Roman law - Knowledge

1612: 1870:. The periods in which these systems were in use overlapped one another and did not have definitive breaks, but it can be stated that the legis actio system prevailed from the time of the XII Tables (c. 450 BC) until about the end of the 2nd century BC, that the formulary procedure was primarily used from the last century of the Republic until the end of the classical period (c. AD 200), and that of cognitio extra ordinem was in use in post-classical times. Again, these dates are meant as a tool to help understand the types of procedure in use, not as a rigid boundary where one system stopped and another began. 2238: 932:. They generally do not believe that a second decemvirate ever took place. The decemvirate of 451 BC is believed to have included the most controversial points of customary law, and to have assumed the leading functions in Rome. Furthermore, questions concerning Greek influence on early Roman Law are still much discussed. Many scholars consider it unlikely that the patricians sent an official delegation to Greece, as the Latin historians believed. Instead, those scholars suggest, the Romans acquired Greek legislations from the Greek cities of 1086:. Flavius is said to have published around the year 300 BC the formularies containing the words which had to be spoken in court to begin a legal action. Before the time of Flavius, these formularies are said to have been secret and known only to the priests. Their publication made it possible for non-priests to explore the meaning of these legal texts. Whether or not this story is credible, jurists were active and legal treatises were written in larger numbers before the 2nd century BC. Among the famous jurists of the republican period are 1319:. The existence of legal science and of jurists who regarded law as a science, not as an instrument to achieve the political goals set by the absolute monarch, did not fit well into the new order of things. The literary production all but ended. Few jurists after the mid-3rd century are known by name. While legal science and legal education persisted to some extent in the eastern part of the Empire, most of the subtleties of classical law came to be disregarded and finally forgotten in the west. Classical law was replaced by so-called 1332: 6486: 6500: 144: 2259:. However, even where the legal practice is based on a code, many rules deriving from Roman law apply: no code completely broke with the Roman tradition. Rather, the provisions of the Roman law were fitted into a more coherent system and expressed in the national language. For this reason, knowledge of the Roman law is indispensable to understand the legal systems of today. Thus, Roman law is often still a mandatory subject for law students in 34: 2290: 1942: 1334: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1339: 2122:

provisions borrowed from it, began to be re-introduced into legal practice, centuries after the end of the Roman empire. This process was actively supported by many kings and princes who employed university-trained jurists as counselors and court officials and sought to benefit from rules like the famous

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of the case, but he was not bound by the jurist's reply. At the end of the litigation, if things were not clear to him, he could refuse to give a judgment, by swearing that it wasn't clear. Also, there was a maximum time to issue a judgment, which depended on some technical issues (type of action, etc.).

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The first 250 years of the current era are the period during which Roman law and Roman legal science reached its greatest degree of sophistication. The law of this period is often referred to as the "classical period of Roman law". The literary and practical achievements of the jurists of this period

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came into force. In the course of the 19th century, many European states either adopted the French model or drafted their own codes. In Germany, the political situation made the creation of a national code of laws impossible. From the 17th century, Roman law in Germany had been heavily influenced by

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issued by the Germanic kings, however, the influence of early Eastern Roman codes on some of these is quite discernible. In many early Germanic states, Roman citizens continued to be governed by Roman laws for quite some time, even while members of the various Germanic tribes were governed by their

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No one had a legal obligation to judge a case. The judge had great latitude in the way he conducted the litigation. He considered all the evidence and ruled in the way that seemed just. Because the judge was not a jurist or a legal technician, he often consulted a jurist about the technical aspects

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The constitution of the Roman Republic was not formal or even official. Its constitution was largely unwritten, and was constantly evolving throughout the life of the Republic. Throughout the 1st century BC, the power and legitimacy of the Roman constitution was progressively eroding. Even Roman

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The students who were taught Roman law in Bologna (and later in many other places) found that many rules of Roman law were better suited to regulate complex economic transactions than were the customary rules, which were applicable throughout Europe. For this reason, Roman law, or at least some

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Later on, with the bureaucratization, this procedure disappeared, and was substituted by the so-called "extra ordinem" procedure, also known as cognitory. The whole case was reviewed before a magistrate, in a single phase. The magistrate had obligation to judge and to issue a decision, and the

1145:) and were in effect often the source of new legal rules. A praetor's successor was not bound by the edicts of his predecessor; however, he did take rules from edicts of his predecessor that had proved to be useful. In this way a constant content was created that proceeded from edict to edict ( 943:

The fragments which did survive show that it was not a law code in the modern sense. It did not provide a complete and coherent system of all applicable rules or give legal solutions for all possible cases. Rather, the tables contained specific provisions designed to change the then-existing

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drafted a standard form of the praetor's edict, which was used by all praetors from that time onwards. This edict contained detailed descriptions of all cases, in which the praetor would allow a legal action and in which he would grant a defense. The standard edict thus functioned like a

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By the middle of the 3rd century, the conditions for the flourishing of a refined legal culture had become less favourable. The general political and economic situation deteriorated as the emperors assumed more direct control of all aspects of political life. The political system of the

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There are several reasons that Roman law was favored in the Middle Ages. Roman law regulated the legal protection of property and the equality of legal subjects and their wills, and it prescribed the possibility that the legal subjects could dispose their property through testament.

1207:, in which they publicly announced at the beginning of their tenure, how they would handle their duties, and the formularies, according to which specific proceedings were conducted. Some jurists also held high judicial and administrative offices themselves. 1120:, which can be defined as "The law introduced by the magistrates who had the right to promulgate edicts in order to support, supplement or correct the existing law." With this new law the old formalism is being abandoned and new more flexible principles of 1202:

The jurists worked in different functions: They gave legal opinions at the request of private parties. They advised the magistrates who were entrusted with the administration of justice, most importantly the praetors. They helped the praetors draft their

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was more developed than its continental counterparts by the time Roman law was rediscovered. Therefore, the practical advantages of Roman law were less obvious to English practitioners than to continental lawyers. As a result, the English system of

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in the 4th century, many legal concepts of Greek origin appeared in the official Roman legislation. The influence is visible even in the law of persons or of the family, which is traditionally the part of the law that changes least. For example,

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system. In addition, some concepts from Roman law made their way into the common law. Especially in the early 19th century, English lawyers and judges were willing to borrow rules and ideas from continental jurists and directly from Roman law.

1584:—this term is applied in modern international law to indicate peremptory norms that cannot be derogated from). These are regulations that cannot be changed or excluded by party agreement. Those regulations that can be changed are called today 1215:

comprehensive law code, even though it did not formally have the force of law. It indicated the requirements for a successful legal claim. The edict therefore became the basis for extensive legal commentaries by later classical jurists like

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Roman jurists clearly separated the legal right to use a thing (ownership) from the factual ability to use and manipulate the thing (possession). They also established the distinction between contract and tort as sources of legal

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said, "At the beginning of our city, the people began their first activities without any fixed law, and without any fixed rights: all things were ruled despotically, by kings". It is believed that Roman law is rooted in the

1644:("custom of the ancestors") was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent. Concepts that originated in the Roman constitution live on in constitutions to this day. Examples include 887:

tribune, C. Terentilius Arsa, proposed that the law should be written in order to prevent magistrates from applying the law arbitrarily. After eight years of political struggle, the plebeian social class convinced the

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return a thing that belongs to the plaintiff. It may only be used when plaintiff owns the thing, and the defendant is somehow impeding the plaintiff's possession of the thing. The plaintiff could also institute an

925:), but these laws were regarded as unsatisfactory by the plebeians. A second decemvirate is said to have added two further tablets in 449 BC. The new Law of the Twelve Tables was approved by the people's assembly. 1231:

The standard types of contract (sale, contract for work, hire, contract for services) regulated in most continental codes and the characteristics of each of these contracts were developed by Roman jurisprudence.

1542:). An example of this is the law about wills written by people in the military during a campaign, which are exempt of the solemnities generally required for citizens when writing wills in normal circumstances. 1538:(singular law) is special law for certain groups of people, things, or legal relations (because of which it is an exception from the general rules of the legal system), unlike general, ordinary, law ( 1152:

Thus, over the course of time, parallel to the civil law and supplementing and correcting it, a new body of praetoric law emerged. In fact, praetoric law was so defined by the famous Roman jurist

936:, the main portal between the Roman and Greek worlds. The original text of the Twelve Tables has not been preserved. The tablets were probably destroyed when Rome was conquered and burned by the 1576:); and crimes were private (except the most severe ones that were prosecuted by the state). Public law will only include some areas of private law close to the end of the Roman state. 2137:

By the middle of the 16th century, the rediscovered Roman law dominated the legal practice of many European countries. A legal system, in which Roman law was mixed with elements of

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had conquered the world three times: the first through its armies, the second through its religion, the third through its laws. He might have added: each time more thoroughly.

850:) that applied only to Roman citizens, and was bonded to religion; undeveloped, with attributes of strict formalism, symbolism, and conservatism, e.g. the ritual practice of 1981:, the descendants, could have proprietary rights. He was apparently making concessions to the much stricter concept of paternal authority under Greek-Hellenistic law. The 1734:

and the prorogation of different magistracies to justify Augustus' receipt of tribunician power. The belief in a surviving constitution lasted well into the life of the

1160:" ("praetoric law is that law introduced by praetors to supplement or correct civil law for public benefit"). Ultimately, civil law and praetoric law were fused in the 826:, and some other medieval provinces/historical regions) which created a new system, a mixture of Roman and local law. Also, Eastern European law was influenced by the " 749:, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of 2114:). From that time, scholars began to study the ancient Roman legal texts, and to teach others what they learned from their studies. The center of these studies was 1716:, attempted to manufacture the appearance of a constitution that still governed the Empire, by utilising that constitution's institutions to lend legitimacy to the 1223:. The new concepts and legal institutions developed by pre-classical and classical jurists are too numerous to mention here. Only a few examples are given here: 787:

throughout Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia. English and

3478: 1098:. Thus, Rome had developed a very sophisticated legal system and a refined legal culture when the Roman republic was replaced by the monarchical system of the 3277: 1786:(a personal action) to punish the defendant. If the thing could not be recovered, the plaintiff could claim damages from the defendant with the aid of the 1059:

Rome's most important contribution to European legal culture was not the enactment of well-drafted statutes, but the emergence of a class of professional

694: 3217: 3179: 2738: 1883:. They went down the list until they found a judge agreeable to both parties, or if none could be found they had to take the last one on the list. 1116: 1568:

means private law, where public law is to protect the interests of the Roman state while private law should protect individuals. In the Roman law

3272: 2742: 2034:. Roman law as preserved in the codes of Justinian and in the Basilica remained the basis of legal practice in Greece and in the courts of the 1302:

The assemblies passed laws and made declarations of war; the Senate controlled the treasury; and the consuls had the highest juridical power.

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Areti Kotseli "Greek Law Students Finish Second in the 2012 International Roman Law Moot Court Competition" In: Greek Reporter 13.04.2012.

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in Roman law. It was made in the format of question and answer. The precise nature of the contract was disputed, as can be seen below.

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Ius praetorium est quod praetores introduxerunt adiuvandi vel supplendi vel corrigendi iuris civilis gratia propter utilitatem publicam

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In the period between about 201 to 27 BC, more flexible laws develop to match the needs of the time. In addition to the old and formal

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Paolo De Luca "Quattro studenti della Federico II in gara a Oxford inscenano un antico processo romano" In: La Repubblica, 05.04.2013.

2278:, which was the common basis of legal practice everywhere in Europe, but allowed for many local variants, is seen by many as a model. 2070:

In the west, Justinian's political authority never went any farther than certain portions of the Italian and Hispanic peninsulas. In

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commissioned a combined translation of the Code and the Digest, parts of Justinian's codes, into Greek, which became known as the

5284: 3922: 3232: 5229: 3917: 3651: 1315:, which had retained some features of the republican constitution, began to transform itself into the absolute monarchy of the 687: 291: 900:; they also dispatched delegations to other Greek cities for a like reason. In 451 BC, according to the traditional story (as 667: 5199: 4024: 3551: 3287: 281: 5289: 5164: 4317: 3870: 1873:

During the republic and until the bureaucratization of Roman judicial procedure, the judge was usually a private person (

452: 1879:). He had to be a Roman male citizen. The parties could agree on a judge, or they could appoint one from a list, called 98: 3541: 3237: 3222: 2264: 1635: 1602: 1397:("law of peoples") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The 274: 257: 2102:

was rediscovered in Italy. This was done mainly through the works of glossars who wrote their comments between lines (

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and the Nordic countries did not take part in the wholesale reception of Roman law. One reason for this is that the

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was a concept the jurists developed to explain why all people seemed to obey some laws. Their answer was that a "

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Today, Roman law is no longer applied in legal practice, even though the legal systems of some countries like

1437:(unwritten law) by the means of their creation and not necessarily whether or not they were written down. The 5322: 4740: 2683: 2955:

Rives, James B. 2003. "Magic in Roman Law: The Reconstruction of a Crime." Classical Antiquity 22.2: 313–39.

1090:, who wrote a voluminous treatise on all aspects of the law, which was very influential in later times, and 6129: 5608: 4580: 4184: 3636: 3351: 3244: 1813: 1291: 84: 6545: 6124: 5279: 5204: 4963: 4019: 3902: 3448: 3189: 3080: 1918: 2490:, Third Edition. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, Oxford University Press, 1996. Entry: 2475:, Third Edition. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, Oxford University Press, 1996. Entry: 2267:

was developed in order to better educate the students and to network with one another internationally.

6099: 5598: 5239: 4903: 4795: 4565: 4337: 4159: 4067: 3932: 3875: 3292: 2613: 1256:(legal actions). This system was used for many centuries. It can be recognized in legal treatises like 1075:) and of a legal science. This was achieved in a gradual process of applying the scientific methods of 1018:

that any citizen could occupy, and stipulated that one of the two annual consuls must be plebeian; the

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of Constantian laws. Later emperors went even further, until Justinian finally decreed that a child

5977: 5959: 4860: 4770: 4279: 4259: 4254: 4239: 4192: 4132: 4087: 3889: 2337: 2260: 2162: 1358: 1137:. A praetor was not a legislator and did not technically create new law when he issued his edicts ( 997: 991: 889: 784: 746: 134: 6311: 1977:, the power held by the male head of a family over his descendants, by acknowledging that persons 6352: 6139: 5628: 5613: 5269: 5249: 5189: 5179: 5169: 4575: 4264: 4164: 4144: 4059: 4049: 3754: 3694: 3674: 3386: 3010: 2678: 2190: 2085: 2035: 1091: 1083: 568: 44: 1514:

was the body of common laws that arose from customary practice and had become binding over time.

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even after the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the conquest by the Turks, and, along with the

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portion was largely ignored for several centuries until around 1070, when a manuscript of the

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A person's abilities and duties within the Roman legal system depended on their legal status (

1680:. Even some lesser used modern constitutional concepts, such as the block voting found in the 1572:

included personal, property, civil and criminal law; judicial proceeding was private process (

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developed in parallel to Roman-based civil law, with its practitioners being trained at the

1708:'s suicide, what was left of the Roman constitution died along with the Republic. The first 6232: 5578: 5254: 5219: 4908: 4775: 4675: 4600: 4465: 4428: 3804: 3468: 2367: 2186: 2013: 2001: 1995:

became owner of everything it acquired, except when it acquired something from its father.

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were influenced also by Roman law, notably in their Latinate legal glossary (for example,

8: 6387: 5527: 5444: 5184: 5033: 4835: 4705: 4655: 3974: 3571: 3144: 3058: 2295: 2039: 1244:(around 160) invented a system of private law based on the division of all material into 1079:

to the subject of law, a subject which the Greeks themselves never treated as a science.

948:. Although the provisions pertain to all areas of law, the largest part is dedicated to 808: 345: 1692:, lost a willingness to remain faithful to it towards the end of the Republic. When the 1403:

were the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners.

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The Reality of the Law – From the Etruscan Religion to the Postmodern Theories of Law

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in London rather than receiving degrees in Canon or Civil Law at the Universities of

2145:, had emerged. This legal system, which was common to all of continental Europe (and 2080: 1731: 862: 780: 522: 515: 318: 2415: 1697: 1398: 6192: 6159: 5658: 5522: 5517: 5482: 4933: 4893: 4825: 4760: 4685: 4680: 4452: 4375: 4322: 4117: 4112: 4001: 3860: 3809: 3769: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3719: 3641: 3588: 3581: 3566: 3561: 3485: 3413: 3154: 3139: 3134: 2649: 2510: 2008: 1853: 1701: 1482: 1424: 1211: 1210:

The jurists also produced all kinds of legal punishments. Around AD 130 the jurist

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The history of Roman Law can be divided into three systems of procedure: that of

1388: 1268: 953: 911:. While they were performing this task, they were given supreme political power ( 827: 360: 3015: 6518: 6326: 6244: 5833: 5799: 5750: 5735: 5507: 5412: 5392: 5382: 5083: 4725: 4460: 4408: 4380: 4327: 4312: 4292: 4107: 4082: 4039: 4029: 3855: 3829: 3759: 3744: 3709: 3669: 3430: 3209: 2756: 2603: 2325: 2271: 2218:. In some parts of Germany, Roman law continued to be applied until the German 2173: 1836: 1755: 1693: 1241: 1177: 979: 772: 649: 596: 440: 415: 324: 172: 3035: 2270:

As steps towards a unification of the private law in the member states of the

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was the body of statute laws made by the legislature. The laws were known as

1024:(300 BC), which permitted plebeians to hold certain priestly offices; and the 6534: 6372: 6331: 6217: 6197: 6169: 6119: 6084: 6058: 6053: 6046: 5997: 5937: 5777: 5767: 5725: 5648: 5643: 5573: 5532: 5456: 4615: 4585: 4500: 4034: 4011: 3824: 3679: 3664: 3611: 3418: 3171: 2379: 2182: 2107: 2089: 1936: 1913: 1709: 1529: 1216: 1189: 1026: 1013: 969: 945: 933: 880: 874: 843: 831: 796: 788: 723: 719: 545: 395: 163: 2890:

De Ligt, Luuk. 2007. "Roman Law and the Roman Economy: Three Case Studies."

2724: 1830:) unlike slaves, or he could have had a certain position in a Roman family ( 1129:

The adaptation of law to new needs was given over to juridical practice, to

6504: 6254: 6222: 6177: 5915: 5910: 5881: 5794: 5772: 5740: 5673: 5653: 5547: 5487: 5477: 5429: 5387: 5365: 5308: 5093: 4953: 4398: 4347: 4302: 4297: 4149: 3959: 3845: 3789: 3784: 3556: 3440: 3374: 3264: 3129: 3111: 2924: 2246: 2198: 2118:. The law school there gradually developed into Europe's first university. 2044: 1905: 1794:(a personal action), the plaintiff could claim damages from the defendant. 1747: 1735: 1627: 1598: 1555: 1547: 1416: 1374: 1296: 984: 965: 904:

tells it), ten Roman citizens were chosen to record the laws, known as the

715: 458: 410: 380: 306: 181: 2673: 2436: 1393:, the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The 6426: 6367: 6357: 6154: 6149: 5987: 5888: 5804: 5763: 5730: 5695: 5618: 5542: 5492: 5407: 4888: 4510: 4332: 4222: 3616: 2880:

Revised by P. G. Stein. 3d edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

2308: 2255: 2152: 1705: 1669: 1665: 1640: 1606: 1520: 1408: 1366: 1122: 1043: 1020: 973: 949: 768:. From the 7th century onward, the legal language in the East was Greek. 742: 501: 2126:("The sovereign is not bound by the laws", a phrase initially coined by 1588:, and they are not used when party shares something and are in contrary. 6490: 6419: 6299: 6237: 5982: 5903: 5898: 5856: 5838: 5826: 5787: 5633: 5623: 5583: 5568: 5552: 5502: 5439: 5434: 5113: 5053: 5018: 4810: 4745: 4735: 4630: 4515: 4403: 3986: 3954: 3699: 3626: 3458: 3453: 2579: 2342: 2331: 2314: 2250: 2219: 2178: 2142: 1965: 1751: 1717: 1657: 1312: 1099: 917:), whereas the power of the magistrates was restricted. In 450 BC, the 852: 791: 754: 582: 312: 192: 3343: 3048: 2532: 1030:(287 BC), which stated that the determinations of plebeian assemblies 6397: 6362: 6304: 6279: 6144: 6029: 6014: 6002: 5930: 5848: 5821: 5705: 5143: 5138: 5098: 5023: 4993: 4973: 4850: 4790: 4700: 4650: 4645: 4570: 4530: 4418: 4388: 4197: 4072: 3865: 3749: 3724: 3072: 2352: 2209:, came to an end when national codifications were made. In 1804, the 2146: 2138: 2092:, served as models for a few of the Germanic law codes; however, the 1950: 1778: 1774: 1677: 1580:

was also used to describe obligatory legal regulations (today called

1387:) was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens and the 906: 819: 718:, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of 654: 624: 472: 435: 22: 6485: 2205:

The practical application of Roman law, and the era of the European

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Traditionally, the origins of Roman legal science are connected to

1048: 1001: 913: 884: 823: 589: 479: 390: 301: 199: 2791: 812:). Eastern Europe was also influenced by the jurisprudence of the 6336: 6284: 6264: 6212: 6024: 5942: 5758: 5720: 5668: 5123: 5118: 5108: 5073: 5068: 5058: 5003: 4988: 4805: 4800: 4785: 4755: 4710: 4690: 4670: 4625: 4357: 4212: 3991: 3799: 3794: 3684: 2897:

du Plessis, Paul. 2006. "Janus in the Roman Law of Urban Lease."

2463:"A Short History of Roman Law", Olga Tellegen-Couperus pp. 19–20. 2115: 2088:

were known in Western Europe, and along with the earlier code of

2021: 1272: 1141:). In fact, the results of his rulings enjoyed legal protection ( 1134: 776: 575: 554: 405: 385: 3057: 3031:

A collection of resources maintained by professor Ernest Metzger

2414: 6436: 6289: 6034: 5925: 5920: 5866: 5537: 5133: 5013: 4943: 4883: 4878: 4845: 4605: 4590: 4540: 4520: 3942: 3819: 3714: 2193:. Elements of Romano-canon law were present in England in the 2127: 1689: 1661: 1615: 1265: 1220: 1181: 1060: 893: 610: 400: 2704: 1800: 6377: 6321: 6227: 6068: 5871: 5370: 4918: 4640: 4367: 3659: 2161:

and the legal systems based on it are usually referred to as

2020:, in the early 8th century. In the 9th century, the emperors 1973:

started putting restrictions on the ancient Roman concept of

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The basics of Roman law (in German with English captioning)

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Roman law also denoted the legal system applied in most of

978:

Among the most consequential laws passed during the early

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Another important statute from the Republican era is the

846:(754–449 BC), private law comprised the Roman civil law ( 711: 561: 508: 2885:

Roman Law: Linguistic, Social and Philosophical Aspects.

1684:, originate from ideas found in the Roman constitution. 779:, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the 2241:

Legal systems of the world. Blue is based on Roman law.

1047:

of 286 BC, which may be regarded as the root of modern

5300: 2834:, Vol. 43, Part 2., pp. 476. Philadelphia : 2709:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 208. 1506:), and the proclamations and beliefs of the emperor ( 1010:(367 BC), which restricted the amount of public land 2986:

Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

2755: 2285: 818:, especially in countries such as medieval Romania ( 2878:

A Textbook of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian.

2197:and, less directly, through the development of the 1891:decision could be appealed to a higher magistrate. 1822:). The individual could have been a Roman citizen ( 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2948:Powell, Jonathan, and Jeremy Paterson, eds. 2004. 2832:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 2048:, which remained in force in Ethiopia until 1931. 1804:, therefore was only available to Roman citizens. 928:Modern scholars tend to challenge the accuracy of 753:in many legal systems influenced by it, including 2641: 2609:Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law 1945:Title page of a late 16th-century edition of the 1826:) unlike foreigners, or he could have been free ( 1282:The Roman Republic had three different branches: 783:(963–1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for 18:Legal system of Ancient Rome (c. 449 BC – AD 529) 6532: 2931:Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2601: 2229:Colonial expansion spread the civil law system. 2864:Lawyers and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. 1964:When the centre of the Empire was moved to the 2943:New Perspectives in the Roman Law of Property. 2869:Borkowski, Andrew, and Paul Du Plessis. 2005. 5316: 3359: 3088: 3039:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev 2941:Nicholas, Barry, and Peter Birks, eds. 1989. 688: 3044:The Roman Law Articles of Smith's Dictionary 2737:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2214:domestic (customary) law, and it was called 883:, dating from the mid-fifth century BC. The 2857:Actors and Audience in the Roman Courtroom. 2707:Roman law : an historical introduction 2150: 1999: 1954: 1518: 1494: 1485:). Roman lawyers would also include in the 1466: 1446: 1161: 813: 734: 5323: 5309: 3366: 3352: 3095: 3081: 3052:: open access journal devoted to Roman law 2741:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2637: 2635: 2633: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2412: 1844:(one who lives under someone else's law). 1499:), the responses and thoughts of jurists ( 1034:would henceforth be binding on the entire 764:, the Roman law remained in effect in the 745:. Roman law forms the basic framework for 741:(AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor 695: 681: 1998:The codes of Justinian, particularly the 1790:(a personal action). With the aid of the 1411:" instilled in all beings a common sense. 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 6468:History of the American legal profession 2919:Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life 2642:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga Eveline (1993). 2236: 2042:, also formed the basis for much of the 1940: 1720:, e.g., reusing prior grants of greater 1688:constitutionalists, such as the senator 1610: 1330: 3373: 2705:Wolff, Hans Julius, 1902-1983. (1951). 2630: 2444: 1105: 959: 6533: 3102: 2838:, 1953. (reprinted 1980, 1991, 2002). 2828:"Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law" 2502: 1682:electoral college of the United States 1171: 1114:a new juridical class is created: the 775:until the end of the 18th century. In 5304: 3347: 3076: 2759:; Glendon, Mary Ann; Carozza, Paolo. 1305: 2506:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 2425:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1834:) either as the head of the family ( 837: 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 2141:and of Germanic custom, especially 1262:Commentaries on the Laws of England 13: 2849: 2328:(surrender of goods to a creditor) 2265:International Roman Law Moot Court 1726:to substantiate Augustus' greater 1603:Constitution of the Roman Republic 1350: 921:produced the laws on ten tablets ( 21:For Roman Catholic canon law, see 14: 6557: 5452:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2990: 2984:Die Quellen des römischen Rechts. 2972:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga E. 1993. 2929:Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. 2887:Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. 2876:Buckland, William Warwick. 1963. 2413:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2226:, BGB) went into effect in 1900. 1199:gave Roman law its unique shape. 1038:, both patricians and plebeians. 988:(445 BC), which allowed marriage 6499: 6498: 6484: 2969:New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2509:. Vol. 76. pp. 90–93. 2288: 1054: 868: 142: 32: 6463:History of the legal profession 2960:History of Roman Legal Science. 2909:Women in Roman Law and Society. 2807: 2798: 2784: 2749: 2698: 2666: 2488:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 2473:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 2348:Inheritance law in ancient Rome 2165:in English-speaking countries. 1773:is a legal action by which the 832:medieval Byzantine legal system 43:needs additional citations for 2967:Roman Law in European History. 2836:American Philosophical Society 2792:"International Roman Law Moot" 2595: 2567: 2496: 2481: 2466: 2441:; Ed. Kairosz, Budapest, 2005. 2429: 2406: 2397: 2263:. In this context, the annual 2051: 1926: 1741: 1: 2974:A Short History of Roman Law. 2771:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2761:"Civil law (Romano-Germanic)" 2684:Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2390: 1847: 1636:Roman Republic's constitution 1626:for attempting a coup in the 1618:, author of the classic book 1592: 1493:), the advice of the Senate ( 856:(a form of sale). The jurist 760:After the dissolution of the 727: 3938:Frontiers and fortifications 3021:Resources in other libraries 2936:An Introduction to Roman Law 2645:A Short History of Roman Law 2311:(legal transfer of property) 2124:Princeps legibus solutus est 1814:Status in Roman legal system 1433:(written law) differed from 1326: 879:The first legal text is the 7: 3997:Decorations and punishments 2952:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2945:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2873:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2281: 2253:are still based on the old 1919:Debt: The First 5,000 Years 1700:in the years following the 1489:the edicts of magistrates ( 1383:("citizen law", originally 10: 6562: 6130:International legal theory 5609:International slavery laws 5604:International human rights 5599:International criminal law 4904:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3479:historiography of the fall 2938:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2820: 2614:Cambridge University Press 2055: 1930: 1851: 1811: 1745: 1676:, and regularly scheduled 1596: 1175: 963: 872: 20: 6478: 6455: 6345: 6183:Administration of justice 6168: 6077: 5968: 5847: 5749: 5470: 5338: 5285:External wars and battles 5152: 5046: 4859: 4451: 4444: 4366: 4278: 4183: 4058: 4010: 3888: 3838: 3777: 3768: 3650: 3602: 3522: 3439: 3409: 3400: 3382: 3311: 3263: 3208: 3170: 3110: 3016:Resources in your library 2862:Bauman, Richard A. 1989. 2855:Bablitz, Leanne E. 2007. 2602:Jolowicz, Herbert Felix; 2274:are being taken, the old 2216:usus modernus Pandectarum 1894: 1807: 531:Senatus consultum ultimum 426:Extraordinary magistrates 5960:Basic structure doctrine 5810:Natural and legal rights 5691:Public international law 2962:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2871:A Textbook on Roman Law. 2403:In Germany, Art. 311 BGB 2338:Constitution (Roman law) 2317:(power of the sovereign) 2232: 1840:), or some lower member 1650:the separation of powers 1264:and enactments like the 1133:, and especially to the 892:to send a delegation to 881:Law of the Twelve Tables 135:Politics of ancient Rome 6140:Principle of typicality 5614:International trade law 5330: 5280:Roman–Iranian relations 3755:Optimates and populares 3065:Encyclopædia Britannica 2934:Nicholas, Barry. 1962. 2766:Encyclopædia Britannica 2679:Encyclopedia Britannica 2261:civil law jurisdictions 2224:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 2086:Institutes of Justinian 2036:Eastern Orthodox Church 2016:issued a new code, the 1904:famously remarked that 1674:the powers of the purse 1240:, the classical jurist 1092:Servius Sulpicius Rufus 1088:Quintus Mucius Scaevola 751:Latin legal terminology 5290:Civil wars and revolts 4556:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4203:Conflict of the Orders 3562:Legislative assemblies 3321:Conflict of the Orders 3068:(11th ed.). 1911. 2503:Berger, Adolf (1953). 2242: 2151: 2075:own respective codes. 2000: 1961: 1955: 1924: 1900:German legal theorist 1868:cognitio extra ordinem 1763:was the basic form of 1631: 1564:means public law, and 1519: 1495: 1347: 1162: 1007:Leges Liciinae Sextiae 865:, emphasizing ritual. 814: 735: 292:Political institutions 6135:Principle of legality 5894:Delegated legislation 5594:Intellectual property 4999:Simplicius of Cilicia 4751:Quintus Curtius Rufus 3980:Siege in Ancient Rome 3589:Executive magistrates 3050:Roman Legal Tradition 3037:The Roman Law Library 2958:Schulz, Fritz. 1946. 2477:Licinius Stolo, Gaius 2422:Catholic Encyclopedia 2240: 2195:ecclesiastical courts 2106:), or in the form of 1944: 1898: 1798:was derived from the 1614: 1481:, originating in the 1345: 1096:Marcus Tullius Cicero 6353:Barristers' chambers 6295:Legal representation 6233:Justice of the peace 5579:Financial regulation 5009:Stephanus Byzantinus 4914:Eusebius of Caesaria 4776:Sidonius Apollinaris 4466:Ammianus Marcellinus 3805:Tribune of the plebs 2965:Stein, Peter. 1999. 2950:Cicero the Advocate. 2883:Daube, David. 1969. 2368:Res extra commercium 2174:English legal system 2104:glossa interlinearis 2014:Leo III the Isaurian 2002:Corpus Juris Civilis 1957:Corpus Juris Civilis 1933:Corpus Juris Civilis 1792:actio legis Aquiliae 1385:ius civile Quiritium 1194:Herennius Modestinus 1164:Corpus Juris Civilis 1147:edictum traslatitium 1106:Pre-classical period 960:Early republican law 848:ius civile Quiritium 815:Corpus Juris Civilis 803:culpa in contrahendo 766:Eastern Roman Empire 762:Western Roman Empire 737:Corpus Juris Civilis 371:Ordinary magistrates 52:improve this article 6388:Election commission 6100:Expressive function 5629:Landlord–tenant law 5528:Consumer protection 5185:Distinguished women 4836:Velleius Paterculus 4676:Nicolaus Damascenus 4656:Marcellus Empiricus 4045:Republican currency 3238:reforms of Augustus 2911:London: Croom Helm. 2296:Ancient Rome portal 2130:, a Roman jurist). 2040:Syro-Roman law book 1646:checks and balances 1491:magistratuum edicta 1400:Praetores Peregrini 1172:Classical Roman law 1139:magistratuum edicta 809:pacta sunt servanda 6546:Italian inventions 6346:Legal institutions 6213:Lawsuit/Litigation 6203:Dispute resolution 6008:Catholic canon law 5716:State of emergency 5679:Will and testament 5403:Law of obligations 5356:Constitutional law 5346:Administrative law 4959:Phlegon of Tralles 4766:Seneca the Younger 4240:Naming conventions 3970:Personal equipment 3503:Later Roman Empire 3104:Roman Constitution 2976:London: Routledge. 2921:. Clarendon Press. 2859:London: Routledge. 2363:List of Roman laws 2357:state of exception 2243: 2066:Medieval Roman Law 2058:Early Germanic law 1984:Codex Theodosianus 1962: 1949:, part of Emperor 1902:Rudolf von Jhering 1732:imperial provinces 1632: 1348: 1306:Post-classical law 1258:William Blackstone 909:legibus scribundis 604:Triumvir monetalis 538:Titles and honours 6528: 6527: 6188:Constitutionalism 6110:Law and economics 5948:Act of parliament 5686:Product liability 5639:Legal archaeology 5564:Environmental law 5558:Entertainment law 5398:International law 5298: 5297: 5260:Pontifices maximi 5042: 5041: 4899:Diogenes Laërtius 4721:Pliny the Younger 4476:Asconius Pedianus 4436:Romance languages 4308:Civil engineering 4050:Imperial currency 3923:Political control 3884: 3883: 3518: 3517: 3341: 3340: 3288:(post Diocletian) 3278:(post Diocletian) 3233:reforms of Caesar 3059:"Roman Law" 2997:Library resources 2416:"Roman Law" 2375:Ancient Greek law 2321:Capitis deminutio 2304:International law 2211:French civil code 2112:glossa marginalis 2081:Codex Justinianus 1828:status libertatis 1788:condictio furtiva 1777:demands that the 1574:iudicium privatum 1508:principum placita 1343: 863:Etruscan religion 838:Early development 781:Holy Roman Empire 705: 704: 523:Quaestio perpetua 516:Senatus consultum 319:Roman citizenship 128: 127: 120: 102: 6553: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6489: 6488: 6312:Question of fact 6193:Criminal justice 5523:Construction law 5518:Conflict of laws 5483:Agricultural law 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5250:Magistri equitum 5165:Cities and towns 5158: 5084:Constantinopolis 4894:Diodorus Siculus 4826:Valerius Maximus 4761:Seneca the Elder 4681:Nonius Marcellus 4449: 4448: 4002:Hippika gymnasia 3965:Infantry tactics 3871:Consular tribune 3861:Magister equitum 3810:Military tribune 3775: 3774: 3735:Pontifex maximus 3730:Princeps senatus 3720:Magister militum 3486:Byzantine Empire 3407: 3406: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3228:reforms of Sulla 3097: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3061: 2915:Gardner, Jane F. 2905:Gardner, Jane F. 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2728: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2650:Psychology Press 2639: 2628: 2627: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2355:(akin to modern 2334:(common pasture) 2298: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2156: 2005: 1960: 1922: 1864:formulary system 1854:Roman litigation 1824:status civitatis 1702:Battle of Actium 1586:ius dispositivum 1524: 1512:Ius non scriptum 1498: 1496:Senatus consulta 1483:Plebeian Council 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1435:ius non scriptum 1425:ius non scriptum 1390:Praetores Urbani 1344: 1212:Salvius Iulianus 1167: 1077:Greek philosophy 930:Latin historians 858:Sextus Pomponius 817: 740: 732: 729: 697: 690: 683: 639:Pontifex maximus 632:Princeps senatus 618:Magister militum 453:Consular tribune 447:Magister equitum 275:Augustan reforms 146: 130: 129: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6497: 6483: 6474: 6451: 6442:Political party 6415:Legal education 6403:Law enforcement 6383:Court of equity 6341: 6317:Question of law 6270:Practice of law 6250:Judicial review 6164: 6115:Legal formalism 6095:Comparative law 6090:Contract theory 6073: 5993:Legal pluralism 5964: 5953:Act of Congress 5877:Executive order 5843: 5745: 5664:Nationality law 5589:Immigration law 5513:Competition law 5466: 5334: 5329: 5299: 5294: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5038: 4874:Aëtius of Amida 4855: 4841:Verrius Flaccus 4821:Valerius Antias 4781:Silius Italicus 4716:Pliny the Elder 4661:Marcus Aurelius 4536:Cornelius Nepos 4486:Aurelius Victor 4440: 4362: 4274: 4208:Secessio plebis 4179: 4054: 4006: 3880: 3834: 3764: 3646: 3598: 3514: 3435: 3396: 3378: 3372: 3342: 3337: 3307: 3259: 3204: 3166: 3106: 3101: 3056: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2980:Wenger, Leopold 2852: 2850:Further reading 2826:Berger, Adolf, 2823: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2757:Rheinstein, Max 2754: 2750: 2730: 2729: 2717: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2652:. p. 174. 2640: 2631: 2624: 2616:. p. 528. 2604:Nicholas, Barry 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2525: 2501: 2497: 2486: 2482: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2445: 2434: 2430: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2385:Roman-Dutch law 2294: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2235: 2149:) was known as 2068: 2062:Anglo-Saxon law 2056:Main articles: 2054: 2026:Leo VI the Wise 1987:(438 AD) was a 1975:patria potestas 1939: 1931:Main articles: 1929: 1923: 1912: 1897: 1856: 1850: 1832:status familiae 1816: 1810: 1758: 1746:Main articles: 1744: 1609: 1597:Main articles: 1595: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1429:. 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3389: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3210:Roman Republic 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2991:External links 2989: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2922: 2912: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2783: 2748: 2715: 2697: 2665: 2658: 2629: 2622: 2594: 2566: 2557:|journal= 2523: 2515:10.2307/297597 2495: 2480: 2465: 2443: 2435:Jenő Szmodis: 2428: 2405: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2326:Cessio bonorum 2323: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2283: 2280: 2272:European Union 2234: 2231: 2108:marginal notes 2053: 2050: 1928: 1925: 1910: 1896: 1893: 1876:iudex privatus 1860:legis actiones 1852:Main article: 1849: 1846: 1837:pater familias 1812:Main article: 1809: 1806: 1796:Rei vindicatio 1771:Rei vindicatio 1756:Rei vindicatio 1743: 1740: 1694:Roman Republic 1664:requirements, 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1543: 1515: 1412: 1352: 1349: 1328: 1325: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1232: 1229: 1178:Gaius (jurist) 1173: 1170: 1117:ius honorarium 1107: 1104: 1094:, a friend of 1084:Gnaeus Flavius 1069:jurisprudentes 1056: 1053: 961: 958: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 839: 836: 789:Anglo-American 785:legal practice 773:Western Europe 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 671: 670: 664: 661: 660: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 597:Vigintisexviri 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 550: 549: 548: 540: 539: 535: 534: 527: 526: 519: 512: 505: 497: 494: 493: 487: 486: 484: 483: 476: 469: 462: 455: 450: 443: 438: 432: 429: 428: 422: 421: 419: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 339: 338: 332: 331: 329: 328: 325:Cursus honorum 321: 316: 309: 304: 298: 295: 294: 288: 287: 285: 284: 279: 278: 277: 267: 266: 265: 255: 249: 246: 245: 239: 238: 237: 236: 227: 226: 217: 207: 205: 204: 197: 196:27 BC – AD 284 189: 188: 187: 186:27 BC – AD 395 178: 173:Roman Republic 169: 157: 156: 152: 151: 148: 147: 139: 138: 133: 126: 125: 108:September 2023 40: 38: 31: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6558: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Civil society 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Trier of fact 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:Legal opinion 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6198:Court-martial 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6170:Jurisprudence 6167: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Statutory law 6057: 6055: 6054:Socialist law 6052: 6048: 6047:Byzantine law 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5998:Religious law 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5970:Legal systems 5967: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5938:Statutory law 5936: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768:Statutory law 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Transport law 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Legal fiction 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5574:Financial law 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Corporate law 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5457:Statutory law 5455: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339:Core subjects 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Julius Paulus 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4551:Fabius Pictor 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Amphitheatres 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Deforestation 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975:Siege engines 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908:Establishment 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839:Extraordinary 3837: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825:Promagistrate 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612:Twelve Tables 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3313:Miscellaneous 3310: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3172:Roman Kingdom 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925:Harries, Jill 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2901:55.1: 48–63. 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2866:Munich: Beck. 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2844:1-58477-142-9 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2810: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2659:9780415072502 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2623:9780521082532 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2570: 2562: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2524:9780871694324 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2380:Byzantine law 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2286: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:Inns of Court 2180: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2090:Theodosius II 2087: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1937:Byzantine law 1934: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914:David Graeber 1909: 1907: 1903: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1881:album iudicum 1878: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Roman emperor 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536:Ius singulare 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530:ius singulare 1525: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1464: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252:(things) and 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1190:Julius Paulus 1187: 1183: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143:actionem dare 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1055:Jurisprudence 1052: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027:Lex Hortensia 1023: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1014:ager publicus 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 993: 987: 986: 981: 975: 971: 970:Lex Hortensia 967: 957: 955: 951: 947: 946:customary law 941: 939: 935: 934:Magna Graecia 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 908: 903: 899: 898:Laws of Solon 895: 891: 886: 882: 876: 875:Twelve Tables 869:Twelve Tables 866: 864: 859: 855: 854: 849: 845: 844:Twelve Tables 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 811: 810: 805: 804: 799: 798: 797:stare decisis 793: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 738: 731: 449 BC 725: 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