISBN 5685:2023 5667:ISBN 5646:2024 5628:ISBN 5598:2023 5582:ISSN 5572:ISBN 5459:2024 5441:ISBN 5405:ISBN 5360:2017 5331:ISSN 5285:2022 5256:2024 5227:2024 5189:2020 5171:ISBN 5140:2021 5075:2019 5041:ISBN 5019:2020 4989:2024 4959:2017 4920:2024 4902:ISBN 4771:also 4643:Doha 4455:Iman 4342:and 4334:and 4241:and 4225:The 4217:The 4185:and 4146:The 4029:Road 4008:and 3985:The 3959:The 3871:Horn 3772:dean 3708:The 3700:The 3652:and 3640:The 3596:The 3580:The 3572:The 3541:The 3485:The 3471:The 3435:The 3406:and 3400:Arab 3332:2017 3321:1991 3310:1984 3299:1982 3288:1972 3277:1968 3266:1965 3255:1962 3244:1959 3233:1956 3222:1953 3211:1950 3200:1947 3189:1944 3178:1941 3167:1936 3156:Pop. 3152:Year 3077:and 2969:deed 2839:The 2745:8.4 2742:8.3 2739:8.7 2736:8.6 2733:8.8 2730:8.2 2727:7.3 2724:7.3 2721:8.8 2718:8.7 2715:9.1 2712:8.9 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