40:
291:
2350:
3548:
890:
3562:
2338:
2326:
575:
469:
563:. It was a combination of canon law, which represented the common norms and principles, and Roman law, which were the actual rules and terms. It meant the creation of more legal texts and books and a more systematic way of going through the legal process. In the new legal process, appeal was possible. The process would be partially
668:, may have different names and organization; trial courts may be called "courts of common plea", appellate courts "superior courts" or "commonwealth courts". The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, is appealed to an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort.
354:
During the late Middle Ages, education started to grow. First education was limited to the monasteries and abbeys, but expanded to cathedrals and schools in the city in the 11th century, eventually creating universities. The universities had five faculties: arts, medicine, theology, canon law and
235:, was the judicial process. One would go to the head of the judicial system (at first the priests as law was part of religion) who would look at the applicable rules to the case. Parties in the case could be assisted by jurists. Then the second phase would start, the
284:(Latin for "extraordinary process"). This came into being due to the largess of the empire. This process only had one phase, where the case was presented to a professional judge who was a representative of the emperor. Appeal was possible to the immediate superior.
705:(for criminal law) and a Supreme Court. In this system the Supreme Court is always the final authority, but criminal cases have four stages, one more than civil law does. On the court sits a total of nine justices. This number has been changed several times.
770:
to serve for a life term. Other justices are appointed by the
Supreme Court and serve for six years. Federal courts consist of the 11 ministers of the Supreme Court, 32 circuit tribunals and 98 district courts. The Supreme Court of Mexico is located in
239:. The case would be put before the judges, which were normal Roman citizens in an uneven number. No experience was required as the applicable rules were already selected. They would merely have to judge the case.
605:
In common law jurisdictions, courts interpret law; this includes constitutions, statutes, and regulations. They also make law (but in a limited sense, limited to the facts of particular cases) based upon prior
4550:
396:
led the university of
Bologna to start teaching Roman law. Professors at the university were asked to research the Roman laws and advise the Emperor and the Pope with regards to the old laws. This led to the
4665:
3970:
359:, or civil law. Canon law, or ecclesiastical law are laws created by the Pope, head of the Roman Catholic Church. The last form was also called secular law, or Roman law. It was mainly based on the
644:
is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal
Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it, as well as the constitutionality of the various state laws; in the
4520:
4540:
287:
During this time period, legal experts started to come up. They studied the law and were advisors to the emperor. They also were allowed to give legal advice on behalf of the emperor.
231:
L' were rules set by the leaders, first the kings, later the popular assembly during the
Republic. In these early years, the legal process consisted of two phases. The first phase,
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4765:
4715:
3940:
593:, lawmakers stopped interpretation of law by judges, and the legislature was the only body permitted to interpret the law; this prohibition was later overturned by the
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4370:
4295:
4080:
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1853:, p. 296 (Cambridge University Press 2005): "The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice."
4480:
4280:
4155:
4640:
4415:
4300:
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1868:, p, 137 (IOS Press 2000): "the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales."
306:
This era is also known as the "post-classical era of Roman law". The most important legal event during this era was the
Codification by Justinianus: the
4025:
2049:
366:
which had been rediscovered in 1070. Roman law was mainly used for "worldly" affairs, while canon law was used for questions related to the church.
713:
For judicial systems of individual countries other than Japan, Mexico, and the US (for which see below), and some US states, see "Judiciary of...".
310:. This contained all Roman Law. It was both a collection of the work of the legal experts and commentary on it, and a collection of new laws. The
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742:. Once appointed, assistant judges still may not qualify to sit alone until they have served for five years, and have been appointed by the
146:. Courts with judicial review power may annul the laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm, such as
3714:
2271:
2023:
829:
1970:
738:. Assistant judges are appointed from those who have completed their training at the Legal Training and Research Institute located in
1937:
131:), but rather interprets, defends, and applies the law to the facts of each case. However, in some countries the judiciary does make
3529:
844:
813:
809:
784:
56:
1896:
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3793:
2227:
2249:
456:
or
Commentators. They looked at a subject in a logical and systematic way by writing comments with the texts, treatises and
4210:
1266:
du
Plessis, Paul J.; Ando, Clifford; Tuori, Kaius, eds. (2 November 2016). "The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society".
44:
377:, which can be divided in the early and late scholastics. It is characterised with the renewed interest in the old texts.
256:
in which he would declare new laws or principles for the year he was elected. This edict is also known as praetorian law.
4045:
3915:
1993:
848:
788:
557:
Around the 15th century, a process of reception and acculturation started with both laws. The final product was known as
2106:
775:. Supreme Court Judges must be of ages 35 to 65 and hold a law degree during the five years preceding their nomination.
3607:
2134:
1944:
793:
641:
272:. This time period is also known as the "classical era of Roman Law" In this era, the praetor's edict was now known as
48:
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3704:
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2513:
2412:
1810:
1785:
1760:
1713:
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1550:
1503:
1464:
1417:
1370:
1308:
1283:
1198:
1136:
1089:
1056:
967:
746:. Judges require ten years of experience in practical affairs, as a public prosecutor or practicing attorney. In the
180:
This is a more general overview of the development of the judiciary and judicial systems over the course of history.
147:
4700:
3835:
3069:
2938:
863:
750:
there is the
Supreme Court, eight high courts, fifty district courts, fifty family courts, and 438 summary courts.
349:
2354:
622:
refers to this kind of law. Common law decisions set precedent for all courts to follow. This is sometimes called
115:. The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the
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4020:
3524:
2871:
2772:
2300:
833:
817:
2342:
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797:
221:
was a set of rules of conduct based on social norms created over the years by predecessors. In 451–449 BC, the
1919:
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870:
operating within the legal framework of the respective jurisdiction, responsible for hearing cases regarding
691:
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4500:
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4420:
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933:
837:
820:
The United States has five different types of courts that are considered subordinate to the
Supreme Court:
653:
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39:
2045:
3186:
2164:
867:
680:
661:
637:
1459:. Pleizier, Theo., Rouwendal, P. L. (Pieter Lourens), 1973–, Wisse, Maarten, 1973–. Grand Rapids, Mich.
4305:
4160:
3161:
2660:
2265:
804:. The Supreme Court justices serve for life term or until retirement. The Supreme Court is located in
2071:
162:. Judges constitute a critical force for interpretation and implementation of a constitution, thus in
4615:
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3244:
871:
676:
1236:
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4065:
3865:
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747:
722:
505:. It forms the first part of the collection of six legal texts, which together became known as the
17:
3373:
4675:
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4385:
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4245:
4120:
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4000:
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3875:
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3414:
3201:
2690:
2675:
730:'s process for selecting judges is longer and more stringent than in various countries, like the
1033:
Crawford, M.H. 'Twelve Tables' in Simon
Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow (eds.)
878:(or equivalent) which serve as the highest courts of law within their respective jurisdictions.
843:
Immigration courts are not part of the judicial branch; immigration judges are employees of the
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4635:
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521:
128:
1879:
1864:
1849:
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4600:
4510:
4490:
4465:
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4335:
4330:
4255:
4175:
4090:
3990:
3955:
3950:
3935:
3920:
3880:
3745:
3573:
3166:
2844:
2655:
2139:
918:
759:
567:, where the judge would actively investigate all the evidence before him, but also partially
516:
507:
2019:
1966:
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4705:
4610:
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4405:
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4145:
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4005:
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3815:
3779:
3740:
3623:
3294:
2640:
913:
875:
859:
801:
564:
361:
307:
116:
2280:
God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History
1948:
8:
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4015:
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2589:
2506:
763:
2186:
Politics, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory
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2923:
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2740:
2484:
2464:
2417:
2407:
1894:
How the Legal System Works: The Structure of the Court System, State and Federal Courts
1828:
1731:
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1435:
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1326:
1216:
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253:
91:
that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the
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4205:
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1816:
1806:
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1756:
1719:
1709:
1672:
1662:
1556:
1546:
1509:
1499:
1460:
1423:
1413:
1376:
1366:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1204:
1194:
1142:
1132:
1095:
1085:
1062:
1052:
973:
963:
590:
571:, where both parties are responsible for finding the evidence to convince the judge.
496:
159:
1629:
290:
3735:
3683:
3254:
3221:
2720:
2584:
2579:
2544:
2215:
1893:
1625:
1601:
1271:
805:
530:
440:
31:
585:), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee
3750:
3503:
3476:
3464:
3444:
3378:
3356:
3336:
3331:
3311:
3176:
3156:
3151:
3054:
3014:
2725:
2650:
2574:
2559:
2479:
2207:
2197:
2172:
Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences
1923:
1900:
928:
923:
657:
594:
143:
2314:
3580:
3388:
3306:
2895:
2861:
2812:
2797:
2569:
2474:
2454:
2444:
2219:
2211:
2076:
767:
424:: short sentences that made the old laws easier to remember, a sort of mnemonic
112:
1997:
4809:
3760:
3663:
3434:
3393:
3279:
3259:
3231:
3181:
3146:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3059:
2999:
2839:
2829:
2787:
2710:
2705:
2635:
2594:
2518:
2245:
2193:
2102:
1820:
1723:
1676:
1560:
1513:
1427:
1380:
1318:
1208:
1146:
1099:
1066:
977:
908:
739:
731:
453:
374:
226:
193:
175:
120:
52:
1606:
1589:
3755:
3566:
3316:
3284:
3239:
2977:
2972:
2943:
2856:
2834:
2802:
2735:
2715:
2609:
2549:
2539:
2491:
2449:
2427:
2370:
2145:
Feinberg, Kenneth, Jack Kress, Gary McDowell, and Warren E. Burger (1986).
618:
is not derived from statute law in most common law jurisdictions. The term
578:
151:
139:
3642:
3488:
3429:
3419:
3216:
3211:
3049:
2950:
2866:
2825:
2792:
2757:
2680:
2604:
2554:
2469:
938:
903:
772:
649:
559:
542:
209:
124:
2349:
1805:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 265–266, 269–274.
142:
the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the process of
3771:
3592:
3552:
3481:
3361:
3299:
3044:
2965:
2960:
2918:
2900:
2888:
2849:
2695:
2685:
2645:
2630:
2614:
2564:
2501:
2496:
895:
855:
665:
615:
493:, started to organise all of the church law, which is now known as the
489:, decisions made by the Popes. The monk Gratian, one of the well-known
268:
is the first part of the Roman Empire, which started with the reign of
265:
163:
132:
600:
248:
The most important change in this period was the shift from priest to
3424:
3366:
3341:
3206:
3103:
3091:
3076:
3064:
2992:
2910:
2883:
2767:
698:
623:
490:
398:
189:
3547:
1193:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, England. pp. 105–106.
1084:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 69–75, 92–93.
889:
3508:
3493:
3196:
3081:
2878:
2422:
1916:
610:
in areas where the legislature has not made law. For instance, the
607:
549:, started to write treatises, comments and advises with the texts.
512:
269:
252:
as the head of the judicial system. The praetor would also make an
2237:
369:
The period starting in the 11th century with the discovery of the
3398:
3346:
3326:
3274:
3086:
3004:
2820:
2782:
2730:
2337:
277:
249:
701:
have mixed systems that include lower courts, appeals courts, a
3498:
3351:
3096:
2987:
2982:
2928:
2599:
2325:
1661:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 261–265.
1545:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 257–261.
1498:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 254–257.
1412:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 252–254.
1365:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 248–252.
1303:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 109–113.
735:
672:
574:
155:
104:
962:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 67, 68.
690:, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the
675:, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the
3439:
3383:
3289:
3130:
2933:
2432:
1131:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. pp. 85–86.
727:
687:
88:
1803:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1706:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1659:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1543:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1496:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1410:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1363:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1301:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1191:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1129:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
1082:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
960:
European legal history: a cultural and political perspective
434:): a dialectic method of seeking the argument and refute it.
3321:
3269:
3125:
2523:
2439:
2088:
611:
468:
1708:. Translated by Arriens, Jan. Cambridge, UK. p. 265.
460:, which are advises given according to the old Roman law.
2393:
108:
92:
2362:
2359:
at Wiktionary simphiwe mthembu @ustalkedsimphiwe on ig
1046:
826:
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
321:: This was an introduction and a summary of Roman law.
276:, which were all the edicts collected in one edict by
243:
1454:
1350:. Oxford University Press. pp. 232–237, 247–252.
127:) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the
2177:
McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson (2005).
885:
27:
System of courts that interprets and applies the law
1265:
601:
Functions of the judiciary in different law systems
166:countries creating the body of constitutional law.
1886:
1800:
1703:
1656:
1540:
1493:
1407:
1360:
1298:
1126:
1079:
1007:Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law
957:
198:
4807:
1967:"How the Judicial System Works Around The World"
1775:
476:
387:
2181:, 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1996:. Southern Methodist University. Archived from
536:
447:
874:. All these jurisdictions also have their own
708:
519:until Pentecost (19 May) 1918, when a revised
333:: This contained all the laws of the emperors.
259:
3787:
3608:
2378:
631:
1865:The challenge of change for judicial systems
1646:. Oxford University Press. pp. 237–241.
816:. The 94 districts are then divided up into
1780:. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. pp. 82–96.
1755:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xv.
494:
207:(Latin for "civil law"). This consisted of
3794:
3780:
3615:
3601:
2385:
2371:
2192:Sandefur, Timothy (2008). "Judiciary". In
1883:, p. 150 (Stanford University Press 1967).
1833:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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830:United States Court of International Trade
452:The successors of the Glossators were the
107:that interprets, defends, and applies the
2156:. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library.
1605:
481:Canon law knows a few forms of laws: the
3801:
3622:
3530:History of the American legal profession
2191:
1188:
1178:. Oxford: Oxford University. p. 53.
1004:
573:
467:
401:to start translating and recreating the
392:The rediscovery of the Digesta from the
327:: This was the collection of the edicts.
301:
289:
280:. Also, a new judicial process came up:
119:, the judiciary generally does not make
38:
1750:
1641:
1345:
1276:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.001.0001
845:Executive Office for Immigration Review
444:in 1263, ending the early scholastics.
213:(Latin for "way of the ancestors") and
14:
4808:
2270:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2147:The High Cost and Effect of Litigation
1587:
1457:Introduction to Reformed Scholasticism
1173:
785:Federal judiciary of the United States
485:, decisions made by Councils, and the
339:: This contained all new laws created.
57:federal judiciary of the United States
3775:
3596:
2366:
533:on 27 May 1917 obtained legal force.
2026:from the original on 16 January 2013
1973:from the original on 19 October 2014
1455:van Asselt, Willem J. (April 2011).
412:: translations of the old Roman laws
123:(which is the responsibility of the
2252:from the original on 9 January 2023
1938:"Introduction to the Courth system"
1753:The Eucharist in Medieval Canon Law
849:United States Department of Justice
789:List of courts of the United States
244:Pre-classical Roman Law (264–27 BC)
24:
2204:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
2161:An Introduction to Legal Reasoning
2135:The Nature of the Judicial Process
2125:
2109:from the original on 22 April 2013
1991:
1964:
1945:Syracuse University College of Law
1801:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1704:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1657:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1541:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1494:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1408:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1361:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1299:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1189:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1127:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
1080:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
958:Lesaffer, Randall (25 June 2009).
810:United States federal court system
679:for administrative cases, and the
183:
49:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4832:
2514:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2294:
2052:from the original on 19 June 2013
1892:American Bar Association (2004).
405:and create literature around it:
4551:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4026:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3561:
3560:
3546:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2289:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
2188:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2174:. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
1247:from the original on 27 May 2019
888:
778:
350:Canon law of the Catholic Church
3525:History of the legal profession
2095:
2064:
2038:
2012:
1985:
1958:
1929:
1910:
1871:
1856:
1841:
1794:
1769:
1744:
1697:
1650:
1635:
1630:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_sim_01749
1614:
1590:"Commentators on The Roman Law"
1581:
1534:
1487:
1448:
1401:
1354:
1339:
1292:
1259:
1047:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (2011).
834:United States courts of appeals
822:United States bankruptcy courts
766:, and then are approved by the
545:, like the post-glossators for
103:The judiciary is the system of
4096:Federated States of Micronesia
2020:"The Japanese Judicial System"
1229:
1182:
1176:History of Roman Legal Science
1167:
1120:
1073:
1051:. Cambridge University Press.
1040:
1027:
998:
951:
798:President of the United States
796:justices are appointed by the
683:for civil and criminal cases.
552:
343:
199:Archaic Roman Law (650–264 BC)
13:
1:
2353:The dictionary definition of
2287:The Legal System in Operation
2132:Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1998).
2046:"Mexico-Judicial Legislative"
944:
838:United States district courts
648:, federal cases are tried in
477:Early Scholastics (1070–1234)
388:Early scholastics (1070–1263)
380:
1935:Public Services Department.
934:Rule according to higher law
660:and then the Supreme Court.
537:Late Scholastics (1234–1453)
463:
448:Late scholastics (1263–1453)
203:The most important part was
7:
2285:Zelermyer, William (1977).
2170:Marshall, Thurgood (2001).
2165:University of Chicago Press
1877:Cappelletti, Mauro et al.
1035:Oxford Classical Dictionary
881:
794:United States Supreme Court
709:Judicial systems by country
260:Principate (27 BC – 284 AD)
30:For the American band, see
10:
4839:
3192:International legal theory
2671:International slavery laws
2666:International human rights
2661:International criminal law
2220:10.4135/9781412965811.n160
2184:Miller, Arthur S. (1985).
2179:The American Supreme Court
814:federal judicial districts
782:
720:
712:
692:National People's Congress
688:People's Republic of China
638:United States court system
632:Country-specific functions
347:
187:
173:
169:
98:
29:
3807:
3728:
3692:
3656:
3630:
3540:
3517:
3407:
3245:Administration of justice
3230:
3139:
3030:
2909:
2811:
2532:
2400:
2315:Resources in your library
2282:. New York: Random House.
1917:The American Legal System
1776:Dębiński, Antoni (2010).
1644:Worlds of Medieval Europe
1348:Worlds of Medieval Europe
1009:. Cambridge. p. 108.
872:state and territorial law
851:in the executive branch.
818:twelve regional circuits.
753:
314:consisted of four parts:
85:court or judiciary system
3971:Central African Republic
3669:Civil service commission
3022:Basic structure doctrine
2872:Natural and legal rights
2753:Public international law
2278:Tribe, Laurence (1985).
1922:13 February 2010 at the
1880:The Italian Legal System
1241:Encyclopaedia Britannica
748:Japanese judicial branch
723:Judicial system of Japan
716:
697:Other countries such as
225:was written down in the
150:, the provisions of the
3202:Principle of typicality
2676:International trade law
2392:
2159:Levi, Edward H. (1949)
2154:Law and the Modern Mind
1607:10.17077/0006-7474.1414
1268:Oxford Handbooks Online
1237:"Roman Legal Procedure"
1005:Jolowicz, H.F. (1952).
646:US federal court system
282:cognitio extraordinaria
3916:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2341:Quotations related to
2152:Frank, Jerome (1985).
1905:ABA Family Legal Guide
1751:Izbicki, T.M. (2015).
1642:Backman, C.R. (2014).
1346:Backman, C.R. (2014).
1174:Schulz, Fritz (1953).
744:Supreme Court of Japan
586:
495:
473:
298:
60:
45:Supreme Court Building
4666:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4541:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4521:Republic of the Congo
3746:Judicial independence
3197:Principle of legality
2956:Delegated legislation
2656:Intellectual property
2206:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
2140:Yale University Press
2072:"The Judicial Branch"
1588:Skyrms, J.F. (1980).
919:Judicial independence
762:are appointed by the
760:Mexican Supreme Court
577:
517:Roman Catholic Church
508:Corpus Juris Canonici
471:
302:Dominate (284–565 AD)
293:
42:
4821:Separation of powers
4736:United Arab Emirates
3802:Judiciaries of World
3741:Separation of duties
3624:Separation of powers
3415:Barristers' chambers
3357:Legal representation
3295:Justice of the peace
2641:Financial regulation
2333:at Wikimedia Commons
1899:16 July 2010 at the
1778:Church and Roman law
914:Political corruption
802:United States Senate
800:and approved by the
527:Codex Iuris Canonici
438:Accursius wrote the
403:Corpus Iuris Civilis
394:Corpus Iuris Civilis
371:Corpus Iuris Civilis
362:Corpus Iuris Civilis
312:Corpus Iuris Civilis
308:Corpus Iuris Civilis
295:Corpus Iuris Civilis
217:(Latin for "laws").
117:separation of powers
4701:Trinidad and Tobago
3836:Antigua and Barbuda
3657:Additional branches
3450:Election commission
3162:Expressive function
2691:Landlord–tenant law
2590:Consumer protection
2214:. pp. 265–67.
1994:"Japan's Judiciary"
864:inhabited territory
764:President of Mexico
664:, which try 98% of
373:is also called the
148:primary legislation
111:in the name of the
87:) is the system of
67:(also known as the
4046:Dominican Republic
3408:Legal institutions
3275:Lawsuit/Litigation
3265:Dispute resolution
3070:Catholic canon law
2778:State of emergency
2741:Will and testament
2465:Law of obligations
2418:Constitutional law
2408:Administrative law
1847:Hamilton, Marci.
681:Court of Cassation
654:US district courts
587:
474:
428:Quaestio Disputata
299:
81:judiciative branch
61:
4803:
4802:
4071:Equatorial Guinea
3769:
3768:
3590:
3589:
3250:Constitutionalism
3172:Law and economics
3010:Act of parliament
2748:Product liability
2701:Legal archaeology
2626:Environmental law
2620:Entertainment law
2460:International law
2329:Media related to
2301:Library resources
2266:cite encyclopedia
2229:978-1-4129-6580-4
2089:National Archives
1850:God vs. the Gavel
1622:Benedict XV, Pope
866:also has its own
591:French Revolution
529:) promulgated by
522:Code of Canon Law
511:. It was used by
497:Decretum Gratiani
325:Digesta/Pandectae
274:edictum perpetuum
160:international law
16:(Redirected from
4828:
4486:Papua New Guinea
4351:Marshall Islands
3796:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3736:Fusion of powers
3631:Typical branches
3617:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3374:Question of fact
3255:Criminal justice
2585:Construction law
2580:Conflict of laws
2545:Agricultural law
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2103:"Federal Courts"
2099:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1954:on 27 July 2011.
1953:
1947:. Archived from
1942:
1933:
1927:
1914:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1854:
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1839:
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1695:
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1578:
1572:
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1538:
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1491:
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1484:
1478:
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1452:
1446:
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1405:
1399:
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1392:
1384:
1358:
1352:
1351:
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1337:
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1330:
1322:
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1290:
1289:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1233:
1227:
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1220:
1212:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
989:
981:
955:
898:
893:
892:
806:Washington, D.C.
758:Justices of the
677:Council of State
658:appellate courts
531:Pope Benedict XV
500:
441:Glossa Ordinaria
95:in legal cases.
32:Judiciary (band)
21:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4606:Solomon Islands
4451:North Macedonia
3803:
3800:
3770:
3765:
3751:Judicial review
3724:
3688:
3652:
3626:
3621:
3591:
3586:
3559:
3545:
3536:
3513:
3504:Political party
3477:Legal education
3465:Law enforcement
3445:Court of equity
3403:
3379:Question of law
3332:Practice of law
3312:Judicial review
3226:
3177:Legal formalism
3157:Comparative law
3152:Contract theory
3135:
3055:Legal pluralism
3026:
3015:Act of Congress
2939:Executive order
2905:
2807:
2726:Nationality law
2651:Immigration law
2575:Competition law
2528:
2396:
2391:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2230:
2128:
2126:Further reading
2123:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1992:Mosleh, Peter.
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1965:Grider, Alisa.
1963:
1959:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:Wayback Machine
1915:
1911:
1901:Wayback Machine
1891:
1887:
1876:
1872:
1862:Fabri, Marco.
1861:
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1032:
1028:
1012:
1011:
1003:
999:
983:
982:
970:
956:
952:
947:
929:Judicial review
924:Judicial reform
894:
887:
884:
812:consists of 94
791:
783:Main articles:
781:
756:
725:
719:
714:
711:
703:cassation court
652:, known as the
634:
603:
595:Napoleonic Code
555:
539:
501:, or simply as
479:
466:
454:Post-Glossators
450:
390:
385:
352:
346:
304:
262:
246:
201:
196:
186:
184:Roman judiciary
178:
172:
144:judicial review
101:
77:judicial branch
69:judicial system
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4836:
4835:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Western Sahara
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:United Kingdom
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
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4693:
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4683:
4678:
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4098:
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4078:
4073:
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4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:Czech Republic
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
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3753:
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3717:
3715:United Kingdom
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
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3671:
3666:
3660:
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3627:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3556:
3553:Law portal
3541:
3538:
3537:
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3521:
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3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Trial advocacy
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
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3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3099:
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3074:
3073:
3072:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
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3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
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2996:
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2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2919:Ballot measure
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2896:Legal treatise
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2862:Letters patent
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2813:Sources of law
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:Unenforced law
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
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2770:
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2760:
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2628:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
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2577:
2572:
2570:Commercial law
2567:
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2526:
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2361:
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2346:
2334:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2228:
2212:Cato Institute
2194:Hamowy, Ronald
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2094:
2077:whitehouse.gov
2063:
2037:
2011:
2000:on 26 May 2013
1984:
1957:
1928:
1909:
1885:
1870:
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1840:
1811:
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1353:
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1291:
1284:
1258:
1243:. 3 May 2019.
1228:
1199:
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936:
931:
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911:
906:
900:
899:
883:
880:
876:supreme courts
847:, part of the
780:
777:
768:Mexican Senate
755:
752:
721:Main article:
718:
715:
710:
707:
656:, followed by
633:
630:
602:
599:
554:
551:
538:
535:
478:
475:
465:
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389:
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26:
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4:
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2:
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4746:United States
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4309:
4307:
4306:Liechtenstein
4304:
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4299:
4297:
4294:
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4284:
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4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Guinea-Bissau
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
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4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
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3806:
3797:
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3783:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3762:
3761:Unified power
3759:
3757:
3754:
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3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
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3720:United States
3718:
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3711:
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3701:
3698:
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3695:
3691:
3685:
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3680:
3677:
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3664:Fourth Estate
3662:
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3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
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3463:
3461:
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3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Civil society
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Trier of fact
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
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3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Legal opinion
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Court-martial
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3232:Jurisprudence
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
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3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Statutory law
3119:
3117:
3116:Socialist law
3114:
3110:
3109:Byzantine law
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
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3090:
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3083:
3080:
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3075:
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3060:Religious law
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:Legal systems
3029:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:Statutory law
2998:
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2830:Statutory law
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2788:Transport law
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2706:Legal fiction
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2647:
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2636:Financial law
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2621:
2618:
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2611:
2608:
2606:
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2595:Corporate law
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2519:Statutory law
2517:
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2508:
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2401:Core subjects
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2199:Archived copy
2195:
2190:
2187:
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2180:
2176:
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2138:. New Haven:
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2015:
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1594:Books at Iowa
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909:Supreme court
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779:United States
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732:United States
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669:
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663:
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642:Supreme Court
639:
629:
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625:stare decisis
621:
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565:inquisitorial
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319:Institutiones
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227:Twelve Tables
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176:Legal history
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53:highest court
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19:
4766:Vatican City
4716:Turkmenistan
4616:South Africa
4586:Sierra Leone
4566:Saudi Arabia
3941:Burkina Faso
3756:Dual mandate
3647:
3579:
3572:
3558:
3544:
3459:
3317:Jurisdiction
3285:Legal remedy
3240:Adjudication
3140:Legal theory
2978:Ratification
2973:Promulgation
2944:Proclamation
2924:Codification
2857:Human rights
2845:Divine right
2835:Constitution
2803:Women in law
2721:Military law
2716:Marriage law
2711:Maritime law
2610:Election law
2550:Aviation law
2540:Abortion law
2492:Property law
2428:Criminal law
2355:
2345:at Wikiquote
2305:
2286:
2279:
2254:. Retrieved
2203:
2198:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2133:
2111:. Retrieved
2097:
2087:– via
2081:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:the original
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1960:
1949:the original
1931:
1912:
1904:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1848:
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1267:
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1249:. Retrieved
1240:
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1034:
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959:
953:
868:court system
853:
842:
792:
757:
726:
696:
685:
670:
662:State courts
650:trial courts
635:
624:
619:
604:
588:
582:
579:Lady Justice
558:
556:
546:
543:Decretalists
540:
526:
520:
506:
502:
486:
482:
480:
457:
451:
439:
437:
431:
427:
421:
415:
409:
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393:
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381:
370:
368:
360:
356:
353:
336:
330:
324:
318:
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305:
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273:
263:
247:
238:
237:Apud Iudicem
234:
230:
222:
218:
214:
208:
204:
202:
179:
152:constitution
137:
102:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
62:
36:
4816:Judiciaries
4656:Switzerland
4626:South Sudan
4621:South Korea
4546:Saint Lucia
4501:Philippines
4446:North Korea
4426:New Zealand
4421:Netherlands
4226:Ivory Coast
4066:El Salvador
3811:Afghanistan
3684:Prosecutory
3643:Legislature
3489:Legislature
3420:Bureaucracy
3217:Rule of man
3212:Rule of law
3187:Libertarian
3050:Chinese law
2951:Legislation
2901:Regulations
2889:Law reports
2867:Natural law
2763:Reparations
2758:Refugee law
2681:Jurimetrics
2622:(Media law)
2560:Banking law
2555:Amnesty law
2533:Disciplines
2470:Private law
2331:Judiciaries
2256:15 December
2163:. Chicago:
939:Rule of law
904:Bench (law)
773:Mexico City
569:adversarial
560:Ius Commune
553:Ius Commune
418:: summaries
375:Scholastics
344:Middle Ages
223:Mos Maiorum
219:Mos Maiorum
210:Mos Maiorum
125:legislature
47:houses the
4810:Categories
4756:Uzbekistan
4676:Tajikistan
4581:Seychelles
4561:San Marino
4396:Mozambique
4386:Montenegro
4356:Mauritania
4321:Madagascar
4316:Luxembourg
4271:Kyrgyzstan
4246:Kazakhstan
4051:East Timor
4001:Costa Rica
3966:Cape Verde
3876:Bangladesh
3861:Azerbaijan
3693:By country
3482:Law school
3362:Prosecutor
3300:Magistrate
3087:Jewish law
3045:Common law
2966:Rulemaking
2961:Regulation
2911:Law making
2850:Divine law
2826:Legal code
2773:Sports law
2696:Law of war
2646:Health law
2631:Family law
2615:Energy law
2565:Bankruptcy
2502:Punishment
2497:Public law
2238:2008009151
1049:De Oratore
945:References
896:Law portal
666:litigation
620:common law
616:negligence
589:After the
547:Ius Civile
491:decretists
432:sic et non
422:Brocardica
399:Glossators
382:Ius Civile
357:Ius Civile
348:See also:
266:Principate
205:Ius Civile
188:See also:
174:See also:
164:common law
133:common law
73:judicature
4771:Venezuela
4636:Sri Lanka
4591:Singapore
4476:Palestine
4431:Nicaragua
4361:Mauritius
4311:Lithuania
4196:Indonesia
4151:Guatemala
3851:Australia
3841:Argentina
3710:Singapore
3705:Hong Kong
3700:Australia
3679:Electoral
3648:Judiciary
3638:Executive
3460:Judiciary
3455:Executive
3430:The bench
3367:Solicitor
3342:Barrister
3222:Sociology
3207:Pseudolaw
3147:Anarchist
3104:Roman law
3092:Parsi law
3077:Hindu law
3065:Canon law
3040:Civil law
2993:Concordat
2884:Precedent
2793:Trust law
2768:Space law
2605:Drugs law
2475:Procedure
2413:Civil law
2356:judiciary
2343:Judiciary
2246:750831024
2149:, 3 vols.
1829:cite book
1821:299718438
1732:cite book
1724:299718438
1685:cite book
1677:299718438
1569:cite book
1561:299718438
1522:cite book
1514:299718438
1475:cite book
1436:cite book
1428:299718438
1389:cite book
1381:299718438
1327:cite book
1319:299718438
1217:cite book
1209:299718438
1155:cite book
1147:299718438
1108:cite book
1100:299718438
1067:781329456
1037:(4th ed.)
1015:cite book
986:cite book
978:299718438
699:Argentina
513:canonists
464:Canon Law
190:Roman law
129:executive
65:judiciary
4796:Zimbabwe
4686:Thailand
4681:Tanzania
4646:Suriname
4601:Slovenia
4596:Slovakia
4511:Portugal
4491:Paraguay
4466:Pakistan
4381:Mongolia
4336:Maldives
4331:Malaysia
4256:Kiribati
4176:Honduras
4091:Ethiopia
4086:Eswatini
4041:Dominica
4036:Djibouti
3991:Colombia
3956:Cameroon
3951:Cambodia
3936:Bulgaria
3921:Botswana
3881:Barbados
3729:See also
3674:Auditory
3567:Category
3509:Tribunal
3494:Military
3337:Attorney
3307:Judgment
3167:Feminist
3082:Jain law
2879:Case law
2600:Cyberlaw
2507:Corporal
2485:Criminal
2455:Evidence
2445:Doctrine
2423:Contract
2250:Archived
2113:20 April
2107:Archived
2083:20 April
2056:20 April
2050:Archived
2030:20 April
2024:Archived
2004:20 April
1971:Archived
1920:Archived
1897:Archived
1600:: 3–14.
1245:Archived
882:See also
860:district
608:case law
583:Justicia
581:(Latin:
503:Decretum
458:consilia
337:Novellae
270:Augustus
156:treaties
138:In many
18:Judicial
4776:Vietnam
4761:Vanuatu
4751:Uruguay
4731:Ukraine
4706:Tunisia
4611:Somalia
4571:Senegal
4526:Romania
4441:Nigeria
4406:Namibia
4401:Myanmar
4391:Morocco
4371:Moldova
4296:Liberia
4291:Lesotho
4286:Lebanon
4231:Jamaica
4211:Ireland
4186:Iceland
4181:Hungary
4146:Grenada
4131:Germany
4126:Georgia
4106:Finland
4081:Estonia
4076:Eritrea
4056:Ecuador
4031:Denmark
4006:Croatia
3996:Comoros
3946:Burundi
3911:Bolivia
3891:Belgium
3886:Belarus
3871:Bahrain
3866:Bahamas
3856:Austria
3846:Armenia
3826:Andorra
3821:Algeria
3816:Albania
3581:Outline
3518:History
3425:The bar
3399:Verdict
3347:Counsel
3327:Justice
3182:History
3005:Statute
2821:Charter
2783:Tax law
2731:Probate
2196:(ed.).
1270:: 153.
734:and in
686:In the
636:In the
515:of the
487:decreta
483:canones
472:Gratian
410:Glossae
278:Hadrian
250:praetor
233:In Iure
170:History
99:Meaning
55:in the
4791:Zambia
4726:Uganda
4721:Tuvalu
4711:Turkey
4671:Taiwan
4651:Sweden
4576:Serbia
4536:Rwanda
4531:Russia
4506:Poland
4481:Panama
4456:Norway
4376:Monaco
4366:Mexico
4326:Malawi
4281:Latvia
4266:Kuwait
4261:Kosovo
4241:Jordan
4216:Israel
4166:Guyana
4156:Guinea
4141:Greece
4121:Gambia
4111:France
4016:Cyprus
3961:Canada
3931:Brunei
3926:Brazil
3906:Bhutan
3896:Belize
3831:Angola
3499:Police
3470:Agency
3352:Lawyer
3097:Sharia
2988:Treaty
2983:Repeal
2929:Decree
2840:Custom
2736:Estate
2686:Labour
2450:Equity
2303:about
2244:
2236:
2226:
1977:23 May
1819:
1809:
1784:
1759:
1722:
1712:
1675:
1665:
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1549:
1512:
1502:
1463:
1426:
1416:
1379:
1369:
1317:
1307:
1282:
1251:16 May
1207:
1197:
1145:
1135:
1098:
1088:
1065:
1055:
976:
966:
836:, and
754:Mexico
736:Mexico
673:France
640:, the
416:Summae
297:, 1607
105:courts
89:courts
83:, and
51:, the
4786:Yemen
4696:Tonga
4661:Syria
4641:Sudan
4631:Spain
4556:Samoa
4516:Qatar
4471:Palau
4436:Niger
4416:Nepal
4411:Nauru
4346:Malta
4301:Libya
4251:Kenya
4236:Japan
4221:Italy
4191:India
4171:Haiti
4136:Ghana
4116:Gabon
4061:Egypt
3986:China
3981:Chile
3901:Benin
3574:Index
3440:Court
3384:Trial
3290:Judge
3131:Yassa
2934:Edict
2480:Civil
2433:Crime
1952:(PDF)
1941:(PDF)
1903:. In
856:state
854:Each
728:Japan
717:Japan
331:Codex
254:edict
215:Leges
113:state
4691:Togo
4496:Peru
4461:Oman
4341:Mali
4276:Laos
4206:Iraq
4201:Iran
4101:Fiji
4011:Cuba
3976:Chad
3322:Jury
3270:Fiqh
3126:Xeer
2524:Tort
2440:Deed
2272:link
2258:2016
2242:OCLC
2234:LCCN
2224:ISBN
2208:SAGE
2115:2013
2085:2013
2058:2013
2032:2013
2006:2013
1979:2006
1835:link
1817:OCLC
1807:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1738:link
1720:OCLC
1710:ISBN
1691:link
1673:OCLC
1663:ISBN
1575:link
1557:OCLC
1547:ISBN
1528:link
1510:OCLC
1500:ISBN
1481:link
1461:ISBN
1442:link
1424:OCLC
1414:ISBN
1395:link
1377:OCLC
1367:ISBN
1333:link
1315:OCLC
1305:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1253:2019
1223:link
1205:OCLC
1195:ISBN
1161:link
1143:OCLC
1133:ISBN
1114:link
1096:OCLC
1086:ISBN
1063:OCLC
1053:ISBN
1021:link
992:link
974:OCLC
964:ISBN
862:and
808:The
787:and
740:Wako
612:tort
541:The
264:The
192:and
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2394:Law
2306:Mad
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