210:
541:
34:
1800:
132:. Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment.
501:
in
October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security
108:
The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence, but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute.
653:. On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days.
189:. There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches. The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit
109:
An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict, but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates
630:
told the UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of the
Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war.
197:
It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to
1734:
Clayton
Govinda, Nygård Håvard Mokleiv, Strand Håvard, Rustad Siri Aas, Wiehler Claudia, Sagård Tora, Landsverk Peder, Ryland Reidun, Sticher Valerie, Wink Emma, Bara Corrine. 2022. “Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset.”
120:). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict.
582:
will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against
Palestinians anywhere." On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause
587:, allow for the release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 Hamas held hostages are to be released while Israel will release 150 Palestinian prisoners.
1114:
84:
in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions, often due to mediation by a third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors.
502:
Council under
Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up the dedicated
511:
116:
The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g.
1316:
510:, a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the
1649:
614:
320:, US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty.
1668:
1194:
503:
237:
506:, which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a
911:
178:
1216:
300:, who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not. Upon agreeing to the ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the
440:
662:
376:
128:
Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower
878:
1438:
93:, but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a
1749:
Colletta, Nat. (2011). "Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes." In
1464:
1399:
926:
38:
A truce—not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war
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854:
817:
456:
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135:
By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020.
480:
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209:
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214:
535:
424:
193:, it quickly spread up and down the Western Front. One account described the development in the following words:
143:
Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a
98:
1757:
561:
1190:
514:(UNMOGIP) to monitor the ceasefire line. India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018.
102:
1037:
Bailey, Sydney D. (1977). "Cease-Fires, Truces, and
Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council".
687:
540:
1825:
620:
428:
170:
1417:
526:
held several
Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict.
1835:
494:
293:
285:
245:
27:
497:(also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in
435:, the war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President
1840:
1465:"Qatar announces Israel-Hamas truce-for-hostages deal that would pause Gaza fighting, bring more aid"
313:
113:
that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented.
800:
Forster, Robert A. (2019), "Ceasefires", in
Romaniuk, Scott; Thapa, Manish; Marton, PĂ©ter (eds.),
281:
110:
645:
The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United
Nations Secretary-General
416:
317:
144:
20:
1707:"Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call"
1257:
1234:
460:
174:
1795:
236:
of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and
Pakistan, supervised by the
1650:"Exclusive: Putin's suggestion of Ukraine ceasefire rejected by United States, sources say"
1611:
1191:"Document for July 27th: Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State"
649:
on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the COVID-19
596:
584:
452:
261:
8:
1830:
1166:
War Or Peace on the Line of Control?: The India-Pakistan Dispute Over Kashmir Turns Fifty
1115:"The Christmas Truce miracle: Soldiers put down their guns to sing carols and drink wine"
420:
289:
1612:"Xi Jinping Hosts Brazil's Lula in Controversial Diplomatic Push for Ukraine Cease-Fire"
1256:
Kollontai, Ms Pauline; Kim, Professor Sebastian C. H.; Hoyland, Revd Greg (2013-05-28).
646:
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1001:
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will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister
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signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991. Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the
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353:
47:
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Search for ceasefire agreements on the Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990-2015.
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1531:"Between the Bombs: Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017"
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Clayton, Govinda; NygĂĄrd, HĂĄvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri Aas; Strand, HĂĄvard (2023).
640:
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380:
357:
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Clayton, Govinda; NygĂĄrd, HĂĄvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri A.; Strand, HĂĄvard (2022).
809:
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A latent variable approach to measuring and explaining peace agreement strength.
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publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President
1706:
1090:
The Long Shadow of Emile Cailliet: Faith, Philosophy, and Theological Education
764:
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190:
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978:
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unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the
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Evans, Abigail; Bartollas, Clemens; Graham, Gordon; Henke, Kenneth (2011).
707:
627:
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448:
329:
309:
297:
117:
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697:
571:
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392:
217:
and the surrounding area, negotiated during a temporary truce, April 1945
162:
42:
1580:"Local Ceasefires and De-escalation: Evidence From the Syrian Civil War"
1578:
Lundgren, Magnus; Svensson, Isak; Karakus, Dogukan Cansin (2020-05-18).
443:
as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the
1775:
1492:"Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016"
1066:
988:
962:"Costs and Cover: Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict"
507:
349:
277:
265:
213:
British and German officers after arranging the German handover of the
1810:
667:
337:
186:
65:
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Williams, R., Gustafson, D., Gent, S., & Crescenzi, M. (2021). "
1050:
1491:
490:
432:
33:
1669:"'I could end Ukraine war in 24 hours', Donald Trump tells UK TV"
1221:
241:
77:
1811:
Search for women and ceasefire agreements in PA-X Women Database
619:
Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the
1226:
928:
Redefining Ceasefires: Wartime Order and Statebuilding in Syria
557:
459:. The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces
412:
336:
and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the
90:
1354:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, pp. 68–69,
1806:
Search for ceasefire agreements in the UN Peacemaker Database
1769:
Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace
1744:
Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study
1632:"Putin Quietly Signals He Is Open to a Cease-Fire in Ukraine"
1436:
847:
Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace
512:
United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan
486:
344:
did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion,
305:
273:
1375:"India declares ceasefire in Kashmir - Global Village Space"
601:
Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the
387:, with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in
427:
passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its
408:
1087:
959:
735:
81:
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455:, and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during
308:
to participate in continued peace talks, the principal
269:
1529:
Karakus, Dogukan Cansin; Svensson, Isak (2020-05-18).
1287:(1st ed.). New York: Ballantine. pp. 3, 13.
1259:
Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity
1437:
Wedeman, Ben; Raz, Guy; Koppel, Andrea (2005-02-07).
615:
Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1762:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
802:
The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies
1463:Federman, Josef; Jeffrey, Jack (21 November 2023).
1255:
316:(DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint
288:(PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the
738:"Ceasefires in Civil Conflict: A Research Agenda"
276:'s proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the
1817:
1400:"I.R.A. Provisionals Announce a Christmas Truce"
1282:
1209:
504:United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan
238:United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan
1666:
1528:
1462:
529:
89:Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal
367:ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in
1140:Cultural Heritage of the Great War in Britain
439:by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait;
296:on July 27, 1953 but South Korean President
202:There was no peace treaty signed during the
19:"Truce" redirects here. For other uses, see
910:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
564:on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief
485:A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between
1796:University of Edinburgh Ceasefires Tracker
1285:1968 : the year that rocked the world
391:. By January 27, 1973, all parties of the
1683:"S/RES/2532(2020) - E - S/RES/2532(2020)"
1595:
1546:
1344:
1092:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1039:The American Journal of International Law
987:
977:
924:
763:
753:
663:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement
1489:
1262:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 111.
1112:
634:
539:
208:
206:, and the war resumed after a few days.
32:
1780:Political Science Research and Methods,
1162:
1113:Brockell, Gillian (December 24, 2017).
799:
548:in Washington, D.C. on 24 December 2023
395:signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the
1818:
1317:"BBC News | Saddam's Iraq: Key events"
1137:
1036:
844:
608:
264:, went to Korea to see how to end the
138:
1439:"Mideast cease-fire expected Tuesday"
544:Christmas Eve Ceasefire Vigil at the
451:'s bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during
165:, on December 24, 1914, there was an
1751:Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory
1418:"IRA Declares Usual Christmas Truce"
1197:from the original on 19 October 2012
840:
838:
836:
795:
793:
791:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
352:. The Viet Cong would also attack a
240:, establishing a cease-fire line in
221:
80:of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a
647:AntĂłnio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres
590:
517:
481:UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute
470:
346:Republic of Vietnam Marine Division
101:resolutions via Chapter VII of the
13:
1728:
1020:"How the War in Ukraine Might End"
415:by US-led coalition forces during
363:On January 15, 1973, US President
14:
1852:
1789:
833:
788:
720:
552:An example of a ceasefire in the
16:Temporary agreement to stop a war
1535:Terrorism and Political Violence
1217:"Korean War Armistice Agreement"
493:, on 1 January 1949, ending the
215:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
1767:Fortna, Virginia Page. (2004).
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1309:
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1142:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 74.
1131:
1106:
883:Oxford Public International Law
477:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
348:, 10 minutes after midnight in
99:United Nations Security Council
1737:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1667:Soraya Ebrahimi (4 May 2023).
1584:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1233:. 27 July 1953. Archived from
1081:
1030:
1012:
966:Journal of Conflict Resolution
953:
931:. Cambridge University Press.
918:
891:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690
871:
849:. Princeton University Press.
845:Fortna, Virginia Page (2004).
742:Journal of Conflict Resolution
562:Palestinian National Authority
441:Iraq being bombed in June 1993
379:to the President, returned to
323:
150:
1:
1771:. Princeton University Press.
1548:10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416
1508:10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377
810:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2
713:
256:On November 29, 1952, the US
251:
1496:Contemporary Security Policy
554:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
530:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
51:, February 17, 1877, p. 132.
7:
1756:Forster, Robert A. (2019).
656:
621:Russian invasion of Ukraine
536:2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire
429:weapons of mass destruction
402:
360:, causing more casualties.
312:of the war established the
292:. These parties signed the
123:
10:
1859:
925:Sosnowski, Marika (2023).
804:, Springer, pp. 1–8,
688:Korean Armistice Agreement
638:
612:
594:
533:
495:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
474:
371:. The decision came after
294:Korean Armistice Agreement
246:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
225:
154:
28:Ceasefire (disambiguation)
25:
18:
1597:10.1177/00220027221148655
1490:Lundgren, Magnus (2016).
1283:Kurlansky, Mark. (2004).
979:10.1177/00220027221129195
755:10.1177/00220027221128300
377:National Security Advisor
314:Korean Demilitarized Zone
1163:Wirsing, Robert (1998).
328:On New Years Day, 1968,
280:on the one side and the
457:Operation Desert Strike
356:fire support base near
286:People's Volunteer Army
1742:Akebo, Malin. (2016).
556:was announced between
549:
467:'s regime from power.
417:Operation Desert Storm
318:Republic of Korea Army
218:
200:
103:United Nations Charter
52:
21:Truce (disambiguation)
1441:. CNN. Archived from
1138:Wilson, Ross (2016).
937:10.1017/9781009347204
893:(inactive 2024-05-05)
635:2020 global ceasefire
543:
524:Irish Republican Army
425:U.N. Security Council
212:
195:
36:
1379:Global Village Space
651:coronavirus pandemic
597:Syrian peace process
453:Operation Desert Fox
282:Korean People's Army
262:Dwight D. Eisenhower
167:unofficial ceasefire
26:For other uses, see
1753:. Praeger, 135–147.
1656:. 13 February 2024.
1638:. 23 December 2023.
1426:. 24 December 1993.
1406:. 21 December 1974.
1351:Kashmir in Conflict
1346:Schofield, Victoria
1229:and United States:
1169:. IBRU. p. 9.
765:20.500.11850/576568
609:Russo-Ukrainian War
421:UN Security Council
290:38th parallel north
139:Historical examples
111:bargaining problems
1826:Military diplomacy
1636:The New York Times
1590:(7–8): 1350–1375.
1471:. Associated Press
1404:The New York Times
972:(7–8): 1296–1324.
748:(7–8): 1279–1295.
678:Demilitarized zone
550:
445:Iraqi no-fly zones
411:was driven out of
397:Paris Peace Accord
304:, North Korea and
219:
53:
1836:Military strategy
1423:Los Angeles Times
1269:978-1-4094-7798-3
1176:978-1-897643-31-0
946:978-1-009-34722-8
856:978-0-691-18795-2
819:978-3-319-74336-3
437:George H. W. Bush
272:'s acceptance of
234:Karachi Agreement
228:Karachi Agreement
222:Karachi Agreement
97:or be imposed by
59:(also known as a
1848:
1841:Peace mechanisms
1722:
1721:
1719:
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1671:. The Nationals.
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1620:. 12 April 2023.
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1323:. Archived from
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641:Global ceasefire
603:Syrian Civil War
591:Syrian Civil War
518:Northern Ireland
471:Kashmir conflict
381:Washington, D.C.
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1729:Further reading
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475:Main articles:
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447:, US President
419:, Iraq and the
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373:Henry Kissinger
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258:president-elect
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204:Christmas truce
191:Christmas trees
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