3271:. Sexual exploitation frequently came in the form of prostitution, wherein some money (an average of $ 1-$ 3 per encounter) was exchanged for sex. In other instances food, or jobs were utilized to ply women for sex. Other young women reported of "rape disguised as prostitution", whereabouts peacekeepers would rape them and were then given some money or food in order to make the act seem consensual. Between May and September 2004, there were seventy-two allegations of sexual exploitationâ68 against military and 4 against civilian personnel. By the end of 2004 there would be a total of 105 allegations. The majority of these allegations were in regards to sex with person under the age of 18 years (45 percent) and sex with adult prostitutes (31 percent). Rape and sexual assault made up approximately 13 and 5 percent respectively, with the remaining 6 percent of allegations relating to other forms of sexual exploitation. Most of the allegations were against peacekeepers from
2897:
justice and corrections personnel in UN peacekeeping missions. As of
September 2021, no state contributing more than 100 UN peacekeepers nominates more than 25% women; in absolute numbers, the largest female contingents are provided by Ethiopia (578 female peacekeepers, or 12% of its total forces), Rwanda (500/10%), and Ghana (389/17%). While there is no set target for the proportion of women among military personnel, the UN is requesting contributing states to nominate a minimum of 20% women for policer officer positions and 30% for justice and corrections personnel. In 2023, both the number and the proportion of women in the military personnel of UN peace operations increased. This trend has continued since the launch of the Uniformed Gender Parity Strategy. In June 2023, women constituted 7.3% of the total military personnel deployed in UN peace operations, which was an increase of 0.6% compared with the previous year.
3044:. This stresses the importance of a UN mission maintaining the consent of the peacekept. Ultimately, Fortna finds that peacekeeping is an effective tool for ensuring a lasting peace; especially compared to situations in which belligerents' are left to their own devices. Utilising the previously mentioned causal mechanisms for peacekeeping, a UN peacekeeping force can have a substantial and substantive impact on sustaining a lasting peace. Having a relative consensus of the positive impact of peacekeeping for ensuring a lasting peace, Fortna and Howard suggest that the literature is moving towards the study of i) the effectiveness of the types of peace-keepers, ii) the transitional administrations, iii) the links between peacekeeping and democratisation, and iv) the perspectives of the "peacekept".
70:
3014:
Hopefully this training can bring trust by the people for the security establishment. UN forces can also run and monitor elections in order to ensure a fair process. In other cases, the UN may provide a neutral interim government to administer the country during a transitional period wherein the associated government institutions are being retrained, reformed or better developed. Lastly, military groups such as armed rebels can be encouraged to put down their weapons and transformed into political organisations using appropriate non-violent means to mete out their grievances and compete in the election cycle. This is especially important as many of these groups serve as the chief opposition to a given government, but lack the means or know-how to operate effectively as political organisations.
2873:
full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and securityâ. A critique of this resolution is that UNSCR 1325 proposes the implementing gender mainstreaming, however the progress that has been accomplished in this area has focused on women, rather than on assessing the impacts of planned action on both men and women. In 2010, a comprehensive 10-year impact study was conducted to assess the success of this resolution and found that there was limited success with the implementation, particularly in the increasing women's participation in peace negotiations and peace agreements, and sexual and gender-based violence has continued to be prevalent, despite efforts to reduce it.
3036:
peacekeeping keeps wars from bleeding across borders. Having more peacekeepers on the ground also seems to correspond with fewer civilians targeted with violence. And peace operations at times have successfully served as transitional authorities, handing power back to local authorities, although this is decreasingly true." A 2018 study found that peacekeeping reduces the severity of civil war on its own, but when it is coupled with mediation, the impact is greater. There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help international organizations bring combatants to the negotiation table and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease-fire.
3048:
dependent on a robust UN deployment coupled with low levels of hostility between belligerents. They note that increased economic capacity can provide an incentive not to renew hostilities. In the long run, however, economic capacity matters far more whereas the degree of hostility between belligerents is less important. As successful as UN deployments can be, they have inadequately spurred independent economic development within the countries where they have intervened. Thus, the UN plays a strong, but indirect role and success in lasting peace is predicated on the development of institutions that support peace, rather than serving as a deterrent for renewed war.
3733:, Weinstein demonstrates how states can develop effective institutions out of warfare. This method has cost and benefits that must be weighed against the potential outcome of international intervention. External intervention can stop mass atrocities, but also stop institutional change. Autonomous recovery elevates the strongest leader, but also rewards the strongest fighters who may be less inclined to share power. Furthermore, intervention depends on external influence while autonomous recovery is based on internal factors. The conclusions of his argument could suggest intervention is not ideal policy, but Weinstein argues the international community's "
3622:
a particular point and secondly the importance it ascribed to the participants of the negotiations. Meaning that it froze the conflict and prevented continued territorial gains being made by the RPF, in addition to designating the degree of importance with regard to the factions within the negotiations. A faction's importance was weighted not on their relative popularity or military strength, but on artificial weight assigned by the mediators. Thus, the entire process served to undermine the RPF's position while stalling their hitherto successful military campaign, while allowing Hutu extremists to prepare for a genocide.
2893:(CEDAW), a UN women's rights committee, said in a general recommendation that states that have ratified the UN Women's Rights Convention are obliged to uphold women's rights before, during, and after conflict when they are directly involved in fighting, and/or are providing peacekeeping troops or donor assistance for conflict prevention, humanitarian aid or post-conflict reconstruction The Committee also stated that ratifying states should exercise due diligence in ensuring that non-state actors, such as armed groups and private security contractors, be held accountable for crimes against women.
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2666:
3010:, therefore while a peace is being negotiated there is potential for a rogue group on one side to renege and spoil the peace process. UN forces can serve to prevent this. Additionally, the UN force can serve as a moderator and make communication easy between both parties and bring in political moderates from either side. By providing law and order UN peacekeeping forces can temporarily replace a state's security forces and prevent a bias overreaction to an alleged violation by one side which could in turn result in escalation and a renewal in the violence.
3040:
are sent to locations where peace is least likely to succeed, Fortna finds that conservative estimates suggest that the presence of UN peacekeepers diminishes the risk for renewed violence by at least 55%-60%; with less conservative estimates upwards of 75%-85%. Additionally, her analysis concludes that there is little difference in the effectiveness between
Chapter VI consent-based missions and Chapter VII enforcement missions. Indeed, enforcement missions only remain effective if the UN peacekeeping force can prove and sustain their credibility in the
22:
2877:
3522:
whom they worked. Operating in a sector that contained approximately 600,000 inhabitants, mostly Shi'ites, the
Italians carefully nurtured contact with the ordinary citizens and the political leaders in their area... While the Americans thought they were becoming involved in Lebanese politics, they entered into Lebanese culture and history with little or no understanding of the way things workedâor didn't work... Most Americans did not understand the subtleties of short-term alliances, the length of memories and blood feuds, the strength of
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sustaining peace and therefore it could be argued that
Peacekeepers play only a minor role in creating a strong foundation for enduring peace. Yet these causal reasons illustrate the important roles that Peacekeepers play in ensuring that peace lasts, especially when contrasted against situations in which belligerents are left to their own devices. These causal reasons thus illustrate the need for Peacekeeping and lay a foundation for the manner in which Peacekeeping operations can have a substantive impact on the post-conflict environment.
3662:
civilian militias alike. There was a planned deployment of UN peacekeepers meant to ease these concerns and help with the transition to peace, but things began to unravel. International contributors began to shy away from further peacekeeping initiatives; such as an expensive and open-ended mission in a strategically unimportant country. As a result, the UN's intervention force was slow to come to fruition and then came to a halt completely when Sankoh argued the size of the contingent of 740 UN peacekeepers was too large.
3070:
trafficking of drugs, weapons and human beings; whether or not military victory was achieved by one side; the length of the war as well as how costly it was; commitment problems and security dilemma spirals experienced by both sides; whether a cease-fire or treaty signed by the belligerents; lack of transparency in the motives and actions carried out by belligerents in the immediate aftermath of the conflict; extremist spoilers; participants in the conflict that may benefit from its continuation; indivisibility and more.
8769:
3710:
belligerents' interest may not necessarily lead to success. As we see, fighting continued despite the presence of UNOMSIL. Indeed, even after UNOMSIL was replaced by a more robust force under a
Chapter VII mandate in the form of UNAMSIL the violence continued. When the British intervened militarily and substantially degraded the RUF's capability to sustain the conflict, as Executive Outcomes had done years prior, the RUF finally come to the negotiating table and allowed for the establishment of peace.
2615:(FP), in order to protect Belgian citizens and economic interests. ONUC was also tasked with establishing and maintaining law and order (helping to end the FP revolt and ethnic violence) as well as provide technical assistance and training to Congolese security forces. An additional function was added to ONUC's mission, in which the force was tasked with maintaining the territorial integrity and political independence of the Congoâresulting from the secession of the mineral-rich provinces of
2998:
to occur or by making it more difficult to carry out such an attack. A lightly-armed observer mission can also serve as an early-warning force or "tripwire" for the aforementioned enforcement mission. Aid and recognition provided to the belligerents by the international community should be made conditional and based on compliance with objectives laid out in the negotiating process. And lastly, peace dividends should be provided in the forms of jobs, public works and other benefits.
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3455:
with significant potential for cross-contamination...especially from pipes that run over an open drainage ditch that runs throughout the camp and flows directly into the Meye
Tributary System". Additionally, the panel reported that on a regular basis black water waste from the Mirebalais base and two other bases was deposited in an open, unfenced septic pit that was susceptible to flooding and would overflow into the Meye Tributary during rainfall.
3477:
Peacekeeping deployments must not only contend with language complications, but also myriad cultural and social differences that can create operational difficulties that are hard to overcome. These differences can create problems with regard to interactions (whether personal or between institutions/units), misunderstandings, inadvertent offensive behaviour and prejudices that may be associated with a particular contingent from a given country.
2736:
3555:. In the preceding decades the state was the only entity to receive special status. While there were exceptions, such as groups struggling against colonial powers, the state possessed the ultimate degree of legitimacy. As a result, the international community rarely meddled with the internal machinations of a given country. Sovereignty was not to be violated and this was a system which benefited both superpowers, their allies, as well as
2650:
2911:
3751:
engaging in state-building, the peacekeepers risk allowing the peacekept country to revert to violence following their exit. Thus, Fearon and Laitin advocate for the greater integration of state-building in peacekeeping efforts through a new framework of "neotrusteeship", which would see foreign powers exercising a great deal of control over a weak state's domestic affairs in order to ensure the prevention of future violence.
3513:
greater insight into the conflict and the culture in which they operated. They also wanted more robust training with regard to working with people from other countries. Yet the study revealed the troops received very little from briefings and that the majority of the information regarding the conflict was gained through the news, reading books or speaking with other UN personnelârather than any established UN training program.
3786:
technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its "Peace
Operations 2010" reform agenda. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonisation of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the
3802:
Council to make clear the goals and the resources to accomplish them. According to Fearon and Laitin, the
Brahimi Report provides a political instrument for the secretary-general to negotiate with the Security Council the goals, the troops, and the resources need it to the operations. This instrument tries to avoid the cases of underfunding presented in Missions such as in Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone.
6839:
2296:, peacekeeping was primarily interpositional in natureâthus being referred to as traditional peacekeeping. UN Peacekeepers were deployed in the aftermath of interstate conflict in order to serve as a buffer between belligerent factions and ensure compliance with the terms of an established peace agreement. Missions were consent-based, and more often than not observers were unarmedâsuch was the case with
2542:(UNTSO) and is still in operation today. With the passage of resolution 73 (1949) by the Security Council in August 1949, UNTSO was given the task of fulfilling four Armistice Agreements between the state of Israel and the Arab states which had participated in the war. Thus, UNTSO's operations were spread through five states in the regionâIsrael, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic.
3768:
are peacekeepers or agents of development-are isolated from the general populace, believing they know what is best, and refusing to gather information from a ground level. This is not out of maliciousness or imperialism, but out of a legitimate belief that they, as educated officials with access to other experts and who are well versed in development and peacekeeping literature, know what is best.
2468:
2167:" Mission. Chapter VI missions are consent-based; therefore they require the consent of the belligerent factions involved in order to operate. Should they lose that consent, Peacekeepers would be compelled to withdraw. Chapter VII missions, by contrast, do not require consent, though they may have it. If consent is lost at any point, Chapter VII missions would not be required to withdraw.
2705:(CEDAW), a UN women's rights committee, said in a general recommendation that states that have ratified the UN Women's Rights Convention are obliged to uphold women's rights before, during, and after conflict when they are directly involved in fighting, and/or are providing peacekeeping troops or donor assistance for conflict prevention, humanitarian aid or post-conflict reconstruction.
3651:, fought an ongoing and bloody civil war with the government from 1991 to 1996. The conflict attracted little international attention, but managed to devastate the country and destroy its economy. Neither belligerent was willing to concede or compromise on their demands, despite multiple attempts at a negotiated settlement. Sankoh would come to the table after the intervention of the
2197:, also known as traditional peacekeeping, are larger contingents of lightly armed troops meant to serve as a buffer between belligerent factions in the aftermath of a conflict. Thus, they serve as a buffer zone between the two sides and can monitor and report on the compliance of either side with regard to parameters established in a given ceasefire agreement. Examples include
2440:
2368:, meant to act with or without the consent of the belligerents in order to ensure any treaty or cease-fire mandated by the United Nations Security Council is maintained. This is done primarily under the auspices of Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the forces are generally heavily armed as opposed to the unarmed, or lightly-armed personnel frequently deployed as observers.
3104:
peacekeepers remain ill-prepared to tackle many serious contingencies requiring use of deadly force." For this reason, they suggest that Japan's continued participation in UN peacekeeping operations might force policy changes that ultimately push the country toward "a tipping point from which the normalisation of Japan's military (will be) the only outcome."
2752:
While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag on its 71 missions. As of
September 2021, 122 countries were contributing a total of around 76,000 military observers, police, and troops.
7866:
3737:" doctrine has moral importance for intervention and the conditions for "autonomous recovery" are very rare. Weinstein argues the fundamental challenge is how to incentivise good governance and assistance to rebel groups without disrupting the connection of citizens to rulers in terms of revenue collection that enables accountability.
2384:, deployment of a lightly-armed United Nations presence in the field with the consent of the belligerents involved in order to build confidence and monitor any agreements between concerned parties. Additionally, diplomats would continue to work toward comprehensive and lasting peace, or for the implementation of an agreed-upon peace.
3505:
consent of the population and government of the country to which they were deployed. This means making the peacekept feel a part of the process in addition to important cultural knowledge of the area in which peacekeepers are operating, in order to reduce friction and provide for a successful operation.
3150:
parties and often in an unfamiliar climate. This gives rise to different mental health problems, suicide, and substance abuse as shown by the percentage of former peacekeepers with those problems. Having a parent in a mission abroad for an extended period is also stressful to the peacekeepers' families.
3785:
was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions, isolate flaws, and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions. The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future. The
3665:
The UN refused to engage without total consent from both parties, thus preventing the deployment of a peacekeeping force. This consent-based approach, Shearer argues, illustrates the limits the UN can play in the volatile and fragile state of affairs that exist during and after civil wars. "In Sierra
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In the aftermath the RUF was a depleted threat, civilians were able to return from refugee camps and begin rebuilding their lives. But the peace was fragile and negotiations were ongoing. The RUF was reluctant to put down their arms, concerned over potential retribution at the hands of army units and
3633:
According to the empirical analysis cited by
Shearer, past civil wars with negotiated settlements have had little success. He cites a study from John Stedman that notes between 1900 and 1980 85% of civil wars were solved by one side winning outright (this excludes colonial wars). 15% percent ended as
3504:
and Rwanda, fundamental principles of retaining that consent was ignored on the grounds of a humanitarian interventionâreflecting the nature of an Article VII intervention. Yet in order to stress and maintain the legitimacy of an intervention it is important that the UN's forces continue to enjoy the
3454:
According to the UN-appointed Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti, the conditions at the peacekeeping base were unsafe, and allowed contamination of Haiti's river systems in at least two ways: "The construction of the water pipes in the main toilet/showering area haphazard,
3149:
Studies of peacekeeping soldiers show both positive and negative effects. A study of 951 US Army soldiers assigned to Bosnia revealed that 77% reported some positive consequences, 63% reported a negative consequence, and 47% reported both. The peacekeepers are exposed to danger caused by the warring
3026:
Reviews of the academic literature show considerable evidence that peacekeeping increases peace. According to Fortna, there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare; more peacekeeping troops contribute to fewer battlefield deaths; and more
2872:
was the first major step taken by the UN to include women as active and equal actors in âthe prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping, humanitarian response and in post-conflict reconstruction and stresses the importance of their equal participation and
2715:
One of the findings of Page Fortna about where peacekeepers go is that "peacekeeping is a matter of supply and demand" From the supply side, she observes that there is unlikely a Peacekeeping mission in civil wars on countries close to one of the members of the Security Council. From the demand side,
2219:
personnel in which they attempt to implement robust and comprehensive settlements. Not only do they act as observers or in an interpositional role, but they also participate in more multidimensional tasksâsuch as electoral supervision, police and security forces reform, institution building, economic
3767:
This criticism is similar to the critic levelled at development in developing countries by authors such as James C. Scott, James Ferguson, and L. Lohman. Although peacekeeping and development are two different things, the logic behind the criticism is the same. The third-party officials-whether they
3700:
contingent withdrew, the RUF attacked UN forces, eventually taking hundreds hostage. This led to an unexpected backlash from the international community that the RUF did not anticipate. Its leadership had expected the international community to cut and run, as it had done in Somalia and earlier when
3625:
Shearer argues that modern strategies that rely solely on consent-based negotiations are severely limited and that victory by military means should not be ignored. He states that a shift in battlefield fortunes can often bring one belligerent to the negotiation table and will likewise moderate their
3621:
and was able to redress many of its grievances, many of the gains that it made could have been achieved through military action. Arusha, according to Clapham, affected the relative power of the participants in the two following ways: a ceasefire which froze the distribution of territorial control at
3458:
In November 2011, over 5,000 victims of the cholera epidemic filed a claim with the UN's internal claims mechanism seeking redress in the form of clean water and sanitation infrastructure necessary to control the epidemic, compensation for individual losses, and an apology. In July 2012, 104 members
3069:
There are many factors that can have a negative impact on lasting peace such as hidden information about the relative strength possessed by the belligerents; a rebel group's involvement in illicit financing through means such as through the export of diamonds and other minerals; participation in the
3013:
Prevention of political abuse can be achieved through the reformation of institutions associated with the government. Training and monitoring the security forces (e.g. army or police) help to make them an unbiased protector of the people rather than a weapon of suppression for the ruling government.
2896:
As of July 2016, women serve in every UN peacekeeping mission either as troops, police, or civilian staff. In 1993, women made up 1% of deployed uniformed personnel. In 2020, out of approximately 95,000 peacekeepers, women constituted 4.8% of military personnel, 10.9% of police personnel, and 34% of
2843:
as in the case of Brazil and India. Lastly, providing peacekeepers can have financial benefits for poorer countries. The monthly rate of reimbursement per peacekeeper includes $ 1,028 for pay and allowances; $ 303 supplementary pay for specialists; $ 68 for personal clothing, gear and equipment; and
3521:
Only the Italian contingent of some 2,200 people operated as part of the local environment and became an active element in restoring normal living conditions. Its soldiers were provided with the training required to acquaint them with the cultural, political and social situation of the people among
3472:
There is a notable intermingling of varied cultures when it comes to peacekeeping. From the vast number of troops, police and personnel that are brought together from various contributing countries to the oftentimes challenging ethnic regions which peacekeeping forces are often deployed. Because of
3205:
prostitution associated with trafficked women skyrocketed and often operated just beyond the gates of U.N. compounds. David Lamb, a regional human rights officer in Bosnia from 2000 to 2001 claimed "The sex slave trade in Bosnia largely exists because of the U.N. peacekeeping operation. Without the
3039:
By controlling for specific factors that affect where peacekeepers are deployed and what the potential chances for peace are, Page Fortna's statistical research shows that there is a statistically significant impact on lasting peace when peacekeepers are deployed. Despite the fact that peacekeepers
3035:
estimates that an ambitious UN peacekeeping policy with a doubled peacekeeping operation and strong mandates would "reduce the global incidence of armed conflict by two thirds relative to a no-PKO scenario." According to Fordham University political scientist Anjali Dayal, "Scholars have found that
2997:
In order to change the incentives for war and make peace more appealing the UN can provide a military force by way of an enforcement mandate which provides deterrence to would-be spoilers. They can monitor the situation making the potential for surprise attack by one of the belligerents less likely
2888:
unanimously passed Resolution 2122, which among other things calls for stronger measures regarding women's participation in conflict and post-conflict processes such as peace talks, gender expertise in peacekeeping missions, improved information about the impact of armed conflict on women, and more
2700:
unanimously passed Resolution 2122, which among other things calls for stronger measures regarding women's participation in conflict and post-conflict processes such as peace talks, gender expertise in peacekeeping missions, improved information about the impact of armed conflict on women, and more
2360:
and Nicolas Sambanis summarise Boutros Boutros' report as preventative diplomacy, confidence-building measures such as fact-finding missions, observer mandates, and the potential deployment of UN mandated forces as a preventative measure in order to diminish the potential for violence or the danger
3539:
Throughout the duration of the Cold War external intervention and mediation in civil conflicts took on a state-centric mechanism in which sovereignty was inviolable. Rarely did the international community intervene in internal conflicts involving a state's government and domestic belligerents that
3512:
personnel who participated in UNEF-1 (in Gaza) and ONUC (Congo). They posited that knowledge of the culture and an understanding of the inhabitants in a given country were not only necessary, but crucial for the success of the mission. They found that personnel from the Norwegian contingent wanted
3480:
In terms of operations, effectiveness can be hindered by the varying tactics, techniques and procedures employed by the military or police personnel that are a part of a given deployment. Because UN forces are cobbled together from so many different sources, there is a discrepancy in capabilities,
3450:
is a waterborne disease that causes diarrhoea and vomiting, and it can kill in a matter of hours if patients do not receive rehydration intervention. As of July 2012, Haiti's cholera epidemic was the worst in the world: about 7,500 had died and about 585,000 Haitians (about 1 in every 20 Haitians)
3077:
If a group is funded by drugs, diamonds or other illicit trade then there is a substantial increase in the chance of renewed violenceâ100â250%âwhich is to say that in such circumstances war is two to three-and-a-half times more likely to begin again. While Fortna finds that wars which involve many
3073:
Perhaps one of the most statistically significant contributors to a lasting peace is whether or not military victory was achieved by one side. According to Fortna's research, civil wars in which one side wins, resulting in a cease-fire or truce, have an approximately 85â90% lower chance of renewed
3047:
Doyle and Sambanis' analysis finds that lasting peace is more likely after non-ethnic wars in countries with a relatively high level of development in addition to whether or not UN peacekeeping forces and financial assistance are available. They conclude that in the short run lasting peace is more
2993:
Fortna argues that peacekeepers have a positive impact on the peace process, despite often being sent to places where peace is most difficult to achieve. Peacekeeping is often looked at by detractors as ineffective, or unnecessary. Peace prevails when belligerents already have a vested interest in
2174:
which consist of small contingents of military or civilian observers tasked with monitoring cease-fires, troop withdrawals, or other conditions outlined in a ceasefire agreement. They are typically unarmed and are primarily tasked with observing and reporting on what is taking place. Thus, they do
3638:
From 1945 to 1989, 58 out of a total of 93 civil conflicts, as he categorised them, were settled in some form, while the remainder continued. However, only 14 (or 24 percent) of those settled were solved by negotiation. The others (76 percent) ended with military victories. Additionally, fighting
3562:
Now, however, with legitimacy being extended to non-state actors, as well as the opportunity for a minority to secede from a given state and form a new country there has been a dramatic shift in the international status quo. Moreover, the international community's model for conflict resolution is
3516:
Similarly, a study conducted on the relations between members of UNIFIL and local population in Lebanon, carried out by Heiberg and Holst, all but confirmed the findings. In their example, they found that the countries that were able to integrate more fully with the population and show a depth of
3001:
To reduce uncertainty and fear the UN Peacekeeping force can monitor the aforementioned compliance, facilitate communication between belligerents in order to ease security dilemma concerns thus reassuring belligerents that the other side will not renege, and allow for belligerents to signal their
2751:
stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, about 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations.
2830:
and Giovanna Kuele argue that this is due to three factors: regional interests, prestige, and financial benefits. African countries are the largest contributors of peacekeepers, but the continent also has the highest number of peacekeeping missions, and most African peacekeepers serve on African
2550:
In the wake of independence in India and Pakistan in August 1947 and the subsequent bloodshed that followed the Security Council adopted resolution 39 (1948) in January 1948 in order to create the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), with the purpose of mediating the dispute
3540:
opposed it. Since the end of the Cold War, however, that has changed. Today, mediation by international actors in civil conflict rest on a standardised resolution mechanism that accords broadly equal standing to all factions within a conflict, and attempts to reach a settlement accepted by all.
2591:
in addition to overseeing the withdrawal of French, Israeli and British troops from Egyptian territory. Upon completion of said withdrawal, UNEF would serve as a buffer force between Egyptian and Israeli forces in order to supervise conditions of the ceasefire and contribute to a lasting peace.
2415:
in Lebanon. Basically, the protection of cultural property (carried out by military and civil experts in cooperation with local people) forms the stable basis for the future peaceful and economic development of a city, region or country in many conflict areas. Whereby there is also a connection
3801:
One of the main issues that the Brahimi report identifies is the lack of coordination and planning of the Peacekeeping Operations. Also, the difference between the objectives of the Peacekeeping Operations and the resources destined to fund the missions. Therefore, the report asks the Security
3629:
Consent is of great importance when it comes to negotiation and mediation. The current international system and the conflict resolution model which the international community has utilised most since the end of the Cold War puts a premium on consent. But Shearer asks that if a belligerent uses
2510:
Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping (UCP) are civilian personnel that carry out non-violent, non-interventionist and impartial set of tactics in order to protect civilians in conflict zones from violence in addition to supporting additional efforts to build a lasting peace. While the term UCP is not
2502:
or other serious human rights violations, an AU-mission could be launched even against the wishes of the government of the country concerned, as long as it is approved by the AU General Assembly. The establishment of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) which includes the African
3750:
efforts. In weak states facing successful guerrilla campaigns, peacekeepers face pressures to build state institutional and administrative capacity in order to achieve lasting peace. These pressures can lead to mission creep beyond the original purview of the peacekeeping operation; without
3763:
outlines in a 2015 Foreign Policy article, this creates an environment where the peacekeeping officials develop plans to 'keep' the peace, but they are disconnected from reality, having the opposite effect on the ground. Additionally, it creates a reinforcement mechanism for the peacekeeping
3017:
Different peacekeeping missions take place as a result of different causal mechanisms. More military deterrence and enforcement are meant for those missions operating under the auspices of Chapter VII, while Chapter VI missions are meant to serve more as monitoring forces and interpositional
2844:$ 5 for personal weaponry. Both the direct payments and the training and equipment provided by UN peacekeeping missions can be financially attractive to individual soldiers and developing nations. About 4.5% of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the
2567:
Since then, sixty-nine peacekeeping operations have been authorised and have deployed to various countries all over the world. The great majority of these operations have begun in the post-Cold War world. Between 1988 and 1998 thirty-five UN operations had been established and deployed. This
2344:, described a multi-faceted and interconnected set of measures he hoped would lead to effective use of the UN in its role in post-Cold War international politics. This included the use of preventative diplomacy, peace-enforcement, peace-making, peace-keeping and post-conflict reconstruction.
3805:
Christine Gray analyses the issues of implementing the recommendations of the Brahimi Report. She explains the difficulty in implementing these recommendations. In particular, in reducing the gap between the mandates of Security Council and the actual resources devoted to implementing them.
3103:
provide those promoting Japan's military normalisation with "a unique opportunity to further erode the country's pacifist constitution." "Unable to accept the full weight of modern peacekeeping operations without fundamental political, legal, and social changes," they conclude that "Japan's
3709:
were signed and UNAMSIL fulfilled its mandate in December 2005. While Sierra Leone is at peace today and the UN's mission can be deemed a success, the way in which the situation developed illustrates Shearer's point: that a consent-based approach focused on negotiation that encompasses all
3530:
This illustrates the importance of understanding the significance that culture plays in the conduct of successful peacekeeping operations. However, despite the existence of a UN training manual that attempts to advise peacekeepers on necessary techniques, there is no unifying doctrine, or
3476:
In most cases prior to 1988, specific countries often provided peacekeepers. At that point, only twenty six countries had sent personnel to participate in peacekeeping deployments. Today, that number has risen to more than eighty. This results in an extremely heterogeneous group. Thus, UN
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are Chapter VII missions and unlike the previous Chapter VI missions, they do not require the consent of the belligerent parties. These are multidimensional operations comprising both civilian and military personnel. The military force is substantial in size and fairly well-equipped by UN
2159:, for instance, she distinguishes four different types of peacekeeping operations. Importantly, these types of missions and how they are conducted are heavily influenced by the mandate in which they are authorized. Three of Fortna's four types are consent-based missions, i.e., so-called "
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mission in Lebanon in April 2019: "Cultural assets are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often have no prospects anymore and subsequently flee from their homeland".
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knowledge about the local culture were more successful, while those that were ambitious, but less integrated into the local scene found themselves far removed from the individuals with which they were supposed to be engaged and their success, or lack thereof, illustrated this.
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heavily influenced by academic thought developed in western countries. This model encourages intervening in civil wars in order to stop political violence and come to a negotiated settlement which often involves democratising efforts. Critics such as Christopher Clapham and
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for the purpose of serving in international peacekeeping missions, has produced a military powerful enough to stage four coups d'Ă©tat (1987, 1999â2000, 2006, and 2009) and to rule Fiji as a military dictatorship for over two decades. However, a 2018 study published in the
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Leone, it meant that an important component needed to shore up the peace-building process was absent. It also meant that Sankoh was dictating terms." This consent-based approach effectively allowed the leadership of a brutal rebel group to hinder the potential for peace.
3594:, sought to negotiate a settlement and find a solution for the ongoing ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi via the Arusha Peace Process. This process lasted just over a year, included substantial international involvement, and incorporated many regional actors such as
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negotiations and cease-fires as a method of delay in order to allow them to reposition military forces and continue fighting, then should consent-based strategies still be pursued, regardless of the potential for lengthening a conflict and the associated human cost?
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entirely ubiquitous among non-governmental agencies (NGOs) in the field: many utilize similar techniques and desire shared outcomes for peace; such as accompaniment, presence, rumour control, community security meetings, the securing of safe passage, and monitoring.
2819:(106). Since 1948, 56 peacekeepers have been killed each year on average, but recent decades have seen this number almost double, with 110 deaths per year since 2001. 30% of the fatalities in the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred between 1993 and 1995.
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in July 1949, UNCIP would supervise a ceasefire line that would be mutually overseen by UN unarmed military observers and local commanders from each side in the dispute. UNCIP's mission in the region continues to this day, now under the operational title of the
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intended to develop economic and social cooperation meant to mend relations between the belligerents. Social, political, and economic infrastructure would ideally prevent potential violence and conflict in the future and help to contribute to lasting and robust
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over the alleged rape of an 18-year-old Haitian man by Uruguayan UN peacekeeping troops. Martelly said "a collective rape carried out against a young Haitian" would not go unpunished. Four soldiers suspected of being involved in the rape have been detained.
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and a South African are implicated in the accusations. The UN reported in March 2016 that there was a large increase in allegations; which involved troops from twenty one countries. Most of the allegations involved troops from African countries including:
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United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support (2010). "Ten-year Impact Study on Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security in Peacekeeping", United Nations, p. 9-10.
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Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the UN created multiple short-term missions all over the world including the Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic (DOMREP), the UN Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF), the
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officials, because the officials on the ground report that their plan was successfully implemented, but, in reality, it had adverse effects. If the situation on the ground turns into another outbreak of violence, the local populace will be blamed.
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signed a letter affirming that the "actions of the UN" had brought cholera to Haiti and that the UN should "confront and ultimately eliminate cholera". In 2013 the UN rejected the claim and the victims' lawyers have pledged to sue the UN in court.
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training, equipment, standards and procedures. Moreover, substantial differences exist in the form of command and control between contributing members personnel. In addition, some nations may not wish to be subordinated to another, complicating
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Costly wars and wars fought along identity lines both provide varied chances of the renewal of violence. While longer wars and peace established by treaty (especially those attained by military victory) can reduce the chances of another war.
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Another viewpoint raises the problem that the peacekeeping may soften the troops and erode their combat ability, as the mission profile of a peacekeeping contingent is totally different from the profile of a unit fighting an all-out war.
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3485:. This can lead to deep-seated divisions between contingents within the UN force that results in a lack of mutual support between units in the field. This can be demonstrated in the experiences of UN peacekeeping forces deployed to
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The United Nations is not the only organisation to implement peacekeeping missions. Non-UN peacekeeping forces include the NATO mission in Kosovo (with United Nations authorisation) and the Multinational Force and Observers on the
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As of September 30, 2021, 4147 people from over 100 countries have been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions. India has the highest number of peacekeeper casualties with 174, followed by Bangladesh (159), Pakistan (159),
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Prevention and control of potential accidents that may derail the peace process can be achieved by the peacekeeping force by deterring rogue groups. Belligerent forces are often undisciplined without a strong central source of
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al-Hussein, Prince Zeid Ra'ad Zeid. (2005) "A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations." Report to the UN Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations:
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al-Hussein, Prince Zeid Ra'ad Zeid. (2005) "A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations." Report to the UN Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations:
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between India and Pakistan over Kashmir and the fighting related to it. This operation was non-interventionist in nature and was additionally tasked with supervision of a ceasefire signed by Pakistan and India in the state of
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was eventually formed and deployed in 1999, authorised under a Chapter VII mandate, it was meant to enforce the Lome agreements. However, violence would continue. From the outset the RUF was beyond uncooperative and once the
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While much has been written about peacekeeping and what peacekeepers do, very little empirical research has taken place in order to identify the manner in which peacekeepers can have an impact in a post-conflict environment.
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documented: "In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report, the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in
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2696:, which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on, such as elections. The Commission currently works with six countries, all in Africa. In 2013 the
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these varied cultures, complicated cultural interactions take place which not only affect mission effectiveness, but can also lead to friction with the population the peacekeepers are meant to be assisting.
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found that countries where militaries are highly dependent on the funds they receive from UN peacekeeping were less likely to experience coups d'Ă©tats than comparable countries less dependent on such funds.
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Although acknowledging a number of practical and moral reasons for peacekeeping operations, James Fearon and David Laitin assert that they have a tendency under some circumstances to become tangled with
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signified a substantial increase when compared with the periods between 1948 and 1978; which saw the creation and deployment of only thirteen UN Peacekeeping operations and zero between 1978 and 1988.
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resumed in seven of the 14 conflict which were initially ended by negotiation. The overall success rate of negotiated settlements, therefore, was around 12 percent out of the internal wars that ended.
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Blocq, Daniel (2010). "Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight?".
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and the UN opened a joint inquiry into the alleged abuse, which involved Tanzanian troops. There have been 18 reports of sexual abuse, eight of which involved minors. Sixteen Tanzanian soldiers, a
2575:(UNEF-1), which existed from November 1956 to June 1967 was essentially the first ever United Nations peacekeeping force. It was given the mandate of ensuring the cessation of hostilities between
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authorised the deployment of UN unarmed military observers to the Middle East in order to monitor the armistice agreement that was signed between Israel and its Arab neighbours in the wake of the
2799:(2248). More than 14,000 civilian personnel serve in peacekeeping operations as legal or medical experts, educators, communication technology professionals, or administrators as of October 2021.
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Some commentators have highlighted the potential to leverage peacekeeping operations as a mechanism for advancing military normalisation. Michael Edward Walsh and Jeremy Taylor have argued that
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ones, intended to create conditions that favor lasting peace. Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths, as well as reduces the risk of renewed warfare.
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and that the vast majority of the cases involved minors. In 2016, more allegations of abuse were levelled on Peacekeepers operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo's eastern province of
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With regard to mission leadership, Force Commanders often come from large troop contributors, while the Special Representatives of the Secretary General often come from developed countries.
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3567:, argue that this intervention can provide mechanisms for continued conflict to the detriment of the civilian population. Clapham's argument is principally in relation to the situation in
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2374:, meant to compel belligerents to seek a peaceful settlement for their differences via mediation and other forms of negotiation provided by the UN under the auspices of Chapter VI of the
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There has been little study on the interaction of cultures that exist within a peacekeeping force and the population within which they operate. However, in 1976 Galtun and Hveem studied
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after UN and, in the case of the latter two, NATO peacekeeping forces moved in. In the 1996 UN study called "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", former first lady of Mozambique
2599:(ONUC), was deployed in 1960. This operation involved upwards of 20,000 military personnel at its peak, and resulted in the death of 250 UN personnel, including then Secretary-General
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commitments that they have undertaken. Such assistance may come in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the
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operations are meant to target and prevent potential political abuseâthese are primarily multidimensional missions and are heavily involved in the post-conflict political situation.
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afforded an opportunity for Hutu extremists to prepare for the killing of Hutu moderates and the genocide of the Tutsi. The international community, led by regional states from the
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According to a 2020 study, non-UN peacekeeping missions are as effective as UN peacekeeping missions. Another 2020 study found that peacekeeping successfully protected civilians.
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attempted to categorize four causal mechanisms through which peacekeepers have the opportunity to lay the groundwork for a lasting peace. Fortna's four mechanisms are as follows:
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was waged against the RUF. UNAMSIL's mandate was expanded and its manpower enlarged. By late 2000 and early 2001 the RUF's military strength had been severely depleted. Thus the
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legitimate intentions for peace to the other side. That is to say, provide a meaningful pathway for communication between both sides to make their intentions known and credible.
2623:. The UN forces there, somewhat controversially, more or less became an arm of the Congolese government at the time and helped to forcefully end the secession of both provinces.
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Anja Jetschke and Bernd Schlipphak. 2019. MILINDA: A new dataset on United Nations-led and non-united Nations-led peace operations. Conflict Management and Peace Science.
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has initiated several peacekeeping missions in some of its member states, and it has been described as "Africa's most advanced regional peace and security mechanism".
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The end of the Cold War presented an opportunity to reshape the international system. This opportunity was afforded to the Cold War's victorsâthat is to say, the
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Worboys, Katherine (2007). "The Traumatic Journey from Dictatorship to Democracy: Peacekeeping Operations and Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, 1989-1999".
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2839:. Being a contributor to peacekeeping missions also provides some international prestige for developing countries, and can bolster countries' claims to be a
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there is diverse evidence that peacekeeping missions are deployed in the countries who need it the most, this is where the risk of a recurring war is high.
2498:(AU) is working on building an African Peace and Security Architecture that fulfils the mandate to enforce peace and security on the continent. In cases of
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Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2005. "Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective." Center for Global Development Working Paper 57.
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Kaurin, P. M. (2007) War Stories: Narrative, Identity and (Recasting) Military Ethics Pedagogy. Pacific Lutheran University. ISME 2007. Retrieved 9-3-2007
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3798:. A 2008 capstone doctrine entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis.
3579:, which prevents total victory by one side and results in the creation of asymmetries between belligerents which opens the door for continued bloodshed.
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Not all international peacekeeping forces have been directly controlled by the United Nations. In 1981, an agreement between Israel and Egypt formed the
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to the United Nations, in 2006 resulted in a comprehensive report which detailed some of this abuse in detailâ particularly that which occurred in the
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provides a theory of "autonomous recovery", in which states can achieve sustainable peace without international intervention. Using case studies of
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in the wake of allegations that some had sexually abused underage girls. In the following years, there were 80 investigations carried out by the UN
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parties (to the same extent as neutral personnel and properties outside of peacekeeping duties) and are to be protected from attacks at all times.
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Evelegh, Robin (1978). Peace Keeping in a Democratic Society: The Lessons of Northern Ireland. Montréal, Québec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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In response to criticism, particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations. The
3685:, as it was called, was deployed between July 1998 and October 1999, but was forced to withdraw from the country when the RUF took the country's
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era, the United Nations has taken on a more nuanced, multidimensional approach to Peacekeeping. In 1992, in the aftermath of the Cold War, then
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engaged in a robust operation that maximised force protection in contrast to a pro-active heart and minds approach utilised by Great Britain's
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2759:. The ten largest troop contributing countries (including police and military experts) to UN peacekeeping operations as of October 2021 were
2539:
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4169:"Economic Community of West African States on the Ground: Comparing Peacekeeping in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, and CĂŽte D'Ivoire"
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Allred, KJ (2006). "Peacekeepers And Prostitutes: How Deployed Forces Fuel the Demand for Trafficked Women and New Hope for Stopping It".
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overthrew the government in 1997. The war quickly renewed. A small UN force of monitors was deployed to observe the security situation.
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not possess the capability or mandate to intervene should either side renege on the agreement. Examples of observation missions include
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Sex charges haunt UN forces; In places like Congo and Kosovo, peacekeepers have been accused of abusing the people they're protecting,"
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Some authors question the idea of international interventions at all. In a 2005 working paper for the Center for Global Development,
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Other scholarly analyses show varying success rates for peacekeeping missions, with estimate ranging from 31 percent to 85 percent.
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BureĆĄ, OldĆich (June 2006). "Regional Peacekeeping Operations: Complementing or Undermining the United Nations Security Council?".
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in 2002 found that members of SFOR were frequenting Bosnian brothels and engaging in sex with trafficked women and underage girls.
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993:
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Reed, Brian; Segal, David (2000). "The Impact of Multiple Deployments on Soldiers' Peacekeeping Attitudes, Morale and Retention".
5863:"Final Report of the Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti, pages 21-22, July 2011, accessed 30 July 2012"
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Walter, Barbara F.; Howard, Lise Morje; Fortna, V. Page (2020). "The Extraordinary Relationship between Peacekeeping and Peace".
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UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.
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Prevent political abuse by one side (generally the government) that might cause actors losing the peace to take up arms anew.
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put together a report detailing his ambitious concepts for the United Nations and Peacekeeping at large. The report, titled
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In Haiti, Global Failures on a Cholera Epidemic; In-depth New York Times piece investigating UN role in introducing cholera
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A growing critique of peacekeeping is the lack of engagement between the peacekeeping officials and the local populace. As
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peacekeeping presence, there would have been little or no forced prostitution in Bosnia." In addition, hearing held by the
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Beardsley, Kyle; Cunningham, David E.; White, Peter B. (2018). "Mediation, Peacekeeping, and the Severity of Civil War".
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Dandeker, Christopher; Gow, James (1997). "The Future of Peace Support Operations: Strategic Peacekeeping and Success".
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2068:, peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas, and may assist ex-combatants in implementing
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5843:"Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population Cholera Report of July 22, 2012, 22 July 2011, accessed 30 July 2012"
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4433:"UN Security Council Takes a Historic Stand Supporting Abortion Access for Women Raped in War / Library / Homepage"
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Fernandes Souza, Wanderson; et al. (2011). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers: a meta-analysis".
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Ferguson, James; Lohman, L (1994). "The anti-politics machine: 'development' and bureaucratic power in Lesotho".
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4146:"The African Peace and Security Architecture is already proving useful even though it is still work in progress"
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a result of negotiation. Additionally, Roy Licklider's study supports these conclusions by noting the following:
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unfortunately seem to be doing the same thing that other militaries do. Even the guardians have to be guarded".
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Lundgren, Magnus (2018). "Backdoor peacekeeping: Does participation in UN peacekeeping reduce coups at home?".
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standardised procedure among peacekeeping contingents, which will ultimately hinder the potential for success.
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Peacekeeping standards. They are mandated to use force for purposes beyond just self-defence. Examples include
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5754:"Nation & World | UN probes base as source of Haiti cholera outbreak | Seattle Times Newspaper"
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missions. As an example, almost all 4800 Ethiopian peacekeepers are deployed in its neighboring countries of
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dates back to 2012 and is being expanded. An outstanding mission was the deployment of the UN peace mission
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of violence occurring and thus increasing the prospect for lasting peace. Their definitions are as follows:
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Maintaining the consent of the peacekept is an important facet of modern peacekeeping. Notably in Bosnia,
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1976:
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Pushkina, Darya (June 2006). "A Recipe for Success? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping Mission".
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Despite the large number of contributors, the greatest burden continues to be borne by a core group of
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Prevent or control accidents or the actions of rogue groups that might otherwise escalate back to war.
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4087:"Blue Helmet Forum 2019 - Protection of Cultural Heritage in Peace Operations", Austrian Armed Forces
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Since the 1990s, UN peacekeepers have been the subject of numerous accusations of abuse ranging from
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6528:"Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War"
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Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - United Nations Peacekeeping, 12 April 2019.
2638:(UNFICYP), the UN Emergency Force II (UNEF II), the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) and the
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Armed intervention first came in the form of UN involvement in the wake of the Suez Crisis in 1956.
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between cultural user disruption and the cause of flight, as President of Blue Shield International
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Peacekeeping also means working together with NGOs with a view to protecting cultural property. The
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There is a range of various types of operations encompassed in peacekeeping. In Page Fortna's book
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Simic, Olivera (2012). "UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Emerging Problem of Sexual Exploitation".
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United Nations Security Council (October 31, 2000) "Resolution 1325", S/RES/1325, United Nations.
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and other western capitalist states governed by liberal-democratic values that put a premium on
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Shearer, David (1997). "Exploring the Limits of Consent: Conflict Resolution in Sierra Leone".
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The Committee also stated that ratifying states should exercise due diligence in ensuring that
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Change the incentives of recent belligerents, making peace more desirable or war more costly.
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2328:
2216:
2093:
2065:
2046:
1410:
1343:
1296:
950:
913:
876:
794:
746:
630:
440:
248:
157:
8557:
6584:
6567:
6232:
6134:
5128:
5111:
4393:
4371:
3027:
peacekeeping troops contribute to fewer civilian deaths. A study by political scientists at
2104:
or the ones organised by the European Union (like EUFOR RCA, with UN authorisation) and the
10035:
9021:
8941:
8853:
8744:
8708:
8703:
8655:
8386:
7635:
7139:
7079:
7069:
7039:
2973:
2276:
1801:
1703:
1560:
1555:
1373:
1338:
1073:
893:
751:
687:
541:
511:
108:
8476:
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
6319:
Fearon, James D; Laitin, David D (2004). "Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States".
6171:
Fearon, James D; Laitin, David D (2004). "Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States".
5879:
4020:
Doyle, Michael W.; Sambanis, Nicholas (2007). "The UN Record On Peacekeeping Operations".
2665:
8:
8841:
8445:
3718:
3133:
3007:
2969:
2822:
There is a strong North-South divide in peacekeeping in that developing nations from the
2689:
2340:
1652:
1637:
1513:
1400:
1378:
1353:
1313:
1223:
1033:
938:
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402:
392:
162:
86:
9732:
9680:
9375:
9113:
7261:
6402:
5649:
2600:
21:
10065:
9987:
9313:
9239:
9156:
9051:
8885:
8877:
8577:
6998:
6819:
6788:
6753:
6720:
6691:
6631:
6623:
6589:
6497:
6466:
6336:
6188:
6098:
6046:
5998:
5960:
5551:
5489:
5433:
5251:
5133:
5059:
5028:
4968:
4893:
4852:
4328:
4224:
3670:
3655:
3575:, whereas Shearer focuses on the negative aspects of intervention, primarily regarding
3446:, triggered a deadly cholera epidemic that has ravaged the country since October 2010.
3235:
3028:
2876:
2756:
1986:
1841:
1761:
1682:
1627:
1602:
1523:
1469:
1435:
1366:
1283:
1193:
1098:
1043:
933:
898:
851:
726:
697:
650:
588:
563:
397:
211:
130:
6403:
Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention
5585:
5450:
Newby, John H., et al. "Positive and negative consequences of a military deployment."
5168:
Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention
3061:
found that UN peacekeeping in South Sudan had a positive impact on the local economy.
2932:
9961:
9846:
9664:
9359:
9343:
9305:
9086:
9078:
8957:
8917:
8818:
8783:
8587:
8542:
8522:
8407:
8177:
8071:
8009:
7809:
7270:
6927:
6894:
6823:
6792:
6757:
6724:
6695:
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6558:
6516:
6501:
6470:
6440:
6407:
6244:
6233:
6102:
6050:
6002:
5964:
5825:
5795:
5684:
5481:
5437:
5373:
UN Operations in Africa Provide a Mechanism for Japanâs Military Normalization Agenda
5302:
5255:
5243:
5204:
5063:
5046:
Lundgren, Magnus (2016). "Which international organizations can settle civil wars?".
5032:
4960:
4856:
4844:
4665:
4332:
4228:
4086:
4070:
3430:
3186:
2677:
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826:
665:
458:
435:
369:
9009:
6593:
6340:
6192:
5555:
5493:
5137:
4972:
4897:
4728:
4610:
1991:
10080:
9965:
9887:
9672:
9608:
9148:
9105:
9055:
9017:
8143:
8083:
8053:
7735:
7429:
7116:
7107:
6988:
6902:
6811:
6780:
6745:
6712:
6683:
6615:
6601:
6579:
6554:
6527:
6489:
6458:
6436:
6424:
6367:
6328:
6235:
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
6180:
6090:
6038:
5990:
5952:
5898:
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1996:
1961:
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816:
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635:
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573:
531:
354:
331:
238:
167:
96:
79:
9509:
8849:
5199:
5182:
4220:
3341:. These include accusations of sexual abuse and exploitation of at least 108 from
10061:
9928:
9831:
9656:
9544:
9521:
9501:
9074:
9029:
7506:
7133:
6967:
6654:
6159:
6094:
5477:
4589:
3909:
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3306:
2827:
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1806:
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811:
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263:
243:
91:
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8768:
6042:
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3953:
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10050:
9939:
9861:
9794:
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9692:
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9564:
9540:
9468:
9367:
9351:
9001:
7246:
7206:
6962:
6942:
6922:
6857:
6767:"'Too Sweet and Innocent for War'?: Dutch Peacekeepers and the Use of Violence"
6749:
6493:
5778:
3795:
3747:
3424:
3178:
2845:
2816:
2653:
2612:
2580:
2188:
2053:
1981:
1729:
1153:
1113:
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1078:
1068:
1038:
955:
908:
711:
702:
593:
546:
526:
516:
486:
453:
341:
298:
253:
125:
58:
9640:
9513:
9446:
6687:
6462:
5994:
5956:
5239:
5055:
4840:
4664:
Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women. "
4324:
4185:
4168:
10107:
10009:
9924:
9756:
9744:
9708:
9704:
9572:
9383:
9270:
9140:
9090:
8909:
8861:
6952:
6947:
6917:
6815:
6784:
6716:
6332:
6184:
5569:
5547:
5429:
5306:
5247:
5208:
5024:
4964:
4889:
4848:
3791:
3564:
3544:
3460:
2889:
direct briefing to the Council on progress in these areas. Also in 2013, the
2849:
2701:
direct briefing to the Council on progress in these areas. Also in 2013, the
2685:
2503:
Standby Force (ASF) is planned earliest for 2015. On the regional level, the
2495:
2120:
2105:
1828:
1816:
1672:
1592:
1508:
1491:
1348:
1203:
1183:
866:
861:
841:
821:
736:
707:
682:
558:
536:
521:
496:
336:
258:
221:
216:
113:
4536:
9898:
9857:
9820:
9809:
9772:
9700:
9616:
9479:
9278:
9231:
8937:
8837:
8773:
8650:
7511:
7156:
6371:
5485:
4511:
3673:
of Sierra Leone terminated the Executive Outcomes contract undermining his
3648:
3576:
3548:
3375:
3288:
3162:
2823:
2264:
2057:
2015:
1941:
1921:
1916:
1756:
1390:
1385:
1208:
1123:
871:
605:
506:
303:
207:
30:
5916:
4937:
Hegre, HÄvard; Hultman, Lisa; NygÄrd, HÄvard Mokleiv (November 28, 2018).
4650:
4633:
3438:
has shown that Nepalese peacekeeping troops stationed at a remote base in
3078:
factions are less likely to resume, Doyle and Sambanis find the opposite.
10046:
10013:
9632:
9596:
9560:
9121:
8739:
8553:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
7185:
6972:
6937:
4780:"Women in multilateral peace operations 2023: What is the state of play?"
4689:
https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/10year_impact_study_1325.pdf
3677:
advantage. Things were further inflamed when disaffected officers of the
3556:
3467:
3318:
3302:
3241:
3198:
3100:
2840:
2836:
2620:
2321:
2301:
2260:
2233:
2128:
2073:
1926:
1677:
1642:
1481:
1168:
1133:
846:
789:
692:
476:
197:
192:
5297:
3817:
10024:
9909:
9798:
8949:
8640:
7705:
6627:
5981:
Duffey, Tamara (2000). "Cultural Issues in Contemporary Peacekeeping".
5943:
Duffey, Tamara (2000). "Cultural Issues in Contemporary Peacekeeping".
5287:
5270:
4939:"Evaluating the Conflict-Reducing Effect of UN Peacekeeping Operations"
4311:
Duffey, Tamara (2000). "Cultural Issues in Contemporary Peacekeeping".
3674:
3582:
In Rwanda, third-party attempts at a negotiated settlement between the
3486:
3439:
3387:
3346:
3218:
3194:
3182:
3112:
2760:
2241:
1883:
1853:
1575:
944:
4814:
Does Peacekeeping Work?: Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War
4416:"Beyond Peace Deals: The United Nations Experiment in "Peacebuilding""
4098:
A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage, The UNESCO Courier
4007:
Does Peacekeeping Work?: Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War
3931:
9752:
9243:
6425:
Stabilizing Civil Wars without Peacekeeping: Evidence from South Asia
6121:
Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' choices after Civil War
5355:
Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War
5097:
Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War
5082:
Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War
4799:
Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices After Civil War
3490:
3252:
efforts are set up. She observed that the "issue with the UN is that
3245:
2983:
Reduce the uncertainty and fear that drives security dilemma spirals.
2788:
2735:
2206:
1873:
1697:
1647:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1447:
1238:
1233:
1198:
640:
326:
293:
182:
6619:
5340:
Making War and Building Peace : United Nations Peace Operations
5325:
Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choice after Civil War
5153:
Making War and Building Peace : United Nations Peace Operations
3701:
UNOMSIL fled Freetown. Instead, with British support, an aggressive
2724:
7630:
7618:
6907:
6766:
5706:"U.N. Peacekeeping Hit By New Allegations of 'Sickening' Sex Abuse"
5388:
Time to Reconsider the Japanese Peacekeeping Mission in South Sudan
4955:
4938:
3976:"Rule 33. Personnel and Objects Involved in a Peacekeeping Mission"
3686:
3595:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3272:
3214:
3190:
2780:
2776:
2634:(UNYOM), in conjunction with more long-term operations such as the
2499:
2452:
2313:
2293:
2134:
1888:
1863:
1496:
1128:
1103:
721:
276:
150:
5917:"Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti: Cholera Litigation"
4871:
3085:
2928:
16:
Activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace
9872:
8548:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
7215:
5224:"The Promise of Peacekeeping: Protecting Civilians in Civil Wars"
4590:"United Nations Peacekeepers - How are peacekeepers compensated?"
3730:
3726:
3669:
The situation was exacerbated by the fact that the newly elected
3599:
3501:
3447:
3403:
3395:
3379:
3334:
3298:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3074:
war. Moreover, peace treaties further reduce the risk by 60â70%.
2804:
2649:
2643:
2604:
2225:
2202:
1898:
1858:
1622:
1456:
1452:
799:
784:
660:
321:
316:
286:
225:
187:
26:
3535:
Limitations on contemporary intervention and conflict resolution
3342:
3244:
spoke out in 2004 with regard to the fact that prostitution and
9417:
7695:
7613:
7583:
7548:
6838:
5403:
How the Sinai Peacekeeping Force Staged a Military Coup in Fiji
4987:"Is U.N. peacekeeping under fire? Here's what you need to know"
4039:
3722:
3603:
3568:
3509:
3494:
3399:
3354:
3326:
3264:
3226:
3142:
3138:
2812:
2808:
2772:
2669:
2588:
2584:
2421:
2404:
2229:
2180:
1405:
806:
623:
359:
34:
4202:"The Origins And Development of Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping"
4133:
Canadian Contingent Multinational Force and Observers Handbook
4067:
The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.
3852:
List of countries where UN peacekeepers are currently deployed
7593:
6880:
6604:(July 1993). "The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping".
5269:
Bove, Vincenzo; Salvatore, Jessica Di; Elia, Leandro (2021).
4632:
Oksamytna, Kseniya; Bove, Vincenzo; Lundgren, Magnus (2021).
3607:
3587:
3443:
3391:
3383:
3371:
3330:
3325:(OIOS). In 2013, allegations were levelled on personnel from
3317:(DPKO) confined an entire contingent of 734 Moroccans in the
3292:
3096:
2832:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2740:
2576:
2467:
2460:
2309:
2089:
881:
417:
412:
6029:
Clapham, Christopher (1998). "Rwanda: The Perils of Peace".
5385:
Michael Edward Walsh and Jeremy Taylor (December 23, 2013),
3413:
2891:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
2703:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
2562:
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
2287:
5809:
Scientists: UN Soldiers Brought Deadly Superbug to Americas
5731:"Probe Opens into UN Troops' Alleged Sex Abuse in DR Congo"
5650:"Uruguay to apologise over alleged rape by UN peacekeepers"
5624:"Uruguay apologises over alleged rape by U.N. peacekeepers"
5183:"Just Different Hats? Comparing UN and Non-UN Peacekeeping"
3583:
3407:
3174:
3116:
2280:
2268:
2150:
177:
172:
9625:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
5673:
Regulation of Sexual Conduct in UN Peacekeeping Operations
5370:
Jeremy Taylor and Michael Edward Walsh (January 7, 2014),
5271:"UN Peacekeeping and Households' Well-Being in Civil Wars"
5110:
Fortna, Virginia Page; Howard, Lise Morjé (May 20, 2008).
2439:
6423:
Bastaki, Basil; Staniland, Paul; Popoola, Bryan (2024). "
6388:
Aoi, Chiyuki; Coning, Cedric de; Thakur, Ramesh (eds.)
3526:
in Arab culture nor the nuances of religious differences.
3115:
has expressed concern that the creation of a military in
3021:
50:
6849:
5112:"Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Literature*"
5010:
3213:
Reporters witnessed a rapid increase in prostitution in
3163:
Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution
3107:
2858:
2076:, and economic and social development. Accordingly, the
6418:
Eyewitness to a Genocide: the United Nations and Rwanda
5517:
Liu, H. C. K., The war that could destroy both armies,
3951:
3907:
3754:
3418:
Significant scientific evidence, first reported by the
2139:
8813:
3468:
Cultural concerns related to contemporary peacekeeping
5099:. Princeton University Press. pp. 109, 116, 125.
4801:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 175.
4634:"Leadership selection in United Nations peacekeeping"
4631:
3128:
2900:
2719:
2530:
United Nations Peacekeeping started in 1948 when the
2420:
explained during the United Nations peacekeeping and
9951:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
8506:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
8456:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
6659:
Enforcing the Peace: Learning from the Imperial Past
3813:
3064:
6568:"Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Future"
5221:
4872:"Can international interventions secure the peace?"
2826:provide the overwhelming majority of peacekeepers.
8563:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
6566:Fortna, Virginia Page; Lise Morjé, Howard (2008).
6391:Unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations
5857:
5855:
5222:Carnegie, Allison; Mikulaschek, Christoph (2020).
5075:
5073:
4936:
4826:
3658:and a reversal in the RUF's battlefield fortunes.
2428:
9999:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
8699:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
6358:: Is There a Crisis of Credibility for the UN?".
6135:"UNAMSIL: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone"
5268:
4009:. Princeton University Press. pp. Chapter 7.
4000:
3998:
3996:
3145:who were massacred by Hutu paramilitaries in 1994
2725:Nations that participate in peacekeeping missions
10105:
6565:
6508:Doyle, Michael W. and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2006.
6354:Gray, Christine (2001). "Peacekeeping After the
4701:"Gender statistics. United Nations Peacekeeping"
4666:Landmark resolution on Women, Peace and Security
4199:
2135:Definitions and types of peacekeeping operations
8673:World Federation of United Nations Associations
8168:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
7100:
6276:
6123:. Princeton University Press. pp. 123â124.
5852:
5593:, November 26, 2004, accessed February 16, 2010
5463:
5357:. Princeton University Press. pp. 117â119.
5181:Bara, Corinne; Hultman, Lisa (March 20, 2020).
5155:. Princeton University Press. pp. 336â337.
5070:
3086:Impacts of peacekeeping on participating forces
2064:, there is a general understanding that at the
6263:
6160:https://www.cgdev.org/files/2731_file_WP57.pdf
5338:Doyle, Michael W.; Sambanis, Nicholas (2010).
5151:Doyle, Michael W.; Sambanis, Nicholas (2010).
5050:. DOI 10.1007/s11558-016-9253-0 (4): 613â641.
4912:"Enough with the Pessimism about Peacekeeping"
4200:Rachel, Julian; Schweitzer, Christine (2015).
3993:
3910:"Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)"
3847:List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers
2731:List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers
2347:
9589:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
9322:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
8799:
7231:
6865:
6239:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
5792:UN likely to blame for Haiti Cholera Outbreak
5337:
5150:
4069:Springer Science & Business Media, 2009,
4019:
2603:. ONUC was meant to ensure the withdrawal of
2540:United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
2324:. They were largely successful in this role.
2023:
8568:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
6318:
6170:
6083:Millennium- Journal of International Studies
5521:, October 23, 2003. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
5109:
4777:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4135:(unclassified), page A-1. DND, Ottawa, 1986.
3842:List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
6477:
5180:
2525:
2127:stance in the conflict between two or more
8806:
8792:
8661:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
8573:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities
7238:
7224:
6872:
6858:
6208:
5830:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5816:, January 12, 2012, accessed July 30, 2012
5570:"The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children"
5562:
5366:
5364:
5342:. Princeton University Press. p. 336.
5327:. Princeton University Press. p. 117.
5165:
5084:. Princeton University Press. p. 116.
4564:"The Global South and UN Peace Operations"
4125:
4040:"Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon"
3872:Temporary International Presence in Hebron
2030:
2016:
9877:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6733:
6583:
6548:
5703:
5466:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
5400:Appelbaum, Diana Muir (August 27, 2012),
5296:
5286:
5198:
5170:. Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
5127:
4954:
4649:
4603:
4451:
4184:
3414:Peacekeepers and the Haiti cholera crisis
3141:, Rwanda, to ten Belgian peacekeepers of
3090:
2955:Learn how and when to remove this message
2505:Economic Community of West African States
2288:UN missions during and after the Cold War
9392:International Committee of the Red Cross
9224:International Committee of the Red Cross
9181:Nansen International Office for Refugees
8987:International Committee of the Red Cross
8090:Conference on International Organization
6671:
6600:
6209:Autesserre, Severine (October 6, 2015).
5832:October 25, 2011, accessed July 30, 2012
5782:, March 31, 2012, accessed July 30, 2012
5415:
5045:
4869:
3980:International Committee of the Red Cross
3132:
2927:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2875:
2734:
2664:
2648:
2545:
2466:
2438:
2354:The UN Record on Peacekeeping Operations
2220:development, and more. Examples include
2151:Chapter VI and Chapter VII mission types
994:List of military strategies and concepts
20:
9741:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
8005:Office international d'hygiĂšne publique
6702:
6585:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.041205.103022
6080:
6028:
5799:, March 7, 2012, accessed July 30, 2012
5361:
5129:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.041205.103022
4427:
4425:
3895:"Peacekeeping". Oxford Languages. 2023.
3169:Peacekeeping child sexual abuse scandal
2880:Ghanaian women serve as UN Peacekeepers
2694:United Nations Peacebuilding Commission
2684:Experiences of peacekeeping during the
10106:
7800:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
6525:
6226:
6224:
6118:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5752:Katz, Jonathan M. (October 27, 2010).
5533:
5529:
5527:
5352:
5322:
5094:
5079:
4811:
4796:
4778:Pfeifer Cruz, Claudia (October 2023).
4723:
4721:
4531:
4529:
4481:
4479:
4310:
4240:
4238:
4004:
3022:Effectiveness of peacekeeping missions
2939:to additional sources at this section.
2743:troops on patrol in Liberia, July 2006
2521:History of United Nations peacekeeping
8787:
8714:UN television film series (1964â1966)
8466:International Narcotics Control Board
8397:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
8185:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
8156:Convention on the Rights of the Child
8134:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7219:
6853:
6799:
6446:
6230:
6204:
6202:
6114:
6112:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5896:
5670:
5318:
5316:
5275:American Journal of Political Science
5048:Review of International Organizations
4558:
4556:
4554:
4366:
4364:
3617:(RPF) was a major beneficiary of the
3323:Office of Internal Oversight Services
3315:Department of Peacekeeping Operations
3108:Political impact on sending countries
3059:American Journal of Political Science
2859:Women's participation in peacekeeping
2597:United Nations Operation in the Congo
2163:" missions, with the fourth being a "
8538:United Nations Postal Administration
8173:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
7892:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
6764:
6353:
5751:
4829:British Journal of Political Science
4422:
4372:"The Early Years of UN Peacekeeping"
3903:
3901:
3877:Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions
3857:List of non-UN peacekeeping missions
3788:United Nations Development Programme
3755:Lack of engagement with the populace
2904:
2807:(157), Ghana (145), Ethiopia (138),
2140:United Nations peacekeeping missions
7941:Permanent representatives to the UN
7830:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
7196:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
7128:Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)
6450:Global Change, Peace & Security
6221:
5971:
5931:
5899:"Haiti cholera 'UN responsibility'"
5524:
4812:Fortna, Virginia Page (2008). "4".
4718:
4526:
4476:
4235:
4166:
3954:"Department of Field Support (DFS)"
3776:
3263:, then Permanent Representative of
2848:and less than one percent from the
13:
10119:Military operations other than war
9977:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
9843:International Atomic Energy Agency
9256:American Friends Service Committee
8750:Withdrawal from the United Nations
7936:Security Council Permanent members
7245:
6572:Annual Review of Political Science
6394:. United Nations University, 2007.
6382:
6199:
6109:
6057:
6009:
5313:
5116:Annual Review of Political Science
4805:
4551:
4361:
3867:Military operations other than war
3771:
3129:Impacts on individual peacekeepers
2920:relies largely or entirely upon a
2901:Theoretical basis for peacekeeping
2720:Composition of peacekeeping forces
2688:, especially failures such as the
2475:in full combat uniform during the
2096:officers, and civilian personnel.
2092:or helmets) can include soldiers,
14:
10130:
9458:International Labour Organization
8735:United Nations in popular culture
8419:Expulsion from the United Nations
8364:General Assembly President (2016)
7085:List of periods of regional peace
6831:
5880:"Haiti cholera demand against UN"
4877:International Area Studies Review
4870:Hoeffler, Anke (March 11, 2014).
3898:
3862:Multinational Force and Observers
3451:had become ill with the disease.
3261:Prince Zeid Ra'ad Zeid Al-Hussein
3065:Factors that impact lasting peace
2487:, which continues to monitor the
2485:Multinational Force and Observers
2449:Multinational Force and Observers
2045:comprises activities, especially
8767:
6837:
6559:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00301.x
6347:
6312:
6257:
3832:Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force
3816:
3740:
3313:In July 2007 the United Nations
3305:apologized to Haitian President
2909:
2870:Security Council Resolution 1325
2656:peacekeeping missions as of 2012
2538:. This operation was called the
2514:
2399:commitment to the protection of
2215:are carried out by military and
68:
9657:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
8870:Institut de Droit International
8323:International Court of Justice
7872:Sport for Development and Peace
6536:International Studies Quarterly
6164:
6152:
6127:
5909:
5890:
5872:
5835:
5819:
5802:
5785:
5768:
5745:
5723:
5697:
5664:
5642:
5616:
5606:
5596:
5579:
5511:
5500:
5457:
5444:
5409:
5394:
5379:
5346:
5331:
5262:
5215:
5174:
5159:
5144:
5103:
5088:
5039:
5004:
4979:
4930:
4904:
4863:
4820:
4790:
4771:
4754:"Troop and police contributors"
4746:
4693:
4680:
4671:
4658:
4638:International Studies Quarterly
4625:
4582:
4504:
4487:"Troop and police contributors"
4408:
4386:
4339:
4304:
4282:
4260:
4193:
4160:
4138:
4113:
4102:
4091:
4080:
4059:
4056:UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.
2636:UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
2532:United Nations Security Council
2473:Azerbaijani peacekeeping forces
2429:Non-United Nations peacekeeping
8000:Permanent Court of Arbitration
7995:International Peace Conference
7362:International Court of Justice
6526:Fortna, Virginia Page (2004).
6406:. Cambridge University Press.
5013:Journal of Conflict Resolution
4916:Political Violence at a Glance
4797:Fortna, Virginia Page (2008).
4054:Culture: at the heart of SDGs.
4046:
4032:
4013:
3968:
3945:
3924:
3889:
3189:. Complaints have arisen from
3099:'s peacekeeping operations in
2573:United Nations Emergency Force
2477:2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2451:non-UN peacekeeping force, at
2110:African Union Mission in Sudan
1:
9396:League of Red Cross Societies
8922:Paul Estournelles de Constant
8533:Sustainable Development Goals
8060:Declaration by United Nations
7985:International Telegraph Union
6651:. Cambridge University Press.
6649:UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars
6510:Making War and Building Peace
5897:Doyle, Mark (July 20, 2012).
5826:Haiti Cholera: One Year Later
5406:, retrieved September 7, 2012
5200:10.1080/13533312.2020.1737023
5166:Autesserre, Severine (2014).
4816:. Princeton University Press.
4221:10.1080/10402659.2015.1000181
3956:. United Nations Peacekeeping
3952:United Nations Peacekeeping.
3932:"United Nations Peacekeeping"
3912:. United Nations Peacekeeping
3908:United Nations Peacekeeping.
3882:
3592:Organisation of African Unity
3208:U.S. House of Representatives
3033:Peace Research Institute Oslo
2660:
2388:Post-Conflict Reconstruction,
8461:International Criminal Court
7897:UN organizations by location
6668:. Cambridge University Press
6512:. Princeton University Press
6095:10.1177/03058298970260030601
5919:. Ijdh.org. October 21, 2010
5478:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182175180
5391:, retrieved February 7, 2014
5376:, retrieved February 7, 2014
4042:(in German). April 28, 2019.
3653:private military corporation
3269:Democratic Republic of Congo
3157:
2632:UN Yemen Observation Mission
2316:. Others were armedâsuch as
2088:because of their light blue
7:
8595:Security Council veto power
7902:Sexual Violence in Conflict
7825:Economic and Social Affairs
7396:Economic and Social Council
7009:Environmental peacebuilding
6661:. Columbia University Press
6647:Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008.
6420:. Cornell University Press.
6284:"Peacekeeping Resource Hub"
6043:10.1177/0022343398035002003
5681:10.1007/978-3-642-28484-7_2
4758:United Nations Peacekeeping
4733:United Nations Peacekeeping
4491:United Nations Peacekeeping
4148:. dandc.eu. August 27, 2013
4122:UNESCO, September 13, 2017.
3809:
2348:Broader aims of UN missions
2146:United Nations peacekeeping
1487:Militaryâindustrial complex
966:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
10135:
10070:Center for Civil Liberties
8930:International Peace Bureau
8646:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
8471:International Day of Peace
7953:General Assembly Observers
7276:General Assembly President
7117:Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms
6958:Religion and peacebuilding
6913:Peace and conflict studies
6803:Armed Forces & Society
6772:Armed Forces & Society
6750:10.1177/0095327X0002700105
6737:Armed Forces & Society
6705:Armed Forces & Society
6675:International Peacekeeping
6494:10.1177/0095327X9702300302
6481:Armed Forces & Society
5983:International Peacekeeping
5945:International Peacekeeping
5536:Armed Forces & Society
5228:International Organization
5187:International Peacekeeping
4313:International Peacekeeping
3645:Revolutionary United Front
3166:
2862:
2728:
2555:. With the passage of the
2518:
2432:
2248:Peace enforcement Missions
2143:
9782:
9531:
9288:
9065:
8825:
8763:
8686:
8377:
8299:
8202:
8190:World Heritage Convention
8099:
8078:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
8040:
7977:
7968:
7914:
7788:General Assembly Building
7761:
7644:
7416:
7315:
7297:
7288:
7253:
7204:
7178:
7155:
7093:
7027:
6981:
6887:
6879:
6688:10.1080/13533310500436508
6463:10.1080/14781150600687775
6119:Fortna, Virginia (2008).
6031:Journal of Peace Research
5995:10.1080/13533310008413823
5957:10.1080/13533310008413823
5590:Christian Science Monitor
5454:(2005) 170#10 pp: 815-819
5418:Journal of Peace Research
5353:Fortna, Virginia (2008).
5323:Fortna, Virginia (2008).
5240:10.1017/S0020818320000442
5095:Fortna, Virginia (2008).
5080:Fortna, Virginia (2008).
5056:10.1007/s11558-016-9253-0
4841:10.1017/S000712342000023X
4611:"Peacekeeping Fact Sheet"
4568:E-International Relations
4325:10.1080/13533310008413823
4246:"History of Peacekeeping"
4186:10.1080/19362200903361945
3735:responsibility to protect
3250:humanitarian intervention
3122:Journal of Peace Research
2409:Blue Shield International
2320:, established during the
2213:Multidimensional missions
1551:Loss-of-strength gradient
408:Combat information center
9765:MĂ©decins Sans FrontiĂšres
8496:Military Staff Committee
7835:Dag Hammarskjöld Library
7338:Deputy Secretary-General
7267:Deputy Secretary-General
7019:Territorial peace theory
7014:Infrastructure for Peace
6816:10.1177/0095327X08330816
6785:10.1177/0095327X05281453
6717:10.1177/0095327X05283843
6416:Barnett, Michael. 2002.
6333:10.1162/0162288041588296
6231:Scott, James C. (1998).
6185:10.1162/0162288041588296
5704:Gladstone, Rick (2016).
5548:10.1177/0095327X06288803
5430:10.1177/0022343317747668
5025:10.1177/0022002718817092
4890:10.1177/2233865914525380
3339:Central African Republic
2676:, 1992 - 1993, photo by
2595:Shortly thereafter, the
2526:Creation and early years
2267:in 1999, as well as the
2195:Interpositional Missions
1869:Military science fiction
1354:Technology and equipment
775:List of military tactics
33:stands guard during the
9252:Friends Service Council
8667:Woodrow Wilson Memorial
8629:UN International School
8624:UN Federal Credit Union
8605:Security Council reform
8441:Four Nations Initiative
8369:Security Council (2016)
8212:Security Council vetoes
7343:Under-Secretary-General
7191:List of peace activists
7004:Democratic peace theory
6994:Complex system approach
6439::10.1162/isec_a_00489.
6360:J Conflict Security Law
5741:– via Yahoo News.
4943:The Journal of Politics
4729:"Women in peacekeeping"
4131:10 Tactical Air Group:
3615:Rwandan Patriotic Front
3598:(host of the process),
3254:peacekeeping operations
2692:, led, in part, to the
2672:Peacekeeper during the
2411:in 2019 to protect the
2201:in Angola in 1994, and
2157:Does Peacekeeping Work?
1937:Wartime sexual violence
1693:Full-spectrum dominance
1504:Supply-chain management
9649:UN Peacekeeping Forces
9498: (declined award)
9407:Martin Luther King Jr.
8617:Security Council mural
8583:Millennium Declaration
8528:SDG Publishers Compact
7990:Universal Postal Union
7028:Regional peacebuilding
6429:International Security
6321:International Security
6211:"Trouble in Peaceland"
6173:International Security
4435:. AWID. Archived from
4167:Oni, Cyril I. (2009).
3641:
3528:
3461:United States Congress
3146:
3091:Military normalisation
2881:
2749:United Nations Charter
2744:
2681:
2657:
2480:
2464:
2080:(often referred to as
1849:Awards and decorations
1822:Peace through strength
1797:Low-intensity conflict
1431:Conscientious objector
1304:Area of responsibility
38:
9921:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
9601:Alfonso GarcĂa Robles
9581:Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel
9553:Amnesty International
9165:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
8755:Women in peacekeeping
8414:Drug control treaties
6664:Paris, Roland. 2010.
6607:International Affairs
4022:International Journal
4005:Fortna, Page (2008).
3837:Canadian peacekeeping
3636:
3519:
3136:
2886:U.N. Security Council
2879:
2865:Women in peacekeeping
2738:
2698:U.N. Security Council
2668:
2652:
2546:Cold War peacekeeping
2470:
2442:
2413:UNESCO World Heritage
2336:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
441:Torpedo data computer
431:Ship gun fire-control
24:
10036:World Food Programme
8709:United Nations Radio
8704:United Nations Medal
8656:University for Peace
8387:Bretton Woods system
8122:governed territories
7867:Developing Countries
7778:Secretariat Building
7647:Specialized agencies
7140:Treaty on Open Skies
6846:at Wikimedia Commons
6765:Sion, Liora (2006).
6398:Autesserre, SĂ©verine
6372:10.1093/jcsl/6.2.267
5652:. September 21, 2010
4918:. September 24, 2015
4290:"UNMOGIP Background"
3643:In Sierra Leone the
3259:An investigation by
3113:Diana Muir Appelbaum
3057:A 2021 study in the
2974:Virginia Page Fortna
2933:improve this article
2757:developing countries
2172:Observation Missions
1967:Military occupations
1802:Military engineering
1704:Unrestricted Warfare
1561:Force multiplication
459:Military manoeuvrers
9717:Pugwash Conferences
8481:International Years
8446:Genocide Convention
7882:Outer Space Affairs
7877:Disarmament Affairs
7842:Safety and Security
7783:Conference Building
7763:Secretariat offices
7408:Trusteeship Council
5886:. November 9, 2011.
5630:. September 7, 2011
4651:10.1093/isq/sqaa023
4439:on December 3, 2013
3761:SĂ©verine Autesserre
3719:Stanford University
3008:command and control
2970:Columbia University
2690:Srebrenica Massacre
2341:An Agenda for Peace
2119:, peacekeepers are
2066:international level
1653:Penal military unit
1638:Rules of engagement
1314:Command and control
939:Operations research
403:Director (military)
393:Fire-control system
163:Command and control
44:Part of a series on
37:mission in Lebanon.
9988:Juan Manuel Santos
9314:George C. Marshall
9157:Carl von Ossietzky
9052:Austen Chamberlain
8918:A. M. F. Beernaert
8886:Theodore Roosevelt
8878:Bertha von Suttner
8501:Official languages
8048:London Declaration
7857:Internal Oversight
7847:Palestinian Rights
7419:Funds, programmes,
6999:Conflict continuum
6300:on August 19, 2008
5756:. Seattletimes.com
5710:The New York Times
5675:. pp. 13â38.
5288:10.1111/ajps.12644
4668:", United Nations.
4570:. February 3, 2019
4268:"UNTSO Background"
3656:Executive Outcomes
3571:leading up to the
3549:basic human rights
3248:crops up wherever
3236:child prostitution
3203:Bosnia-Herzegovina
3147:
3029:Uppsala University
2882:
2745:
2682:
2658:
2481:
2465:
1762:Counter-insurgency
1683:Command of the sea
1628:Jewish laws on war
1603:Geneva Conventions
1139:Divide and conquer
934:Military operation
899:Tactical objective
398:Fire-control radar
375:Electronic-warfare
39:
10101:
10100:
9962:Kailash Satyarthi
9847:Mohamed ElBaradei
9665:Mikhail Gorbachev
9360:Philip Noel-Baker
9344:Lester B. Pearson
9306:Albert Schweitzer
9087:Ferdinand Buisson
9079:Gustav Stresemann
8958:Henri La Fontaine
8819:Nobel Peace Prize
8781:
8780:
8612:UN Art Collection
8588:Millennium Summit
8543:UN Block By Block
8523:Ralph Bunche Park
8491:UN laissez-passer
8451:UN Global Compact
8408:Delivering as One
8307:Secretary-General
8198:
8197:
8178:Indigenous Caucus
8072:Tehran Conference
8066:Moscow Conference
8041:Preparatory years
8010:League of Nations
7910:
7909:
7810:Palace of Nations
7512:UNEP/GRID-Arendal
7328:Secretary-General
7271:Amina J. Mohammed
7258:Secretary-General
7213:
7212:
7151:
7150:
7050:Jammu and Kashmir
6928:Peace enforcement
6895:Anti-war movement
6842:Media related to
6602:Goulding, Marrack
5690:978-3-642-28483-0
5452:Military Medicine
4539:. UN Peacekeeping
4514:. UN Peacekeeping
4052:Jyot Hosagrahar:
3337:operating in the
3187:human trafficking
2965:
2964:
2957:
2678:Mikhail Evstafiev
2674:Siege of Sarajevo
2557:Karachi agreement
2553:Jammu and Kashmir
2435:NATO peacekeeping
2418:Karl von Habsburg
2401:cultural heritage
2366:Peace-enforcement
2333:Secretary-General
2117:international law
2040:
2039:
1932:Horses in warfare
1879:Anti-war movement
1782:Gunboat diplomacy
1772:Disaster response
1720:Philosophy of war
1715:Principles of war
1688:Deterrence theory
1633:Right of conquest
1556:Lanchester's laws
1324:Principles of war
1014:Counter-offensive
999:Military campaign
904:Target saturation
827:Counterinsurgency
436:Gun data computer
370:Close air support
332:Aircraft carriers
10126:
10094:
10083:
10081:Narges Mohammadi
10072:
10053:
10038:
10027:
10016:
10001:
9990:
9979:
9968:
9966:Malala Yousafzai
9953:
9942:
9931:
9912:
9901:
9890:
9888:Martti Ahtisaari
9879:
9864:
9849:
9834:
9823:
9812:
9801:
9775:
9767:
9759:
9747:
9735:
9733:José Ramos-Horta
9723:
9711:
9695:
9683:
9681:Rigoberta MenchĂș
9675:
9673:Aung San Suu Kyi
9667:
9659:
9651:
9643:
9635:
9627:
9619:
9611:
9603:
9591:
9583:
9575:
9567:
9555:
9547:
9545:Mairead Corrigan
9524:
9516:
9504:
9489:
9488:
9482:
9471:
9460:
9449:
9438:
9437:
9429:
9428:
9420:
9409:
9398:
9386:
9378:
9376:Dag Hammarskjöld
9370:
9362:
9354:
9346:
9338:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9324:
9316:
9308:
9300:
9281:
9273:
9265:
9264:
9258:
9246:
9234:
9226:
9218:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9190:
9189:
9183:
9175:
9167:
9159:
9151:
9149:Arthur Henderson
9143:
9135:
9134:
9128:
9116:
9114:Nathan Söderblom
9108:
9106:Frank B. Kellogg
9100:
9099:
9093:
9081:
9058:
9046:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9032:
9024:
9018:Hjalmar Branting
9012:
9004:
8996:
8995:
8989:
8981:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8960:
8952:
8944:
8932:
8924:
8912:
8900:
8888:
8880:
8872:
8864:
8856:
8844:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8785:
8784:
8774:World portal
8772:
8771:
8678:Biopiracy treaty
8264:Nagorno-Karabakh
8234:Security Council
8217:General Assembly
8144:Human Rights Day
8084:Yalta Conference
8054:Atlantic Charter
7975:
7974:
7931:Founding members
7852:Peace Operations
7736:World Bank Group
7430:Culture of Peace
7421:and other bodies
7374:Security Council
7350:General Assembly
7316:Principal organs
7295:
7294:
7262:AntĂłnio Guterres
7240:
7233:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7170:Index by country
7108:Helsinki Accords
7101:post-WWII Europe
7098:
7097:
7094:Peace mechanisms
7065:Northern Ireland
7045:IsraelâPalestine
6989:Capitalist peace
6903:Cost of conflict
6874:
6867:
6860:
6851:
6850:
6841:
6827:
6796:
6761:
6728:
6699:
6655:Marten, Kimberly
6639:
6597:
6587:
6562:
6552:
6532:
6505:
6474:
6443: 0162-2889.
6376:
6375:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6299:
6293:. Archived from
6288:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6238:
6228:
6219:
6218:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6078:
6055:
6054:
6026:
6007:
6006:
5978:
5969:
5968:
5940:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5833:
5823:
5817:
5806:
5800:
5789:
5783:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5620:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5531:
5522:
5515:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5461:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5413:
5407:
5398:
5392:
5383:
5377:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5077:
5068:
5067:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5019:(7): 1682â1709.
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4958:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4835:(4): 1705â1722.
4824:
4818:
4817:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4697:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4613:. United Nations
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4560:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4533:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4462:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4418:. June 22, 2010.
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4396:. United Nations
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4374:. United Nations
4368:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:. United Nations
4343:
4337:
4336:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4292:. United Nations
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4270:. United Nations
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4248:. United Nations
4242:
4233:
4232:
4206:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4179:(2â3): 119â135.
4173:African Security
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4142:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3905:
3896:
3893:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3777:Brahimi analysis
3715:Jeremy Weinstein
3707:Abuja agreements
3483:unity of command
3422:, and later the
3420:Associated Press
2960:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2710:non-state actors
2640:UN Interim Force
2601:Dag Hammarskjold
2536:Arab-Israeli War
2447:assigned to the
2445:CH135 Twin Hueys
2060:governments and
2032:
2025:
2018:
1787:Humanitarian aid
1725:Security dilemma
1546:Power projection
1329:Economy of force
1309:Chain of command
1024:Defence in depth
1009:Commerce raiding
832:Defeat in detail
168:Defense ministry
72:
63:
62:
53:
41:
40:
10134:
10133:
10129:
10128:
10127:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10097:
10092:to be announced
10086:
10075:
10062:Ales Bialiatski
10056:
10041:
10030:
10019:
10004:
9993:
9982:
9971:
9956:
9945:
9934:
9929:Tawakkol Karman
9915:
9904:
9893:
9882:
9867:
9852:
9837:
9832:Wangari Maathai
9826:
9815:
9804:
9789:
9778:
9770:
9762:
9750:
9738:
9726:
9714:
9698:
9686:
9678:
9670:
9662:
9654:
9646:
9638:
9630:
9622:
9614:
9606:
9594:
9586:
9578:
9570:
9558:
9550:
9538:
9527:
9522:Andrei Sakharov
9519:
9507:
9502:Henry Kissinger
9492:
9486:
9485:
9474:
9463:
9452:
9441:
9433:
9432:
9424:
9423:
9412:
9401:
9389:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9357:
9349:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9319:
9311:
9303:
9295:
9284:
9276:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9249:
9237:
9229:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9178:
9170:
9162:
9154:
9146:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9126:Nicholas Butler
9119:
9111:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9084:
9075:Aristide Briand
9072:
9061:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9030:Fridtjof Nansen
9027:
9022:Christian Lange
9015:
9007:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8971:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8955:
8947:
8935:
8927:
8915:
8903:
8891:
8883:
8875:
8867:
8859:
8847:
8832:
8821:
8812:
8782:
8777:
8766:
8759:
8682:
8373:
8295:
8194:
8095:
8036:
7978:Preceding years
7964:
7917:
7906:
7765:and departments
7764:
7757:
7649:
7640:
7423:
7420:
7412:
7311:
7284:
7249:
7244:
7214:
7209:
7200:
7174:
7147:
7134:Vienna Document
7089:
7055:Kurdish/Turkish
7023:
6977:
6968:War termination
6883:
6878:
6834:
6620:10.2307/2622309
6550:10.1.1.489.1831
6530:
6385:
6383:Further reading
6380:
6379:
6352:
6348:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6229:
6222:
6207:
6200:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6143:
6141:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6117:
6110:
6079:
6058:
6027:
6010:
5979:
5972:
5941:
5932:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5895:
5891:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5824:
5820:
5807:
5803:
5790:
5786:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5532:
5525:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5462:
5458:
5449:
5445:
5414:
5410:
5399:
5395:
5384:
5380:
5369:
5362:
5351:
5347:
5336:
5332:
5321:
5314:
5267:
5263:
5220:
5216:
5179:
5175:
5164:
5160:
5149:
5145:
5108:
5104:
5093:
5089:
5078:
5071:
5044:
5040:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4991:Washington Post
4985:
4984:
4980:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4868:
4864:
4825:
4821:
4810:
4806:
4795:
4791:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4081:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4018:
4014:
4003:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3824:Politics portal
3822:
3815:
3812:
3779:
3774:
3772:Proposed reform
3757:
3743:
3553:democratization
3537:
3470:
3416:
3343:Kemo Prefecture
3307:Michel Martelly
3171:
3165:
3160:
3131:
3110:
3093:
3088:
3067:
3024:
2961:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:by introducing
2926:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2867:
2861:
2828:Thomas G. Weiss
2733:
2727:
2722:
2663:
2626:
2548:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2489:Sinai Peninsula
2471:Members of the
2437:
2431:
2397:UN peacekeeping
2350:
2290:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2102:Sinai Peninsula
2078:UN peacekeepers
2070:peace agreement
2036:
2007:
2006:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1807:Multilateralism
1792:Law enforcement
1752:
1742:
1741:
1710:Just war theory
1668:
1658:
1657:
1608:Geneva Protocol
1578:
1568:
1567:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1254:
1244:
1243:
1174:Network-centric
1094:
1084:
1083:
991:
981:
980:
929:
919:
918:
867:Rapid dominance
772:
762:
761:
717:Electromagnetic
626:
616:
615:
602:
555:
503:
479:
469:
468:
464:Combat training
445:
422:
388:Combat systems:
384:
346:
342:Auxiliary ships
308:
268:
264:Military police
230:
153:
143:
142:
82:
56:
55:
54:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10132:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10084:
10073:
10054:
10051:Dmitry Muratov
10039:
10028:
10017:
10002:
9991:
9980:
9969:
9954:
9943:
9940:European Union
9932:
9913:
9902:
9891:
9880:
9865:
9862:Muhammad Yunus
9850:
9835:
9824:
9813:
9802:
9795:United Nations
9786:
9784:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9768:
9760:
9748:
9736:
9724:
9721:Joseph Rotblat
9712:
9696:
9693:F. W. de Klerk
9689:Nelson Mandela
9684:
9676:
9668:
9660:
9652:
9644:
9636:
9628:
9620:
9612:
9604:
9592:
9584:
9576:
9568:
9565:Menachem Begin
9556:
9548:
9541:Betty Williams
9535:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9517:
9505:
9490:
9483:
9472:
9469:Norman Borlaug
9461:
9450:
9439:
9430:
9421:
9410:
9399:
9387:
9379:
9371:
9368:Albert Luthuli
9363:
9355:
9347:
9339:
9332:
9325:
9317:
9309:
9301:
9292:
9290:
9286:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9274:
9266:
9259:
9247:
9235:
9227:
9219:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9191:
9184:
9176:
9168:
9160:
9152:
9144:
9136:
9129:
9117:
9109:
9101:
9094:
9082:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9047:
9040:
9033:
9025:
9013:
9010:LĂ©on Bourgeois
9005:
9002:Woodrow Wilson
8997:
8990:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8953:
8945:
8933:
8925:
8913:
8906:Klas Arnoldson
8901:
8894:Ernesto Moneta
8889:
8881:
8873:
8865:
8857:
8845:
8842:Frédéric Passy
8829:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8811:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8788:
8779:
8778:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8724:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8626:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8284:Western Sahara
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8224:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8103:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7958:European Union
7950:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7922:
7920:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7795:Envoy on Youth
7792:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7769:
7767:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7650:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
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6832:External links
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3179:sexual assault
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2815:(115) and the
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7862:Legal Affairs
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7113:human rights
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6953:Peace symbols
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6948:Peace process
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3792:African Union
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3741:Mission creep
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3560:
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2922:single source
2918:This section
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2686:Yugoslav Wars
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2537:
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2522:
2515:Brief history
2512:
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2497:
2496:African Union
2492:
2490:
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2478:
2474:
2469:
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2398:
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2383:
2382:Peace-keeping
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:Michael Doyle
2355:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
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2329:post-Cold War
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2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2147:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:due to their
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:African Union
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:organizations
2059:
2055:
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2044:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
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1975:
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1918:
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1859:Warrior caste
1857:
1855:
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1847:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1829:Show of force
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Peacebuilding
1815:
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1673:Air supremacy
1671:
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1613:Islamic rules
1611:
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1593:Court-martial
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1498:
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1493:
1492:Arms industry
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1471:
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1109:Broken-backed
1107:
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985:
984:
977:
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964:
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959:
957:
954:
952:
951:Expeditionary
949:
947:
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942:
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935:
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928:
923:
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848:
845:
843:
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838:
835:
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830:
828:
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823:
822:Counterattack
820:
818:
815:
813:
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805:
801:
798:
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793:
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788:
787:
786:
783:
781:
778:
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776:
771:
766:
765:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Psychological
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
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723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
709:
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704:
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689:
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684:
683:Combined arms
681:
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669:
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654:
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629:
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560:
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556:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Fortification
520:
518:
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510:
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337:Landing craft
335:
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320:
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313:
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222:Standing army
220:
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117:
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114:pike and shot
112:
111:
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107:
103:
100:
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98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
81:
76:
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71:
67:
66:
60:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
10114:Peacekeeping
10091:
10068: /
10064: /
10049: /
10012: /
9964: /
9927: /
9923: /
9899:Barack Obama
9875: /
9860: /
9858:Grameen Bank
9845: /
9821:Shirin Ebadi
9810:Jimmy Carter
9797: /
9783:2001âpresent
9773:Kim Dae-jung
9755: /
9743: /
9731: /
9719: /
9707: /
9703: /
9701:Shimon Peres
9691: /
9617:Desmond Tutu
9599: /
9563: /
9543: /
9512: /
9500: /
9494:
9480:Willy Brandt
9394: /
9352:Georges Pire
9298:LĂ©on Jouhaux
9279:Ralph Bunche
9254: /
9242: /
9232:Cordell Hull
9173:Robert Cecil
9124: /
9089: /
9077: /
9054: /
9020: /
8942:Alfred Fried
8940: /
8938:Tobias Asser
8920: /
8908: /
8896: /
8852: /
8840: /
8838:Henry Dunant
8765:
8727:
8719:
8665:
8511:Peacekeeping
8510:
8486:Interpreters
8406:
8107:Peacekeeping
8025:organization
7926:Full members
7887:Partnerships
7773:Headquarters
7495:peacekeeping
7035:ArabâIsraeli
6933:Peacekeeping
6932:
6844:Peacekeeping
6807:
6801:
6776:
6770:
6744:(1): 57â78.
6741:
6735:
6708:
6704:
6679:
6673:
6666:At War's End
6665:
6658:
6648:
6611:
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6575:
6571:
6540:
6534:
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6485:
6479:
6457:(2): 83â99.
6454:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6417:
6401:
6390:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6302:. Retrieved
6295:the original
6290:
6278:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6234:
6214:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6154:
6142:. Retrieved
6138:
6129:
6120:
6086:
6082:
6034:
6030:
5986:
5982:
5948:
5944:
5921:. Retrieved
5911:
5902:
5892:
5883:
5874:
5837:
5821:
5811:
5804:
5794:
5787:
5777:
5770:
5758:. Retrieved
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5709:
5699:
5672:
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5644:
5632:. Retrieved
5627:
5618:
5608:
5598:
5588:
5581:
5564:
5539:
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5298:10281/458537
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5012:
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:
4981:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4915:
4906:
4884:(1): 75â94.
4881:
4875:
4865:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4813:
4807:
4798:
4792:
4783:
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4761:. Retrieved
4757:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4710:September 6,
4708:. Retrieved
4704:
4695:
4682:
4673:
4660:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4617:December 20,
4615:. Retrieved
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4567:
4541:. Retrieved
4537:"Fatalities"
4516:. Retrieved
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4490:
4469:
4441:. Retrieved
4437:the original
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4388:
4376:. Retrieved
4351:. Retrieved
4341:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4294:. Retrieved
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4212:
4209:Peace Review
4208:
4195:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4152:November 14,
4150:. Retrieved
4140:
4132:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4104:
4093:
4082:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4006:
3983:. Retrieved
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3891:
3804:
3800:
3780:
3766:
3758:
3744:
3712:
3691:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3649:Foday Sankoh
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3612:
3581:
3577:Sierra Leone
3561:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3489:, where the
3479:
3475:
3471:
3457:
3453:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3376:Burkina Faso
3312:
3297:
3289:South Africa
3258:
3240:
3231:Graça Machel
3212:
3172:
3152:
3148:
3137:Memorial in
3121:
3111:
3094:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3042:use of force
3038:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2966:
2951:
2942:
2919:
2895:
2884:In 2013 the
2883:
2868:
2854:
2824:Global South
2821:
2801:
2795:(2296), and
2754:
2746:
2714:
2707:
2683:
2628:
2625:
2594:
2570:
2566:
2549:
2529:
2509:
2493:
2482:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2372:Peace-making
2371:
2365:
2353:
2351:
2339:
2326:
2291:
2265:Sierra Leone
2247:
2212:
2194:
2183:in 1991 and
2171:
2156:
2154:
2114:
2098:
2086:Blue Helmets
2085:
2082:Blue Berets
2081:
2058:nation-state
2051:
2043:Peacekeeping
2042:
2041:
1942:Fifth column
1922:War resister
1917:Women in war
1812:Peacekeeping
1811:
1757:Arms control
1702:
1391:Mobilization
1386:Conscription
1344:Intelligence
1297:Organization
943:
872:Encirclement
752:Radiological
688:Conventional
542:Subterranean
449:Development:
448:
425:
387:
349:
312:Naval units:
311:
304:Signal corps
271:
249:Intelligence
234:Specialties:
233:
158:Organization
109:Early modern
31:Italian Army
18:
10047:Maria Ressa
10014:Nadia Murad
9729:Carlos Belo
9641:Ăscar Arias
9633:Elie Wiesel
9609:Lech WaĆÄsa
9597:Alva Myrdal
9561:Anwar Sadat
9514:Eisaku SatĆ
9447:René Cassin
9240:Emily Balch
9122:Jane Addams
8740:UNICEF club
8434:Honour Flag
8269:North Korea
8204:Resolutions
8151:Enlargement
7323:Secretariat
7186:Peaceworker
7119:(1989/1991)
7060:Middle East
6973:World peace
6938:Peacemaking
6578:: 283â301.
6327:(4): 5â43.
6179:(4): 5â43.
5656:October 23,
5634:October 23,
5122:: 283â301.
4996:February 1,
4949:: 215â232.
4922:January 26,
4763:October 31,
4738:October 31,
4595:October 23,
4574:October 31,
4543:October 30,
4518:October 30,
4512:"Civilians"
4496:October 31,
4443:October 28,
3937:October 23,
3557:third world
3497:personnel.
3491:Australians
3319:Ivory Coast
3303:Jose Mujica
3242:Gita Sahgal
3199:West Africa
3101:South Sudan
2945:August 2024
2841:great power
2837:South Sudan
2621:South Kasai
2564:(UNMOGIP).
2322:Suez Crisis
2302:Middle East
2292:During the
2261:West Africa
2234:El Salvador
2165:Chapter VII
2129:belligerent
2074:rule of law
2052:Within the
1927:War studies
1750:Non-warfare
1678:Appeasement
1643:Martial law
1482:War economy
1421:Transgender
1374:Recruitment
1134:Containment
1019:Culminating
927:Operational
847:Envelopment
790:Air assault
671:Air cavalry
631:Air defence
611:Information
512:Cold-region
477:Battlespace
426:Historical:
272:Land units:
198:Space force
193:Coast guard
126:Late modern
87:Prehistoric
10108:Categories
10025:Abiy Ahmed
9910:Liu Xiaobo
9799:Kofi Annan
9496:LĂȘ Äức Thá»
8950:Elihu Root
8728:Ex Tempore
8720:UN Special
8641:UN Mandate
8100:Activities
7706:UN Tourism
7529:UN-HABITAT
7507:OzonAction
7332:selections
6898:(category)
6139:www.un.org
5796:Al Jazeera
5519:Asia Times
4705:www.un.org
4215:(1): 1â8.
3960:October 3,
3916:October 3,
3883:References
3675:hard power
3613:While the
3487:East Timor
3440:Mirebalais
3431:Al Jazeera
3388:Madagascar
3347:North Kivu
3301:President
3219:Mozambique
3195:East Timor
3183:pedophilia
2972:Professor
2863:See also:
2761:Bangladesh
2729:See also:
2661:Since 1991
2433:See also:
2376:UN Charter
2242:Mozambique
2199:UNAVEM III
2161:Chapter VI
2144:See also:
2108:(like the
1987:War crimes
1977:Operations
1884:Foot drill
1854:Battle cry
1767:deterrence
1426:Harassment
1401:Specialism
1224:Technology
1219:Succession
1164:Liberation
1099:Asymmetric
1034:Empty fort
945:Blitzkrieg
914:Withdrawal
877:Investment
656:Camouflage
651:Biological
589:Underwater
564:Amphibious
483:Aerospace
350:Air units:
327:Submarines
136:fourth-gen
131:industrial
119:napoleonic
9753:John Hume
9532:1976â2000
9289:1951â1975
9244:John Mott
9066:1926â1950
8826:1901â1925
8815:Laureates
8600:UN reform
8402:Criticism
8300:Elections
8274:Palestine
8161:committee
7569:UN-Oceans
7517:UNEP-WCMC
7401:President
7389:President
7379:Elections
7355:President
7290:UN System
7124:military
6824:146797513
6793:145272144
6758:143556366
6725:144147291
6696:144299591
6636:156682195
6545:CiteSeerX
6502:145191919
6471:154982851
6103:144940982
6051:110533606
6003:145210823
5965:145210823
5737:April 17,
5715:April 17,
5438:116168984
5307:1540-5907
5256:232253107
5248:0020-8183
5209:1353-3312
5064:152898046
5033:202164361
4965:0022-3816
4857:229469021
4849:0007-1234
4644:: 16â28.
4466:"OHCHR -"
4400:April 17,
4378:April 17,
4353:April 17,
4333:145210823
4296:April 17,
4274:April 17,
4252:April 17,
4229:144911738
3671:President
3647:, led by
3626:demands.
3510:Norwegian
3299:Uruguayan
3246:sex abuse
3158:Criticism
2937:citations
2929:talk page
2789:Indonesia
2670:Norwegian
2646:(UNIFIL).
2443:Canadian
2207:Guatemala
2177:UNAVEM II
1874:War novel
1777:Grey-zone
1737:War games
1698:Overmatch
1648:War crime
1598:Desertion
1588:Ceasefire
1583:Armistice
1470:Logistics
1448:Mercenary
1436:Volunteer
1367:Personnel
1339:Engineers
1284:Sociology
1239:World war
1234:Total war
1214:Strategic
1204:Religious
1189:Political
1184:Perpetual
1159:Irregular
1074:Offensive
1049:Defensive
1044:Deception
1004:Attrition
857:Guerrilla
852:Formation
795:Airbridge
727:Loitering
641:Artillery
294:Artillery
244:Engineers
212:Irregular
183:Air force
29:from the
10066:Memorial
8745:Model UN
8730:magazine
8722:magazine
8651:UN Sacco
8139:drafting
8117:timeline
8112:missions
8015:archives
7631:UN Women
7619:UNU-CRIS
7470:UNCITRAL
7307:Preamble
7207:Category
7165:Category
6982:Theories
6908:Pacifism
6888:Concepts
6657:. 2004.
6594:15740415
6400:. 2014.
6341:57559356
6193:57559356
5923:July 28,
5903:BBC News
5884:BBC News
5813:ABC News
5760:July 28,
5556:71430076
5542:(1): 7.
5494:28713512
5486:21543949
5138:15740415
4973:13894244
4898:16303210
3985:April 7,
3810:See also
3790:(UNDP),
3703:campaign
3596:Tanzania
3573:genocide
3436:ABC News
3368:Tanzania
3360:Cameroon
3355:Malawian
3351:Tanzania
3273:Pakistan
3215:Cambodia
3191:Cambodia
2791:(2818),
2787:(2818),
2783:(3949),
2781:Pakistan
2779:(4856),
2777:Ethiopia
2775:(5263),
2771:(5481),
2767:(5536),
2763:(6447),
2500:genocide
2453:El Gorah
2314:Pakistan
2294:Cold War
2209:in 1996.
2047:military
1889:War song
1864:War film
1497:Materiel
1416:Children
1396:Training
1334:Medicine
1319:Doctrine
1274:Training
1209:Resource
1194:Princely
1144:Economic
1129:Conquest
1124:Colonial
1119:Cold war
1104:Blockade
989:Strategy
961:Maneuver
722:Infantry
678:Chemical
532:Mountain
492:Airborne
355:Fighters
322:Warships
277:Infantry
203:Reserves
151:Military
9873:Al Gore
8817:of the
8694:Outline
8379:Related
8259:Lebanon
8030:members
8020:charter
7970:History
7916:Members
7815:Nairobi
7450:MINURSO
7384:Members
7367:Statute
7299:Charter
7075:Ukraine
6628:2622309
6304:July 8,
5628:Reuters
3731:Somalia
3727:Eritrea
3693:UNAMSIL
3687:capitol
3683:UNOMSIL
3600:Burundi
3502:Somalia
3459:of the
3448:Cholera
3404:Senegal
3396:Nigeria
3380:Burundi
3335:Burundi
3285:Tunisia
3281:Morocco
3277:Uruguay
2811:(123),
2805:Nigeria
2644:Lebanon
2617:Katanga
2605:Belgian
2463:, 1989.
2327:In the
2300:in the
2257:UNAMSIL
2226:Namibia
2203:MINUGUA
2187:in the
2185:MINURSO
2125:neutral
2002:Writers
1997:Weapons
1962:Battles
1911:Related
1899:Wargame
1894:Uniform
1842:Culture
1623:Perfidy
1618:Justice
1539:Science
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