Somalia - Knowledge

7226: 2753:, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital. In 1991, a multi-phased international conference on Somalia was held in neighbouring Djibouti Owing to the legitimacy bestowed on Muhammad by the Djibouti conference, he was subsequently recognized by the international community as the new President of Somalia. He was not able to exert his authority beyond parts of the capital. Power was instead vied with other faction leaders in the southern half of Somalia and with autonomous sub-national entities in the north. The Djibouti conference was followed by two abortive agreements for national reconciliation and disarmament, which were signed by 15 political stakeholders: an agreement to hold an Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation, and the 1993 Addis Ababa Agreement made at the Conference on National Reconciliation. 4379: 1256: 4466: 7040:) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qu'ranic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is often the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. To address shortcomings in religious instruction, the Somali government on its own part also subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated. 2313: 5046: 3969: 73: 3864: 156: 3895:), an organization of which she was the founder and executive director, trained a group of teens to educate the public on the permanent damage that producing charcoal can create. In 1999, Horn Relief coordinated a peace march in the northeastern Puntland region of Somalia to put an end to the so-called "charcoal wars". As a result of Jibrell's lobbying and education efforts, the Puntland government in 2000 prohibited the exportation of charcoal. The government has also since enforced the ban, which has reportedly led to an 80% drop in exports of the product. Jibrell was awarded the 3595: 2787: 18796: 2420: 4642: 6238: 5818: 4309: 1854: 3037: 2993: 2104: 2045: 2550: 103: 3695: 2240: 6829: 4288: 19819: 4750: 1467:. The source of the cinnamon and other spices is said to have been the best-kept secret of Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the Roman and Greek world; the Romans and Greeks believed the source to have been the Somali peninsula. The collusive agreement among Somali and Arab traders inflated the price of Indian and Chinese cinnamon in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe, and made the cinnamon trade a very profitable revenue generator, especially for the Somali merchants. 17646: 4913: 2673:'s government extended its reach beyond the initial bombings in the north to encompass various regions across the country. This reproduction of aggressive strategies aimed at stifling descent and retaining authority over the populace was a hallmark of the government's repressive actions in the South. One of the most notable instances occurred in 1991, when Barre's regime initiated a ruthless arial assault that led to the deaths of numerous innocent individuals in the town of 19150: 2216: 1715: 5559: 21133: 19734: 19011: 18279: 89: 1167: 19023: 18289: 19124: 19085: 19648: 19622: 7679: 19111: 19661: 19163: 1626: 19744: 19137: 3847:. The first local environmental organizations were Ecoterra Somalia and the Somali Ecological Society, both of which helped promote awareness about ecological concerns and mobilized environmental programs in all governmental sectors as well as in civil society. From 1971 onward, a massive tree-planting campaign on a nationwide scale was introduced by the Siad Barre government to halt the advance of thousands of acres of wind-driven 3171: 19350: 3672:. The nation has a total area of 637,657 square kilometres (246,201 sq mi) of which constitutes land, with 10,320 square kilometres (3,980 sq mi) of water. Somalia's land boundaries extend to about 2,340 kilometres (1,450 mi); 58 kilometres (36 mi) of that is shared with Djibouti, 682 kilometres (424 mi) with Kenya, and 1,626 kilometres (1,010 mi) with Ethiopia. Its maritime claims include 19176: 19674: 19189: 19098: 2863: 19635: 19609: 3990:

sometimes surpass 45 °C (113 °F) in July on the littoral plains and drop below the freezing point during December in the highlands. In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season. Unlike the climates of most other countries at this latitude, conditions in Somalia range from arid in the northeastern and central regions to

7602: 17345: 1832: 19596: 784: 765: 732: 713: 3828: 6281: 5985: 6228: 7439:"The country teems, with 'poets, poetasters, poetitoes, poetaccios': every man has his recognized position in literature as accurately defined as though he had been reviewed in a century of magazines - the fine ear of this people causing them to take the greatest pleasure in harmonious sounds and poetical expressions, whereas a false quantity or a prosaic phrase excite their violent indignation." 1502: 807: 6666: 6852:

Many new healthcare centres, clinics, hospitals and pharmacies have in the process been established through home-grown Somali initiatives. The cost of medical consultations and treatment in these facilities is low, at $ 5.72 per visit in health centres (with a population coverage of 95%), and $ 1.89–3.97 per outpatient visit and $ 7.83–13.95 per bed day in primary through tertiary hospitals.

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matters pertaining to foreign affairs, national defence, citizenship and immigration, and monetary policy. Article 53 also stipulates that the Federal Government shall consult the Federal Member States on major issues related to international agreements, including negotiations vis-a-vis foreign trade, finance and treaties. The Federal Government maintains

5320: 2517:, along with the rich agricultural lands of south-eastern Ethiopia, infrastructure, and strategically important areas as far north as Djibouti. In the first week of the conflict, Somali armed forces took southern and central Ogaden and for most of the war, the Somali army scored continuous victories on the Ethiopian army and followed them as far as 2236:

1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated in political administrative development. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would later cause serious difficulties integrating the two parts.

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7,995 ft) long. There are fifty-five airports with unpaved landing areas. One has a runway of over 3,047 m; four are between 2,438 m and 3,047 m in length; twenty are 1,524 m to 2,437 m; twenty-four are 914 m to 1,523 m; and six are under 914 metres (2,999 ft). Major airports in the nation include the

3784:, which sits at an elevation of about 2,416 metres (7,927 ft). The rugged east–west ranges of the Karkaar Mountains also lie to the interior of the Gulf of Aden littoral. In the central regions, the country's northern mountain ranges give way to shallow plateaus and typically dry watercourses that are referred to locally as the 3751:. With a width of twelve kilometres in the west to as little as two kilometres in the east, the plain is bisected by watercourses that are essentially beds of dry sand except during the rainy seasons. When the rains arrive, the Guban's low bushes and grass clumps transform into lush vegetation. This coastal strip is part of the 2025:. In that year, a British protectorate was declared over part of Somalia, on the African coast opposite South Yemen. Initially, this region was under the control of the Indian Office, and so administered as part of the Indian Empire; in 1898 it was transferred to control by London. In 1889, the protectorate and later colony of 2212:, on the condition first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL)—that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. 1326:, who may have been ancestral to Somalis, established a powerful kingdom that ruled large parts of modern Somalia. They were reputed for their longevity and wealth, and were said to be the "tallest and handsomest of all men". The Macrobians were warrior herders and seafarers. According to Herodotus' account, the 145: 7414:

The Somali community has been a source of many significant poets, writers, and Islamic figures over the years, a considerable proportion of whom have played a pivotal role in influencing and moulding the trajectory of Muslim scholarship and traditions, not just in the Horn of Africa but also reaching

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per 1,000 births also fell from 152 to 109.6. Significantly, maternal mortality per 100,000 births fell from 1,600 in the pre-war 1985–1990 half-decade to 1,100 in the 2000–2005 period. The number of physicians per 100,000 people also rose from 3.4 to 4 over the same time frame, as did the percentage

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Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries. However, primarily as a result of substantial local investment by the Somali diaspora, many of

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level courts. A nine-member Judicial Service Commission appoints any Federal tier member of the judiciary. It also selects and presents potential Constitutional Court judges to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament for approval. If endorsed, the President appoints the candidate as a judge

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During 1990, in the capital city of Mogadishu, the residents were prohibited from gathering publicly in groups greater than three or four. Fuel shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation impacted the economy. A thriving black market existed in the centre of the city as banks experienced shortages

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to local circumstances. Emphasis was placed on the Muslim principles of social progress, equality and justice, which the government argued formed the core of scientific socialism and its own accent on self-sufficiency, public participation and popular control, as well as direct ownership of the means

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allies for control of the region. By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory they had seized, and a search for more permanent democratic institutions began. Despite this, insurgents still control much of central and southern Somalia, and wield influence in government-controlled areas,

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data on the midwifery workforce, there is a total of 429 midwives (including nurse-midwives) in Somalia, with a density of one midwife per 1,000 live births. Eight midwifery institutions presently exist in the country, two of which are private. Midwifery is regulated by the government, and a license

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With a significant improvement in local security, Somali expatriates began returning to the country for investment opportunities. Coupled with modest foreign investment, the inflow of funds have helped the Somali shilling increase considerably in value. By March 2014, the currency had appreciated by

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in the late 1980s, Somalia's long, remote shoreline was used as a dump site for the disposal of toxic waste. The huge waves that battered northern Somalia after the tsunami are believed to have stirred up tons of nuclear and toxic waste that might have been dumped illegally in the country by foreign

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opposed the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia and continued an insurgency against the TFG. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had forced the

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in modern-day India sailed to Mogadishu with cloth and spices, for which they in return received gold, wax and ivory. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants. Mogadishu, the center of a

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consumption were the Somalis, who have the historical distinction of being among the first individuals documented to have enjoyed this stimulating drink. Additionally, Somali merchants played a pivotal role in the global coffee trade, being one of the first to export coffee beans. The unique Somali

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Although healthcare is now largely concentrated in the private sector, the country's public healthcare system is in the process of being rebuilt, and is overseen by the Ministry of Health. The Minister of Health is Qamar Adan Ali. The autonomous Puntland region maintains its own Ministry of Health,

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infection rates on the continent. This is attributed to the Muslim nature of Somali society and adherence of Somalis to Islamic morals. While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults, a 2012 report from UNAIDS says that since 2004, estimates

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Although Somalia has had no central monetary authority for more than 15 years between the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the subsequent re-establishment of the Central Bank of Somalia in 2009, the nation's payment system is fairly advanced primarily due to the widespread existence of private

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notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fuelled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. According to the Central Bank, this inflationary environment is expected to come to an end as soon as the bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces

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that threatened to engulf towns, roads and farm land. By 1988, 265 hectares of a projected 336 hectares had been treated, with 39 range reserve sites and 36 forestry plantation sites established. In 1986, the Wildlife Rescue, Research and Monitoring Centre was established by Ecoterra International,

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Somalia's economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift toward modern industrial techniques. Somalia has the largest population of camels in the world. According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists,

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According to Article 54 of the national constitution, the allocation of powers and resources between the Federal Government and the Federal Republic of Somalia's constituent Federal Member States shall be negotiated and agreed upon by the Federal Government and the Federal Member States, except in

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militia. Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam, the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009. As a truce, in March 2009, the TFG announced that it would re-implement Shari'a as the nation's official judicial system. However, conflict continued in the

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On 29 December 2008, Yusuf announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation as President of Somalia. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had been mandated to do. He also

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Britain included the conditional provision that the Somali residents would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the area. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of

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Gutherz, Xavier; Diaz, Amélie; Ménard, Clément; Bon, François; Douze, Katja; Léa, Vanessa; Lesur, Joséphine; Sordoillet, Dominiqu e (September 2014). "The Hargeisan revisited: Lithic industries from shelter 7 of Laas Geel, Somaliland and the transition between the Middle and Late Stone Age in the

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Somalia's public healthcare system was largely destroyed during the ensuing civil war. As with other previously nationalized sectors, informal providers have filled the vacuum and replaced the former government monopoly over healthcare, with access to facilities witnessing a significant increase.

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In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating that the amount of the deposits could amount to over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000

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held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in Western political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the

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Somalia has a number of local attractions, consisting of historical sites, beaches, waterfalls, mountain ranges and national parks. The tourist industry is regulated by the national Ministry of Tourism. The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland regions maintain their own tourism offices. The Somali

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in the northwest and south. In the northeast, annual rainfall is less than 100 mm (4 in); in the central plateaus, it is about 200 to 300 mm (8 to 12 in). The northwestern and southwestern parts of the nation, however, receive considerably more rain, with an average of 510 to

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that made it difficult to re-establish a national security force, and general indifference on the part of the international community, Yusuf found himself obliged to deploy thousands of troops from Puntland to Mogadishu to sustain the battle against insurgent elements in the southern part of the

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regulations were introduced to prevent export of foreign currency. Although no travel restrictions were placed on foreigners, photographing many locations was banned. During daytime in Mogadishu, the appearance of any government military force was extremely rare. Alleged late-night operations by

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in 525 BC, sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian ruler, who was elected based on his stature and beauty, replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could

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who would later migrate out of Africa likely settled here before their migrations. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to the 4th millennium BCE. The stone

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and parts of the Near East. Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to protect chastity, deter promiscuity, and offer protection from assault. By 2013, UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1- to 14-year-old girls in the

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in the diaspora via money transfer companies. Most are members of the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organization that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA). The largest of the Somali MTOs is

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are products for the domestic market. According to the Central Bank of Somalia, imports of goods total about $ 460 million per year, surpassing aggregate imports prior to the start of the civil war in 1991. Exports, which total about $ 270 million annually, have also surpassed pre-war aggregate

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on the northwestern coast has an afternoon high that averages more than 38 °C (100 °F) from June through September. Nationally, mean daily minimums usually vary from about 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F). The greatest range in climate occurs in northern Somalia, where temperatures

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Sixty-two airports across Somalia accommodate aerial transportation; seven of these have paved runways. Among the latter, four airports have runways of over 3,047 metres (9,997 ft); two are between 2,438 and 3,047 m (7,999 and 9,997 ft) and one is 1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to

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to protect the interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the lucrative commerce between the Red and Mediterranean Seas. However, Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the Somali peninsula, which was free from Roman interference. For centuries, Indian merchants brought large

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winds and irregular rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 30 to 40 °C (86 to 104 °F), except at higher elevations along the eastern seaboard, where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt. In Mogadishu, for instance, average afternoon highs range from 28 to

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was selected as the President of the nation's new Transitional National Government (TNG), an interim administration formed to guide Somalia to its third permanent republican government. The TNG's internal problems led to the replacement of the Prime Minister four times in three years, and the

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from Kenya to liberate British Somaliland and Italian-occupied Ethiopia and conquer Italian Somaliland. By February most of Italian Somaliland was captured and, in March, British Somaliland was retaken from the sea. The forces of the British Empire operating in Somaliland comprised the three

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of Somalia. It suspended operations during the civil war. However, a reconstituted Somali government later began preparations in 2012 for an expected relaunch of the airline, with the first new Somali Airlines aircraft scheduled for delivery by the end of December 2013. According to the

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and calcrete deposits. Somalia evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. Link Natural Resources has a stake in the central region, and Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the 1,161,400 acres

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administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of

4959:'s free trade zone and sea and airport facilities. The Bosaso Airport Company is slated to develop the airport complex to meet international standards, including a new 3,400 m (11,200 ft) runway, main and auxiliary buildings, taxi and apron areas, and security perimeters. 5927:

in Somalia. Rough estimates have been made indicating a rate of urbanization of 4.79% per annum (2005–2010 est.), with many towns quickly growing into cities. Many ethnic minorities have also moved from rural areas to urban centres since the onset of the civil war, particularly to

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According to the Central Bank of Somalia, the country's GDP per capita as of 2012 is $ 226, a slight reduction in real terms from 1990. About 43% of the population lives on less than 1 US dollar a day, with around 24% of those found in urban areas and 54% living in rural areas.

5370:, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city and town in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines ( 5402:. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $ 40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an inter-connectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control. 2572:

continued to rule. In October 1980, the SRSP was disbanded, and the Supreme Revolutionary Council was re-established in its place. By that time, Barre's government had become increasingly unpopular. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship.

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As part of the official "Roadmap for the End of Transition", a political process that provided clear benchmarks leading toward the formation of permanent democratic institutions in Somalia, the Transitional Federal Government's interim mandate ended on 20 August 2012. The

2454:. Kediye officially held the title "Father of the Revolution", and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. 7066: 2374:, was ratified popularly by the people of Somalia under Italian trusteeship, Most of the people from the former Somaliland Protectorate did not participate in the referendum, although only a small number of Somalilanders who participated the referendum voted against the 13762: 12349: 2677:, situated in southern Somalia. The cruelty and magnitude of this atrocity highlighted the degree to which the government was prepared to go to quash any sort of opposition or resistance, displaying a blatant disregard for human rights and the worth of human life. 7352:. Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or the Arabian Peninsula, but it is ultimately recognizable by its unique tunes and styles. Traditional instruments prominently featured in the music of Somalia include the 2290:) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable 6046:

is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the Supreme Revolutionary Council formally introduced it in October 1972. Other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established

4006:, lasts from April to June. This period is characterized by the southwest monsoons, which rejuvenate the pasture land, especially the central plateau, and briefly transform the desert into lush vegetation. From July to September is the second dry season, the 5296:

to provide electricity and gas infrastructure in Somalia. With an initial investment budget of $ 1 billion, the company launched the Somalia Peace Dividend Project, a labour-intensive energy program aimed at facilitating local industrialization initiatives.

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According to the Central Bank of Somalia, as the nation embarks on the path of reconstruction, the economy is expected not only to match its pre-civil war levels, but also to accelerate in growth and development due to Somalia's untapped natural resources.

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country. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.

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manage to draw it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire. The Macrobians were a regional power reputed for their advanced architecture and

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was an official language in Italian Somaliland and during the trusteeship period, but its use significantly diminished following independence. It is now most frequently heard among older generations, government officials, and in educated circles.

2985:. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected 74: 4123:

Somalia is home to around 727 species of birds. Of these, eight are endemic, one has been introduced by humans, and one is rare or accidental. Fourteen species are globally threatened. Birds species found exclusively in the country include the

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Agriculture is the most important economic sector of Somalia. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce. Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings. Other principal exports include

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Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and design. Spanning the country's ancient, medieval and early modern periods, it also embraces the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with contemporary Western designs.

7214:, adding a sweet note to the dish. Also, it is not uncommon for this dish to be presented in a visually appealing manner by incorporating multiple colors, as certain portions may be artificially tinted with shades of yellow or orange using 2980:

Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia,

5644:, the void created by the closure of Somali Airlines has since been filled by various Somali-owned private carriers. Over six of these private airline firms offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including 3945:(UNEP), the waste has resulted in far higher than normal cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding, abdominal haemorrhages and unusual skin infections among many inhabitants of the areas around the northeastern towns of 2639: 14559: 6883:

is required to practice professionally. A live registry is also in place to keep track of licensed midwives. In addition, midwives in the country are officially represented by a local midwives association, with 350 registered members.

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on the Indian Ocean coast — diseases consistent with radiation sickness. UNEP adds that the situation along the Somali coastline poses a very serious environmental hazard not only in Somalia, but also in the eastern Africa sub-region.

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campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the

5164:, which performs generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. In 2010, the nation produced 310 million kWh and consumed 288.3 million kWh of electricity, ranked 170th and 177th, respectively, according to the CIA. 4397:

of the Federal Republic of Somalia. Adopted on 1 August 2012 by a National Constitutional Assembly in Mogadishu, the document was formulated by a committee of specialists chaired by attorney and Speaker of the Federal Parliament,

2813:(TFG), the Transitional National Government's successor. the TFG was the second interim administration aiming to restore national institutions to Somalia after the 1991 collapse of the Siad Barre regime and the ensuing civil war. 141: 18331: 4963:

these small-scale plants have re-opened and newer ones have been created. The latter include fish-canning and meat-processing plants in the northern regions, as well as about 25 factories in the Mogadishu area, which manufacture

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southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the TFG had gone from holding about 70% of south-central Somalia's conflict zones, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.

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in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its rule, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and

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In 1913, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the Somali territories, with only about 100–200 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the few Catholic missions in the

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is a minority religion in Somalia, with adherents representing less than 0.1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research Center. The number of Christians in Somalia is estimated at 1,000 people. There is one

1924:, the third Sultan of the House of Gobroon, started the golden age of the Gobroon Dynasty. His army came out victorious during the Bardheere Jihad, which restored stability in the region and revitalized the East African 5916:. Most local residents are young, with a median age of 17.7 years; about 44% of the population is between the ages of 0–14 years, 52.4% is between the ages of 15–64 years, and only 2.3% is 65 years of age or older. The 143: 6771:

in Mogadishu was severely damaged during the civil war. In December 2013, the Ministry of Justice and Religious Affairs also released a directive prohibiting the celebration of Christian festivities in the country.

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regime. By 1978, the Somali troops were ultimately pushed out of the Ogaden. This shift in support by the Soviet Union motivated the Barre government to seek allies elsewhere. It eventually settled on the Soviets'

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tons. In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in

16295:"Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis by Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, and Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference" 4893:'s traditional dominance over the Gulf Arab livestock and meat market, offering quality animals at very low prices. In response, Gulf Arab states have started to make strategic investments in the country, with 9520: 21990: 19227: 13987: 2546:, which had been courting the Somali government for some time. Somalia's initial friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa. 9697: 11809: 3938:, Progresso — and representatives of the then President of Somalia, the faction leader Ali Mahdi Mohamed, to accept 10 million tonnes of toxic waste in exchange for $ 80 million (then about £60 million). 11727: 1794:

blockade ( and later the Omani interference), used the Somali ports of Merca and Barawa (which were out of the two powers' direct jurisdiction) to conduct their trade in safety and without interference.

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After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up and compete to provide missing infrastructure. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from

2378:, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous 15904: 12930: 11787: 1939:

succeeded him as one of the most important figures in 19th-century East Africa, receiving tribute from Omani governors and creating alliances with important Muslim families on the East African coast.

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implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterized in 1909 as important artifacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West.

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at $ 3.3 billion. In 2001, it was estimated to be $ 4.1 billion. By 2009, the CIA estimated that the GDP had grown to $ 5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%. According to a 2007

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On 1 July 1960, five days after the former British Somaliland protectorate obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, the territory united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the

1664:). During the war, Imam Ahmad pioneered the use of cannons supplied by the Ottoman Empire, which he imported through Zeila and deployed against Abyssinian forces and their Portuguese allies led by 4375:(upper house), whose members are elected to serve four-year terms. The parliament elects the President, Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Speakers. It also has the authority to pass and veto laws. 2745:

Many of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ouster of Barre's regime. In the south, armed factions led by USC commanders General

6895:

autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25% following a social and religious awareness campaign. About 93% of Somalia's male population is also reportedly circumcised.

4693:

In 2004, the gradual process of reconstituting the military was put in motion with the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The Somali Armed Forces are now overseen by the

3879:

trees in the northeastern part of Somalia. These trees, which can live for 500 years, were being cut down to make charcoal which was highly in demand in the Arabian Peninsula, where the region's

22130: 22075: 21985: 15288: 10925:

NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 – 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5

5740:

Somalia lacks reliable population data. The country had an estimated population of around 17.1 million inhabitants in 2021; the total population according to the 1975 census was 3.3 million. A

14551: 7667:

in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures, a practice that would continue throughout the following centuries.

4697:

of the Federal Government of Somalia, formed in mid-2012. In January 2013, the Somali federal government also re-opened the national intelligence service in Mogadishu, renaming the agency the

21963: 5138:

of Somalia. It was founded in 2012 to attract investment from both Somali-owned firms and global companies in order to accelerate the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia.

3852:

with the goal of sensitizing the public to ecological issues. This educational effort led in 1989 to the so-called "Somalia proposal" and a decision by the Somali government to adhere to the

15113: 13967: 12669: 11750:"Somalia: Information on the capture of the town of Belet Uen by the United Somali Congress (USC) at the end of 1990 or early 1991 and on persecution of Darod in Belet Uen by USC soldiers" 2816:

The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was the internationally recognised government of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended. It was established as one of the

21978: 21973: 14451: 12401: 4820:, and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels. 18338: 7474:

in 1972 as the nation's standard orthography, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have received worldwide acclaim. Among these modern authors,

13679: 8360: 941:

to the east. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Somalia has an estimated population of 18.1 million, of which over 2 million live in the capital and largest city,

19220: 13619: 8416: 5489:

Tourism Association (SOMTA) also provides consulting services from within the country on the national tourist industry. As of March 2015, the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife of the

2653:

of Barre's government was gradually eroded, many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist

22115: 20238: 12962: 6964:. About 15% of the government's budget is allocated toward scholastic instruction. The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland macro-regions maintain their own Ministries of Education. 6870:

The number of infants with low birth weight fell from 16 per 1,000 to 0.3, a 15% drop in total over the same time frame. Between 2005 and 2010 as compared to the 1985–1990 period,

4886:

export levels. Somalia has a trade deficit of about $ 190 million per year, but this is exceeded by remittances sent by Somalis in the diaspora, estimated to be about $ 1 billion.

3025:

forces had managed to capture Al-Shabaab's last major stronghold, the southern port of Kismayo. In July 2012, three European Union operations were launched to engage with Somalia:

20268: 17407: 5751:, who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country. They have traditionally been organized into nomadic pastoral clans, loose empires, sultanates and city-states. 14853: 21169: 6848:

had put an end to private medical practice in 1972. Much of the national budget was devoted to military expenditure, leaving few resources for healthcare, among other services.

5432:. The political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports broadsheets publish out of the capital. There are also a number of online media outlets covering local news, including 14398: 14288: 13597: 11757: 21923: 14424: 6859:

actually increased from an average of 47 years for men and women to 48.2 years for men and 51 years for women. Similarly, the number of one-year-olds fully immunized against

4410:

of the Constitutional Court. The five-member Constitutional Court adjudicates issues pertaining to the constitution, in addition to various Federal and sub-national matters.

21928: 21908: 21898: 21362: 19572: 19213: 9015: 6035:) clans in the southern areas of Somalia. Benadiri is the main dialect spoken in the country, in contrast to Northern Somali which is the main dialect spoken in Somaliland. 12496: 21933: 21918: 21913: 21903: 21893: 21383: 20657: 18499: 12904: 12691: 12611: 8538:

Truhart, P. (1984). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present : a biographical reference book. pp.72

10817: 8985: 13296:

Dickinson, E.C. (Ed.)(2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Revised and enlarged third edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

13216: 12556: 14966: 14701: 8865: 8711: 8134: 14318: 3998:

There are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. From December to March is the

19061: 4169:

Somalia's territorial waters are prime fishing grounds for highly migratory marine species, such as tuna. A narrow but productive continental shelf contains several

2294:

ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls.

1229:

region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is dated to 1,000 to 3,000 BCE. Additionally, between the towns of

14771: 13994: 13822: 3064:, the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war, was established in August 2012. In August 2014, the Somali government-led 21397: 16969: 14638: 12125: 8367: 8333: 5493:

announced that it is slated to establish additional game reserves and wildlife ranges. The United States Government recommends travelers to not travel to Somalia.

3815:, but now reaches a point just southwest of Mogadishu. After that, it consists of swamps and dry reaches before finally disappearing in the desert terrain east of 2576:

The regime was weakened further in the 1980s as the Cold War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished. The government became increasingly

680: 12647: 9701: 8839: 8237: 17093: 15824: 15267: 12024: 5213:

The presence or extent of proven oil reserves in Somalia is uncertain. The CIA asserts that as of 2011 there are no proven reserves of oil in the country, while

16841: 14660: 13784: 13463: 9328: 9071: 3883:

tribes believe the acacia to be sacred. However, while being a relatively inexpensive fuel that meets a user's needs, the production of charcoal often leads to

20976: 20595: 12094: 10847: 9428:

The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Stone Age Cultural and Climatic Succession in the Somalilands and Eastern Parts of Abyssinia

5409:

is the principal national public service TV channel. After a twenty-year hiatus, the station was officially re-launched on 4 April 2011. Its radio counterpart

13500: 8635: 3995:

610 mm (20 to 24 in) falling per year. Although the coastal regions are hot and humid throughout the year, the hinterland is typically dry and hot.

972:

In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the

20662: 15912: 14940: 14525: 14079: 12937: 11779: 9783: 5266: 4951:'s Lootah Group, a regional industrial group operating in the Middle East and Africa. According to the agreement, the first phase of the investment is worth 4600: 3715: 3660:

Somalia has the longest coastline on the mainland of Africa, with a seaboard that stretches 3,333 kilometres (2,071 mi). Its terrain consists mainly of

2279: 1614:

in Zeila in 1410, his children escaped to Yemen, before returning in 1415. In the early 15th century, Adal's capital was moved further inland to the town of

4812:

report, the private sector also grew, particularly in the service sector. Unlike the pre-civil war period when most services and the industrial sector were

2946:

blamed the international community for their failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the

21607: 13432: 11992: 7245:

in the local culinary landscape, espicially in the south, showcasing how these dishes have seamlessly integrated into the traditional diet alongside rice.

3021:

between the Somali and Kenyan militaries and multinational forces began against the Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia. By September 2012, Somali, Kenyan, and

2529:, threatening the train route from the latter city to Djibouti. After the siege of Harar, a massive unprecedented Soviet intervention consisting of 20,000 12752: 8288: 2568:

A new constitution was promulgated in 1979 under which elections for a People's Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party

22125: 21162: 13286:. International Livestock Centre for Africa Monograph. Vol. 5. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1, 3, 20–21, 65, 67–68. 12375: 6159: 5810:

living in Italian Somaliland. Most Europeans left after independence, while a small number of Westerners are still present in Somalia mainly working for

3719: 2947: 15226:"Warsaxaafadeed ku saabsan celinta jinsiyaddii labaad ee Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya Mudane @M_Farmaajo.pic.twitter.com/AtMOPKyN3E" 14116: 10777: 5573:

and 19,492 km (12,112 mi) are unpaved. A 750 km (470 mi) highway connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as

1571:

Throughout the Middle Ages, Arab immigrants arrived in Somaliland, a historical experience which would later lead to the legendary stories about Muslim

21958: 20956: 20879: 20797: 20713: 20708: 18324: 16147: 12428:"Opening Annual General Assembly Debate, Secretary-General Urges Member States to Press in Tackling Poverty, Terrorism, Human Rights Abuses, Conflicts" 6729:

law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted.

2934:

Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.

2713: 14595: 13701: 13540: 13343: 12713: 12229: 12155: 9230: 7225: 2692:. It is worth noting that hundreds of thousands of individuals lost their lives as a consequence of governmental strategies specifically aimed at the 21865: 21355: 20915: 20864: 19565: 3114:

is more than 3,333 kilometers in length, the longest of mainland Africa. It has been described as being roughly shaped "like a tilted number seven".

2797:

The Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in April–May 2000 at the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in Arta, Djibouti.

2389:, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military 2275:

in which, according to a British colonial commission, almost all of the territory's ethnic Somalis favored joining the newly formed Somali Republic.

1303:

with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the

14918: 13373: 5762:

Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up the remainder of Somalia's population, and are largely concentrated in the southern regions. They include

2609: 1778:

in the 15th century, with cloth, ambergris and porcelain being the main commodities of the trade. Giraffes, zebras and incense were exported to the

20590: 15106: 14489: 8432: 666: 16947: 13737: 12324: 8919: 2154:

divisions of South African, West African, and East African troops. They were assisted by Somali forces led by Abdulahi Hassan with Somalis of the

20951: 20222: 15724: 13964: 12826: 12673: 12578: 12478: 6911: 5374:) is higher than in neighbouring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include 14459: 12063: 9635:

Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)

5451:. It was officially relaunched on 1 November 2010 by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. 5123:

almost 60% against the U.S. dollar over the previous 12 months. The Somali shilling was the strongest among the 175 global currencies traded by

1560:

dynasties and its realm encompassed the geographical area between the Bab el Mandeb and Cape Guardafui. It was thus flanked to the south by the

21155: 20135: 20060: 13314:

Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, htUetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (e Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database,

12405: 5597: 16557: 13305:

FishBase 2004: a global information system on fishes. DVD. WorldFish Center – Philippine Office, Los Banos, Philippines. Published in May 2004

12203: 11406: 6840:

sector was overseen by the Ministry of Health. Regional medical officials enjoyed some authority, but healthcare was largely centralized. The

20759: 19054: 18490: 15366: 13675: 12259: 4220:

There are roughly 235 species of reptiles. Of these, almost half live in the northern areas. Reptiles endemic to Somalia include the Hughes'

1104: 788: 16999: 15233: 13627: 12298: 8739: 6755:. There were also no known Catholic missions in Italian Somaliland during the same period. In the 1970s, during the reign of Somalia's then 6015:. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the 4308: 2074:

in the early 1920s heralded a change of strategy for Italy, as the north-eastern sultanates were soon to be forced within the boundaries of

2059:

defeated the Italian, British, Abyssinian colonial powers on numerous occasions, most notably, the 1903 victory at Cagaarweyne commanded by

22120: 21348: 20802: 19558: 18869: 17631: 15878:

The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church

15751: 14366: 13260: 12431: 11384: 6915: 818: 15969:, President, the Supreme Revolutionary Council, Somali Democratic Republic, Vol. 3, Ministry of Information and National Guidance, p. 141. 22105: 21056: 20782: 20703: 20698: 12966: 11544: 10221: 10029: 9170: 7479: 6725:

or Sufi orders. The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic

2916:. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country. 2908:

entered Mogadishu with the Ethiopian military support for the first time since being elected to office. The government then relocated to

2301:, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained independence from 1037: 14214: 13844: 10683: 10571: 10532: 10426: 10337: 10295: 8053:"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition" 21938: 21853: 20812: 14741: 11001: 8060: 7927: 6982:, have been scored among the 100 best universities in Africa in spite of the harsh environment, which has been hailed as a triumph for 4596: 4510: 2494:

of production. While the SRSP encouraged private investment on a limited scale, the administration's overall direction was essentially

1283:, are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula. This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with 1041: 645: 16008: 15615: 10877: 1982:

clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of

22110: 20736: 20095: 20065: 14402: 14280: 13589: 11749: 4698: 4604: 3985:

32 °C (82 to 90 °F) in April. Some of the highest mean annual temperatures in the world have been recorded in the country;

3752: 3723: 2967: 1112: 736: 16741: 4816:, there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the 4371:

is the national parliament of Somalia. The bicameral National Legislature consists of the House of the People (lower house) and the

2397:

seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General

2309:, a Somali who had campaigned for a 'yes' vote in the referendum of 1976, eventually became Djibouti's first president (1977–1999). 20392: 20029: 19047: 17452: 17390: 16065: 14428: 11723: 11237:

First report on succession of states in respect of treaties: International Law Commission twenty-sixth session 6 May – 26 July 1974

5217:

suggests that most proven oil reserves in Somalia lie off its northwestern coast, in the Somaliland region. An oil group listed in

2297:

The majority of those who voted 'no' were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by

1346:

is believed to have been domesticated in the Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From there, it spread to

17168:

Lecarme, Jacqueline; Maury, Carole (1987). "A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali".

15986: 13161: 11354: 9007: 4686:. In the post-independence period, it grew to become among the larger militaries on the continent. The subsequent outbreak of the 22070: 20999: 20807: 20518: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20284: 20253: 20198: 18805: 14845: 13928: 12500: 8101: 6217: 6202: 6197: 6182: 6152: 5694: 5641: 4928: 3550: 3524: 3026: 2558: 2439: 1454:

to curb piracy, Arab and Somali merchants agreed with the Romans to bar Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the

1021: 12908: 8673: 20946: 20652: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20188: 15637: 13406: 8981: 8897: 7088:

flavours. This culinary tapestry is a direct result of Somalia's longstanding heritage of vibrant trade and bustling commerce.

4565: 4561: 2904:

peacekeepers and air support by the United States, drove out the ICU and solidified its rule. On 8 January 2007, TFG President

2721: 2371: 2255:(an important Somali grazing area that was presumably protected by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the 2139: 13224: 13132: 12553: 4378: 2708:

In 1991, the Barre administration was ousted by a coalition of clan-based opposition groups, backed by Ethiopia's then-ruling

1743:(specialized for the markets in Egypt, among other places), together with Merca and Barawa, also served as a transit stop for 21178: 20769: 20751: 20615: 20578: 20294: 20193: 19712: 18855: 17326: 17305: 17249: 17220: 17158: 17135: 17081: 16807: 16622: 16515: 16370: 15427: 15167: 12852: 11150: 11093: 10744: 10677: 10604: 10565: 10526: 10486: 10420: 10393: 10289: 10116: 9928: 9889: 9514: 9475: 9436: 9426: 9365: 9322: 8645: 7960: 5908:

Somalia's population is expanding at a growth rate of 1.75% per annum and a birth rate of 40.87 births per 1,000 people. The

5245: m) of oil, compared to the 6.7 billion barrels of proven oil reserves in Sudan. As a result of these developments, the 5057:

of Somalia. In terms of financial management, it is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing

4608: 4486: 2975: 2251:

Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British returned the

2055:

The Dervish movement successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. The

1782:

of China, which established Somali merchants as leaders in the commerce between East Asia and the Horn. Hindu merchants from

1291:

since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient

16268: 14974: 14874: 14709: 11570:

The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World

11468: 11278: 11156: 11099: 9973: 9934: 9895: 9851: 9822: 9481: 9256: 9106: 8958: 8861: 8809: 8703: 8514: 8123: 7987: 3891:. As a way of addressing this problem, Jibrell and the Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (Horn Relief; now 2638: 20981: 20970: 20731: 20034: 18007: 16451: 13567: 12532: 12455: 11933: 11901: 11029: 8130: 7076:

Somali cuisine is an intricate and diverse fusion of a multitude of culinary influences, drawing from the rich tapestry of

6741: 4728: 4526: 3942: 2482: 2150: 1928:. He also had cordial relations and received gifts from the rulers of neighbouring and distant kingdoms such as the Omani, 1576: 1476: 16178:"Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis" 15941: 9140: 8418:

Area Handbook for Somalia: Co-authors: Irving Kaplan [et Al.] Research and Writing Were Completed on June 15, 1969

5569:

Somalia's network of roads is 22,100 km (13,700 mi) long. As of 2000, 2,608 km (1,621 mi) streets are

4405:

The national court structure is organized into three tiers: the Constitutional Court, Federal Government level courts and

2734:

independent and relatively stable compared to the tumultuous south, it has not been recognized by any foreign government.

21371: 21066: 21061: 20792: 20787: 20620: 20161: 20152: 19527: 17763: 17717: 17601: 16125: 15093: 14763: 14344: 13874: 13814: 12117: 7180:. They are considered a delicacy and serve as cherished and fundamental elements in the rich tapestry of Somali cuisine. 7019: 5981:

languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.

5625: 4683: 4580: 4538: 3156: 3146: 3001: 2971: 2756:

In the early 1990s, due to the protracted lack of a permanent central authority, Somalia began to be characterized as a "

2489:

and Islamic tenets. The SRSP was an attempt to reconcile the official state ideology with the official state religion by

2010:) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the 1691:

and their respective ports flourished and had a lucrative foreign commerce with ships sailing to and from Arabia, India,

1255: 1144: 17386: 16977: 14162: 12637: 10814:"Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network" 8776: 6084:

is widely spoken and taught. It used to be an administrative language in the British Somaliland protectorate and due to

4040:

Somalia contains a variety of mammals due to its geographical and climatic diversity. Wildlife still occurring includes

2259:

to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor

22100: 20625: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20128: 18081: 14188: 13507: 12032: 11716:"State-sponsored violence and conflict under Mahamed Siyad Barre: the emergence of path dependent patterns of violence" 8831: 8557: 8446: 8226: 6145: 2625: 769: 320: 20454: 16925: 16760: 15816: 15259: 9504: 8266: 7415:

far into the Arabian Peninsula and other regions around the world. Somalia has also been called by, among others, the

6779:. These mainly consisted of some non-Somali ethnic minority groups in the southern parts of the country, who practice 2067:

to retreat to the coastal region in the early 1900s. The Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower.

21797: 20077: 19532: 18483: 17465: 17275: 17033: 16905: 16868: 16242: 16221: 15803: 15585: 15342: 15309: 15085: 14894: 14652: 14625: 14146: 14022: 13792: 13455: 13119: 12804: 11963: 11848: 11692: 11647: 11598: 11577: 11556: 11521: 11498: 11462: 11438: 11328: 11272: 11211: 11063: 10734: 10717: 10640: 10367: 10331: 10215: 10188: 10041: 9967: 9816: 9312: 9067: 8603: 8508: 8171: 7759: 7692: 6794:

Additionally, according to the Pew Research Center, less than 0.1% of Somalia's population in 2010 were adherents of

4624: 4612: 4554: 2817: 2773: 2589: 2457:

The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural

13011: 9997: 4889:

With the advantage of being located near the Arabian Peninsula, Somali traders have increasingly begun to challenge

3125:

winds and irregular rainfall. Geology suggests the presence of valuable mineral deposits. Somalia is separated from

1917:(Obbia). They continued the tradition of castle-building and seaborne trade established by previous Somali empires. 20961: 20894: 20884: 20820: 20680: 19834: 18816: 18574: 14819: 9775: 9286: 8393: 8030: 7538: 6836:

Until the collapse of the federal government in 1991, the organizational and administrative structure of Somalia's

5902: 4947:, East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara. In 2008, the Puntland government signed a multimillion-dollar deal with 4620: 2897: 2769: 2688:, which earned the nickname 'the city of death' due to the tragic events that unfolded there during the famine and 1707:

group of tall stature who inhabited parts of Somalia, Tchertcher and other areas in the Horn, also erected various

1068: 15555: 14944: 14512: 14083: 13649: 13190: 12177: 8361:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 6074:

is an official national language in Somalia. Around 2 million Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the

22095: 22085: 21036: 20072: 20050: 19785: 17584: 16330: 14310: 12874: 7568: 6941: 5936:. As of 2008, 37.7% of the nation's population live in towns and cities, with the percentage rapidly increasing. 5605: 5589: 5563: 4924: 4485:

are handled by the President as the head of state, the Prime Minister as the head of government, and the federal

3727: 2825: 2810: 2781: 2777: 175: 14048: 11999: 7640:. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall. 5090:) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$ 1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by 4465: 2130:, but little was done to stop it or to liberate occupied Ethiopia. In 1936, Italian Somalia was integrated into 155: 21777: 20889: 20607: 20262: 19522: 19375: 17700: 17563: 16102:

World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-1999. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.

16093:

World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-2004. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.

12766: 11186: 9542:

Brandt, S. A. (1988). "Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia".

8302: 7524: 6879: 5912:

of Somalia is 6.08 children born per woman (2014 estimates), the fourth highest in the world, according to the

5897:. The Somali diaspora is deeply involved in the politics and development of Somalia. The president of Somalia, 5741: 5609: 5429: 4502: 4498: 3934:

copies of contracts signed by two European companies — the Italian Swiss firm, Achair Partners, and an Italian

3731: 2633: 1052: 1029: 717: 20428: 16666:"Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya" 13620:"Russia Digs into Somaliland-Somalia Feud as Envoy Calls for Resumption of Talks – East African Business Week" 9724: 9589: 5127:, rising close to 50 percentage points higher than the next most robust global currency over the same period. 2878:

law. Top UN officials have referred to this brief period as a 'Golden era' in the history of Somali politics.

2119: 2118:

The Italians began local infrastructure projects, including the construction of hospitals, farms and schools.

21113: 20941: 20929: 20672: 20584: 20121: 20024: 18017: 18002: 17958: 17866: 17734: 17553: 16412: 16151: 14106: 13428: 10773: 7553: 7534: 6093: 5444: 5246: 4846:

who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle. The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.

4735:

human rights investigator raised concerns over Somali government's backtracking of human rights commitments.

4694: 4530: 4406: 4368: 3980:, there is not much seasonal variation in its climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with periodic 3875:, a prominent Somali environmental activist, mounted a successful campaign to conserve old-growth forests of 3582: 3577: 3534: 3150: 3121:

lie at varying distances from the Gulf of Aden coast. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic

3061: 3049: 3041: 2471: 2359: 2209: 2179: 1521: 1089: 893: 400: 370: 350: 21299: 18720: 10633:

Chinese Porcelain Marks from Coastal Sites in Kenya: Aspects of Trade in the Indian Ocean, XIV–XIX Centuries

10243:

Nizar Hamzeh, A.; Hrair Dekmejian, R. (2010). "A Sufi Response to Political Islamism: Al-Abāsh of Lebanon".

9192: 6855:

Comparing the 2005–2010 period with the half-decade just prior to the outbreak of the conflict (1985–1990),

4402:. It provides the legal foundation for the existence of the Federal Republic and source of legal authority. 2414: 1241:, the site of numerous cave paintings, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old. 22080: 21028: 20991: 20966: 20777: 20630: 20535: 18476: 18071: 17997: 17953: 17445: 17241: 14585: 14552:"Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered, Kilimanjaro Unleashes Somalia Uranium Exploration Initiative" 14111: 13708: 12727: 9222: 6919: 6886:

According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 97.9% of Somalia's women and girls underwent

6670: 4813: 4809: 4550: 4534: 4518: 4482: 4460: 3911: 2821: 1835: 1602:

In 1332, the Zeila-based King of Adal was slain in a military campaign aimed at halting Abyssinian emperor

874: 869: 859: 14481: 13318: 12688:"SOMALIA: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace" 11085:

The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: From Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope

10150: 5806:

who were brought in from southeastern Africa by Arab and Somali traders. In 1940, there were about 50,000

3580:

is tasked with selecting the ultimate number and boundaries of the autonomous regional states (officially

102: 21004: 20741: 20640: 20511: 19795: 19780: 19757: 18128: 18091: 18086: 18076: 17904: 17746: 17626: 17621: 17594: 17380: 17150: 12875:"International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration" 12762: 12723: 10761:

A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

10360:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

10323:

A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

8298: 8097: 7545: 6991: 6923: 5553: 5343:

and Internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct

5225:, estimates that the Puntland region in the northeast has the potential to produce 5 billion barrels (790 5171: 5151: 5147: 4952: 4773: 4546: 4542: 4522: 4514: 4506: 3900: 3899:

in 2002 for her efforts against environmental degradation and desertification. In 2008, she also won the

3896: 3566: 2925: 2887: 2312: 1334: 1304: 1092:

was formed and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu, despite al-Shabaab frequently carrying out

1064: 17200:, in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), "Banking Systems of Africa", Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp. 209–217. 16711: 16638: 14907: 13365: 12845:"The population of the pre-war regions and districts of Somalia according to estimates and calculations" 5458:

in April of the year, the federal Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications officially reconstituted the

4927:, based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of Somalia's GDP. According to the 22090: 21051: 20856: 20563: 20248: 20243: 20055: 19790: 19770: 19765: 19205: 18192: 17361: 17212: 14684: 13734: 12787:

Ganzglass, Martin R. "The Somali Refugees-Africa's Open Wound Refuses to Heal." Hum. Rts. 8 (1979): 28.

12475: 12320: 8923: 8572:

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p.163

8159: 6775:

According to the Pew Research Center, less than 0.1% of Somalia's population in 2010 were adherents of

5811: 5406: 5015:

bottling plant also opened in the city, with investors hailing from various constituencies in Somalia.

4477:

opening the new terminal of Aden Abdulle International Airport in Mogadishu, Somalia. (25 January 2015)

2986: 2891: 2605: 2410: 2343: 2268: 2126:, attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935, with an aim to colonize it. The invasion was condemned by the 1649: 1630: 1516:

was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of Mecca fleeing prosecution during the first

1025: 845: 600: 16321: 14513:"International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) Orientation Phase Mission Report, Somalia" 12055: 3098:

to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Somalia's terrain consists mainly of

2896:

The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority, and, with the assistance of

1998:) who ruled the Isaaq Sultanate for centuries starting from the 13th century. The last Tolje'lo ruler 21009: 19705: 18145: 18104: 18029: 18024: 17670: 17538: 15873: 14996:

Linard, Catherine; Alegana, Victor A.; Noor, Abdisalan M.; Snow, Robert W.; Tatem, Andrew J. (2010).

14049:"Government of Punt Land State of Somalia, Lootah Investment sign strategic agreements worth Dhs170m" 11142:

Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience: the concise desk reference

9357: 9351: 7487: 7003: 6887: 6823: 6207: 6187: 5344: 5310: 5016: 4797: 4357: 4319: 3963: 3711: 2845: 2601: 2367: 2112: 2056: 1816: 1653: 1100: 22026: 20449: 17230:

Schraeder, Peter J. (2006). "From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism".

12379: 11841:

The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict

6237: 4018:

periods that intervene between the two monsoons (October–November and March–May) are hot and humid.

21848: 21742: 21204: 21046: 20690: 20548: 19747: 18559: 18175: 17348: 17063: 16608: 16501: 16294: 12207: 11413: 6978:

Higher education in Somalia is now largely private. Several universities in the country, including

5593: 5537: 4584: 4444: 4414: 4334: 2717: 2663: 2597: 2363: 2355: 2347: 2108: 20464: 15359: 13012:"The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science" 12582: 12251: 6027:

including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional

21118: 21108: 20846: 19775: 19395: 18155: 18150: 18066: 17963: 17943: 17645: 17513: 17438: 17297: 15758: 15525: 14590: 12282: 10905: 10840:"Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland" 5688: 5653: 5036: 4944: 4777: 4718: 4706: 4702: 4429: 4394: 3006: 2963: 2375: 1906: 1657: 1108: 1081: 985: 796: 694: 653: 617: 522: 292: 245: 108: 15499: 14373: 13252: 12427: 11639: 11380: 5045: 4474: 2802:

administrative body's reported bankruptcy in December 2003. Its mandate ended at the same time.

2521:. By September 1977, Somalia controlled 90% of the Ogaden and captured strategic cities such as 2442:(SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Brigadier General 1055:, the TFG assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed 21737: 21136: 21103: 21014: 20723: 20568: 20504: 20459: 20388: 18061: 17968: 15851: 11719: 11039: 7795: 7432: 7015: 7007: 5966: 5525: 5414: 5273: 5131: 5078: 4855: 4805: 4724: 4588: 3768:

in the northeastern part of the country. Extending from several kilometres west of the city of

3735: 3065: 2829: 2798: 2593: 2443: 2423: 2328: 2260: 2085: 1665: 1488: 1140: 1001: 744: 688: 470: 21147: 19349: 18976: 17316: 17235:

After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States

14793: 11614: 11539: 11308: 11127: 10594: 10205: 10026: 9162: 7268:' and tea 'Shah', stand out due to their preparation method which involves a blend of various 4804:, it is difficult to gauge the size or growth of the economy. For 1994, the CIA estimated the 2138:. On 3 August 1940, Italian troops, including Somali colonial units, crossed from Ethiopia to 1544:

wrote that Muslims were living along the northern Somali seaboard. He also mentioned that the

20869: 20841: 20474: 20019: 18579: 17127: 16797: 16665: 14221: 13848: 10667: 10555: 10516: 10476: 10448:

Joussaume, Roger (1976). "Fouille d'un tumulus à Ganda Hassan Abdi dans les monts du Harar".

10410: 10321: 10279: 7409: 7229:

Somali rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beer) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes

6819: 6807: 6698: 6089: 5783: 5533: 5459: 5425: 5418: 5375: 5161: 5099:, a Somali-owned firm employing more than 2,000 people across 144 countries with branches in 4470: 4448: 4293: 4138: 4061: 3968: 2982: 2905: 2806: 2790: 2490: 2447: 2351: 2306: 2060: 1970:. The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by the first sultan, Sultan 1936: 1921: 1187: 1178:

Somalia was likely one of the first lands to be settled by early humans due to its location.

311: 21340: 18316: 17370: 16012: 14731: 13532: 13335: 12221: 12147: 10993: 8743: 8052: 5210:. The CIA reports that there are 5.663 billion cubic metres of proven natural gas reserves. 4935:

firms also offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including

3569:

was likewise established. In April 2015, a formation conference was also launched for a new

2874:(ICU), assumed control of much of the southern part of the country for 6 months and imposed 2705:

government authorities, however, included "disappearances" of individuals from their homes.

1656:

that invaded the Abyssinian empire. This 16th-century campaign is historically known as the

957:, though the former is the primary language. Somalia has historic and religious ties to the 21859: 21812: 21689: 20836: 20144: 19942: 19737: 19698: 19494: 18260: 18165: 18114: 18012: 17975: 17948: 17654: 17533: 17523: 16677: 15607: 15229: 15225: 14914: 12028: 10869: 9654: 9391: 7919: 7644: 7564: 7512: 6979: 6971: 6953: 6935: 6031:

that do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (

5945: 5909: 5549: 5490: 5399: 5065: 4898: 4765: 4667: 4648: 4616: 4497:

with a number of other central governments in the international community. Among these are

4399: 4390: 4382: 4341: 4298: 4156: 3923: 3111: 3077: 3018: 2930: 2871: 2857: 2848:. However, it was also used as a general term to refer to all three branches collectively. 2841: 2837: 2486: 2320: 1910: 1898: 1843: 1808: 1195: 1136: 1056: 632: 535: 341: 305: 10736:

Suicidal Behavior in Muslim Majority Countries: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

9850:. Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic. p. 295. 9464:

Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (23 November 2004).

7091:

The essential components that form the foundation of Somali dishes encompass staples like

6092:

at many universities across Somalia, and is one of the primary working languages of major

5600:(CACAS), SOMCAA is slated to re-assume control of Somalia's airspace by 31 December 2013. 5462:(Somali Post). In October 2014, the ministry also relaunched postal delivery from abroad. 3863: 2562: 88: 8: 21387: 18837: 18820: 18250: 18235: 18215: 18187: 17992: 17922: 17680: 16173: 15189: 12827:"Somalia Flooding: Population Density with Baseline Population by District (26 Dec 2023)" 10654:

East Africa and Its Invaders: From the Earliest Times to the Death of Seyyid Said in 1856

10503:

East Africa and its invaders: from the earliest times to the death of Seyyid Said in 1856

7596: 7169:

Additionally, a distinctive feature of Somali culinary tradition is the incorporation of

6949: 6768: 6744:, which estimates that there were only about one hundred Catholic practitioners in 2004. 6678: 6660: 6610: 6052: 5992: 5529: 5424:

Additionally, Somalia has several private television and radio networks. Among these are

4679: 4660: 4652: 4636: 4433: 4353: 4277: 4049: 4027: 3927: 3807:. These rivers mainly flow southwards, with the Jubba River entering the Indian Ocean at 3804: 3777: 3684: 3619: 3022: 2746: 2581: 2419: 2394: 2195: 2183: 2135: 2131: 2022: 1971: 1622:, the eldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II, established a new base after his return from Yemen. 1611: 1319: 1250: 1045: 604: 283: 16681: 16061: 15982: 10133: 9658: 9506:

The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics

9395: 9037: 7655:. This stimulated a shift in construction from dry stone and other related materials to 7130:

The culinary landscape of Somali cuisine also boasts an impressive assortment of hearty

4955:

170 m and will see a set of new companies established to operate, manage and build

4097: 3642:, the country occupies the tip of a region that, due to its resemblance on the map to a 1509:

extending from China to southern Europe, Arabia, Somalia, Egypt, Persia, India, and Java

1342:

wealth, which was so plentiful that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains. The

21614: 21087: 21040: 20302: 19907: 18207: 18109: 18049: 17938: 17675: 17548: 17543: 17528: 17473: 17375: 17185: 17110: 16531: 16322: 15846: 15064: 15024: 14997: 13165: 13073: 13038: 12757: 11632: 11358: 10382: 10260: 9744: 9678: 9611: 9559: 8426: 8293: 7697: 7234: 7049: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6961: 6875:

of the population with access to sanitation services, which increased from 18% to 26%.

6749: 6212: 6192: 5962: 5957:

are the official languages of Somalia. The Somali language is the mother tongue of the

5913: 5803: 5775: 5471: 5387: 5289: 5262:(470,002 ha) Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which includes uranium exploration. 4744: 4361: 4349: 4237: 4162: 3904: 3856:(CITES), which established for the first time a worldwide ban on the trade of elephant 3688: 3673: 3655: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3030: 2554: 2205: 2201: 2089: 2048: 2038: 1914: 1847: 1839: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1644:

Adal's headquarters were again relocated the following century, this time southward to

1607: 1161: 1093: 1009: 1005: 587: 574: 548: 20398: 19550: 18468: 13921: 8089: 4641: 1652:(Ahmad "Gurey" or "Gran"; both meaning "the left-handed") and his closest top general 20874: 20573: 19022: 18595: 18288: 18255: 18225: 18170: 18140: 17690: 17322: 17301: 17271: 17245: 17216: 17154: 17131: 17077: 17067: 17029: 16901: 16864: 16803: 16693: 16618: 16511: 16345: 16329:; Seyed-Javad Tabatabaei; Arash Alaei; Amir Farahbood; Mohammad-Reza Masjedi (2007). 16238: 16217: 15799: 15338: 15305: 15068: 15060: 15029: 14890: 14621: 14142: 13115: 13078: 13060: 12290: 11959: 11844: 11663: 11643: 11594: 11573: 11552: 11517: 11494: 11458: 11434: 11324: 11268: 11207: 11177: 11146: 11089: 11059: 10740: 10713: 10673: 10636: 10600: 10561: 10522: 10482: 10416: 10389: 10363: 10327: 10285: 10264: 10211: 10184: 10112: 10037: 9963: 9924: 9885: 9812: 9748: 9670: 9645:

Diamond, J; Bellwood, P (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions".

9567: 9510: 9471: 9432: 9407: 9361: 9318: 9110: 8699: 8677: 8641: 8599: 8553: 8504: 8186: 8167: 7956: 7507: 7420: 7364: 6957: 6945: 6105: 5817: 5160:

is now in large part supplied by local businesses. Among these domestic firms is the

5024: 4132: 3991: 3840: 3607: 3570: 3565:

in the far south is a fourth autonomous region within the federation. In 2014, a new

3134: 3091: 2786: 2750: 2741:

Prior to the civil war, Mogadishu was known as the "White pearl of the Indian Ocean".

2506: 2338:, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by 2287: 2127: 2034: 2018: 1565: 1455: 1418: 1398: 1358: 483: 444: 385: 335: 124: 20469: 17354:

Link to >100 maps of all Somali Regions, Districts and neighborhoods of Mogadishu

16612: 16505: 15967:

My country and my people: the collected speeches of Major-General Mohamed Siad Barre

15645: 12252:"Somalia Mourns a 'Golden Era' as Crisis Worsens | Africa Faith and Justice Network" 10596:

The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean world of the Seventeenth Century /c R.J. Barendse

9682: 8951:"Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'" 6986:

initiatives. Other universities also offering higher education in the south include

3594: 2390: 22065: 20553: 20408: 20258: 20244:

Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries

19385: 18282: 18245: 18240: 18197: 17589: 17576: 17508: 17498: 17421: 17285: 17189: 17177: 17102: 16685: 16477: 16388: 16189: 15983:"Entrepreneurship and Statelessness: A Natural Experiment in the Making in Somalia" 15176: 15056: 15019: 15009: 14998:"A high resolution spatial population database of Somalia for disease risk mapping" 13396: 13136: 13068: 13050: 10457: 10252: 9736: 9662: 9603: 9585: 9551: 9399: 8887: 7718: 7349: 7339: 7183: 7127:, and coriander are frequently utilized to infuse dishes with tantalizing flavors. 7023: 7011: 6871: 6788: 6628: 6116: 6112: 6097: 6081: 6064: 6056: 5802:. The Bantus, the largest ethnic minority group in Somalia, are the descendants of 5763: 5752: 5744:

survey conducted in 2013 and 2014 estimated the total population to be 12,316,895.

5663:. Maritime transport facilities are found in the port cities of Mogadishu, Bosaso, 5395: 5314: 4801: 4687: 4675: 4440: 4314: 4221: 4150: 3915: 3542: 2701: 2689: 2643: 2621: 2585: 2577: 2533:

forces and several thousand Soviet experts came to the aid of Ethiopia's communist

2451: 2123: 2103: 2044: 2030: 1983: 1882: 1862: 1853: 1804: 1791: 1764: 1719: 1692: 1672: 1580: 1496: 1484: 1288: 1116: 1033: 981: 973: 851: 496: 326: 19039: 15935:"Refugees Vol. 3, No. 128, 2002 UNHCR Publication Refugees about the Somali Bantu" 15706: 15419: 15164: 15047:

Zeid, Alaa Abou; Cochran, James J. (2014). "Understanding the crisis in Somalia".

12844: 12170: 10710:

The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations

9555: 8059:. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 6042:

have been used over the years for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the

2584:, encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across the country, eventually leading to the 2549: 1447: 21747: 19803: 19015: 18924: 18511: 18182: 18160: 18096: 17856: 17841: 17685: 17518: 17402: 17365: 17073: 16416: 16326: 16194: 16177: 15171: 15089: 14688: 14166: 13971: 13902: 13741: 13322: 12560: 12482: 12459: 11548: 11452: 11262: 11190: 11140: 11083: 11053: 10964: 10178: 10106: 10033: 9957: 9918: 9879: 9845: 9806: 9465: 9403: 9252: 8950: 8801: 8498: 8191: 8010: 7981: 7950: 7821: 7813: 7786: 7769: 7471: 7370:

in the background. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between

7154:

that is savoured not only in Somalia but also in its neighbouring countries like

7104: 7085: 6856: 6554: 6549: 6418: 6384: 6300: 6109: 6071: 6060: 6048: 6043: 6008: 6004: 5954: 5950: 5807: 5795: 5756: 5676: 5645: 5632: 5613: 5509: 5410: 5391: 5379: 5363: 5324: 5222: 5115: 5058: 5040: 4936: 4917: 4817: 4372: 4214: 4206: 4126: 4117: 4089: 4002:, the harshest dry season of the year. The main rainy season, referred to as the 3972:

Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Somalia 1991–2020

3888: 3396: 3306: 3036: 2650: 2518: 2514: 2335: 2191: 2187: 2167: 2088:

on 15 December 1923, things began to change for that part of Somaliland known as

2080: 2026: 2003: 1991: 1890: 1756: 1410: 1390: 1327: 1179: 1120: 1013: 950: 829: 561: 213: 94: 50: 36: 17091:

Alpers, Edward A. (1976). "Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800".

16455: 13563: 13014:. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center 12522: 12452: 11923: 11891: 8550:

Geopolítica de lo Desconocido: Una visión diferente de la Política Internacional

7571:

took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World

3694: 2505:

broke out after Barre's government used a plea for national unity to justify an

2239: 21817: 20558: 20543: 20307: 20100: 18961: 18945: 18292: 18230: 17846: 17836: 17816: 17751: 17571: 17503: 16689: 16209: 15934: 12718: 9132: 8211: 7782: 7684: 7537:

was hosted in Mogadishu from 15 to 23 December December 1981, during which the

7516: 7475: 7292: 7081: 7070: 7060: 6891: 6572: 6350: 6120: 6039: 5970: 5838: 5799: 5791: 5621: 5355:

activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

5135: 5124: 5020: 4821: 4780:, despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal 4761: 4757: 4572: 4101: 3872: 3854:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

3800: 3765: 3680: 3342: 3288: 3234: 2720:

and northern clans' elders, the northern former British portion of the country

2629: 2339: 2170:

began to decline after World War II, with fewer than 10,000 remaining in 1960.

2149:

A British force, including troops from several African countries, launched the

2064: 1951: 1886: 1744: 1731: 1638: 1619: 1553: 1545: 1492: 1480: 1464: 1402: 1312: 1124: 1059:(ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups, including the 997: 993: 977: 918: 509: 457: 263: 16121: 14340: 13870: 13676:"AMISOM offers IHL training to senior officials of the Somali National Forces" 10899: 10256: 9998:

The Geography of Herodotus: Illustrated from Modern Researches and Discoveries

9740: 7515:

is the most popular sport in Somalia. Important domestic competitions are the

6944:

is officially responsible for education in Somalia, and oversees the nation's

6227: 22059: 22041: 22028: 21802: 21497: 21249: 20527: 20418: 19027: 18635: 18454: 18430: 17786: 17412: 17397: 17294:

Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World

17289: 16697: 16582: 13064: 12294: 10014:

The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work

9594: 9411: 8768: 7637: 7303: 7299: 7276: 6828: 6776: 6334: 6316: 6280: 6124: 6085: 6012: 5978: 5974: 5958: 5830: 5826: 5771: 5748: 5659:

Possessing the longest coastline on the continent, Somalia has several major

5649: 5513: 5455: 5437: 5433: 5359: 5257:

deposits, as well as 0–150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in

5091: 5069: 4972: 4968: 4940: 4829: 4793: 4749: 4345: 4331: 4287: 4198: 4190: 3884: 3748: 3631: 3554: 3504: 3443: 3216: 3118: 2909: 2901: 2543: 2475: 2370:(later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a 2298: 2256: 1987: 1947: 1894: 1696: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1284: 1280: 1222: 1132: 1032:

in the north of the country. The SRC collapsed in 1991 with the onset of the

946: 886: 239: 190: 177: 19818: 18303: 16429: 15335:

Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages

14192: 13055: 10461: 9666: 8622:

The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East

8450: 8206: 4912: 3610:

and Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. The country borders

2481:

In July 1976, Barre's SRC disbanded itself and established in its place the

2208:, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland as the 2033:

through various treaties signed with a number of chiefs and sultans; Sultan

1990:

wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total, starting with Boqor Harun (

21674: 21634: 21624: 21447: 21309: 21194: 19917: 19469: 19329: 19237: 19155: 18745: 18735: 18539: 18348: 17791: 17739: 17493: 16921: 16349: 16331:"Religious and cultural traits in HIV/AIDS epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa" 15355: 15033: 15014: 13082: 12642: 12378:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 May 2009. Archived from 11454:

Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century

11264:

Domestic political institutions and the evolution of international conflict

10774:"Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa | Somalidiasporanews.com" 9674: 9571: 8262: 7560: 7307: 7077: 6864: 6784: 6752: 6732: 6436: 6078:, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. 5988: 5924: 5894: 5779: 5767: 5636: 5570: 5340: 5054: 5008: 4902: 4894: 4838:), which he suggests provides a stable environment to conduct business in. 4825: 4494: 4144: 3935: 3603: 3414: 3087: 2959: 2938: 2757: 1902: 1878: 1866: 1767:

brought their Indian textile and fruit to the Somali coast in exchange for

1723: 1700: 1603: 1422: 1300: 1292: 1260: 938: 934: 418: 228: 15577: 15082: 14026: 13946: 12800: 11688: 5068:

is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling.

4571:

Somalia is also a member of many international organizations, such as the

4014:, which is the shortest rainy season, lasts from October to December. The 21807: 21522: 21412: 21254: 20090: 19999: 19721: 19582: 18919: 18750: 18640: 17884: 17821: 17353: 15107:"Population Estimation Survey 2014 for the 18 pre-war regions of Somalia" 9278: 7520: 7288: 6983: 6737: 6686: 6588: 5889:, as well on the Arabian peninsula, and several African nations, such as 5878: 5858: 5336: 5207: 5157: 4976: 4753: 4671: 4592: 4576: 4182: 4109: 3844: 3796: 3699: 3679:

Somalia has several islands and archipelagos on its coast, including the

3450: 2833: 2467: 2431: 2427: 2346:

with other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with

2324: 2291: 2227:

in 1958 during the Duke & Duchess of Gloucester's visit to Somaliland

2159: 2093: 1959: 1946:, the Isaaq Sultanate was established in 1750. The Isaaq Sultanate was a 1925: 1787: 1779: 1370: 1330: 1238: 1199: 1128: 966: 394: 379: 356: 259: 19235: 13217:"Conservation Heroes Honored by National Geographic, Buffett Foundation" 8389: 8026: 7549: 7486:

is another notable Somali author who is famous for his novel set in the

7272:

meticulously selected to enhance their rich and complex flavor profile.

5558: 2470:

in February, 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the

2215: 2084:") according to the plan of Fascist Italy. With the arrival of Governor 1714: 21684: 21654: 21582: 21572: 21542: 21532: 21487: 21437: 21427: 21279: 21234: 21199: 21082: 20113: 19892: 19808: 19516: 19489: 19369: 19323: 19312: 19307: 19297: 18826: 18730: 18695: 18680: 18665: 18620: 18554: 18404: 18394: 18389: 18379: 18220: 17894: 17826: 17727: 17705: 17558: 17181: 15547: 14823: 14452:"Soma Oil & Gas May Invest $ 20 Million to Survey War-Torn Somalia" 13653: 13194: 12181: 10174: 9615: 8415:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1969).

7579:. Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in 7530: 7457: 7381: 7199: 6845: 6837: 6764: 6760: 6694: 6520: 6486: 6266: 6075: 6055:. Indigenous writing systems developed in the 20th century include the 5517: 5348: 5096: 4789: 4174: 4105: 3931: 3832: 3643: 3639: 3546: 3468: 3461: 3299: 3126: 3000:

With the help of a small team of African Union troops, the TFG began a

2875: 2725: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2502: 2463: 2398: 2379: 2272: 2163: 1963: 1943: 1858: 1596: 1323: 1308: 1230: 1166: 1085: 1017: 958: 431: 288: 19284: 18903: 18446: 17114: 16823: 16353: 13039:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 12882: 11993:"Harbinger of a New World Order? Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia" 9563: 7302:

is well-loved in Somalia and is commonly served together with Somali '

5454:

In November 2013, following a Memorandum of Understanding signed with

4901:

purchasing large farmlands. Somalia is also a major world supplier of

3811:. The Shabele River at one time apparently used to enter the sea near 1954:

during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territories of the

1648:. From this new capital, Adal organised an effective army led by Imam 1217:

in northwestern Somalia dates back approximately 5,000 years, and has

21507: 20402: 19983: 19539: 19479: 19474: 19409: 19302: 18685: 18384: 17796: 17722: 17488: 16254:

Goldenstein, Rachel. "Female Genital Cutting: Nursing Implications".

14052: 13988:"Expanding Investment Finance in Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands" 13429:"President's inauguration marks 'new era' for Somalia, says UN envoy" 13025:

The world trade in sharks: a compendium of Traffic's regional studies

12565: 11514:

The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac

11138: 9223:"Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) | What is the Non-Aligned Movement?" 8802:"Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'" 7664: 7656: 7629: 7610: 7584: 7572: 7483: 7207: 7195: 7151: 7135: 6841: 6706: 6499: 6465: 6250: 6232: 6032: 5929: 5920:

is roughly balanced, with proportionally about as many men as women.

5917: 5874: 5834: 5505: 5497: 5481: 5258: 5073:

the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.

5012: 4992: 4984: 4890: 4785: 3926:

followed up these revelations by presenting before the press and the

3914:, there have also emerged allegations that after the outbreak of the 3848: 3781: 3761: 3755: 3335: 3270: 2693: 2569: 2526: 2495: 2316: 2244: 2011: 1711:. These masons are believed to have been ancestral to ethnic Somalis. 1680: 1541: 1506: 1406: 1276: 1226: 1210: 1203: 1191: 1171: 942: 169: 16712:"Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي" 13922:"Better Off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse" 11978:, Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p.327. 11756:. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 November 1992. 10557:

The Return of Cosmopolitan Capital: Globalization, the State and War

9607: 6787:, these religious traditions were inherited from their ancestors in 5339:

and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable

4709:

regional governments maintain their own security and police forces.

2828:(TFP). The Transitional Federal Government officially comprised the 1625: 1397:

developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from

21757: 21649: 21602: 21562: 21557: 21472: 21457: 21219: 19857: 19653: 19627: 19484: 19459: 19444: 19439: 19339: 19256: 19129: 19090: 18785: 18760: 18610: 18605: 18584: 18549: 18534: 18409: 18369: 17899: 17889: 17874: 17851: 17781: 17710: 17430: 17425: 17106: 16048:

UNDP (2001). Human Development Report 2001-Somalia. New York: UNDP.

15940:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 September 2002. 14820:"South West State to renovate Government Hotels to Attract Tourism" 14736: 13401: 12527: 12463: 11928: 11896: 11334: 11181: 9752: 8892: 8596:

The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy

7777: 7660: 7632:

monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of

7576: 7371: 7345: 7124: 7029: 6803: 6799: 6567: 6447: 6402: 6295: 6255: 6242: 5898: 5521: 5501: 5383: 5358:

After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as

5293: 5285: 5277: 5276:

based in Mogadishu. It unites five major Somali companies from the

5254: 5183: 4996: 4866: 4800:. Owing to a dearth of formal government statistics and the recent 4337: 4253: 4233: 4170: 4113: 4093: 3669: 3611: 3562: 3558: 3538: 3515: 3407: 3360: 3324: 3281: 3107: 3083: 2992: 2659: 2539: 2458: 2386: 2283: 2224: 2097: 1975: 1967: 1929: 1735: 1414: 1394: 1264: 1218: 1214: 1060: 926: 922: 881: 833: 67: 17201: 16409: 13755:"Somalia Re-Opens its National Intelligence & Security Agency" 13315: 12376:"USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia" 10478:

Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays

7643:

The adoption of Islam in Somalia's early medieval history brought

7344:

Somalia has a rich musical heritage centred on traditional Somali

3170: 2862: 2604:(SPM), together with the non-violent political oppositions of the 2263:

in exchange for his help against possible advances by the French.

1978:

clan. According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the

21664: 21629: 21592: 21577: 21547: 21467: 21432: 21422: 21417: 21329: 21304: 21294: 21284: 21264: 21229: 21214: 19973: 19963: 19937: 19897: 19882: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19449: 19364: 19277: 19266: 19251: 19116: 19071: 18992: 18971: 18940: 18898: 18770: 18725: 18710: 18700: 18690: 18655: 18650: 18600: 18569: 18544: 18519: 18438: 18364: 18356: 17879: 16664:

Guliye, A.Y.; Noor, I.M.; Bebe, B.O.; Kosgey, I.S. (March 2007).

16558:"Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends" 15245: 13456:"Somalia successfully concludes first elections in over 20 years" 12931:"The Federal Republic of Somalia – Harmonized Draft Constitution" 11843:. Bloomsbury Academic (published 29 December 2022). p. 121. 9200: 8617: 8615: 8329: 7621: 7606: 7601: 7495: 7464: 7391: 7326: 7311: 7242: 7215: 7159: 7147: 7112: 6860: 6795: 6780: 6756: 6721: 6515: 6481: 6413: 6345: 6329: 6285: 6028: 6016: 6000: 5961:, the nation's most populous ethnic group. It is a member of the 5933: 5882: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5617: 5578: 5367: 5281: 5195: 5179: 4980: 4932: 4878: 4781: 4645: 4257: 4081: 4069: 4065: 4041: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3950: 3880: 3808: 3773: 3741:

In the north, a scrub-covered, semi-desert plain referred as the

3661: 3635: 3497: 3479: 3263: 3167:), which in turn are subdivided into districts. The regions are: 3130: 3122: 3099: 2385:

On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of

2143: 2071: 1775: 1752: 1748: 1708: 1704: 1362: 1351: 1272: 962: 276: 271: 20496: 14639:

After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station

14586:"Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy" 14583: 13253:"Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste washed ashore by tsunami" 11450: 9776:"UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites" 8090:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Somalia)" 3788:. The Ogo's western plateau, in turn, gradually merges into the 3561:

is another regional entity that emerged just south of Puntland.

3068:

was launched against insurgent-held pockets in the countryside.

2037:

first sent a request to Italy in late December 1888 to make his

1831: 1442:

is a fast, ancient Somali single or double-masted maritime ship.

1040:(TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the 21752: 21679: 21669: 21537: 21527: 21502: 21492: 21452: 21244: 21177: 19968: 19877: 19872: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19271: 19142: 18795: 18780: 18775: 18715: 18670: 18630: 18524: 18503: 18414: 17811: 17776: 17416: 15360:"The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List" 9959:

Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology

9463: 7652: 7648: 7633: 7461: 7416: 7321: 7265: 7260: 7252: 7211: 7187: 7155: 7139: 6910:

Some of the prominent healthcare facilities in the country are

6726: 6715: 6702: 6682: 6583: 6538: 6533: 6504: 6431: 6379: 6363: 6271: 5984: 5890: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5582: 5574: 5270: 5218: 5214: 5199: 5191: 5167: 5100: 5086: 5000: 4956: 4870: 4418: 4057: 4053: 3876: 3827: 3769: 3486: 3425: 3389: 3378: 3353: 3317: 3245: 3227: 3209: 3010: 2996:

Political and military situation in Somalia as of December 2023

2913: 2685: 2522: 2510: 2302: 2041:

an Italian protectorate before later signing a treaty in 1889.

1798: 1760: 1684: 1615: 1592: 1572: 1537: 1517: 1460: 1386: 1374: 1234: 1190:-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing 989: 954: 914: 218: 22131:

Countries and territories where Somali is an official language

22076:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

19690: 16861:

Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa)

16614:

Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa)

16507:

Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa)

12638:"Kenyan troops launch beach assault on Somali city of Kismayo" 12610:. International Crisis Group. 15 February 2012. Archived from 11629: 10901:

Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787

9467:

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition

9008:"LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 8612: 7478:

is the most renowned, receiving, among other honors, the 1998

4177:

species. Fish species found exclusively in the nation include

1012:. In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent 21710: 21694: 21644: 21619: 21587: 21552: 21482: 21477: 21442: 21370: 21319: 21289: 21269: 21259: 21239: 21224: 21189: 20899: 20432: 20422: 20412: 19978: 19947: 19932: 19927: 19912: 19887: 19862: 19679: 19601: 19499: 19464: 19404: 19334: 19292: 19261: 19194: 19181: 19103: 18966: 18755: 18705: 18660: 18645: 18625: 18615: 18589: 18529: 18374: 18346: 17831: 17771: 17695: 17314: 16719: 16642: 14425:"OPEC: World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1960–2011" 13952: 13815:"UN Expert: Somalia Backtracking on Human Rights Commitments" 12670:"Analysis of EUCAP Nestor by the Global Governance Institute" 12350:"Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term" 7733: 7428: 7367: 7360: 7295: 7284: 7283:', is a smooth jelly-like treat that is made with a blend of 7280: 7269: 7256: 7238: 7219: 7191: 7170: 7163: 7143: 7120: 7116: 7096: 6690: 6665: 6470: 6397: 6368: 6311: 6024: 6020: 5886: 5787: 5672: 5332: 5178:

Somalia has reserves of several natural resources, including

5104: 4964: 4948: 4906: 4882: 4874: 4568:

based in the capital Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.

4249: 4085: 3946: 3892: 3857: 3853: 3816: 3812: 3743: 3665: 3371: 3252: 3198: 3103: 3095: 2232: 2220: 2204:

and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the

2155: 1999: 1979: 1955: 1783: 1768: 1688: 1676: 1645: 1588: 1584: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1439: 1427: 1382: 1378: 1366: 1347: 1343: 1315:, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati. 1296: 1103:

in the world, as evidenced by its ranking in metrics such as

1073: 1000:

Empires, who merged all of these tribal territories into two

930: 21384:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

17358: 16300:. Center for International Development at Harvard University 16150:. World Health Organization. 9 December 2010. Archived from 16011:. World Health Organization. 6 December 2010. Archived from 15112:. United Nations Population Fund. October 2014. p. 22. 14681: 13900: 13501:"The Federal Republic of Somalia – Provisional Constitution" 12497:"UN boss urges support for Somalia ahead of Istanbul summit" 11541:

The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy

11139:

Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (26 November 2003).

9503:

Petraglia, Michael D.; Rose, Jeffrey I. (27 November 2009).

6967: 5476: 5110: 4690:

in 1991 led to the disbandment of the Somali National Army.

4413:

Somali law draws from a mixture of three different systems:

4032: 2737: 1425:. They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the 21659: 21597: 21567: 21517: 21512: 21462: 21324: 21274: 21209: 20489:‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement 19902: 19867: 19640: 19614: 19454: 19419: 19414: 18765: 18675: 18564: 17980: 17806: 17801: 16842:"Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf" 16111:

UNDP (2006). Human Development Report 2006. New York: UNDP.

14653:"Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia" 14520: 14399:"Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC" 13162:"International Women's Day – 8 March 2006 – Fatima Jibrell" 12672:. Global Governance Institute. 26 July 2012. Archived from 10242: 8447:"Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide" 7751: 7742: 7739: 7724: 7453: 7424: 7356: 7203: 7177: 7173: 7131: 7108: 7100: 7092: 7065: 6867:, it grew nearly 20% from 31% to 50% over the same period. 6452: 5352: 5203: 5004: 4988: 4862: 4834: 4422: 4077: 4073: 4045: 3789: 3432: 2709: 2654: 2534: 2530: 2252: 1870: 1634: 1451: 1339: 16009:"Estimates of Unit Costs for Patient Services for Somalia" 14702:"International mail services officially resume in Somalia" 11617:. The areas concerned amount to about a third of Ethiopia. 8740:"Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest" 8162:(2003) , Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), 7448: 5319: 4828:

attributes this increased economic activity to the Somali

2092:. The last piece of land acquired by Italy in Somalia was 20269:"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries 15796:

Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society

14025:. Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Archived from 13904:

The British Chambers of Commerce Guide to African Markets

13284:

The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review

13036: 11867:. Horn of Africa Information Committee. 1989. p. 37. 11810:"One in four people in Somalia have now fled their homes" 10412:

A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497–1499

10281:

Bradt Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia

10183:. Lawrencewill, NJ: The Red Sea Press. pp. 102–106. 8534: 8532: 7580: 7353: 7248: 6899: 6709:

sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local

5759:, as many of the best educated Somalis left the country. 5448: 5187: 5064:

Owing to a lack of confidence in the local currency, the

2404: 2200:

Following World War II, Britain retained control of both

898: 22116:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

16607: 16500: 14549: 13342:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. 12963:"Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution" 12228:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. 12154:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2014. 8368:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

8334:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

6863:

rose from 30% in 1985–1990 to 40% in 2000–2005, and for

1606:'s march toward the city. When the last Sultan of Ifat, 1434: 19580: 18498: 17094:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

15522:"Puntland State University | PSU is an Agent of Change" 15136: 15134: 14618:

After war: the political economy of exporting democracy

14281:"The curious tale of the world-beating Somali shilling" 9955: 8982:"Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?" 8704:"Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier" 8593: 7306:'. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using 7259:, are also really popular. Among the early adopters of 6907:

as does the Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.

4732: 3646:' horn, is commonly referred to as the Horn of Africa. 17147:

Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience

16639:"Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com" 16419:. Health.puntlandgovt.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011. 15521: 15190:"The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture – People" 13735:

The Warrior Tradition and Development of a Modern Army

13098:, Vol. 159, National Geographic Society, 1981, p. 765. 12025:"Somalia: Some key actors in the transitional process" 11877:

Columbia University, School of International Affairs,

9956:

Abdel Monem A. H. Sayed (2003). Zahi A. Hawass (ed.).

9725:"The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland" 8529: 6673:

in Mogadishu is the largest mosque in the Horn region.

1299:, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and 1221:

depicting both wild animals and decorated cows. Other

15491: 14995: 13652:. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Archived from 12747: 12745: 11892:"Somaliland citizens ask to be recognized as a state" 11634:

Encyclopedia of international peacekeeping operations

10180:

Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society

8920:"Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed" 8637:

Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991

7952:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho

7760: 7748: 7721: 6123:, a Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the 6088:

is now also prominent across Somalia. English is the

5755:

in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the

5267:

Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company

5049:

2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard (100 shillings)

4601:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

4443:, there were no relations or any contact between the 3117:

In the far north, the rugged east–west ranges of the

2793:, president of the transitional government of Somalia 1695:, Persia, Egypt, Portugal, and as far away as China. 1470: 16663: 15302:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho

15131: 14887:

Africa Review 2003: The Economic and Business Report

14250:"Decades of community service recognised with award" 13785:"The countries where homosexuality is still illegal" 13702:"Somalia: A Country Study – Army Ranks and Insignia" 12404:. Garoweonline.com. 25 December 2008. Archived from 12283:"As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid" 11664:"Somalia - Civil War, Conflict, Famine | Britannica" 10635:, Vol. 43–47, British Archaeological Reports, p. 2, 10380:

Fage, John Donnelly; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1970).

10207:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

10135:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho

9920:

The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World

9380: 8012:

Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho

7800: 7736: 7674: 7628:

were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these

5923:

There is little reliable statistical information on

5292:

sectors, following a 2010 joint agreement signed in

5081:(MTO) that have acted as informal banking networks. 2666:(SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988. 2509:

incorporation of the predominantly Somali-inhabited

57: 19069: 17284: 17124:

The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa

16172: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15685: 15683: 15146: 14941:"Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years" 14797: 14764:"New tourism ministry under construction in Garowe" 13965:

The Arab countries demand Australian sheep and lamb

13590:"Somalia-Somaliland: A Halting Embrace of Dialogue" 12352:. Garoweonline.com. 12 January 2011. Archived from 12178:"TNG Prime Minister Concludes Formation of Cabinet" 11123: 8945: 8943: 8941: 7730: 7727: 7002:. In Puntland, higher education is provided by the 5969:language family, and its nearest relatives are the 3602:Somalia is bordered by Kenya to the southwest, the 2937:Owing to a lack of funding and human resources, an 1881:period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate and 16617:. Internet Archive. Greenwood Press. p. 113. 16510:. Internet Archive. Greenwood Press. p. 109. 15681: 15679: 15677: 15675: 15673: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15414: 15412: 14967:"The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back!" 14584:Abdinasir Mohamed; Sarah Childress (11 May 2010). 14511:Levich, Robert A.; Müller-Kahle, Eberhard (1983). 14510: 12742: 12635: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11300: 11298: 11296: 10381: 9962:. American Univ in Cairo Press. pp. 432–433. 8862:"Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution" 8281: 7498:gaining national renown for his prose and poetry. 7494:. Somali poetry also thrived during this era with 3676:of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). 2881: 2832:branch of government, with the TFP serving as the 1459:quantities of cinnamon to Somalia and Arabia from 1084:was passed in August 2012, reforming Somalia as a 21866:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 20916:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 16214:Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity 15817:"Almost expunged: Somalia's Embattled Christians" 15776: 15757:. Pew Research Center. p. 49. Archived from 12581:. Kenya High Commission, Tanzania. Archived from 9993: 9991: 8698: 8465: 7926:. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 November 2021. 7146:," a delightful variation of the tangy fermented 4897:building livestock export infrastructure and the 3716:Northern Zanzibar–Inhambane coastal forest mosaic 2271:(NFD) to Kenyan nationalists. This was despite a 1885:began to flourish in Somalia. These included the 22057: 16389:"The Regional Office And Its Partners – Somalia" 15492:"Mogadishu University – Towards A Better Future" 15464:Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) 14311:"Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market" 13250: 11998:. University of British Columbia. Archived from 11986: 11984: 11780:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1989 - Somalia" 10665: 10514: 10408: 9811:. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 640. 9584: 9349: 8938: 8832:"Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia" 8733: 8731: 8729: 8366:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 2866:Map showing the ICU at the peak of its influence 1846:at the center and the Arch monument in honor of 1123:, and telecommunications. It is a member of the 20957:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 20223:Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement 17268:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India 15660: 15409: 13561: 13453: 12936:. Federal Government of Somalia. Archived from 12905:"Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia" 12706: 12087:"Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead" 11786:. Somalia: Human Rights Watch. 1 January 1990. 11620: 11293: 11077: 11075: 10933: 10931: 10138:. International African Institute. p. 140. 9644: 9107:"Central Bank of Somalia – Economy and Finance" 8737: 8421:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 235. 8015:. International African Institute. p. 140. 6759:government, church-run schools were closed and 5596:body. After a long period of management by the 5304: 5141: 3720:Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets 3710:Somalia contains seven terrestrial ecoregions: 2684:'s repressive policies occurred in the city of 2166:clans prominently participating. The number of 1024:(SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the 644:637,657 km (246,201 sq mi) ( 20249:Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity 17318:Animal Production and Animal Science Worldwide 16761:"Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food" 16555: 16410:Ministry of Health – Puntland State of Somalia 15260:"Somalia's president renounces US citizenship" 14732:"Somalia's government launches postal service" 13281: 12907:. Garowe Online. 16 April 2015. Archived from 12795: 12793: 12579:"Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi" 12344: 12342: 11509: 11507: 11493:, Vol. 8, Cambridge University Press, p. 478, 11193:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 11051: 10592: 10203: 9988: 8355: 8353: 8351: 5598:Civil Aviation Caretaker Authority for Somalia 5030: 2948:Charter of the Transitional Federal Government 1244: 1080:capital for the insurgents. A new provisional 949:and the official languages of the country are 21356: 21163: 20512: 20129: 19706: 19566: 19221: 19055: 18484: 18332: 18308: 17446: 17262:Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014. 16258:. 25.1 (2014): 95–101. Web. 19 February 2014. 16044: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16030: 15223: 14244: 14242: 14107:"Amid Somalia's troubles, Coca-Cola hangs on" 13916: 13914: 13555: 13193:. Goldman Environmental Prize. Archived from 12690:. Raxanreeb. 5 September 2014. Archived from 12605:"The Kenyan Military Intervention in Somalia" 11981: 11355:"The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960" 11081: 9502: 8979: 8726: 6890:, a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to the 6153: 4768:. Somalia today has several private airlines. 4224:, the Southern Somali garter snake, a racer ( 2953: 1279:, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the 21886: 20952:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 20239:Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation 18870:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 17167: 17121: 16235:Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide 16233:Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby (1995) 15977: 15975: 15390:Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) 15321: 14812: 14796:. Somali Tourism Association. Archived from 14074: 14072: 14070: 13733:Library of Congress Country Study, Somalia, 13135:. Horn Relief. 22 April 2002. Archived from 11610: 11072: 10928: 10553: 10245:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8431:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7986:. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255. 7395: 7385: 7375: 7315: 6912:East Bardera Mothers and Children's Hospital 5825:A sizable Somali diaspora exists in various 5053:The Central Bank of Somalia is the official 3630:. Strategically located at the mouth of the 3155:Somalia is officially divided into eighteen 2912:in the capital from its interim location in 2763: 2612:(SDA) and the Somali Manifesto Group (SMG). 1799:Early modern era and the scramble for Africa 1119:mainly based on livestock, remittances from 913:, is the easternmost country in continental 130: 122: 42: 28: 21841: 21179:Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD) 17024:John G. Jackson, J. Hampden Jackson (1972) 16089: 16087: 16085: 16083: 15046: 15002:International Journal of Health Geographics 14908:"World Airline Directory – Somali Airlines" 14650: 14579: 14577: 14163:"Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy" 13953:A. Rosati, A. Tewolde & C. Mosconi 2007 13394: 13366:"Somalia swears in historic new parliament" 13185: 13183: 13106: 13104: 13006: 13004: 12790: 12339: 11504: 11451:Hussein Mohamed Adam; Richard Ford (1997). 11119: 11117: 10937:Langers Encyclopedia of World History, 594. 10846:(in Somali). 7 October 2017. Archived from 10131: 10000:by James Talboys Wheeler, pg 1xvi, 315, 526 9923:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. 8598:. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. 8587: 8449:. Mepc.org. 1 December 2005. Archived from 8348: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7480:Neustadt international prize for Literature 5656:, East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara. 5249:was established by the federal government. 4447:, which declared itself a country, and the 3795:Somalia has only two permanent rivers, the 3792:, an important grazing area for livestock. 3140: 2729: 2173: 1295:. The Puntites native to the region traded 1038:Transitional National Government of Somalia 22126:States and territories established in 1960 21854:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 21363: 21349: 21170: 21156: 20760:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 20519: 20505: 20136: 20122: 19743: 19713: 19699: 19573: 19559: 19228: 19214: 19062: 19048: 18491: 18477: 18339: 18325: 17453: 17439: 17315:A. Rosati; A. Tewolde; C. Mosconi (2007). 17265: 17000:"Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing" 16970:"Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo" 16317: 16315: 16056: 16054: 16027: 15809: 15717: 15447: 15445: 14691:. Soregistry.so. Retrieved 16 August 2013. 14550:Kilimanjaro Capital Ltd. (15 April 2014). 14239: 14189:"Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system" 14157: 14155: 14104: 13911: 13847:. Permanent.access.gpo.gov. Archived from 13678:(Press release). AMISOM. 29 October 2012. 13002: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12986: 12984: 12402:"Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009" 11974:Library Information and Research Service, 11534: 11532: 11530: 11058:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 28. 11045: 10958: 10956: 10708:Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen (28 December 2023). 10474: 10415:. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. 10379: 10315: 10313: 10125: 10092: 10080: 10068: 10053: 9310: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7275:'Xalwo', which is closely associated with 7233:An enduring testament to the influence of 6956:schools, as well as primary and technical 6844:government of former President of Somalia 6160: 6146: 5679:. Established in 2008, it is cargo-based. 4597:Intergovernmental Authority on Development 4271: 3586:) within the Federal Republic of Somalia. 3033:off the Horn of Africa, and EUCAP Nestor. 3017:In October 2011, a coordinated operation, 1861:(third from right) and his delegation, in 1548:had its capital in the city. According to 1042:Transitional Federal Government of Somalia 154: 20096:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees 17389:web resources provided by GovPubs at the 17229: 17062: 17045: 16883: 16858: 16269:"Somalia: Female genital mutilation down" 16193: 15972: 15782: 15152: 15140: 15023: 15013: 14822:. Goobjoog. 25 March 2015. Archived from 14067: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13487: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13358: 13275: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13072: 13054: 12280: 12118:"Yes, There Is a Reason to Be in Somalia" 12116:Albright, Madeleine K. (10 August 1993). 12084: 11713: 11630:Oliver Ramsbotham; Tom Woodhouse (1999). 11489:J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver (1985) 11304: 10753: 10447: 10167: 10148: 10008: 10006: 9698:"Grotto galleries show early Somali life" 9509:. Springer Science & Business Media. 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 8633: 8471: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8166:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6916:Abudwak Maternity and Children's Hospital 4699:National Intelligence and Security Agency 4605:International Civil Aviation Organization 3753:Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands 3724:Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands 2968:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 2836:branch. The government was headed by the 2134:, alongside Eritrea and Ethiopia, as the 1675:period, the city-states and republics of 945:. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic 20143: 19236:Countries and territories bordering the 17596:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) 17406:) is being considered for deletion. See 17391:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries 17321:. Wageningen Academic Pub. p. 169. 16080: 14756: 14574: 14017: 14015: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13180: 13164:. Unep.org. 8 March 2006. Archived from 13101: 12636:Clar Ni Chonghaile (28 September 2012). 12196: 12115: 12053: 11990: 11724:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 11593:, 30th ed., Taylor and Francis, p. 1025 11344:, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835 11260: 11114: 10672:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 21. 10521:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 79. 9873: 9871: 9869: 9590:"Prehistoric Implements From Somaliland" 8692: 8075: 7600: 7447: 7224: 7064: 6966: 6832:Life expectancy in Somalia, 1950 to 2019 6827: 6664: 5983: 5905:which he voluntarily renounced in 2019. 5901:, was a former diaspora Somali and held 5816: 5557: 5475: 5318: 5166: 5109: 5044: 4911: 4748: 4640: 4464: 4377: 4116:. It also has a large population of the 4031: 3967: 3862: 3826: 3693: 3593: 3169: 3129:by the Somali Sea and is separated from 3035: 2991: 2919: 2861: 2805:On 10 October 2004, legislators elected 2785: 2736: 2548: 2485:(SRSP), a one-party government based on 2418: 2321:Prime minister Abdirashiid Ali Sharmarke 2311: 2267:the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited 2238: 2214: 2142:, and by 14 August, succeeded in taking 2102: 2043: 1852: 1830: 1774:Trading relations were established with 1713: 1624: 1500: 1433: 1254: 1165: 20285:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 17206: 16312: 16051: 15903:Khalif, Abdulkadir (25 December 2013). 15880:, Vol. 14, Robert Appleton Co., p. 139. 15746: 15744: 15742: 15740: 15738: 15442: 14482:"Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia" 14181: 14152: 14082:. The African Executive. Archived from 13156: 13154: 12981: 12281:Gettleman, Jeffrey (20 November 2007). 12140: 11527: 11267:. University of Michigan. p. 231. 11035: 10986: 10953: 10802:. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896. 10326:. James Currey Publishers. p. 17. 10310: 9773: 8634:Kapteijns, Lidwien (18 December 2012). 8414: 8045: 7969: 7841: 7099:, along with an extensive selection of 5695:List of cities in Somalia by population 5642:Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry 5019:also included multinationals including 4929:Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry 4583:in 1969. Other memberships include the 3525:List of cities in Somalia by population 2851: 2820:(TFIs) of government as defined in the 1595:to Somalia and marrying into the local 1044:(TFG) in 2004, which reestablished the 22058: 17144: 17090: 16895: 15902: 15481:, Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178. 15466:The Somalis: their history and culture 15403: 15354: 14943:. Laanta. 24 July 2012. Archived from 14786: 14450:Doya, David Malingha (8 August 2013). 14321:from the original on 30 September 2015 13478: 13397:"Somali leaders back new constitution" 13239: 13037:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. 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Harsh 2405:Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991) 2401:, who at the time commanded the army. 1448:Roman conquest of the Nabataean Empire 21344: 21151: 20909:Specialised agencies and institutions 20500: 20117: 19694: 19554: 19209: 19043: 18472: 18320: 18307: 17434: 16928:from the original on 12 November 2021 16795: 16454:. Wes.org. 6 May 2004. Archived from 16371:"Mogadishu – HIV in a time of unrest" 16068:from the original on 25 February 2018 16064:. United Nations. 20 September 1960. 15989:from the original on 29 November 2010 15905:"Somalia bans Christmas celebrations" 15337:, Columbia University Press, p. 571, 14663:from the original on 13 December 2012 14620:, Stanford University Press, p. 154, 14278: 14080:"Somalia: The Resilience of a People" 14012: 13901:British Chambers of Commerce (2007). 13889: 13466:from the original on 24 February 2021 13431:. 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Famed British explorer and writer 4666:The SAF was initially made up of the 4609:International Development Association 3055: 2976:2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War 2513:region of Ethiopia into a Pan-Somali 1786:and Southeast African merchants from 1591:clans, respectively) travelling from 1311:is recorded on the temple reliefs at 66: 20658:Permanent Representatives' Committee 20030:Arab League–European Union relations 17460: 16430:"Somaliland – Government Ministries" 16128:from the original on 20 January 2012 16122:"The State Of The World's Midwifery" 15827:from the original on 25 October 2009 15735: 15608:"Where We Work | Care International" 15291:. (PDF). 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As such the people in Somalia are 22121:Member states of the United Nations 21372:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 21067:Single African Air Transport Market 21062:African Continental Free Trade Area 19528:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 16948:"1981 African Championship for Men" 16914: 16863:. Greenwood Press. pp. 98–99. 16859:Abdullahi, Mohammed (10 May 2012). 16216:, Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41, 15372:from the original on 7 October 2013 15094:Library of Congress Country Studies 14889:, Walden Publishing, 2003, p. 299, 14744:from the original on 3 January 2022 14401:. Oilmarketer.co.uk. Archived from 14291:from the original on 15 August 2017 13825:from the original on 5 October 2020 13682:from the original on 1 January 2016 13263:from the original on 10 August 2011 12523:"Islamists break Somali port truce" 11924:"Somaliland votes for independence" 11433:, Vol. 2, Worldmark Press, p. 290, 11383:. Strategypage.com. 9 August 2006. 10698: 10284:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10. 10142: 10059: 10016:, (Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p.302. 9843: 9283:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 9233:from the original on 18 August 2021 9173:from the original on 8 October 2023 8255: 7825: 7818:Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya 7790: 7533:is also played in the country. The 7359:. It is often accompanied by small 7020:Somaliland University of Technology 7010:. In Somaliland, it is provided by 6903:from 0.7% to 1% have been assumed. 6767:in the country since 1989, and the 6740:diocese for the whole country, the 6681:, 99.8% of Somalia's population is 5626:Bender Qassim International Airport 5235: m) to 10 billion barrels (1.6 4581:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 4564:abroad. There are likewise various 3147:Administrative divisions of Somalia 2696:community residing in these areas. 2021:of 1884, European powers began the 1739:thriving textile industry known as 1174:complex depicting a long-horned cow 1145:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 988:. In the late 19th century, Somali 131: 43: 30:Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya 13: 22106:Member states of the African Union 17209:Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism 16799:Aden Under British Rule, 1839-1967 16124:. United Nations Population Fund. 15618:from the original on 2 August 2019 15588:from the original on 2 August 2019 15558:from the original on 2 August 2019 15528:from the original on 2 August 2019 15502:from the original on 2 August 2019 15289:Bantu ethnic identities in Somalia 15270:from the original on 1 August 2019 15236:from the original on 2 August 2019 15119:from the original on 4 August 2017 14973:. 20 November 2013. Archived from 14856:from the original on 11 March 2020 14637:Abdi Hajji Hussein (4 April 2011) 14141:. Indiana University Press, p. 4, 13877:from the original on 16 April 2013 13454:Mahmoud Mohamed (29 August 2012). 13376:from the original on 1 August 2020 13223:. 11 December 2008. Archived from 12881:. 19 November 2014. 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It was a founding member of the 4560:Additionally, Somalia has several 3747:lies parallel to the Gulf of Aden 3598:Orthographic projection of Somalia 2637: 2014:with whom they still mostly live. 1471:Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages 1194:period from the family's proposed 1186:According to linguists, the first 59:Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah 14: 22142: 21798:Economic Cooperation Organization 20526: 19533:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 17410:to help reach a consensus. › 17337: 17266:Warmington, Eric Herbert (1995). 17260:Somalia in Transition Since 2006. 16718:. 14 January 2013. Archived from 16275:. Associated Press. 16 April 2013 15947:from the original on 14 June 2011 15430:from the original on 8 March 2021 14921:from the original on 8 April 2023 14774:from the original on 4 March 2016 14708:. 1 November 2013. Archived from 14598:from the original on 18 July 2017 13765:from the original on 9 April 2023 13626:. 4 December 2020. 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Somalbanca.org. Archived from 14165:. Somalbanca.org. Archived from 14131: 14098: 14041: 13980: 13958: 13863: 13837: 13807: 13777: 13747: 13727: 13694: 13668: 13642: 13612: 13582: 13543:from the original on 1 July 2014 13525: 13447: 13421: 13388: 13346:from the original on 1 July 2014 13328: 13308: 13299: 13290: 13209: 13125: 13089: 13030: 13017: 12955: 12923: 12897: 12867: 12837: 12819: 12781: 12680: 12662: 12629: 12597: 12571: 12547: 12515: 12488: 12476:"Somali President Yusuf resigns" 12469: 12446: 12420: 12394: 12368: 12313: 12274: 12244: 12232:from the original on 1 July 2014 12158:from the original on 1 July 2014 12128:from the original on 23 May 2015 12109: 12078: 12047: 12017: 11968: 11948: 11916: 11884: 11879:Journal of international affairs 11871: 11857: 11832: 11802: 11772: 11742: 11707: 11695:from the original on 4 July 2014 11656: 11604: 11583: 11562: 11483: 11444: 11423: 11399: 11387:from the original on 2 July 2016 11373: 11357:. Buluugleey.com. Archived from 11347: 11313: 11261:Rousseau, David Laurent (1996). 11254: 11242: 11229: 11217: 11196: 11171: 11132: 11016: 11004:from the original on 5 June 2021 10973: 10966:History of East Africa, Volume 2 10940: 10919: 10892: 10862: 10832: 10806: 10792: 10766: 10726: 10669:East Africa and the Indian Ocean 10518:East Africa and the Indian Ocean 9976:from the original on 18 May 2024 9898:from the original on 18 May 2024 9878:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). 9854:from the original on 18 May 2024 9825:from the original on 1 July 2023 9523:from the original on 18 May 2024 9484:from the original on 18 May 2024 9445:from the original on 18 May 2024 9353:A History of African Archaeology 9331:from the original on 18 May 2024 9311:Phillipson, D. W. (5 May 2005). 9109:. Somalbanca.org. Archived from 9070:. Fund for Peace. 14 June 2023. 8624:, Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338. 8594:Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe (1996). 7717: 7677: 7645:Islamic architectural influences 7235:Italian colonial rule in Somalia 6279: 6236: 6226: 4621:World Federation of Trade Unions 4566:foreign embassies and consulates 4307: 4286: 3776:, it features Somalia's highest 2770:Transitional National Government 2642:Map of the sites related to the 2382:region in northwestern Somalia. 1950:kingdom that ruled parts of the 1583:(the purported ancestors of the 1450:and the Roman naval presence at 1067:, which battled the TFG and its 1053:US-backed Ethiopian intervention 917:. The country is located in the 805: 783: 782: 764: 763: 731: 730: 712: 711: 139: 101: 87: 22008:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 19720: 17564:Somaliland War of Independence 17055: 16556:Hooyoshousecom (30 June 2023). 16237:, Libraries Unlimited, p. 257, 14256:. 13 April 2007. Archived from 13316:http://www.reptile-database.org 13023:International Traffic Network, 12321:"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia" 11591:Africa South of the Sahara 2001 11551:, Taylor & Francis, p. 279 11491:The Cambridge history of Africa 11381:"The making of a Somalia state" 11342:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 11321:Encyclopedia of African history 11145:. Running Press. p. 1749. 11088:. Macmillan Press. p. 68. 11024:Encyclopedia of African history 10981:Encyclopedia of African History 10963:Oliver, Roland Anthony (1976). 10659: 10656:, Russell & Russell, p. 37. 10646: 10625: 10613: 10586: 10547: 10508: 10505:, Russell & Russell, p. 38. 10495: 10468: 10441: 10402: 10373: 10352: 10271: 10236: 10197: 10098: 10086: 10074: 10047: 10019: 9949: 9910: 9837: 9798: 9767: 9716: 9689: 9638: 9629: 9578: 9535: 9496: 9457: 9418: 9374: 9343: 9271: 9245: 9215: 9185: 9155: 9125: 9060: 9030: 9000: 8973: 8912: 8880: 8854: 8824: 8666: 8627: 8575: 8566: 8541: 8490: 8477: 8439: 8408: 8382: 8219: 8199: 8179: 7807: 7710: 7590: 7567:and Mohamed Deq Abdulle of the 7443: 7435:eloquently wrote about Somalia: 7320:), which is prepared inside an 5682: 5606:Aden Adde International Airport 5592:(SOMCAA) is Somalia's national 5590:Somali Civil Aviation Authority 5564:Aden Adde International Airport 5421:air from the northern regions. 4712: 3728:Hobyo grasslands and shrublands 2972:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 2882:Transitional Federal Government 2826:Transitional Federal Parliament 2811:Transitional Federal Government 2782:Transitional Federal Parliament 2778:Transitional Federal Government 1734:noted that many ships from the 679:27.2/km (70.4/sq mi) ( 136:"Every Nation Has Its Own Flag" 22071:1960 establishments in Somalia 21778:Moro National Liberation Front 19523:Australian Antarctic Territory 19376:British Indian Ocean Territory 17202:Banking Development in Somalia 17069:Culture and Customs of Somalia 16976:. 6 March 2013. Archived from 16898:First Footsteps in East Africa 16742:"How Lasagna Landed in Africa" 16452:"Somalia – Education Overview" 15985:. Scribd.com. 1 October 2008. 15798:, The Red Sea Press, pp. 8–9, 15477:Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) 15453:A grammatical sketch of Somali 15212:The Colonial Legacy in Somalia 14215:"UK Somali Remittances Survey" 14139:Somalia: Economy without State 13791:. 12 June 2019. Archived from 13533:"Somalia – The World Factbook" 11457:. Red Sea Press. p. 226. 10599:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 343–. 10388:. Cambridge University Press. 9696:Bakano, Otto (24 April 2011). 9431:. Cambridge University Press. 9425:Clark, J. D. (21 March 2013). 9317:. Cambridge University Press. 8980:Dinfin Mulupi (21 June 2012). 8674:"Council on Foreign Relations" 8192:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 8164:English Pronouncing Dictionary 8152: 8019: 8002: 7942: 7624:structures known in Somali as 7525:Somalia national football team 7492:Ignorance is the enemy of love 7237:is the widespread adoption of 7069:Assortment of various popular 6898:Somalia has one of the lowest 6880:United Nations Population Fund 6808:unaffiliated with any religion 6130: 5833:(particularly in the state of 5742:United Nations Population Fund 5610:Hargeisa International Airport 5480:Ancient cave paintings at the 4849: 4385:, former Speaker of Parliament 4230:Spalerosophis josephscorteccii 4154:(Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark, 3822: 3732:Somali montane xeric woodlands 3052:was concurrently inaugurated. 2809:as the first President of the 2634:Somaliland War of Independence 2626:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 2474:(OAU), the predecessor of the 2029:was officially established by 1030:Somaliland War of Independence 806: 1: 21114:United States of Latin Africa 20808:Rural Economy and Agriculture 20585:Organisation of African Unity 20025:Arab League monitors in Syria 18347:Countries and regions in the 17554:Trust Territory of Somaliland 17395: 17359:Federal Government of Somalia 17233:In Lowell W. Barrington, ed., 15891:History of Christian Missions 15548:"Somalia | Save the Children" 14877:. Waayaha.net. 26 April 2009. 14051:. Ameinfo.com. Archived from 13744:, research complete May 1992. 13395:Mary Harper (1 August 2012). 12726:. 14 May 2009. Archived from 11865:Focus on the Horn, Issues 7–9 11026:, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 1406. 10969:. Clarendon Press. p. 7. 10652:Sir Reginald Coupland (1965) 10501:Sir Reginald Coupland (1965) 10362:, LIT Verlag Münster, p. 17, 9729:African Archaeological Review 9556:10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055 8227:"Federal Republic of Somalia" 7834: 7554:Bandy World Championship 2014 7535:FIBA Africa Championship 1981 7403: 6763:sent home. There has been no 6685:. The majority belong to the 5991:from the 14th-century in the 5445:country code top-level domain 5347:(such as through the popular 5247:Somalia Petroleum Corporation 4369:Federal Parliament of Somalia 3803:, both of which begin in the 3151:States and regions of Somalia 3062:Federal Government of Somalia 3050:Federal Parliament of Somalia 3042:Federal Parliament of Somalia 2716:. Following a meeting of the 2559:Supreme Revolutionary Council 2472:Organisation of African Unity 2440:Supreme Revolutionary Council 2210:Trust Territory of Somaliland 2180:Trust Territory of Somaliland 1790:, seeking to bypass both the 1610:, was also killed by Emperor 1198:("original homeland") in the 1155: 1090:Federal Government of Somalia 1022:Supreme Revolutionary Council 1016:under a civilian government. 16:Country in the Horn of Africa 20971:United States military bases 20967:United States Africa Command 17242:University of Michigan Press 16338:Archives of Iranian Medicine 16195:10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030 15965:Maxamed Siyaad Barre (1970) 14875:The First 100 Days in Office 14616:Christopher J. Coyne (2008) 14279:Derby, Ron (26 March 2014). 14112:International Herald Tribune 12031:. 6 May 2005. Archived from 11754:webarchive.archive.unhcr.org 10733:Arafat, S. M. Yasir (2024). 10560:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 22–. 10384:Papers in African Prehistory 9884:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31. 9844:Ali, Ismail Mohamed (1970). 9404:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.038 8773:Council on Foreign Relations 8742:. Al Arabiya. Archived from 7663:, and the widespread use of 6929: 6920:Edna Adan Maternity Hospital 6671:Mosque of Islamic Solidarity 5939: 5543: 5305:Telecommunications and media 5156:The World Bank reports that 5142:Energy and natural resources 5011:. In 2004, an $ 8.3 million 4810:British Chambers of Commerce 4461:Foreign relations of Somalia 4434:democratic country in Africa 4264:) and Haacke-Greer's skink ( 4142:(Alaudidae), Archer's Lark, 3941:According to reports by the 3867:The coast south of Mogadishu 3614:. It lies between latitudes 3071: 2822:Transitional Federal Charter 2680:Another notable instance of 2362:of the Somali Republic, and 1755:and for the gold trade from 1213:complex on the outskirts of 7: 20798:HR, Sciences and Technology 20066:Economic and Social Council 17381:Central Intelligence Agency 17151:University of Chicago Press 15644:(in Danish). Archived from 15552:somalia.savethechildren.net 14105:Marc Lacey (10 July 2006). 13282:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981). 12763:Central Intelligence Agency 12724:Central Intelligence Agency 11881:, Volume 40 (1986), p. 165. 11689:"Somalia — Government" 10983:(CRC Press, 2005), p. 1406. 10712:. Bloomsbury. p. 113. 10475:Braukämper, Ulrich (2002). 10210:. BRILL. pp. 125–126. 9068:"Fragile States Index 2023" 8299:Central Intelligence Agency 8098:International Monetary Fund 7801: 7670: 7546:Somalia national bandy team 7541:received the bronze medal. 6992:Somalia National University 6974:'s main campus in Mogadishu 6924:West Bardera Maternity Unit 6600: 5812:international organizations 5585:, with towns in the south. 5554:List of airports in Somalia 5500:caves containing Neolithic 5496:Notable sights include the 5152:Oil exploration in Puntland 5148:Mineral industry of Somalia 5031:Monetary and payment system 5007:, carry out packaging, and 4630: 4487:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4441:collapse of Somalia in 1991 4244:), Lanza's agama, a gecko ( 4021: 3901:National Geographic Society 3897:Goldman Environmental Prize 3589: 3541:(which considers itself an 2926:Al-Shabaab (militant group) 2669:The clampdown initiated by 1245:Antiquity and classical era 911:Federal Republic of Somalia 58: 25:Federal Republic of Somalia 10: 22147: 21052:African Economic Community 20857:Peace and Security Council 20564:African and Malagasy Union 17349:Wikimedia Atlas of Somalia 17213:Cambridge University Press 16690:10.5367/000000007780223669 16583:"Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)" 15612:www.care-international.org 13819:Voice of America – English 13624:East African Business Week 13325:, accessed 8 December 2013 13010:Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. 10998:Rhyl Record and Advertiser 10012:John Kitto, James Taylor, 7826:جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية 7594: 7505: 7407: 7337: 7264:coffee, known locally as ' 7058: 7054: 7047: 7043: 6933: 6817: 6658: 6278: 6225: 6138: 5943: 5692: 5686: 5547: 5469: 5465: 5407:Somali National Television 5308: 5145: 5034: 4853: 4742: 4738: 4716: 4634: 4543:People's Republic of China 4458: 4275: 4025: 4010:(pronounced "Hagaa"). The 3961: 3957: 3705: 3653: 3522: 3174:A map of Somalia's regions 3144: 3075: 2987:Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 2957: 2954:End of transitional period 2923: 2892:Battle of Mogadishu (2006) 2885: 2855: 2767: 2619: 2610:Somali Democratic Alliance 2606:Somali Democratic Movement 2525:and put heavy pressure on 2411:Somali Democratic Republic 2408: 2344:Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal 2269:Northern Frontier District 2177: 1820: 1802: 1650:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 1631:Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 1536:. It is one of the oldest 1474: 1431:to transport their cargo. 1248: 1225:are found in the northern 1170:Neolithic rock art at the 1159: 1150: 1026:Somali Democratic Republic 44:جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية 22101:Least developed countries 22004: 21951: 21879: 21834: 21786: 21766: 21726: 21719: 21703: 21405: 21396: 21379: 21185: 21127: 21096: 21075: 21027: 20990: 20977:United States ambassadors 20937: 20928: 20908: 20855: 20829: 20793:Social Affairs and Health 20788:Infrastructure and Energy 20768: 20750: 20722: 20689: 20671: 20648: 20639: 20606: 20534: 20487: 20442: 20381: 20293: 20277: 20231: 20215: 20208: 20151: 20086: 20043: 20012: 19992: 19956: 19833: 19826: 19815: 19756: 19728: 19589: 19508: 19357: 19346: 19244: 19078: 19005: 18985: 18954: 18933: 18912: 18891: 18880: 18864: 18848: 18835: 18803: 18792: 18510: 18500:Countries and territories 18423: 18355: 18314: 18309:Links to related articles 18273: 18206: 18136: 18127: 18057: 18048: 17934: 17930: 17921: 17865: 17762: 17666: 17662: 17653: 17642: 17614: 17481: 17472: 17207:Samatar, Said S. (1982). 17170:Computers and Translation 17145:Laitin, David D. (1977). 17064:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye 17028:, Citadel Press, p. 216, 17026:Man, God and Civilization 16896:Burton, Richard (1986) . 15874:Charles George Herbermann 15392:Middle East annual review 14343:. Somali Energy Company. 11340:Encyclopædia Britannica, 11319:Kevin Shillington (2005) 10994:"The fight in Somaliland" 10666:Edward A. Alpers (2009). 10515:Edward A. Alpers (2009). 10409:E. G. Ravenstein (2010). 10257:10.1017/S0020743800063145 9741:10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2 9350:Peter Robertshaw (1990). 9227:Nuclear Threat Initiative 8548:Suárez, Jorge Alejandro. 8500:Ancient Trade and Society 8212:Dictionary.com Unabridged 7552:. It participated in the 7527:playing internationally. 7501: 7470:With the adoption of the 7004:Puntland State University 6888:Female genital mutilation 6824:Child marriage in Somalia 6813: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6609: 5899:Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed 5701: 5311:Communications in Somalia 4684:National Security Service 4432:Somalia is the 5th least 4383:Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden 4335:representative democratic 4262:Aprosdoketophis andreonei 4240:, a spiny-tailed lizard ( 4160:(Alaudidae), Obbia Lark, 3964:Climate change in Somalia 3843:country with about 1.64% 3712:Ethiopian montane forests 3649: 3029:, EU Naval Force Somalia 2764:Transitional institutions 2722:declared its independence 2602:Somali Patriotic Movement 2491:adapting Marxist precepts 2466:, eventually joining the 2282:was held in neighbouring 2140:invade British Somaliland 1958:clan, descendants of the 1817:Dervish movement (Somali) 1237:in northern Somalia lies 1101:least developed countries 892: 880: 868: 858: 840: 825: 795: 776: 757: 743: 724: 705: 687: 673: 659: 652: 638: 631: 627: 614: 597: 584: 571: 558: 545: 532: 519: 506: 493: 480: 467: 454: 441: 428: 415: 411: 406: 391: 376: 366: 362: 347: 332: 317: 302: 298: 282: 270: 255: 227: 206: 162: 153: 117: 83: 23: 21849:Abuja Declaration (1989) 21743:Central African Republic 21205:Central African Republic 20752:African Court of Justice 20549:Decolonisation of Africa 19581:Countries bordering the 19070:Countries bordering the 18560:Central African Republic 17408:templates for discussion 16609:Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi 16502:Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi 16478:"Koranic School Project" 16210:Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi 15322:Lecarme & Maury 1987 15304:, Red Sea Press, p. 11, 14372:. UNCTAD. Archived from 14137:Little, Peter D. (2003) 13562:V-Dem Institute (2023). 13110:Geoffrey Gilbert (2004) 12481:31 December 2008 at the 12458:13 November 2017 at the 12204:":: Xinhuanet – English" 11572:, Gale Research, p. 306 11568:Benjamin Frankel (1992) 11204:Somalia: A Country Study 11183:Somalia: A Country Study 10948:Somalia: clan vs. nation 10800:Genealogies of the Somal 10631:Caroline Sassoon (1978) 10105:Briggs, Phillip (2012). 9384:Quaternary International 7703: 7539:national basketball team 7348:. Most Somali songs are 7333: 6954:technical and vocational 5821:Population per age group 5594:civil aviation authority 5538:Lag Badana National Park 5084:These remittance firms ( 5079:money transfer operators 4725:same-sex sexual activity 4585:African Development Bank 4395:Provisional Constitution 4248:), the Somali semaphore 3912:tsunami of December 2004 3819:, near the Jubba River. 3555:Khatumo State of Somalia 3553:) and newly established 3529:Northern Somalia is now 3141:Administrative divisions 2718:Somali National Movement 2664:Somali National Movement 2598:Somali National Movement 2364:Abdirashid Ali Shermarke 2356:Aden Abdullah Osman Daar 2352:Somali National Assembly 2348:Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden 2174:Independence (1960–1969) 2151:campaign in January 1941 2109:Muhammed Abdullah Hassan 1263:carrying Gifts, Tomb of 21119:East African Federation 21109:United States of Africa 20847:African Investment Bank 19396:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 17514:Sultanate of the Geledi 17298:Oxford University Press 16779:"The History of Coffee" 16532:"Report on Somali Diet" 15847:"Diocese of Mogadiscio" 15264:The Washington Examiner 14687:31 October 2014 at the 14591:The Wall Street Journal 13321:2 November 2015 at the 12056:"The Most Failed State" 11991:Paul Fricska, Szilard. 11691:. Library of Congress. 11547:23 January 2023 at the 11239:, United Nations, p. 20 11052:Roland Anthony (2007). 10593:R. J. Barendse (2002). 10462:10.3406/ethio.1976.1157 10278:Briggs, Philip (2012). 10204:M. Th. Houtsma (1987). 10149:Africanus, Leo (1526). 10032:23 January 2023 at the 10025:Suzanne Richard (2003) 9667:10.1126/science.1078208 9193:"Member State Profiles" 8497:Casson, Lionel (1984). 7636:similar to the ones in 7569:national taekwondo team 7198:and mixed with various 7186:, the usual staple for 6127:minority ethnic group. 6070:In addition to Somali, 5689:Demographics of Somalia 5654:African Express Airways 5447:(ccTLD) for Somalia is 5037:Central Bank of Somalia 4945:African Express Airways 4778:Central Bank of Somalia 4719:Human rights in Somalia 4651:, the commander of the 4473:with Turkish President 4430:V-Dem Democracy indices 4272:Politics and government 4268:) are endemic species. 4211:Pseudochromis melanotus 4179:Cirrhitichthys randalli 3685:Saad ad-Din Archipelago 3082:Somalia is bordered by 2888:Somalia War (2006–2009) 2415:1969 Somali coup d'état 1913:(Migiurtinia), and the 1909:(Gobroon dynasty), the 1907:Sultanate of the Geledi 1848:King Umberto I of Italy 1564:and to the west by the 1528:being built before the 1115:. It has maintained an 1109:Human Development Index 986:Sultanate of the Geledi 965:, the majority of them 293:constitutional republic 207:Official languages 22096:Horn African countries 22086:East African countries 21738:Bosnia and Herzegovina 21608:Pakistan-OIC relations 20830:Financial institutions 20821:Cross-Cutting Programs 20724:Pan-African Parliament 17126:. New Haven, CT: 16900:. Dover Publications. 16670:Outlook on Agriculture 15852:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 15015:10.1186/1476-072X-9-45 14846:"Travel.State.Gov CSI" 14706:Universal Postal Union 14456:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 14427:. OPEC. Archived from 14341:"Mission & Vision" 14254:Tower Hamlets Recorder 13907:. Ten Alps Publishing. 12495:Kamaal (22 May 2010). 11839:Yuusuf, Muuse (2022). 11720:World Peace Foundation 11429:Moshe Y. Sachs (1988) 11235:Francis Vallat (1974) 11082:Paolo Tripodi (1999). 10036:, EISENBRAUNS, p. 120 9917:Dalal, Roshen (2011). 9881:The History of Somalia 9805:Hodd, Michael (1994). 8487:, B. Fellowes, p. 199. 8390:"World Bank Open Data" 8027:"World Bank Open Data" 7817: 7773: 7613: 7467: 7441: 7396: 7386: 7376: 7316: 7230: 7073: 7016:University of Hargeisa 7008:East Africa University 6975: 6833: 6674: 6096:operating in Somalia. 5996: 5822: 5814:operating in Somalia. 5566: 5526:Hargeisa National Park 5485: 5415:Somaliland National TV 5328: 5175: 5134:(SSE) is the national 5132:Somalia Stock Exchange 5119: 5050: 4920: 4856:Agriculture in Somalia 4769: 4656: 4589:East African Community 4478: 4386: 4037: 3973: 3910:Following the massive 3868: 3836: 3736:East African mangroves 3702: 3599: 3557:. In central Somalia, 3175: 3066:Operation Indian Ocean 3044: 2997: 2867: 2799:Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 2794: 2742: 2730: 2728:in May 1991. Although 2726:Republic of Somaliland 2646: 2594:United Somali Congress 2565: 2444:Mohamed Ainanshe Guled 2435: 2424:Mohamed Ainanshe Guled 2331: 2248: 2243:An avenue in downtown 2228: 2115: 2086:Cesare Maria De Vecchi 2052: 2007: 1995: 1874: 1850: 1727: 1641: 1556:was governed by local 1510: 1489:Sultanate of Mogadishu 1443: 1268: 1175: 1141:East African Community 1121:Somalis working abroad 1088:. The same month, the 992:were colonized by the 937:to the north, and the 933:to the southwest, the 123: 29: 21300:São Tomé and Príncipe 20870:African Standby Force 20842:African Monetary Fund 20475:Sirimavo Bandaranaike 20020:Arab Peace Initiative 19800:Joint Defence Council 18721:São Tomé and Príncipe 18580:Republic of the Congo 17128:Yale University Press 17122:Gebru Tareke (2009). 17072:. Westport, CT: 16796:Gavin, R. J. (1975). 16415:17 April 2018 at the 15893:, Read Books, p. 356. 15451:Helena Dubnov (2003) 13539:. 27 September 2021. 13056:10.1093/biosci/bix014 12430:. Unis.unvienna.org. 11407:"The 1961 Referendum" 11323:, CRC Press, p. 360, 11189:5 August 2011 at the 10870:"Taariikhda Toljecle" 10554:Nigel Harris (2003). 10320:Lewis, I. M. (1999). 9808:East African Handbook 9356:. J. Currey. p. 9167:League of Arab States 8503:. Mich. p. 235. 8370:, Population Division 8336:, Population Division 8009:Lewis, I. M. (1969). 7949:Lewis, I. M. (1998). 7604: 7451: 7437: 7419:novelist and scholar 7410:Literature of Somalia 7228: 7068: 6970: 6942:Ministry of Education 6831: 6820:Healthcare in Somalia 6783:. In the case of the 6699:Islamic jurisprudence 6668: 6090:medium of instruction 5987: 5820: 5631:Established in 1964, 5561: 5534:Kismayo National Park 5479: 5460:Somali Postal Service 5426:Horn Cable Television 5419:Puntland TV and Radio 5327:building in Mogadishu 5322: 5170: 5162:Somali Energy Company 5113: 5048: 4915: 4752: 4723:Both male and female 4644: 4471:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 4469:President of Somalia 4468: 4449:government of Somalia 4445:Somaliland government 4381: 4294:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 4260:). A colubrid snake ( 4252:, and a sand lizard ( 4246:Hemidactylus granchii 4139:Heteromirafra archeri 4035: 3971: 3866: 3830: 3697: 3597: 3583:Federal Member States 3549:(a self-declared but 3533:divided up among the 3173: 3039: 2995: 2983:Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah 2920:Al Shabaab insurgency 2906:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2865: 2844:reported through the 2807:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2791:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2789: 2740: 2641: 2552: 2448:Salaad Gabeyre Kediye 2446:, Lieutenant Colonel 2438:Alongside Barre, the 2422: 2315: 2307:Hassan Gouled Aptidon 2242: 2223:clan photographed in 2218: 2106: 2061:Suleiman Aden Galaydh 2047: 1935:Sultan Ibrahim's son 1922:Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim 1856: 1834: 1730:In the 16th century, 1717: 1658:Conquest of Abyssinia 1628: 1504: 1437: 1258: 1169: 1099:Somalia is among the 716:$ 34.03 billion ( 336:Speaker of the Senate 312:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 21860:OIC Resolution 10/11 21813:Non-Aligned Movement 21690:United Arab Emirates 20837:African Central Bank 20145:Non-Aligned Movement 19943:United Arab Emirates 19495:United Arab Emirates 17603:(2009–present) 17534:Warsangali Sultanate 17524:Majeerteen Sultanate 17364:8 April 2015 at the 17286:Zolberg, Aristide R. 17270:. South Asia Books. 16748:. 26 September 2017. 16722:on 23 September 2023 16182:American Ethnologist 15582:Relief International 15496:Mogadishu University 15333:Andrew Dalby (1998) 15083:Somalia – population 14915:Flight International 14850:travelmaps.state.gov 14405:on 17 September 2007 13740:7 April 2023 at the 13227:on 12 September 2009 13114:, ABC-CLIO, p. 111, 12617:on 23 September 2015 12559:27 July 2020 at the 12503:on 28 September 2013 12408:on 28 September 2013 12258:. 11 December 2007. 12210:on 21 November 2004. 12184:on 21 September 2004 12035:on 27 September 2007 11954:Al J. Venter (1975) 11638:. ABC-CLIO. p. 10946:Mariam Arif Gassem, 10904:, 23 February 2020, 10132:I. M. Lewis (1955). 9704:on 21 September 2013 9255:. 24 November 2023. 7785:: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; 7778:[soːmaːlija] 7620:In ancient Somalia, 7565:Faisal Jeylani Aweys 6980:Mogadishu University 6972:Mogadishu University 6962:non-formal education 6936:Education in Somalia 6742:Diocese of Mogadishu 5946:Languages of Somalia 5910:total fertility rate 5675:. There is also one 5550:Transport in Somalia 5524:waterfalls; and the 5436:, Wardheernews, and 5400:Somali Telecom Group 4899:United Arab Emirates 4766:United Arab Emirates 4649:Abdullahi Ahmed Irro 4617:Non-Aligned Movement 4575:, African Union and 4511:United Arab Emirates 4475:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 4400:Mohamed Osman Jawari 4391:Judiciary of Somalia 4342:President of Somalia 4266:Haackgreerius miopus 4242:Uromastyx macfadyeni 4203:Cociella somaliensis 4157:Spizocorys obbiensis 3924:European Green Party 3772:to the northwest of 3078:Geography of Somalia 3019:Operation Linda Nchi 3007:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 2964:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 2872:Islamic Courts Union 2858:Islamic Courts Union 2852:Islamic Courts Union 2838:President of Somalia 2582:resistance movements 2487:scientific socialism 2450:and Chief of Police 2350:as President of the 1962:clan, in modern-day 1932:and Yemeni Sultans. 1911:Majeerteen Sultanate 1899:Habr Yunis Sultanate 1137:Non-Aligned Movement 1113:Fragile States Index 1057:Islamic Courts Union 768:$ 12.8 billion ( 661:• 2023 estimate 618:Current constitution 536:Majeerteen Sultanate 351:Speaker of the House 342:Abdi Hashi Abdullahi 68:[soːmaːlija] 22081:Countries in Africa 22038: / 21939:Arab–Islamic (2023) 21388:Hissein Brahim Taha 18977:Plazas de soberanía 18881:African territories 18821:unclear sovereignty 18806:States with limited 16682:2007OutAg..36...29G 16611:(30 October 2001). 16504:(30 October 2001). 16432:. Somalilandgov.com 16325:; Valerii Bakayev; 16208:Herbert L. Bodman, 16174:Rose Oldfield Hayes 16148:"Prevalence of FGM" 15915:on 11 December 2017 15823:. 22 October 2009. 15794:I. M. Lewis (1998) 15455:, Kِppe, pp. 70–71. 15300:I. M. Lewis (1998) 15170:11 May 2011 at the 15088:11 May 2011 at the 14917:. 5–11 April 1995. 14770:. 1 November 2012. 14740:. 13 October 2014. 14431:on 5 September 2013 13970:15 May 2011 at the 13795:on 28 November 2019 13761:. 10 January 2013. 13564:"The V-Dem Dataset" 13221:National Geographic 13168:on 14 February 2007 13096:National Geographic 12833:. 26 December 2023. 12801:"Somalia – Climate" 12694:on 6 September 2014 12531:. 21 October 2009. 12466:, 29 December 2008. 12097:on 12 November 2017 11419:on 11 October 2015. 11055:Somalia in Pictures 11022:Kevin Shillington, 10979:Kevin Shillington, 10874:www.tashiwanaag.com 10358:Lewis, I.M. (1999) 9723:Mire, Sada (2008). 9659:2003Sci...300..597D 9396:2014QuInt.343...69G 9314:African Archaeology 8808:. 26 October 2020. 8483:John Kenrick 1855) 8453:on 14 December 2006 7597:Somali architecture 7427:" and a "Nation of 7324:r referred to as a 6679:Pew Research Center 6661:Religion in Somalia 6611:Religion in Somalia 6108:, a variant of the 5624:in Baidoa, and the 5530:Jilib National Park 5376:Golis Telecom Group 4983:, hides and skins, 4931:, over six private 4729:punishable by death 4695:Ministry of Defence 4661:Somali Armed Forces 4655:, pictured in 1977. 4653:Somali Armed Forces 4637:Somali Armed Forces 4562:diplomatic missions 4495:bilateral relations 4354:Somali Armed Forces 4278:Politics of Somalia 4228:), a diadem snake ( 4195:Parapercis simulata 4050:reticulated giraffe 4028:Wildlife of Somalia 3928:European Parliament 3805:Ethiopian Highlands 3180: 3179:Regions of Somalia 2747:Mohamed Farah Aidid 2329:Arba'a Rukun Mosque 2317:President Aden Adde 2231:To the extent that 2196:Somali Youth League 2184:State of Somaliland 2136:Somalia Governorate 2132:Italian East Africa 2023:Scramble for Africa 1763:merchants from the 1726:and other kingdoms. 1522:Masjid al-Qiblatayn 1251:Somali Architecture 1046:Somali Armed Forces 921:and is bordered by 605:State of Somaliland 603:and union with the 471:Mogadishu Sultanate 401:House of the People 187: / 21088:African Border Day 20803:Trade and Industry 20778:Peace and Security 20770:ECOSOCC Committees 20704:Deputy Chairperson 20429:Gamal Abdel Nasser 20303:Bandung Conference 20263:News Agencies Pool 18885:non-African states 17905:South West Somalia 17549:British Somaliland 17544:Italian Somaliland 17529:Sultanate of Hobyo 17376:The World Factbook 17237:(pp. 107–137) 17182:10.1007/BF01540131 17006:. 10 February 2010 16980:on 22 October 2013 16323:Ali-Akbar Velayati 16062:"UNdata – Somalia" 14977:on 2 December 2013 14947:on 2 November 2014 14800:on 23 January 2019 14712:on 9 November 2013 14486:The New York Times 14227:on 9 November 2020 14195:on 22 January 2009 14169:on 25 January 2009 13821:. 3 October 2020. 13656:on 9 December 2013 13372:. 20 August 2012. 13340:The World Factbook 12969:on 20 January 2013 12943:on 20 January 2013 12758:The World Factbook 12554:Shariah in Somalia 12287:The New York Times 12226:The World Factbook 12152:The World Factbook 12122:The New York Times 11668:www.britannica.com 11361:on 16 January 2009 11000:. 2 January 1904. 10820:on 11 January 2021 10450:Annales d'Ethiopie 9203:on 7 November 2017 9113:on 24 January 2009 8957:. 21 August 2012. 8708:The New York Times 8294:The World Factbook 8236:. 2 October 2012. 8195:. Merriam-Webster. 7924:The World Factbook 7698:Outline of Somalia 7614: 7468: 7298:. This delightful 7255:, both well-loved 7231: 7074: 7050:Culture of Somalia 7000:University of Gedo 6996:Kismayo University 6988:Benadir University 6976: 6834: 6750:British Somaliland 6675: 5997: 5914:CIA World Factbook 5823: 5608:in Mogadishu, the 5567: 5486: 5472:Tourism in Somalia 5329: 5290:telecommunications 5176: 5120: 5055:monetary authority 5051: 5017:Foreign investment 4921: 4798:telecommunications 4784:, based mainly on 4770: 4745:Economy of Somalia 4657: 4551:Russian Federation 4479: 4428:According to 2023 4393:is defined by the 4387: 4362:head of government 4350:commander-in-chief 4238:angled worm lizard 4226:Platyceps messanai 4163:Carduelis johannis 4148:, Ash's Bushlark, 4038: 3974: 3905:Buffett Foundation 3869: 3837: 3703: 3689:islands of Somalia 3674:territorial waters 3656:Islands of Somalia 3606:to the north, the 3600: 3578:Federal Parliament 3551:unrecognized state 3535:autonomous regions 3178: 3176: 3056:Federal government 3045: 3031:Operation Atalanta 2998: 2868: 2795: 2743: 2647: 2566: 2557:, Chairman of the 2555:Mohamed Siad Barre 2501:In July 1977, the 2436: 2430:meeting President 2399:Mohamed Siad Barre 2372:popular referendum 2332: 2249: 2229: 2206:Potsdam Conference 2202:British Somaliland 2146:from the British. 2116: 2090:Italian Somaliland 2053: 2039:Sultanate of Hobyo 1915:Sultanate of Hobyo 1875: 1851: 1844:Catholic Cathedral 1840:Italian Somaliland 1827:British Somaliland 1823:Italian Somaliland 1813:Sultanate of Hobyo 1736:Kingdom of Cambaya 1728: 1642: 1511: 1444: 1269: 1176: 1162:History of Somalia 1010:British Somaliland 1006:Italian Somaliland 929:to the northwest, 753:2023 estimate 701:2023 estimate 588:Italian Somaliland 575:British Somaliland 549:Sultanate of Hobyo 371:Federal Parliament 229:Ethnic groups 22091:Federal republics 22021: 22020: 22015: 22014: 21947: 21946: 21875: 21874: 21830: 21829: 21826: 21825: 21338: 21337: 21145: 21144: 21023: 21022: 20947:Foreign relations 20924: 20923: 20875:Panel of the Wise 20783:Political Affairs 20653:Executive Council 20596:Secretary General 20574:Sirte Declaration 20494: 20493: 20483: 20482: 20450:Houari Boumediene 20111: 20110: 20035:Foreign relations 20008: 20007: 19688: 19687: 19548: 19547: 19203: 19202: 19037: 19036: 19001: 19000: 18876: 18875: 18596:Equatorial Guinea 18466: 18465: 18301: 18300: 18269: 18268: 18123: 18122: 18044: 18043: 18040: 18039: 18008:Political parties 17998:Political history 17954:Foreign relations 17917: 17916: 17913: 17912: 17691:Guardafui Channel 17640: 17639: 17579:(1986–1992) 17566:(1981–1991) 17328:978-90-8686-034-0 17307:978-0-19-505592-4 17288:; Suhrke, Astri; 17251:978-0-472-09898-9 17240:. Ann Arbor, MI: 17222:978-0-521-10457-9 17160:978-0-226-46791-7 17137:978-0-300-14163-4 17083:978-0-313-31333-2 17004:Malta Independent 16886:, pp. 170–1. 16809:978-0-903983-14-3 16645:on 4 October 2023 16624:978-0-313-31333-2 16517:978-0-313-31333-2 16359:on 13 April 2008. 15855:. David M. Cheney 15713:. citypopulation. 15479:Peoples of Africa 15266:. 1 August 2019. 15232:) (in Estonian). 14488:. 16 March 1968. 14462:on 25 August 2013 14317:. 8 August 2012. 14055:on 6 October 2013 13714:on 4 October 2012 13596:. 6 August 2020. 13513:on 3 October 2012 12911:on 11 August 2015 12885:on 9 January 2015 12585:on 16 August 2012 11730:on 2 October 2023 11611:Gebru Tareke 2009 11589:Oihe Yang (2000) 11178:Helen Chapin Metz 11152:978-0-7624-1642-4 11095:978-0-312-22393-9 10950:(s.n.: 2002), p.4 10850:on 11 August 2021 10746:978-981-97-2519-9 10679:978-1-55876-453-8 10606:978-0-7656-0729-4 10567:978-1-86064-786-4 10528:978-1-55876-453-8 10488:978-3-8258-5671-7 10422:978-1-108-01296-6 10395:978-0-521-09566-2 10291:978-1-84162-371-9 10118:978-1-84162-371-9 10095:, pp. 185–6. 9930:978-1-4488-4797-6 9891:978-0-313-37857-7 9653:(5619): 597–603. 9544:World Archaeology 9516:978-90-481-2719-1 9477:978-1-135-58228-9 9438:978-1-107-63536-4 9382:Horn of Africa". 9367:978-0-435-08041-9 9324:978-0-521-54002-5 8926:on 7 October 2013 8896:. 1 August 2012. 8746:on 10 August 2012 8700:Jeffrey Gettleman 8647:978-0-8122-0758-3 8133:. 13 March 2024. 8100:. 26 April 2024. 8057:population.un.org 7962:978-1-56902-104-0 7955:. Red Sea Press. 7799: 7575:Challenge Cup in 7508:Sports in Somalia 7421:Margaret Laurence 7138:, and delectable 6677:According to the 6655: 6654: 6597: 6596: 5841:(particularly in 5827:Western countries 5738: 5737: 5612:in Hargeisa, the 4925:industrial sector 4772:According to the 4483:foreign relations 4455:Foreign relations 4323: 4302: 4133:Alaemon hamertoni 3622:, and longitudes 3608:Guardafui Channel 3571:Hirshabelle State 3521: 3520: 3135:Guardafui Channel 3094:to the east, and 3092:Guardafui Channel 3086:to the west, the 3040:Structure of the 2751:Ali Mahdi Mohamed 2616:Somalia Civil War 2563:Nicolae Ceauşescu 2288:French Somaliland 2128:League of Nations 2076:La Grande Somalia 2035:Yusuf Ali Kenadid 2019:Berlin Conference 1666:Cristóvão da Gama 1566:Abyssinian Empire 1456:Arabian peninsula 1419:Nabataean Kingdom 1335:conquest of Egypt 1072:with the town of 982:Imamate of Awsame 909:, officially the 904: 903: 778:• Per capita 726:• Per capita 484:Sultanate of Ifat 146: 125:Qolobaa Calankeed 22138: 22053: 22052: 22050: 22049: 22048: 22043: 22039: 22036: 22035: 22034: 22031: 21884: 21883: 21839: 21838: 21724: 21723: 21403: 21402: 21365: 21358: 21351: 21342: 21341: 21172: 21165: 21158: 21149: 21148: 21135: 21134: 21047:Development Bank 20935: 20934: 20817:Women and Gender 20813:Economic Affairs 20742:Gallagher Estate 20646: 20645: 20554:Casablanca Group 20521: 20514: 20507: 20498: 20497: 20409:Jawaharlal Nehru 20259:NAM News Network 20213: 20212: 20138: 20131: 20124: 20115: 20114: 19831: 19830: 19821: 19746: 19745: 19736: 19735: 19715: 19708: 19701: 19692: 19691: 19678: 19676: 19675: 19665: 19663: 19662: 19652: 19650: 19649: 19639: 19637: 19636: 19626: 19624: 19623: 19613: 19611: 19610: 19600: 19598: 19597: 19575: 19568: 19561: 19552: 19551: 19401: 19391: 19386:Christmas Island 19380: 19352: 19230: 19223: 19216: 19207: 19206: 19193: 19191: 19190: 19180: 19178: 19177: 19167: 19165: 19164: 19154: 19152: 19151: 19141: 19139: 19138: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19115: 19113: 19112: 19102: 19100: 19099: 19089: 19087: 19086: 19064: 19057: 19050: 19041: 19040: 19025: 19013: 19012: 18889: 18888: 18846: 18845: 18798: 18592:(partly in Asia) 18512:Sovereign states 18493: 18486: 18479: 18470: 18469: 18459: 18451: 18443: 18435: 18341: 18334: 18327: 18318: 18317: 18305: 18304: 18291: 18281: 18280: 18134: 18133: 18100: 18087:Mineral industry 18077:Economic history 18055: 18054: 17988: 17932: 17931: 17928: 17927: 17664: 17663: 17660: 17659: 17648: 17604: 17597: 17580: 17567: 17539:Dervish movement 17499:Walashma dynasty 17479: 17478: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17432: 17431: 17347: 17346: 17332: 17311: 17281: 17255: 17226: 17196:Mauri, Arnaldo, 17193: 17164: 17141: 17118: 17087: 17049: 17043: 17037: 17022: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17011: 16996: 16990: 16989: 16987: 16985: 16966: 16960: 16959: 16957: 16955: 16944: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16933: 16918: 16912: 16911: 16893: 16887: 16881: 16875: 16874: 16856: 16850: 16849: 16838: 16832: 16831: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16793: 16787: 16786: 16775: 16769: 16768: 16756: 16750: 16749: 16738: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16727: 16708: 16702: 16701: 16661: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16650: 16641:. Archived from 16635: 16629: 16628: 16605: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16589:. 1 January 2019 16587:Delicious Israel 16579: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16568: 16553: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16542: 16528: 16522: 16521: 16498: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16482: 16474: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16463: 16448: 16442: 16441: 16439: 16437: 16426: 16420: 16407: 16401: 16400: 16398: 16396: 16385: 16379: 16378: 16367: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16352:. Archived from 16335: 16319: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16305: 16299: 16291: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16273:The Jakarta Post 16265: 16259: 16252: 16246: 16231: 16225: 16206: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16170: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16159: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16118: 16112: 16109: 16103: 16100: 16094: 16091: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16058: 16049: 16046: 16025: 16024: 16022: 16020: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15979: 15970: 15963: 15957: 15956: 15954: 15952: 15946: 15939: 15931: 15925: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15911:. Archived from 15900: 15894: 15887: 15881: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15843: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15832: 15813: 15807: 15792: 15786: 15780: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15764:on 6 August 2013 15763: 15756: 15748: 15733: 15732: 15721: 15715: 15714: 15703: 15658: 15657: 15655: 15653: 15648:on 2 August 2019 15634: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15604: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15593: 15574: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15563: 15544: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15533: 15518: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15488: 15482: 15475: 15469: 15462: 15456: 15449: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15416: 15407: 15406:, pp. 86–7. 15401: 15395: 15388: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15377: 15371: 15364: 15352: 15346: 15331: 15325: 15319: 15313: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15275: 15256: 15250: 15249: 15243: 15241: 15221: 15215: 15210:Tripodi, Paolo. 15208: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15197: 15186: 15180: 15177:Inner City Press 15162: 15156: 15150: 15144: 15143:, pp. 8–11. 15138: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15124: 15118: 15111: 15103: 15097: 15079: 15073: 15072: 15044: 15038: 15037: 15027: 15017: 14993: 14987: 14986: 14984: 14982: 14971:Keydmedia Online 14963: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14952: 14937: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14926: 14912: 14904: 14898: 14884: 14878: 14872: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14861: 14842: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14826:on 11 April 2023 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14805: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14779: 14760: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14749: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14698: 14692: 14679: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14668: 14648: 14642: 14635: 14629: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14581: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14567: 14547: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14530: 14517: 14508: 14502: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14478: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14458:. Archived from 14447: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14421: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14410: 14395: 14389: 14388: 14386: 14384: 14378: 14371: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14307: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14276: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14246: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14232: 14226: 14220:. Archived from 14219: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14200: 14185: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14174: 14159: 14150: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14076: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14045: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14034: 14019: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 13999: 13993:. Archived from 13992: 13984: 13978: 13962: 13956: 13950: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13939: 13933: 13926: 13918: 13909: 13908: 13898: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13873:. Bartleby.com. 13867: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13841: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13811: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13800: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13770: 13751: 13745: 13731: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13713: 13707:. Archived from 13706: 13698: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13672: 13666: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13635: 13616: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13605: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13529: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13518: 13512: 13506:. Archived from 13505: 13497: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13471: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13425: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13392: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13362: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13332: 13326: 13312: 13306: 13303: 13297: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13248: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13191:"Fatima Jibrell" 13187: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13173: 13158: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13144: 13129: 13123: 13108: 13099: 13093: 13087: 13086: 13076: 13058: 13034: 13028: 13021: 13015: 13008: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12965:. Archived from 12959: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12942: 12935: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12841: 12835: 12834: 12823: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12797: 12788: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12765:. Archived from 12749: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12735: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12676:on 2 April 2013. 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12655: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12616: 12609: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12575: 12569: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12492: 12486: 12473: 12467: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12346: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12206:. Archived from 12200: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12093:. Archived from 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12021: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12005:on 16 March 2012 12004: 11997: 11988: 11979: 11972: 11966: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11920: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11888: 11882: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11726:. Archived from 11711: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11637: 11627: 11618: 11608: 11602: 11587: 11581: 11566: 11560: 11536: 11525: 11511: 11502: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11448: 11442: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11412:. Archived from 11411: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11351: 11345: 11338: 11332: 11317: 11311: 11302: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11200: 11194: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11136: 11130: 11121: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11079: 11070: 11069: 11049: 11043: 11033: 11027: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10960: 10951: 10944: 10938: 10935: 10926: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10816:. Archived from 10810: 10804: 10803: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10770: 10764: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10705: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10663: 10657: 10650: 10644: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10512: 10506: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10387: 10377: 10371: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10023: 10017: 10010: 10001: 9995: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9875: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9751:. Archived from 9735:(3–4): 153–168. 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9642: 9636: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9602:(106): 182–183. 9586:H. W. Seton-Karr 9582: 9576: 9575: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9199:. Archived from 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9103: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8947: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8798: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8765: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8735: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8702:(23 June 2011). 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8676:. Archived from 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8610: 8609: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8494: 8488: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8430: 8422: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8365: 8357: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8326: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8301:. Archived from 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8231: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8139: 8128: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8086: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7978: 7967: 7966: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7916: 7828: 7827: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7780: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7714: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7661:sun dried bricks 7484:Faarax M.J. Cawl 7399: 7389: 7379: 7340:Music of Somalia 7319: 7030:Qu'ranic schools 7024:Burao University 7012:Amoud University 6958:teacher training 6872:infant mortality 6789:Southeast Africa 6607: 6606: 6283: 6240: 6230: 6170: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6136: 6135: 6117:Bravanese people 6113:Swahili language 6053:Wadaad's writing 5699: 5698: 5491:South West State 5315:Media of Somalia 5241: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5009:stone processing 4832:(referred to as 4318: 4315:Hamza Abdi Barre 4311: 4297: 4290: 4222:saw-scaled viper 4187:Symphurus fuscus 4151:Mirafra somalica 3916:Somali Civil War 3567:South West State 3543:autonomous state 3181: 3177: 3002:counteroffensive 2989:, as president. 2898:Ethiopian troops 2733: 2702:exchange control 2644:Somali civil war 2622:Somali Civil War 2586:Somali Civil War 2542:arch-rival, the 2376:new constitution 2124:Benito Mussolini 2111:, Leader of the 2100:region, in 1925. 2051:cavalry and fort 1903:Ainanshe dynasty 1883:Ajuran Sultanate 1863:Benito Mussolini 1805:Geledi sultanate 1792:Portuguese India 1720:Ajuran Sultanate 1673:Ajuran Sultanate 1581:Ishaaq bin Ahmed 1497:Ajuran Sultanate 1485:Walashma dynasty 1289:Mycenaean Greece 1180:Hunter-gatherers 1117:informal economy 1051:In 2006, with a 1034:Somali Civil War 974:Ajuran Sultanate 849: 816: 815: 809: 808: 802: 786: 785: 767: 766: 750: 734: 733: 715: 714: 698: 665:18,143,378 ( 523:Geledi Sultanate 497:Ajuran Sultanate 327:Hamza Abdi Barre 202: 201: 199: 198: 197: 192: 191:2.033°N 45.350°E 188: 185: 184: 183: 180: 165:and largest city 158: 148: 147: 134: 133: 128: 105: 91: 78: 77: 76: 70: 65: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 40: 32: 21: 20: 22146: 22145: 22141: 22140: 22139: 22137: 22136: 22135: 22056: 22055: 22046: 22044: 22040: 22037: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22025: 22024: 22022: 22017: 22016: 22011: 22000: 21943: 21871: 21822: 21791: 21789: 21782: 21771: 21769: 21762: 21748:Northern Cyprus 21731: 21730:and territories 21729: 21715: 21699: 21392: 21375: 21369: 21339: 21334: 21181: 21176: 21146: 21141: 21123: 21092: 21071: 21019: 20986: 20920: 20904: 20851: 20825: 20764: 20746: 20718: 20685: 20667: 20635: 20602: 20530: 20525: 20495: 20490: 20479: 20438: 20389:Josip Broz Tito 20377: 20289: 20273: 20227: 20204: 20147: 20142: 20112: 20107: 20082: 20039: 20004: 19988: 19952: 19822: 19813: 19752: 19724: 19719: 19689: 19684: 19673: 19671: 19660: 19658: 19647: 19645: 19634: 19632: 19621: 19619: 19608: 19606: 19595: 19593: 19585: 19579: 19549: 19544: 19504: 19399: 19389: 19378: 19353: 19344: 19240: 19234: 19204: 19199: 19188: 19186: 19175: 19173: 19162: 19160: 19149: 19147: 19136: 19134: 19123: 19121: 19110: 19108: 19097: 19095: 19084: 19082: 19074: 19068: 19038: 19033: 18997: 18981: 18950: 18929: 18925:Pelagie Islands 18908: 18884: 18882: 18872: 18860: 18842: 18839: 18831: 18810: 18807: 18799: 18790: 18506: 18497: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18449: 18441: 18433: 18419: 18351: 18345: 18310: 18302: 18297: 18265: 18202: 18193:Public holidays 18119: 18098: 18036: 17982: 17909: 17861: 17857:Woqooyi Galbeed 17842:Middle Shebelle 17758: 17718:Mountain ranges 17686:Greater Somalia 17649: 17636: 17610: 17602: 17595: 17578: 17565: 17519:Isaaq Sultanate 17468: 17459: 17422:Somalia profile 17411: 17366:Wayback Machine 17344: 17340: 17335: 17329: 17308: 17278: 17252: 17223: 17161: 17138: 17084: 17074:Greenwood Press 17058: 17053: 17052: 17044: 17040: 17023: 17019: 17009: 17007: 16998: 16997: 16993: 16983: 16981: 16968: 16967: 16963: 16953: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16941: 16931: 16929: 16920: 16919: 16915: 16908: 16894: 16890: 16882: 16878: 16871: 16857: 16853: 16846:archive-stories 16840: 16839: 16835: 16830:. 12 June 2011. 16822: 16821: 16817: 16810: 16794: 16790: 16777: 16776: 16772: 16757: 16753: 16740: 16739: 16735: 16725: 16723: 16710: 16709: 16705: 16662: 16658: 16648: 16646: 16637: 16636: 16632: 16625: 16606: 16602: 16592: 16590: 16581: 16580: 16576: 16566: 16564: 16554: 16550: 16540: 16538: 16530: 16529: 16525: 16518: 16499: 16495: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16475: 16471: 16461: 16459: 16450: 16449: 16445: 16435: 16433: 16428: 16427: 16423: 16417:Wayback Machine 16408: 16404: 16394: 16392: 16387: 16386: 16382: 16369: 16368: 16364: 16356: 16333: 16327:Moslem Bahadori 16320: 16313: 16303: 16301: 16297: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16278: 16276: 16267: 16266: 16262: 16253: 16249: 16232: 16228: 16207: 16203: 16171: 16167: 16157: 16155: 16154:on 16 July 2009 16146: 16145: 16141: 16131: 16129: 16120: 16119: 16115: 16110: 16106: 16101: 16097: 16092: 16081: 16071: 16069: 16060: 16059: 16052: 16047: 16028: 16018: 16016: 16015:on 26 June 2006 16007: 16006: 16002: 15992: 15990: 15981: 15980: 15973: 15964: 15960: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15937: 15933: 15932: 15928: 15918: 15916: 15901: 15897: 15888: 15884: 15872: 15868: 15858: 15856: 15845: 15844: 15840: 15830: 15828: 15815: 15814: 15810: 15793: 15789: 15781: 15777: 15767: 15765: 15761: 15754: 15750: 15749: 15736: 15723: 15722: 15718: 15705: 15704: 15661: 15651: 15649: 15638:"Somalia | DRC" 15636: 15635: 15631: 15621: 15619: 15606: 15605: 15601: 15591: 15589: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15561: 15559: 15546: 15545: 15541: 15531: 15529: 15520: 15519: 15515: 15505: 15503: 15490: 15489: 15485: 15476: 15472: 15463: 15459: 15450: 15443: 15433: 15431: 15418: 15417: 15410: 15402: 15398: 15389: 15385: 15375: 15373: 15369: 15362: 15353: 15349: 15332: 15328: 15320: 15316: 15299: 15295: 15287: 15283: 15273: 15271: 15258: 15257: 15253: 15239: 15237: 15222: 15218: 15209: 15205: 15195: 15193: 15188: 15187: 15183: 15172:Wayback Machine 15165:Somali Diaspora 15163: 15159: 15151: 15147: 15139: 15132: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15109: 15105: 15104: 15100: 15090:Wayback Machine 15080: 15076: 15045: 15041: 14994: 14990: 14980: 14978: 14965: 14964: 14960: 14950: 14948: 14939: 14938: 14934: 14924: 14922: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14901: 14885: 14881: 14873: 14869: 14859: 14857: 14844: 14843: 14839: 14829: 14827: 14818: 14817: 14813: 14803: 14801: 14792: 14791: 14787: 14777: 14775: 14762: 14761: 14757: 14747: 14745: 14730: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14713: 14700: 14699: 14695: 14689:Wayback Machine 14680: 14676: 14666: 14664: 14649: 14645: 14641:. gantdaily.com 14636: 14632: 14615: 14611: 14601: 14599: 14582: 14575: 14565: 14563: 14548: 14544: 14534: 14532: 14528: 14515: 14509: 14505: 14495: 14493: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14465: 14463: 14448: 14444: 14434: 14432: 14423: 14422: 14418: 14408: 14406: 14397: 14396: 14392: 14382: 14380: 14379:on 6 March 2016 14376: 14369: 14365: 14364: 14360: 14350: 14348: 14339: 14338: 14334: 14324: 14322: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14294: 14292: 14285:Financial Times 14277: 14273: 14263: 14261: 14248: 14247: 14240: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14217: 14213: 14212: 14208: 14198: 14196: 14187: 14186: 14182: 14172: 14170: 14161: 14160: 14153: 14136: 14132: 14122: 14120: 14103: 14099: 14089: 14087: 14086:on 26 June 2015 14078: 14077: 14068: 14058: 14056: 14047: 14046: 14042: 14032: 14030: 14021: 14020: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13997: 13990: 13986: 13985: 13981: 13972:Wayback Machine 13963: 13959: 13951: 13947: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13924: 13920: 13919: 13912: 13899: 13890: 13880: 13878: 13869: 13868: 13864: 13854: 13852: 13843: 13842: 13838: 13828: 13826: 13813: 13812: 13808: 13798: 13796: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13768: 13766: 13753: 13752: 13748: 13742:Wayback Machine 13732: 13728: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13695: 13685: 13683: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13659: 13657: 13650:"Member states" 13648: 13647: 13643: 13633: 13631: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13603: 13601: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13573: 13571: 13560: 13556: 13546: 13544: 13531: 13530: 13526: 13516: 13514: 13510: 13503: 13499: 13498: 13479: 13469: 13467: 13452: 13448: 13438: 13436: 13427: 13426: 13422: 13412: 13410: 13393: 13389: 13379: 13377: 13364: 13363: 13359: 13349: 13347: 13334: 13333: 13329: 13323:Wayback Machine 13313: 13309: 13304: 13300: 13295: 13291: 13280: 13276: 13266: 13264: 13249: 13240: 13230: 13228: 13215: 13214: 13210: 13200: 13198: 13189: 13188: 13181: 13171: 13169: 13160: 13159: 13152: 13142: 13140: 13139:on 12 July 2010 13133:"Goldman Prize" 13131: 13130: 13126: 13109: 13102: 13094: 13090: 13035: 13031: 13022: 13018: 13009: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12961: 12960: 12956: 12946: 12944: 12940: 12933: 12929: 12928: 12924: 12914: 12912: 12903: 12902: 12898: 12888: 12886: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12856: 12843: 12842: 12838: 12825: 12824: 12820: 12810: 12808: 12799: 12798: 12791: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12769:on 16 July 2017 12751: 12750: 12743: 12733: 12731: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12697: 12695: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12668: 12667: 12663: 12653: 12651: 12634: 12630: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12598: 12588: 12586: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12561:Wayback Machine 12552: 12548: 12538: 12536: 12521: 12520: 12516: 12506: 12504: 12493: 12489: 12483:Wayback Machine 12474: 12470: 12460:Wayback Machine 12451: 12447: 12437: 12435: 12426: 12425: 12421: 12411: 12409: 12400: 12399: 12395: 12385: 12383: 12374: 12373: 12369: 12359: 12357: 12348: 12347: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12319: 12318: 12314: 12304: 12302: 12279: 12275: 12265: 12263: 12250: 12249: 12245: 12235: 12233: 12220: 12219: 12215: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12187: 12185: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12161: 12159: 12146: 12145: 12141: 12131: 12129: 12114: 12110: 12100: 12098: 12091:The Independent 12083: 12079: 12069: 12067: 12052: 12048: 12038: 12036: 12023: 12022: 12018: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11989: 11982: 11973: 11969: 11953: 11949: 11939: 11937: 11932:. 31 May 2001. 11922: 11921: 11917: 11907: 11905: 11900:. 4 June 2001. 11890: 11889: 11885: 11876: 11872: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11851: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11808: 11807: 11803: 11793: 11791: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11748: 11747: 11743: 11733: 11731: 11712: 11708: 11698: 11696: 11687: 11686: 11682: 11672: 11670: 11662: 11661: 11657: 11650: 11628: 11621: 11609: 11605: 11588: 11584: 11567: 11563: 11549:Wayback Machine 11537: 11528: 11512: 11505: 11488: 11484: 11474: 11472: 11465: 11449: 11445: 11428: 11424: 11416: 11409: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11390: 11388: 11379: 11378: 11374: 11364: 11362: 11353: 11352: 11348: 11339: 11335: 11318: 11314: 11303: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11275: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11234: 11230: 11222: 11218: 11201: 11197: 11191:Wayback Machine 11176: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11153: 11137: 11133: 11122: 11115: 11105: 11103: 11096: 11080: 11073: 11066: 11050: 11046: 11034: 11030: 11021: 11017: 11007: 11005: 10992: 10991: 10987: 10978: 10974: 10961: 10954: 10945: 10941: 10936: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10911: 10909: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10883: 10881: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10853: 10851: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10758: 10754: 10747: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10706: 10699: 10689: 10687: 10680: 10664: 10660: 10651: 10647: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10607: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10568: 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10529: 10513: 10509: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10473: 10469: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10423: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10378: 10374: 10357: 10353: 10343: 10341: 10334: 10318: 10311: 10301: 10299: 10292: 10276: 10272: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10225: 10218: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10172: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10147: 10143: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10103: 10099: 10093:Warmington 1995 10091: 10087: 10081:Warmington 1995 10079: 10075: 10069:Warmington 1995 10067: 10060: 10054:Warmington 1995 10052: 10048: 10034:Wayback Machine 10024: 10020: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9989: 9979: 9977: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9940: 9938: 9931: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9892: 9876: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9842: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9819: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9755:on 27 June 2013 9721: 9717: 9707: 9705: 9694: 9690: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9608:10.2307/2840281 9583: 9579: 9540: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9478: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9439: 9423: 9419: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9325: 9309: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9279:"Member States" 9277: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9236: 9234: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9163:"Member States" 9161: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9133:"Member States" 9131: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9105: 9104: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8949: 8948: 8939: 8929: 8927: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8871: 8869: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8767: 8766: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8736: 8727: 8717: 8715: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8648: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8592: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8552:. p. 227. 8546: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8520: 8518: 8511: 8495: 8491: 8482: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8424: 8423: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8373: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8328: 8327: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8305:on 16 July 2017 8287: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8174: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8088: 8087: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7980: 7979: 7970: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7918: 7917: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7812: 7808: 7762: 7747: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7599: 7593: 7510: 7504: 7446: 7423:, a "Nation of 7412: 7406: 7342: 7336: 7194:, is typically 7144:Canjeero/Lahooh 7063: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7038:mal'aamad quran 7032:(also known as 6938: 6932: 6857:life expectancy 6826: 6818:Main articles: 6816: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6635: 6603: 6598: 6555:Middle Shabelle 6419:Woqooyi Galbeed 6385:Middle Shabelle 6301:Woqooyi Galbeed 6284: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6141: 6133: 6044:Somali alphabet 6040:writing systems 5948: 5942: 5757:Somali diaspora 5697: 5691: 5685: 5677:merchant marine 5646:Daallo Airlines 5633:Somali Airlines 5614:Kismayo Airport 5556: 5548:Main articles: 5546: 5510:Golis Mountains 5474: 5468: 5411:Radio Mogadishu 5380:Hormuud Telecom 5345:money transfers 5325:Hormuud Telecom 5317: 5309:Main articles: 5307: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5226: 5223:Range Resources 5154: 5146:Main articles: 5144: 5116:Somali shilling 5059:monetary policy 5043: 5041:Somali shilling 5035:Main articles: 5033: 4937:Daallo Airlines 4918:Port of Berbera 4858: 4852: 4818:Somali diaspora 4747: 4741: 4721: 4715: 4639: 4633: 4463: 4457: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4320:Prime Minister 4317: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4215:Pseudochromidae 4207:Platycephalidae 4118:dromedary camel 4090:Somali wild ass 4030: 4024: 3966: 3960: 3889:desertification 3825: 3708: 3658: 3652: 3634:gateway to the 3592: 3527: 3397:Woqooyi Galbeed 3307:Middle Shabelle 3153: 3145:Main articles: 3143: 3080: 3074: 3058: 2978: 2956: 2928: 2922: 2894: 2884: 2860: 2854: 2784: 2768:Main articles: 2766: 2651:moral authority 2636: 2620:Main articles: 2618: 2515:Greater Somalia 2417: 2409:Main articles: 2407: 2336:Somali Republic 2286:(then known as 2219:Leaders of the 2198: 2192:Greater Somalia 2188:Somali Republic 2178:Main articles: 2176: 2168:Italian Somalis 2081:Greater Somalia 2049:Hobyo Sultanate 2027:Italian Somalia 1891:Isaaq Sultanate 1829: 1819: 1809:Isaaq Sultanate 1803:Main articles: 1801: 1747:merchants from 1662:Futuh al-Habash 1608:Sa'ad ad-Din II 1499: 1475:Main articles: 1473: 1411:Parthian Persia 1399:Ptolemaic Egypt 1361:city-states of 1328:Persian Emperor 1253: 1247: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1014:Somali Republic 844: 830:Somali shilling 813: 812: 811: 800: 779: 760: 748: 727: 708: 692: 676: 662: 641: 620: 607: 590: 577: 564: 562:Isaaq Sultanate 551: 538: 525: 512: 499: 486: 473: 460: 447: 434: 421: 397: 382: 353: 338: 323: 308: 251: 233: 223: 195: 193: 189: 186: 181: 178: 176: 174: 173: 172: 166: 149: 140: 137: 135: 129: 113: 112: 111: 106: 98: 97: 92: 79: 72: 71: 63: 56: 55: 48: 41: 34: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22144: 22134: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22098: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22019: 22018: 22013: 22012: 22010: 22009: 22005: 22002: 22001: 21999: 21998: 21993: 21991:Largest cities 21988: 21983: 21982: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21969:GDP per capita 21966: 21955: 21953: 21949: 21948: 21945: 21944: 21942: 21941: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21901: 21896: 21890: 21888: 21881: 21877: 21876: 21873: 21872: 21870: 21869: 21863: 21857: 21851: 21845: 21843: 21836: 21832: 21831: 21828: 21827: 21824: 21823: 21821: 21820: 21818:United Nations 21815: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21794: 21792: 21787: 21784: 21783: 21781: 21780: 21774: 21772: 21767: 21764: 21763: 21761: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21734: 21732: 21727: 21721: 21717: 21716: 21714: 21713: 21707: 21705: 21701: 21700: 21698: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21611: 21610: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21420: 21415: 21409: 21407: 21400: 21394: 21393: 21391: 21390: 21380: 21377: 21376: 21368: 21367: 21360: 21353: 21345: 21336: 21335: 21333: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21186: 21183: 21182: 21175: 21174: 21167: 21160: 21152: 21143: 21142: 21140: 21139: 21128: 21125: 21124: 21122: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21100: 21098: 21094: 21093: 21091: 21090: 21085: 21079: 21077: 21073: 21072: 21070: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21033: 21031: 21025: 21024: 21021: 21020: 21018: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20996: 20994: 20988: 20987: 20985: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20938: 20932: 20926: 20925: 20922: 20921: 20919: 20918: 20912: 20910: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20861: 20859: 20853: 20852: 20850: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20833: 20831: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20823: 20818: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20774: 20772: 20766: 20765: 20763: 20762: 20756: 20754: 20748: 20747: 20745: 20744: 20739: 20734: 20728: 20726: 20720: 20719: 20717: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20695: 20693: 20687: 20686: 20684: 20683: 20677: 20675: 20669: 20668: 20666: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20649: 20643: 20637: 20636: 20634: 20633: 20628: 20623: 20621:Extreme points 20618: 20612: 20610: 20604: 20603: 20601: 20600: 20599: 20598: 20593: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20559:Monrovia Group 20556: 20551: 20546: 20544:Pan-Africanism 20540: 20538: 20532: 20531: 20524: 20523: 20516: 20509: 20501: 20492: 20491: 20488: 20485: 20484: 20481: 20480: 20478: 20477: 20472: 20470:Nicolás Maduro 20467: 20462: 20460:Nelson Mandela 20457: 20452: 20446: 20444: 20440: 20439: 20437: 20436: 20426: 20416: 20406: 20396: 20385: 20383: 20379: 20378: 20376: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20330: 20325: 20320: 20315: 20310: 20308:Brioni Meeting 20305: 20299: 20297: 20291: 20290: 20288: 20287: 20281: 20279: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20271: 20266: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20235: 20233: 20229: 20228: 20226: 20225: 20219: 20217: 20210: 20206: 20205: 20203: 20202: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20158: 20156: 20149: 20148: 20141: 20140: 20133: 20126: 20118: 20109: 20108: 20106: 20105: 20104: 20103: 20101:Pan Arab Games 20093: 20087: 20084: 20083: 20081: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20069: 20068: 20063: 20053: 20047: 20045: 20041: 20040: 20038: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20016: 20014: 20010: 20009: 20006: 20005: 20003: 20002: 19996: 19994: 19990: 19989: 19987: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19960: 19958: 19954: 19953: 19951: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19880: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19860: 19855: 19850: 19845: 19839: 19837: 19828: 19824: 19823: 19816: 19814: 19812: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19768: 19762: 19760: 19754: 19753: 19751: 19750: 19740: 19729: 19726: 19725: 19718: 19717: 19710: 19703: 19695: 19686: 19685: 19683: 19682: 19669: 19656: 19643: 19630: 19617: 19604: 19590: 19587: 19586: 19578: 19577: 19570: 19563: 19555: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19542: 19537: 19536: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19512: 19510: 19506: 19505: 19503: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19392: 19382: 19379:United Kingdom 19372: 19367: 19361: 19359: 19355: 19354: 19347: 19345: 19343: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19289: 19288: 19281: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19248: 19246: 19242: 19241: 19233: 19232: 19225: 19218: 19210: 19201: 19200: 19198: 19197: 19184: 19171: 19158: 19145: 19132: 19119: 19106: 19093: 19079: 19076: 19075: 19067: 19066: 19059: 19052: 19044: 19035: 19034: 19032: 19031: 19019: 19006: 19003: 19002: 18999: 18998: 18996: 18995: 18989: 18987: 18983: 18982: 18980: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18962:Canary Islands 18958: 18956: 18952: 18951: 18949: 18948: 18946:Savage Islands 18943: 18937: 18935: 18931: 18930: 18928: 18927: 18922: 18916: 18914: 18910: 18909: 18907: 18906: 18901: 18895: 18893: 18886: 18878: 18877: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18866: 18865:United Kingdom 18862: 18861: 18859: 18858: 18852: 18850: 18843: 18836: 18833: 18832: 18830: 18829: 18824: 18813: 18811: 18804: 18801: 18800: 18793: 18791: 18789: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18516: 18514: 18508: 18507: 18496: 18495: 18488: 18481: 18473: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18460: 18452: 18444: 18436: 18434:(South Africa) 18427: 18425: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18361: 18359: 18353: 18352: 18344: 18343: 18336: 18329: 18321: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18299: 18298: 18296: 18295: 18285: 18274: 18271: 18270: 18267: 18266: 18264: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18212: 18210: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18179: 18178: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18146:Child marriage 18143: 18137: 18131: 18125: 18124: 18121: 18120: 18118: 18117: 18115:Transportation 18112: 18107: 18105:Communications 18102: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18058: 18052: 18046: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18034: 18033: 18032: 18025:Prime Minister 18022: 18021: 18020: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17978: 17973: 17972: 17971: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17935: 17925: 17919: 17918: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17871: 17869: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17847:Lower Shebelle 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17768: 17766: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17754: 17752:Bajuni Islands 17744: 17743: 17742: 17732: 17731: 17730: 17725: 17715: 17714: 17713: 17708: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17667: 17657: 17651: 17650: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17618: 17616: 17612: 17611: 17609: 17608: 17607: 17606: 17599: 17587: 17582: 17574: 17572:Isaaq genocide 17569: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17504:Adal Sultanate 17501: 17496: 17491: 17485: 17483: 17476: 17470: 17469: 17458: 17457: 17450: 17443: 17435: 17429: 17428: 17419: 17393: 17384: 17368: 17356: 17351: 17339: 17338:External links 17336: 17334: 17333: 17327: 17312: 17306: 17290:Aguayo, Sergio 17282: 17276: 17263: 17256: 17250: 17227: 17221: 17204: 17194: 17165: 17159: 17142: 17136: 17119: 17107:10.2307/217389 17088: 17082: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17051: 17050: 17048:, p. 102. 17046:Abdullahi 2001 17038: 17017: 16991: 16961: 16939: 16924:. Britannica. 16913: 16906: 16888: 16884:Abdullahi 2001 16876: 16869: 16851: 16833: 16815: 16808: 16788: 16785:. 19 May 2020. 16770: 16751: 16733: 16703: 16656: 16630: 16623: 16600: 16574: 16548: 16523: 16516: 16493: 16469: 16458:on 11 May 2011 16443: 16421: 16402: 16391:. Emro.who.int 16380: 16375:www.unaids.org 16362: 16311: 16286: 16260: 16247: 16226: 16201: 16188:(4): 617–633. 16165: 16139: 16113: 16104: 16095: 16079: 16050: 16026: 16000: 15971: 15958: 15926: 15895: 15882: 15866: 15838: 15808: 15787: 15783:Abdullahi 2001 15775: 15734: 15716: 15711:Citypopulation 15659: 15629: 15599: 15569: 15539: 15513: 15483: 15470: 15457: 15441: 15408: 15396: 15383: 15347: 15326: 15314: 15293: 15281: 15251: 15216: 15203: 15181: 15157: 15155:, p. 138. 15153:Abdullahi 2001 15145: 15141:Abdullahi 2001 15130: 15098: 15074: 15039: 14988: 14958: 14932: 14899: 14879: 14867: 14837: 14811: 14785: 14755: 14723: 14693: 14674: 14643: 14630: 14609: 14573: 14542: 14503: 14473: 14442: 14416: 14390: 14358: 14332: 14302: 14271: 14260:on 11 May 2011 14238: 14206: 14180: 14151: 14130: 14097: 14066: 14040: 14029:on 17 May 2014 14011: 14000:on 13 May 2011 13979: 13957: 13945: 13910: 13888: 13862: 13851:on 11 May 2011 13836: 13806: 13776: 13746: 13726: 13724:. marines.mil. 13693: 13667: 13641: 13630:on 31 May 2022 13611: 13581: 13554: 13524: 13477: 13446: 13420: 13387: 13357: 13327: 13307: 13298: 13289: 13274: 13238: 13208: 13197:on 11 May 2011 13179: 13150: 13124: 13100: 13088: 13049:(6): 534–545. 13029: 13016: 12980: 12954: 12922: 12896: 12866: 12851:. 2 May 2021. 12849:citypopulation 12836: 12818: 12789: 12780: 12741: 12730:on 1 July 2016 12719:World Factbook 12705: 12679: 12661: 12628: 12596: 12570: 12546: 12514: 12487: 12468: 12445: 12419: 12393: 12382:on 10 May 2011 12367: 12356:on 14 May 2011 12338: 12312: 12273: 12243: 12213: 12195: 12169: 12139: 12108: 12077: 12060:The New Yorker 12046: 12016: 11980: 11967: 11947: 11915: 11883: 11870: 11856: 11849: 11831: 11801: 11771: 11741: 11706: 11680: 11655: 11648: 11619: 11603: 11582: 11561: 11526: 11503: 11482: 11463: 11443: 11422: 11398: 11372: 11346: 11333: 11312: 11305:Schraeder 2006 11292: 11273: 11253: 11241: 11228: 11216: 11195: 11170: 11151: 11131: 11113: 11094: 11071: 11064: 11044: 11028: 11015: 10985: 10972: 10952: 10939: 10927: 10918: 10891: 10861: 10831: 10805: 10791: 10765: 10752: 10745: 10725: 10718: 10697: 10678: 10658: 10645: 10624: 10612: 10605: 10585: 10566: 10546: 10527: 10507: 10494: 10487: 10467: 10440: 10421: 10401: 10394: 10372: 10351: 10332: 10309: 10290: 10270: 10251:(2): 217–229. 10235: 10216: 10196: 10189: 10175:Lewis, Ioan M. 10166: 10141: 10124: 10117: 10097: 10085: 10083:, p. 187. 10073: 10071:, p. 229. 10058: 10046: 10018: 10002: 9987: 9968: 9948: 9929: 9909: 9890: 9865: 9836: 9817: 9797: 9766: 9715: 9688: 9637: 9628: 9577: 9534: 9515: 9495: 9476: 9456: 9437: 9417: 9373: 9366: 9342: 9323: 9300: 9270: 9244: 9214: 9184: 9154: 9137:United Nations 9124: 9085: 9059: 9029: 8999: 8972: 8937: 8911: 8879: 8853: 8823: 8790: 8757: 8725: 8691: 8665: 8646: 8626: 8611: 8604: 8586: 8574: 8565: 8559:979-8393720292 8558: 8540: 8528: 8509: 8489: 8476: 8472:Abdullahi 2001 8464: 8438: 8407: 8381: 8347: 8316: 8280: 8265:. Britannica. 8254: 8234:somaliweyn.com 8218: 8215:(Online). n.d. 8198: 8178: 8172: 8151: 8115: 8074: 8044: 8018: 8001: 7968: 7961: 7941: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7806: 7783:Osmanya script 7708: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7685:Somalia portal 7672: 7669: 7595:Main article: 7592: 7589: 7548:was formed in 7517:Somalia League 7506:Main article: 7503: 7500: 7476:Nuruddin Farah 7472:Latin alphabet 7445: 7442: 7433:Richard Burton 7408:Main article: 7405: 7402: 7338:Main article: 7335: 7332: 7134:, traditional 7061:Somali cuisine 7059:Main article: 7056: 7053: 7048:Main article: 7045: 7042: 6934:Main article: 6931: 6928: 6892:horn of Africa 6815: 6812: 6777:folk religions 6659:Main article: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6573:Lower Shabelle 6570: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351:Lower Shabelle 6348: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6129: 5965:branch of the 5944:Main article: 5941: 5938: 5903:US citizenship 5839:United Kingdom 5829:, such as the 5749:ethnic Somalis 5736: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5687:Main article: 5684: 5681: 5622:Baidoa Airport 5545: 5542: 5470:Main article: 5467: 5464: 5405:The state-run 5306: 5303: 5143: 5140: 5032: 5029: 5021:General Motors 4851: 4848: 4814:government-run 4796:companies and 4794:money transfer 4743:Main article: 4740: 4737: 4717:Main article: 4714: 4711: 4635:Main article: 4632: 4629: 4573:United Nations 4527:United Kingdom 4459:Main article: 4456: 4453: 4358:Prime Minister 4356:and selects a 4313: 4306: 4305: 4292: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4276:Main article: 4273: 4270: 4232:), the Somali 4102:elephant shrew 4026:Main article: 4023: 4020: 3959: 3956: 3873:Fatima Jibrell 3824: 3821: 3766:mountain range 3707: 3704: 3681:Bajuni Islands 3654:Main article: 3651: 3648: 3591: 3588: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3343:Lower Shabelle 3339: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3142: 3139: 3076:Main article: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3054: 2955: 2952: 2921: 2918: 2883: 2880: 2853: 2850: 2846:Prime Minister 2840:, to whom the 2765: 2762: 2630:Isaaq genocide 2617: 2614: 2600:(SNM) and the 2553:Major General 2406: 2403: 2368:Prime Minister 2340:Abdullahi Issa 2175: 2172: 2096:, present-day 2065:British Empire 2063:, forcing the 1952:Horn of Africa 1887:Hiraab Imamate 1800: 1797: 1732:Duarte Barbosa 1620:Sabr ad-Din II 1554:Adal Sultanate 1493:Adal Sultanate 1481:Ifat Sultanate 1472: 1469: 1403:Ancient Greece 1313:Deir el-Bahari 1249:Main article: 1246: 1243: 1223:cave paintings 1160:Main article: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1125:United Nations 1105:GDP per capita 1076:acting as the 978:Adal Sultanate 919:Horn of Africa 902: 901: 896: 890: 889: 884: 878: 877: 872: 866: 865: 862: 856: 855: 842: 838: 837: 827: 823: 822: 803: 793: 792: 780: 777: 774: 773: 761: 758: 755: 754: 751: 741: 740: 728: 725: 722: 721: 709: 706: 703: 702: 699: 685: 684: 677: 675:• Density 674: 671: 670: 663: 660: 657: 656: 650: 649: 642: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 598: 595: 594: 591: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 568: 565: 559: 556: 555: 552: 546: 543: 542: 539: 533: 530: 529: 526: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510:Hiraab Imamate 507: 504: 503: 500: 494: 491: 490: 487: 481: 478: 477: 474: 468: 465: 464: 461: 458:Adal Sultanate 455: 452: 451: 448: 442: 439: 438: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 404: 403: 398: 392: 389: 388: 383: 377: 374: 373: 368: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 348: 345: 344: 339: 333: 330: 329: 324: 321:Prime Minister 318: 315: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 291:parliamentary 286: 280: 279: 274: 268: 267: 257: 253: 252: 250: 249: 243: 236: 234: 231: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 210: 208: 204: 203: 167: 164: 160: 159: 151: 150: 138: 115: 114: 107: 100: 99: 93: 86: 85: 84: 81: 80: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22143: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22104: 22102: 22099: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22063: 22061: 22054: 22051: 22007: 22006: 22003: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21961: 21960: 21957: 21956: 21954: 21950: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21891: 21889: 21887:Extraordinary 21885: 21882: 21878: 21867: 21864: 21861: 21858: 21855: 21852: 21850: 21847: 21846: 21844: 21840: 21837: 21833: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21803:African Union 21801: 21799: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21790:organizations 21788:International 21785: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21773: 21765: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21735: 21733: 21725: 21722: 21718: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21706: 21702: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21609: 21606: 21605: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21498:Guinea-Bissau 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21410: 21408: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21398:Member states 21395: 21389: 21385: 21382: 21381: 21378: 21373: 21366: 21361: 21359: 21354: 21352: 21347: 21346: 21343: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21250:Guinea-Bissau 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21187: 21184: 21180: 21173: 21168: 21166: 21161: 21159: 21154: 21153: 21150: 21138: 21130: 21129: 21126: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21101: 21099: 21095: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21080: 21078: 21074: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21042: 21041:Gold standard 21038: 21035: 21034: 21032: 21030: 21026: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20997: 20995: 20993: 20989: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20972: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20939: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20927: 20917: 20914: 20913: 20911: 20907: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20862: 20860: 20858: 20854: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20828: 20822: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20775: 20773: 20771: 20767: 20761: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20753: 20749: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20729: 20727: 20725: 20721: 20715: 20714:2025 election 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20694: 20692: 20688: 20682: 20679: 20678: 20676: 20674: 20670: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20650: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20638: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20626:Member states 20624: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20613: 20611: 20609: 20605: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20588: 20587: 20586: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20541: 20539: 20537: 20533: 20529: 20528:African Union 20522: 20517: 20515: 20510: 20508: 20503: 20502: 20499: 20486: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20465:Mohamed Morsi 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20441: 20434: 20430: 20427: 20424: 20420: 20419:Kwame Nkrumah 20417: 20414: 20410: 20407: 20404: 20400: 20397: 20394: 20390: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20380: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20300: 20298: 20296: 20292: 20286: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20276: 20270: 20267: 20264: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20236: 20234: 20232:Organizations 20230: 20224: 20221: 20220: 20218: 20214: 20211: 20207: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20163: 20160: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20139: 20134: 20132: 20127: 20125: 20120: 20119: 20116: 20102: 20099: 20098: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20088: 20085: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20058: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20048: 20046: 20042: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20011: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19961: 19959: 19955: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19849: 19846: 19844: 19841: 19840: 19838: 19836: 19832: 19829: 19825: 19820: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19763: 19761: 19759: 19755: 19749: 19741: 19739: 19731: 19730: 19727: 19723: 19716: 19711: 19709: 19704: 19702: 19697: 19696: 19693: 19681: 19670: 19668: 19657: 19655: 19644: 19642: 19631: 19629: 19618: 19616: 19605: 19603: 19592: 19591: 19588: 19584: 19576: 19571: 19569: 19564: 19562: 19557: 19556: 19553: 19541: 19538: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19514: 19513: 19511: 19507: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19398: 19397: 19393: 19388: 19387: 19383: 19381: 19377: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19362: 19360: 19356: 19351: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19325: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19287: 19286: 19282: 19280: 19279: 19275: 19274: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19249: 19247: 19243: 19239: 19231: 19226: 19224: 19219: 19217: 19212: 19211: 19208: 19196: 19185: 19183: 19172: 19170: 19159: 19157: 19146: 19144: 19133: 19131: 19120: 19118: 19107: 19105: 19094: 19092: 19081: 19080: 19077: 19073: 19065: 19060: 19058: 19053: 19051: 19046: 19045: 19042: 19030: 19029: 19028:Africa portal 19024: 19020: 19018: 19017: 19008: 19007: 19004: 18994: 18991: 18990: 18988: 18984: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18953: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18938: 18936: 18932: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18915: 18911: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18896: 18894: 18890: 18887: 18883:fully part of 18879: 18871: 18867: 18863: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18851: 18847: 18844: 18841: 18834: 18828: 18825: 18822: 18818: 18815: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18802: 18797: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18636:Guinea-Bissau 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18513: 18509: 18505: 18501: 18494: 18489: 18487: 18482: 18480: 18475: 18474: 18471: 18456: 18455:Somali Region 18453: 18448: 18445: 18440: 18437: 18432: 18431:KwaZulu-Natal 18429: 18428: 18426: 18422: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18362: 18360: 18358: 18354: 18350: 18342: 18337: 18335: 18330: 18328: 18323: 18322: 18319: 18313: 18306: 18294: 18290: 18286: 18284: 18276: 18275: 18272: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18209: 18205: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18177: 18176:Mental health 18174: 18173: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18138: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18059: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18047: 18031: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18023: 18019: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17936: 17933: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17868: 17864: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17765: 17761: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17745: 17741: 17738: 17737: 17736: 17733: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17720: 17719: 17716: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17668: 17665: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17652: 17647: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17605: 17600: 17598: 17593: 17592: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17509:Ajuran Empire 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17471: 17467: 17463: 17456: 17451: 17449: 17444: 17442: 17437: 17436: 17433: 17427: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17414: 17409: 17405: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17382: 17378: 17377: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17363: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17342: 17341: 17330: 17324: 17320: 17319: 17313: 17309: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17277:81-215-0670-0 17273: 17269: 17264: 17261: 17258:Shay, Shaul. 17257: 17253: 17247: 17243: 17239: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17218: 17214: 17211:. Cambridge: 17210: 17205: 17203: 17199: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17166: 17162: 17156: 17152: 17148: 17143: 17139: 17133: 17129: 17125: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17104: 17100: 17096: 17095: 17089: 17085: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17070: 17065: 17061: 17060: 17047: 17042: 17035: 17034:0-8065-0858-2 17031: 17027: 17021: 17005: 17001: 16995: 16979: 16975: 16974:Horseed Media 16971: 16965: 16949: 16943: 16927: 16923: 16917: 16909: 16907:9780785519973 16903: 16899: 16892: 16885: 16880: 16872: 16870:9780313313332 16866: 16862: 16855: 16847: 16843: 16837: 16829: 16825: 16819: 16811: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16792: 16784: 16780: 16774: 16766: 16762: 16755: 16747: 16743: 16737: 16721: 16717: 16713: 16707: 16699: 16695: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16660: 16644: 16640: 16634: 16626: 16620: 16616: 16615: 16610: 16604: 16588: 16584: 16578: 16563: 16559: 16552: 16537: 16533: 16527: 16519: 16513: 16509: 16508: 16503: 16497: 16479: 16473: 16457: 16453: 16447: 16431: 16425: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16406: 16390: 16384: 16376: 16372: 16366: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16344:(4): 486–97. 16343: 16339: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16318: 16316: 16296: 16290: 16274: 16270: 16264: 16257: 16251: 16244: 16243:1-56308-131-8 16240: 16236: 16230: 16223: 16222:1-55587-578-5 16219: 16215: 16211: 16205: 16196: 16191: 16187: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16169: 16153: 16149: 16143: 16127: 16123: 16117: 16108: 16099: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16067: 16063: 16057: 16055: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16035: 16033: 16031: 16014: 16010: 16004: 15988: 15984: 15978: 15976: 15968: 15962: 15943: 15936: 15930: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15899: 15892: 15886: 15879: 15875: 15870: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15842: 15826: 15822: 15821:The Economist 15818: 15812: 15805: 15804:1-56902-103-1 15801: 15797: 15791: 15784: 15779: 15760: 15753: 15747: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15730: 15726: 15720: 15712: 15708: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15696: 15694: 15692: 15690: 15688: 15686: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15647: 15643: 15639: 15633: 15617: 15613: 15609: 15603: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15543: 15527: 15523: 15517: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15487: 15480: 15474: 15467: 15461: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15429: 15425: 15421: 15415: 15413: 15405: 15400: 15394:(1975) p. 229 15393: 15387: 15368: 15365:. p. 3. 15361: 15357: 15356:Blench, Roger 15351: 15344: 15343:0-7136-7841-0 15340: 15336: 15330: 15324:, p. 22. 15323: 15318: 15311: 15310:1-56902-104-X 15307: 15303: 15297: 15290: 15285: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15255: 15247: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15220: 15213: 15207: 15191: 15185: 15179: 15178: 15173: 15169: 15166: 15161: 15154: 15149: 15142: 15137: 15135: 15115: 15108: 15102: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15084: 15078: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15043: 15035: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14999: 14992: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14946: 14942: 14936: 14920: 14916: 14909: 14903: 14896: 14895:1-86217-037-1 14892: 14888: 14883: 14876: 14871: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14841: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14799: 14795: 14789: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14759: 14743: 14739: 14738: 14733: 14727: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14697: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14678: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14647: 14640: 14634: 14627: 14626:0-8047-5440-3 14623: 14619: 14613: 14597: 14593: 14592: 14587: 14580: 14578: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14546: 14527: 14523: 14522: 14514: 14507: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14477: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14446: 14430: 14426: 14420: 14404: 14400: 14394: 14375: 14368: 14362: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14306: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14275: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14245: 14243: 14223: 14216: 14210: 14194: 14190: 14184: 14168: 14164: 14158: 14156: 14148: 14147:0-85255-865-1 14144: 14140: 14134: 14118: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14101: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14073: 14071: 14054: 14050: 14044: 14028: 14024: 14018: 14016: 13996: 13989: 13983: 13977: 13973: 13969: 13966: 13961: 13954: 13949: 13930: 13923: 13917: 13915: 13906: 13905: 13897: 13895: 13893: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13810: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13780: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13750: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13730: 13710: 13703: 13697: 13681: 13677: 13671: 13655: 13651: 13645: 13629: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13528: 13509: 13502: 13496: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13482: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13450: 13434: 13430: 13424: 13408: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13391: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13361: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13331: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13311: 13302: 13293: 13285: 13278: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13212: 13196: 13192: 13186: 13184: 13167: 13163: 13157: 13155: 13138: 13134: 13128: 13121: 13120:1-85109-552-7 13117: 13113: 13112:World poverty 13107: 13105: 13097: 13092: 13084: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13020: 13013: 13007: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12968: 12964: 12958: 12939: 12932: 12926: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12832: 12828: 12822: 12806: 12802: 12796: 12794: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12748: 12746: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12675: 12671: 12665: 12649: 12645: 12644: 12639: 12632: 12613: 12606: 12600: 12584: 12580: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12562: 12558: 12555: 12550: 12534: 12530: 12529: 12524: 12518: 12502: 12498: 12491: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12472: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12449: 12433: 12429: 12423: 12407: 12403: 12397: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12355: 12351: 12345: 12343: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12217: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12143: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12112: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12081: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12050: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12020: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11985: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11964:0-86954-023-8 11961: 11957: 11951: 11935: 11931: 11930: 11925: 11919: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11887: 11880: 11874: 11866: 11860: 11852: 11850:9780755642410 11846: 11842: 11835: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11805: 11789: 11785: 11781: 11775: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11710: 11694: 11690: 11684: 11669: 11665: 11659: 11651: 11649:0-87436-892-8 11645: 11641: 11636: 11635: 11626: 11624: 11616: 11612: 11607: 11600: 11599:1-85743-078-6 11596: 11592: 11586: 11579: 11578:0-8103-8928-2 11575: 11571: 11565: 11558: 11557:0-7099-2709-6 11554: 11550: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11523: 11522:0-7172-0126-0 11519: 11515: 11510: 11508: 11500: 11499:0-521-22409-8 11496: 11492: 11486: 11470: 11466: 11464:1-56902-073-6 11460: 11456: 11455: 11447: 11440: 11439:0-471-62406-3 11436: 11432: 11426: 11415: 11408: 11402: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11343: 11337: 11330: 11329:1-57958-245-1 11326: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11306: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11280: 11276: 11274:9780591309287 11270: 11266: 11265: 11257: 11251:, p. 75. 11250: 11245: 11238: 11232: 11226:, p. 73. 11225: 11220: 11213: 11212:1-4191-4799-4 11209: 11205: 11199: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11180:, ed. (1992) 11179: 11174: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11120: 11118: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11087: 11086: 11078: 11076: 11067: 11065:9780822565864 11061: 11057: 11056: 11048: 11041: 11037: 11032: 11025: 11019: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10968: 10967: 10959: 10957: 10949: 10943: 10934: 10932: 10922: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10895: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10835: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10801: 10795: 10779: 10776:(in Somali). 10775: 10769: 10762: 10759:I. M. Lewis, 10756: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10729: 10721: 10719:9780755635191 10715: 10711: 10704: 10702: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10662: 10655: 10649: 10642: 10641:0-86054-018-9 10638: 10634: 10628: 10621: 10616: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10589: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10550: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10511: 10504: 10498: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10444: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10405: 10397: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10376: 10369: 10368:3-8258-3084-5 10365: 10361: 10355: 10339: 10335: 10333:0-85255-280-7 10329: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10314: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10223: 10219: 10217:90-04-08265-4 10213: 10209: 10208: 10200: 10192: 10190:0-932415-93-8 10186: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10154: 10153: 10145: 10137: 10136: 10128: 10120: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10070: 10065: 10063: 10056:, p. 54. 10055: 10050: 10043: 10042:1-57506-083-3 10039: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10022: 10015: 10009: 10007: 9999: 9994: 9992: 9975: 9971: 9969:977-424-674-8 9965: 9961: 9960: 9952: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9913: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9840: 9824: 9820: 9818:0-8442-8983-3 9814: 9810: 9809: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9719: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9641: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9522: 9518: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9499: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9470:. Routledge. 9469: 9468: 9460: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9377: 9369: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9307: 9305: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9197:African Union 9194: 9188: 9172: 9169:(in Arabic). 9168: 9164: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8836:www.aa.com.tr 8833: 8827: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8762: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8680:on 9 May 2018 8679: 8675: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8616: 8607: 8605:1-874209-91-X 8601: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8535: 8533: 8516: 8512: 8510:0-8143-1740-5 8506: 8502: 8501: 8493: 8486: 8480: 8473: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8434: 8428: 8420: 8419: 8411: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8369: 8362: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8222: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8202: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8175: 8173:3-12-539683-2 8169: 8165: 8161: 8160:Jones, Daniel 8155: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7945: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7840: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7797: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7756: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7675: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7639: 7638:ancient Egypt 7635: 7634:dressed stone 7631: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7401: 7400:or "voice"). 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7322:incense burne 7318: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7103:ranging from 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7071:Somali dishes 7067: 7062: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6878:According to 6876: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6830: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6645: 6641: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6119:, as well as 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6086:globalization 6083: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049:Arabic script 6045: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5959:Somali people 5956: 5952: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837:) and in the 5836: 5832: 5831:United States 5828: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650:Jubba Airways 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5514:Ogo Mountains 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5456:Emirates Post 5452: 5450: 5446: 5443:The internet 5441: 5439: 5438:Puntland Post 5435: 5434:Garowe Online 5431: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5070:Dollarization 5067: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4969:mineral water 4966: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4941:Jubba Airways 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4830:customary law 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539:United States 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4423:customary law 4420: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4346:head of state 4343: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332:parliamentary 4330:Somalia is a 4321: 4316: 4310: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:Pinguipedidae 4196: 4192: 4191:Cynoglossidae 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4127:Somali Pigeon 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:Grévy's zebra 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3965: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885:deforestation 3882: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839:Somalia is a 3834: 3829: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3632:Bab el Mandeb 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3444:Garbahaarreey 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Ogo Mountains 3115: 3113: 3112:Its coastline 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3009:, a moderate 3008: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2910:Villa 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Chicago: 16954:15 December 16462:30 December 16436:30 December 16395:30 December 16304:30 December 16158:30 December 15993:30 December 15768:27 December 15404:Laitin 1977 15196:21 February 14981:20 November 14682:SO Registry 14667:21 December 14556:MarketWatch 14435:3 September 14409:25 February 14231:30 December 14199:30 December 14173:30 December 14123:18 February 14090:30 December 14059:30 December 14004:30 December 13799:22 November 13769:1 September 13537:www.cia.gov 13267:25 February 12753:"Coastline" 12698:6 September 12305:4 September 12266:4 September 11940:25 February 11908:25 February 11699:15 February 11613:, pp. 11391:25 February 11365:25 February 11249:Laitin 1977 11224:Laitin 1977 11038:, pp. 10620:Alpers 1976 9263:25 November 9117:30 December 9078:15 February 9052:12 February 9022:12 February 8864:. ANP/AFP. 8846:13 February 8816:13 February 8783:13 February 8769:"Al-Shabab" 8684:26 February 8584:, p. 8 8582:Laitin 1977 8289:"Coastline" 8247:20 February 7622:pyramidical 7585:Thai Boxing 7544:In 2013, a 7523:, with the 7521:Somalia Cup 7488:Dervish era 7458:philosopher 7382:songwriters 7293:caramelized 7200:ingredients 7184:Somali rice 7115:. Aromatic 7034:dugsi quran 6984:grass-roots 6589:Middle Juba 6267:Belad Weyne 6131:Urban areas 5995:orthography 5879:Switzerland 5859:Netherlands 5702:Population 5628:in Bosaso. 5337:South Korea 5208:natural gas 5174:in Puntland 5158:electricity 4973:confections 4923:The modest 4850:Agriculture 4822:Libertarian 4754:Air Somalia 4593:Group of 77 4577:Arab League 4555:South Korea 4419:Islamic law 4183:Cirrhitidae 4110:golden mole 3845:arable land 3833:coral reefs 3823:Environment 3700:Jubba River 3451:Middle Juba 3190:Population 3163:, singular 2834:legislative 2712:regime and 2608:(SDM), the 2468:Arab League 2432:Kim Il Sung 2428:North Korea 2395:Somali Army 2391:coup d'état 2327:in 1964 at 2160:Dhulbahante 2094:Oltre Giuba 1960:Banu Hashim 1937:Ahmed Yusuf 1926:ivory trade 1901:led by the 1893:led by the 1842:, with the 1780:Ming Empire 1703:, an early 1671:During the 1639:Adal Empire 1333:, upon his 1331:Cambyses II 1273:pyramidical 1239:Karinhegane 1200:Nile Valley 1188:Afroasiatic 1129:Arab League 810: 0.380 787:$ 775 ( 610:1 July 1960 463:9th century 395:Lower house 380:Upper house 367:Legislature 357:Aden Madobe 260:Sunni Islam 194: / 22060:Categories 21986:Population 21685:Uzbekistan 21655:Tajikistan 21583:Mozambique 21573:Mauritania 21543:Kyrgyzstan 21533:Kazakhstan 21438:Bangladesh 21428:Azerbaijan 21280:Mauritania 21200:Cape Verde 21083:Africa Day 21037:Currencies 20691:Commission 20393:Yugoslavia 20278:Principles 20199:Yugoslavia 19993:Candidates 19893:Mauritania 19827:Membership 19809:Arab Union 19804:Parliament 19517:Antarctica 19370:Bangladesh 19324:Somaliland 19313:Seychelles 19308:Mozambique 19298:Madagascar 18827:Somaliland 18731:Seychelles 18696:Mozambique 18681:Mauritania 18666:Madagascar 18621:The Gambia 18555:Cape Verde 18458:(Ethiopia) 18405:Somaliland 18395:Seychelles 18390:Mozambique 18380:Madagascar 18236:Literature 18099:(currency) 18003:Parliament 17959:Government 17895:Somaliland 17827:Lower Juba 17728:Buur Dhaab 17706:Iskushuban 17701:Waterfalls 17577:Rebellion 17559:Ogaden War 17482:Chronology 17010:18 October 16984:19 October 16932:11 January 16783:Cafedirect 15859:23 January 15831:22 October 15434:2 February 15424:Ethnologue 15123:20 October 15055:(1): 4–9. 14951:3 November 14925:19 October 14748:14 October 14716:7 November 14325:5 December 14023:"Aviation" 13976:Farmonline 13759:Walta Info 13574:14 October 13547:24 January 13370:Al Jazeera 13259:. London. 13043:BioScience 12039:7 February 11958:, p. 152, 11307:, p. 11126:, p. 10108:Somaliland 9621:30 January 9527:19 October 9449:19 October 9335:19 October 9042:World Bank 9038:"Overview" 9012:www.un.org 8273:11 January 7934:24 January 7835:References 7774:Soomaaliya 7531:Basketball 7404:Literature 7350:pentatonic 7300:confection 7218:and other 7208:vegetables 7136:flatbreads 6846:Siad Barre 6838:healthcare 6765:archbishop 6697:school of 6689:branch of 6521:Lower Juba 6487:Lower Juba 6076:Arab world 5776:Ethiopians 5693:See also: 5518:Iskushuban 5484:, Hargeisa 5388:Nationlink 5349:Dahabshiil 5172:Oil blocks 5097:Dahabshiil 5025:Dole Fruit 5003:, fishing 4997:mattresses 4854:See also: 4824:economist 4790:remittance 4703:Somaliland 4481:Somalia's 4439:After the 4360:to act as 4322:since 2022 4301:since 2022 4175:crustacean 4106:rock hyrax 4016:tangambili 3962:See also: 3932:Strasbourg 3849:sand dunes 3831:Somalia's 3644:rhinoceros 3640:Suez Canal 3547:Somaliland 3523:See also: 3469:Lower Juba 3422:1,035,904 3404:1,744,367 3350:1,218,733 3332:2,330,708 3300:Beledweyne 3206:1,010,566 3187:Area (km) 3127:Seychelles 3023:Raskamboni 2958:See also: 2931:Al-Shabaab 2924:See also: 2886:See also: 2856:See also: 2507:aggressive 2503:Ogaden War 2464:Arab world 2380:Somaliland 2319:alongside 2280:referendum 2273:plebiscite 2164:Warsangali 2107:Statue of 1972:Guled Abdi 1964:Somaliland 1944:Somaliland 1859:Olol Dinle 1821:See also: 1771:and wood. 1629:Statue of 1446:After the 1421:, and the 1324:Macrobians 1309:Hatshepsut 1277:mausoleums 1231:Las Khorey 1156:Prehistory 1143:, and the 1111:, and the 1086:federation 1065:al-Shabaab 1018:Siad Barre 990:sultanates 984:, and the 959:Arab world 654:Population 284:Government 272:Demonym(s) 132:علم أي امة 22042:10°N 49°E 21996:Education 21728:Countries 21720:Observers 21704:Suspended 21615:Palestine 21508:Indonesia 20608:Geography 20403:Indonesia 20254:NAM Youth 20209:Structure 20189:Sri Lanka 20013:Diplomacy 19984:Venezuela 19957:Observers 19908:Palestine 19781:Geography 19540:Australia 19480:Sri Lanka 19475:Singapore 19410:Indonesia 19303:Mauritius 18838:Dependent 18686:Mauritius 18385:Mauritius 18357:Countries 18261:Languages 18166:Education 18097:Shilling 18072:Companies 18013:President 17976:Judiciary 17949:Elections 17797:Galguduud 17735:Mountains 17723:Cal Madow 17655:Geography 17590:Civil War 17489:Laas Geel 16922:"Somalia" 16802:. Hurst. 16698:0030-7270 15919:3 January 15729:reliefweb 15725:"Somalia" 15707:"Somalia" 15578:"Somalia" 15420:"Somalia" 15192:. Cal.org 15069:153333081 15008:(1): 45. 14860:3 October 14367:"Somalia" 13829:3 October 13660:6 January 13470:30 August 13380:21 August 13336:"Somalia" 13257:The Times 13065:0006-3568 12889:5 January 12831:Reliefweb 12714:"Somalia" 12566:Arab News 12295:0362-4331 12236:5 October 12222:"Somalia" 12148:"Somalia" 12009:6 October 11814:reliefweb 11734:7 October 10912:15 August 10854:11 August 10784:9 January 10456:: 25–39. 10265:154765577 10159:2 January 9749:162960112 9488:23 August 9412:1040-6182 9390:: 69–84. 9293:27 August 9237:27 August 9207:27 August 9177:27 August 9147:27 August 8965:24 August 8485:Phoenicia 8427:cite book 8263:"Somalia" 8207:"Somalia" 8187:"Somalia" 7920:"Somalia" 7796:romanized 7665:limestone 7630:dry stone 7611:Gondershe 7573:Taekwondo 7372:lyricists 7287:, seeds, 7257:beverages 7152:flatbread 6950:secondary 6930:Education 6842:socialist 6769:cathedral 6568:Qoriyoley 6500:Laasqoray 6466:Gaalkacyo 6305:1,346,651 6276:278,118 6260:2,330,708 6251:Mogadishu 6233:Mogadishu 6106:Bravanese 6067:scripts. 6033:Rahanweyn 5940:Languages 5930:Mogadishu 5875:Australia 5835:Minnesota 5764:Bravanese 5544:Transport 5506:Cal Madow 5498:Laas Geel 5482:Laas Geel 5259:sandstone 5125:Bloomberg 5066:US dollar 5013:Coca-Cola 4993:aluminium 4985:detergent 4891:Australia 4802:civil war 4786:livestock 4688:civil war 4676:Air Force 4415:civil law 4299:President 4173:fish and 3841:semi-arid 3782:Shimbiris 3762:Cal Madow 3756:ecoregion 3670:highlands 3336:Mogadishu 3271:Galguduud 3161:gobollada 3108:highlands 3072:Geography 2830:executive 2694:Rahanweyn 2690:civil war 2675:Beledwene 2570:politburo 2527:Dire Dawa 2496:communist 2360:President 2245:Mogadishu 2113:Dervishes 2057:Darawiish 2012:Habr Awal 1974:, of the 1836:Mogadishu 1681:Mogadishu 1542:Al-Yaqubi 1507:Silk Road 1407:Phoenicia 1259:Men from 1227:Dhambalin 1211:Laas Geel 1204:Near East 1202:, or the 1192:Neolithic 1172:Laas Geel 943:Mogadishu 860:Drives on 841:Time zone 749:(nominal) 567:1749–1884 554:1878–1927 541:1648–1927 528:1695-1911 306:President 256:Religion 170:Mogadishu 21880:Sessions 21758:Thailand 21650:Suriname 21603:Pakistan 21563:Maldives 21558:Malaysia 21473:Djibouti 21458:Cameroon 21220:Djibouti 21137:Category 21015:Passport 20930:Politics 20673:Assembly 20382:Founders 20194:Tanzania 19858:Djibouti 19796:Military 19758:Politics 19654:Pakistan 19628:Maldives 19485:Thailand 19460:Pakistan 19445:Maldives 19440:Malaysia 19340:Tanzania 19257:Djibouti 19130:Ethiopia 19091:Djibouti 19016:Category 18934:Portugal 18786:Zimbabwe 18761:Tanzania 18611:Ethiopia 18606:Eswatini 18585:Djibouti 18550:Cameroon 18535:Botswana 18450:(France) 18442:(France) 18410:Tanzania 18370:Eswatini 18283:Category 18251:Religion 18188:Polygamy 18161:Diaspora 17993:Military 17923:Politics 17900:Puntland 17890:Jubaland 17875:Galmudug 17852:Togdheer 17782:Banaadir 17711:Lamadaya 17681:Wildlife 17627:Military 17622:Maritime 17615:By topic 17466:articles 17426:BBC News 17398:template 17362:Archived 17292:(1989). 17066:(2001). 16926:Archived 16726:22 April 16649:22 April 16593:22 April 16567:22 April 16541:22 April 16536:EthnoMed 16413:Archived 16350:17903054 16176:(1975). 16126:Archived 16066:Archived 15987:Archived 15942:Archived 15825:Archived 15652:2 August 15622:2 August 15616:Archived 15592:2 August 15586:Archived 15562:2 August 15556:Archived 15532:2 August 15526:Archived 15506:2 August 15500:Archived 15428:Archived 15376:25 April 15367:Archived 15358:(2006). 15274:1 August 15268:Archived 15240:1 August 15234:Archived 15168:Archived 15114:Archived 15086:Archived 15034:20840751 14919:Archived 14854:Archived 14830:25 March 14772:Archived 14742:Archived 14737:BBC News 14685:Archived 14661:Archived 14602:8 August 14596:Archived 14560:Archived 14526:Archived 14490:Archived 14351:17 April 14345:Archived 14319:Archived 14295:27 March 14289:Archived 14117:Archived 13968:Archived 13929:Archived 13875:Archived 13823:Archived 13789:The Week 13763:Archived 13738:Archived 13686:20 March 13680:Archived 13598:Archived 13568:Archived 13541:Archived 13517:13 March 13464:Archived 13433:Archived 13407:Archived 13402:BBC News 13374:Archived 13344:Archived 13319:Archived 13261:Archived 13083:28608869 12973:2 August 12947:2 August 12879:Goobjoog 12853:Archived 12805:Archived 12773:3 August 12648:Archived 12557:Archived 12533:Archived 12528:BBC News 12479:Archived 12464:BBC News 12456:Archived 12432:Archived 12325:Archived 12299:Archived 12260:Archived 12256:afjn.org 12230:Archived 12156:Archived 12126:Archived 12064:Archived 11934:Archived 11929:BBC News 11902:Archived 11897:BBC News 11824:11 April 11818:Archived 11794:11 April 11788:Archived 11784:Refwolrd 11764:11 April 11758:Archived 11693:Archived 11545:Archived 11469:Archived 11385:Archived 11279:Archived 11187:Archived 11157:Archived 11100:Archived 11002:Archived 10906:archived 10884:9 August 10878:Archived 10824:9 August 10778:Archived 10684:Archived 10572:Archived 10533:Archived 10427:Archived 10338:Archived 10296:Archived 10222:Archived 10177:(1994). 10030:Archived 9974:Archived 9935:Archived 9896:Archived 9852:Archived 9823:Archived 9784:Archived 9683:13350469 9675:12714734 9588:(1909). 9572:16470993 9521:Archived 9482:Archived 9443:Archived 9329:Archived 9287:Archived 9257:Archived 9231:Archived 9171:Archived 9141:Archived 9072:Archived 9046:Archived 9016:Archived 8986:Archived 8959:Archived 8930:2 August 8904:2 August 8898:Archived 8893:BBC News 8866:Archived 8840:Archived 8810:Archived 8806:BBC News 8777:Archived 8750:9 August 8712:Archived 8652:Archived 8515:Archived 8394:Archived 8309:3 August 8267:Archived 8238:Archived 8144:13 March 8135:Archived 8108:26 April 8102:Archived 8061:Archived 8031:Archived 7988:Archived 7928:Archived 7802:aṣ-Ṣūmāl 7671:See also 7577:Tongeren 7550:Borlänge 7513:Football 7496:Hadraawi 7417:Canadian 7346:folklore 7202:such as 7196:seasoned 7156:Ethiopia 7140:pastries 7125:cardamom 7119:such as 6998:and the 6804:Buddhism 6800:Hinduism 6738:Catholic 6707:mystical 6693:and the 6618:Religion 6601:Religion 6593:211,369 6559:221,044 6525:231,017 6509:343,101 6491:243,043 6457:246,020 6423:251,189 6403:Togdheer 6389:255,291 6355:265,684 6321:271,199 6296:Hargeisa 6256:Banaadir 6243:Hargeisa 6121:Kibajuni 6029:phonemes 6005:Northern 6001:dialects 5963:Cushitic 5808:Italians 5796:Italians 5792:Persians 5710:Million 5661:seaports 5635:was the 5522:Lamadaya 5502:rock art 5384:Somafone 5294:Istanbul 5286:security 5255:calcrete 5184:iron ore 5118:banknote 4867:charcoal 4776:and the 4756:Tupolev 4707:Puntland 4682:and the 4631:Military 4503:Ethiopia 4499:Djibouti 4338:republic 4254:Mesalina 4234:sand boa 4171:demersal 4114:antelope 4094:reedbuck 4062:elephant 4022:Wildlife 3992:semiarid 3749:littoral 3683:and the 3662:plateaus 3638:and the 3612:Djibouti 3590:Location 3563:Jubaland 3559:Galmudug 3539:Puntland 3531:de facto 3516:Las Anod 3512:618,619 3494:578,092 3476:632,924 3458:432,248 3440:566,318 3408:Hargeisa 3386:383,360 3368:962,439 3361:Togdheer 3325:Banaadir 3314:622,660 3296:566,431 3282:Dusmareb 3278:634,309 3260:864,728 3242:473,940 3224:949,693 3193:Capital 3100:plateaus 3084:Ethiopia 2731:de facto 2660:Hargeisa 2592:(SSDF), 2540:Cold War 2459:literacy 2387:Las Anod 2323:praying 2284:Djibouti 2225:Hargeisa 2122:, under 2098:Jubaland 1976:Eidagale 1968:Ethiopia 1618:, where 1575:such as 1532:towards 1463:and the 1395:Sarapion 1383:Avalites 1350:and the 1271:Ancient 1265:Rekhmire 1219:rock art 1215:Hargeisa 1196:urheimat 1078:de facto 1061:jihadist 1002:colonies 927:Djibouti 923:Ethiopia 826:Currency 445:Barbaria 432:Macrobia 264:official 22066:Somalia 21979:Imports 21974:Exports 21959:Economy 21924:Seventh 21835:History 21665:Tunisia 21640:Somalia 21630:Senegal 21593:Nigeria 21578:Morocco 21548:Lebanon 21468:Comoros 21433:Bahrain 21423:Algeria 21418:Albania 21406:Members 21330:Tunisia 21315:Somalia 21305:Senegal 21295:Nigeria 21285:Morocco 21265:Liberia 21230:Eritrea 21215:Comoros 21076:Culture 21029:Economy 20992:Symbols 20631:Regions 20616:Borders 20536:History 20399:Sukarno 20295:Summits 20153:Members 20056:Economy 19974:Eritrea 19964:Armenia 19938:Tunisia 19923:Somalia 19898:Morocco 19883:Lebanon 19853:Comoros 19848:Bahrain 19843:Algeria 19835:Members 19791:History 19771:Council 19766:Charter 19667:Somalia 19450:Myanmar 19365:Bahrain 19318:Somalia 19285:Réunion 19278:Mayotte 19267:Eritrea 19252:Comoros 19169:Somalia 19117:Eritrea 19072:Red Sea 18993:Socotra 18972:Melilla 18941:Madeira 18904:Réunion 18899:Mayotte 18771:Tunisia 18741:Somalia 18726:Senegal 18711:Nigeria 18701:Namibia 18691:Morocco 18656:Liberia 18651:Lesotho 18601:Eritrea 18570:Comoros 18545:Burundi 18520:Algeria 18447:Réunion 18439:Mayotte 18424:Regions 18400:Somalia 18365:Comoros 18231:Cuisine 18208:Culture 18129:Society 18110:Tourism 18050:Economy 17939:Cabinet 17880:Khatumo 17764:Regions 17676:Climate 17474:History 17462:Somalia 17413:Somalia 17400:below ( 17387:Somalia 17371:Somalia 17198:Somalia 17190:6515240 16824:"Qahwe" 16716:Xawaash 16678:Bibcode 16486:27 June 16212:(1998) 16072:12 June 16019:12 June 15951:27 June 15876:(1913) 15642:drc.ngo 15246:Twitter 15214:. p. 66 15025:2949749 14804:14 June 14778:14 June 14315:Reuters 13938:27 June 13881:27 June 13855:27 June 13350:8 April 13231:27 June 13201:27 June 13172:27 June 13143:27 June 13074:5451287 12859:5 April 12621:10 June 12539:27 June 12507:27 June 12438:12 June 12412:12 June 12386:27 June 12360:12 June 12331:27 June 12188:8 April 12162:8 April 11475:20 June 11163:20 June 11106:20 June 10690:20 June 10578:20 June 10539:20 June 10433:20 June 10344:20 June 10302:20 June 10228:20 June 9980:20 June 9941:20 June 9902:20 June 9858:20 June 9829:20 June 9790:25 June 9759:22 June 9655:Bibcode 9647:Science 9616:2840281 9392:Bibcode 8992:26 June 8872:23 June 8718:23 June 8658:13 July 8457:27 June 8400:4 April 8374:17 July 8340:17 July 8094:IMF.org 8067:16 July 8037:4 April 7994:20 June 7798:: 7791:الصومال 7659:stone, 7607:Citadel 7559:In the 7392:singers 7327:dabqaad 7312:incense 7243:lasagne 7216:saffron 7212:raisins 7160:Eritrea 7148:pancake 7113:chicken 7086:Italian 7055:Cuisine 7044:Culture 6946:primary 6861:measles 6796:Judaism 6781:animism 6757:Marxist 6722:tariiqa 6695:Shafi'i 6647: 6634: 6623:Percent 6577:286,402 6543:289,103 6516:Afmadow 6482:Kismayo 6475:501,542 6441:546,957 6414:Berbera 6407:589,975 6373:597,842 6346:Afgooye 6339:615,067 6330:Bossaso 6286:Bossaso 6098:Italian 6082:English 6065:Kaddare 6057:Osmanya 6017:Benadir 6009:Benadir 5999:Somali 5934:Kismayo 5883:Austria 5871:Finland 5867:Denmark 5863:Germany 5800:Britons 5788:Indians 5784:Yemenis 5669:Kismayo 5665:Berbera 5618:Kismayo 5579:Galkayo 5466:Tourism 5368:Telenor 5353:banking 5282:finance 5196:bauxite 5180:uranium 5092:Somalis 5087:hawalas 5001:pillows 4995:, foam 4933:airline 4879:sorghum 4871:bananas 4782:economy 4762:Sharjah 4739:Economy 4646:Colonel 4531:Denmark 4352:of the 4344:is the 4258:Eremias 4209:), and 4082:dik-dik 4070:gazelle 4066:bushpig 4042:cheetah 3987:Berbera 3982:monsoon 3978:equator 3958:Climate 3951:Benadir 3919:firms. 3881:Bedouin 3871:Later, 3809:Kismayo 3801:Shabele 3774:Erigavo 3706:Habitat 3636:Red Sea 3509:25,036 3498:Erigavo 3491:53,374 3480:Kismayo 3473:42,876 3462:Bu'aale 3437:60,389 3419:35,156 3401:28,836 3383:26,962 3365:38,663 3347:25,285 3311:22,663 3293:31,510 3275:46,126 3264:Galkayo 3257:72,933 3239:26,180 3221:70,088 3203:21,374 3184:Region 3157:regions 3133:by the 3131:Socotra 3123:monsoon 2876:Shari'a 2842:cabinet 2724:as the 2649:As the 2596:(USC), 2261:Menelik 2247:in 1963 2144:Berbera 2072:fascism 1920:Sultan 1877:In the 1857:Sultan 1776:Malacca 1753:Malindi 1749:Mombasa 1745:Swahili 1705:Hamitic 1693:Venetia 1637:of the 1612:Dawit I 1577:Daarood 1573:sheikhs 1538:mosques 1363:Mosylon 1359:Barbara 1352:Maghreb 1318:In the 1151:History 1020:of the 998:British 994:Italian 963:Muslims 947:Somalis 907:Somalia 817: ( 616:• 599:• 586:• 573:• 560:• 547:• 534:• 521:• 508:• 495:• 482:• 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