1648:
1385:
60:(and the related antonymy) is commonly taken to be synonymous with opposite, but antonym also has other more restricted meanings. Graded (or gradable) antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and which lie on a continuous spectrum (hot, cold). Complementary antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite but whose meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum (
827:
since both cannot be simultaneously true. On the
Aristotelian square of opposition, the A and E type propositions ('All As are Bs' and 'No As are Bs', respectively) are contraries of each other. Propositions that cannot be simultaneously false (e.g. 'Something is red' and 'Something is not red') are
929:
It is also assumed here the reference point of comparison for these adjectives remains the same in both sentences. For example, a rabbit might be fast compared to turtle but slow compared to a sport car. It is essential when determining the relationships between the lexical meaning of words to keep
417:
is bad. Other examples are "faster" and "slower" ("fast" is implied but not "slow") and "dirtier" and "cleaner" ("dirty" is implied but not "clean"). The relationship between overlapping antonyms is often not inherent, but arises from the way they are interpreted most generally in a language. There
344:, pairs of verbs which denote opposing processes, in which one is the reverse of the other. They are (or may be) performed by the same or similar subject(s) without requiring an object of the verbs, such as "rise" and "fall", "accelerate" and "decelerate", or "shrink" and "grow".
429:
An antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the antithesis of the other. A word may have more than one antonym. There are three categories of antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship between the opposed meanings.
510:
A complementary antonym, sometimes called a binary or contradictory antonym (Aarts, Chalker & Weiner 2014), is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where the two meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum. There is no continuous spectrum between
328:, pairs of words which describe opposite ends of some axis, either literal (such as "left" and "right", "up" and "down", "east" and "west") or figurative or abstract (such as "first" and "last", "beginning" and "end", "entry" and "exit")
418:
is no inherent reason that an item be presumed to be bad when it is compared to another as being worse (it could be "less good"), but
English speakers have combined the meaning semantically to it over the development of the language.
1012:
Davies, M. (2007) ‘The
Attraction of Opposites: The ideological function of conventional and created oppositions in the construction of in-groups and out-groups in news texts’, in Jeffries, L., McIntyre, D. and Bousfield, D. (eds)
80:). These more restricted meanings may not apply in all scholarly contexts, with Lyons (1968, 1977) defining antonym to mean gradable antonyms, and Crystal (2003) warning that antonymy and antonym should be regarded with care.
1063:
Lehrer, Adrienne J. (2002). Paradigmatic relations of exclusion and opposition I: Gradable antonymy and complementarity. In D. A. Cruse, F. Hundsnurscher, M. Job, & P.-R. Lutzeier (Eds.),
978:
1065:
Lexikologie: Ein internationales
Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen: Lexicology: An international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies
990:
Lexikologie: Ein internationales
Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen: Lexicology: An international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies
438:
A gradable antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. Temperature is such a continuous spectrum so
988:
Cruse, D. Alan. (2002). Paradigmatic relations of exclusion and opposition II: Reversivity. In D. A. Cruse, F. Hundsnurscher, M. Job, & P.-R. Lutzeier (Eds.),
360:), pairs in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the other describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed, such as
108:
lies at the positive pole with a missing member at the negative pole. Opposites of such words can nevertheless sometimes be formed with the prefixes
42:. It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members in a set of opposites. The relationship between opposites is known as
1544:
1419:
1032:
955:
1152:
1625:
1559:
1347:
1342:
147:
Opposites may be viewed as a special type of incompatibility. Words that are incompatible create the following type of
563:
is one of a pair of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view. There is no lexical opposite of
575:
are opposite within the context of their relationship. This makes them relational antonyms. Other examples include:
128:. Conversely, some words appear to be a prefixed form of an opposite, but the opposite term does not exist, such as
1484:
1357:
88:
Opposition is a semantic relation in which one word has a sense or meaning that negates or is, in the sense of
34:, opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that is
92:, distant from a related word. Other words are capable of being opposed, but the language in question has an
72:
are word pairs where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings (
1670:
1635:
1549:
1412:
1372:
1367:
1145:
519:
but they are opposite in meaning and are therefore complementary antonyms. Other examples include:
275:
1675:
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1524:
1519:
1499:
1362:
104:
lacks a lexical opposite, but it is fairly easy to conceptualize a parameter of devoutness where
17:
446:, two meanings on opposite ends of the spectrum, are gradable antonyms. Other examples include:
1630:
1594:
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1529:
1270:
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is a word that can have opposite meanings in different contexts or under separate definitions:
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Davies, M. (2013) Oppositions and
Ideology in News Discourse. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
8:
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1138:
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334:(or "incompatibles"), members of a set which are mutually exclusive but which leave a
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1002:
Cruse, D. Alan; & Togia, Pagona. (1995). Towards a cognitive model of antonymy.
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979:
Antonymy revisited: Some thoughts on the relationship between words and concepts
390:, a pair of comparatives in which one, but not the other, implies the positive:
1437:
93:
983:
Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization
665:
338:
unfilled, such as "red" and "blue", "one" and "ten", or "Monday" and "Friday".
46:. A member of a pair of opposites can generally be determined by the question
1664:
1316:
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141:
689:
1428:
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1111:
Semantic relations and the lexicon: Antonymy, synonymy, and other paradigms
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Opposition in
Discourse: The Construction of Oppositional Meaning
889:
Stated differently, if the proposition expressed by the sentence
730:
274:
abundantly use such devices to reduce vocabulary multiplication.
247:
Cruse (2004) identifies some basic characteristics of opposites:
97:
997:
Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics
777:
There are four types of entailment useful to lexical semantics:
1397:
1246:
1226:
985:(pp. 289–306). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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120:
appears in
Webster's dictionary of 1828, while the pattern of
1280:
1211:
1130:
720:
291:
116:, with varying degrees of naturalness. For example, the word
1070:
Lehrer, Adrienne J.; & Lehrer, Keith. (1982). Antonymy.
1190:
204:
This incompatibility is also found in the opposite pairs
896:
is TRUE, then the proposition expressed by the sentence
1052:
Lehrer, Adrienne J. (1985). Markedness and antonymy.
260:, whether the relationship may be presumed implicitly
944:
Aarts, Bas; Chalker, Sylvia; Weiner, Edmund (2014),
791:. (It is unilateral, i.e. one-directional, because
943:
393:An example is "better" and "worse". The sentence "
1662:
1099:(Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1067:(Vol. 1, pp. 498–507). Berlin: De Gruyter.
992:(Vol. 1, pp. 507–510). Berlin: De Gruyter.
254:, the occurrence of opposites as a lexical pair
180:An example of an incompatible pair of words is
159:is a different word incompatible with word X):
803:could be a dog or a cat or some other animal.)
1413:
1146:
981:. In A. J. Lehrer & E. F. Kittay (Eds.),
967:(5th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
999:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
878:are said to be in a contradictory relation.
1420:
1406:
1153:
1139:
1104:Aspects of semantic opposition in English
965:A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
505:
1120:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1113:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1092:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1085:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
974:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
947:The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar
1090:Introduction to theoretical linguistics
950:, Oxford University Press, p. 80,
14:
1663:
554:
266:, the quality of how obvious a pair is
1401:
1134:
83:
1047:Antonymy: A Corpus-based perspective
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424:
1626:International scientific vocabulary
1348:International scientific vocabulary
1343:English lexicology and lexicography
764:Incompatibility can be compared to
321:Some classes of opposites include:
24:
930:the situational context identical.
25:
1692:
1038:Jeffries, L. (2009, forthcoming)
124:could conceivably be extended to
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1427:
1383:
1127:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell
634:
1049:London and New York: Routledge.
1015:Stylistics and Social Cognition
937:
813:The party commenced at midnight
706:in a specific place, postpone;
1545:Language-for-specific-purposes
1358:Lexicographic information cost
1160:
923:
906:
883:
811:(or multilateral entailment):
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13:
1:
170: entails sentence
7:
1636:List of online dictionaries
1102:Mettinger, Arthur. (1994).
821:The party began at midnight
817:The party began at midnight
714:
140:such a word is known as an
10:
1697:
1109:Murphy, M. Lynne. (2003).
1106:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1072:Linguistics and Philosophy
696:, prohibition; permission)
1644:
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1027:33 types of Opposites. (
1373:Specialized lexicography
1118:Semantics: A new outline
1025:The Subject Of Opposite.
995:Cruse, D. Alan. (2004).
977:Cruse, D. Alan. (1992).
970:Cruse, D. Alan. (1986).
963:Crystal, David. (2003).
912:It is assumed here that
751:
212:, as can be seen below:
210:stationary : moving
100:. For example, the word
48:What is the opposite of
1363:Linguistic prescription
1123:Saeed, John I. (2003).
668:(moving quickly; fixed
38:entails that it is not
1631:List of lexicographers
1271:Hypernymy and hyponymy
1116:Palmer, F. R. (1976).
1054:Journal of Linguistics
506:Complementary antonyms
401:" does not imply that
1560:Monolingual learner's
1338:Controlled vocabulary
1276:Meronymy and holonymy
1095:Lyons, John. (1977).
1088:Lyons, John. (1968).
1081:Lyons, John. (1963).
1004:Journal of Lexicology
787:unilaterally entails
781:unilateral entailment
766:exclusive disjunction
741:Semantic differential
736:Property (philosophy)
1083:Structural semantics
710:direction, movement)
650:(to prohibit, issue
388:overlapping antonyms
354:relational opposites
237: entails
221: entails
194: entails
155:is a given word and
132:which appears to be
1600:Spelling dictionary
1510:Defining vocabulary
1353:Lexicographic error
1023:Gambino, Stephen.
825:The party commenced
808:logical equivalence
555:Relational antonyms
358:relational antonyms
70:Relational antonyms
1671:Semantic relations
1652:Linguistics portal
1485:Advanced learner's
1389:Linguistics portal
1045:Jones, S. (2002),
1042:London: Continuum.
1017:, pp. 79–100.
561:relational antonym
332:disjoint opposites
84:General discussion
27:Linguistic concept
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1286:Lexical semantics
1033:979-8-8715-3854-8
972:Lexical semantics
957:978-0-19-965823-7
434:Gradable antonyms
425:Types of antonyms
272:planned languages
32:lexical semantics
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1681:Dichotomies
1595:Specialized
1565:Multi-field
1530:Explanatory
1461:Phrase book
1169:Major terms
828:said to be
797:It's a fish
785:It's a fish
500:interesting
336:lexical gap
304:kuritjitjuu
1665:Categories
1535:Historical
1515:Electronic
1505:Conceptual
1446:Dictionary
1368:Morphology
1162:Lexicology
1078:, 483-501.
1060:, 397-421.
1009:, 113-141.
876:It's alive
868:It's alive
856:It's alive
726:Antithesis
694:punishment
652:injunction
342:reversives
326:antipodals
318:, "bad").
290:= "bad"),
234:stationary
149:entailment
122:non-person
44:opposition
1605:Sub-field
1495:Bilingual
1475:Types of
1466:Thesaurus
1436:Types of
1310:Functions
1301:Troponymy
1259:relations
1125:Semantics
1097:Semantics
898:A is not
872:It's dead
852:It's dead
840:It's dead
768:in logic.
746:Thesaurus
672:in place)
349:converses
302:"small",
282:(compare
276:Esperanto
239:It's not
223:It's not
196:It's not
172:A is not
163:sentence
56:The term
1451:Glossary
1322:Headword
1266:Antonymy
1257:Semantic
1232:Morpheme
1217:Grapheme
1200:Elements
918:referent
866:entails
858:entails
850:entails
842:entails
815:entails
715:See also
690:sanction
627: :
619: :
611: :
603: :
595: :
593:predator
587: :
579: :
547: :
545:occupied
539: :
533:entrance
531: :
525:immortal
523: :
498: :
490: :
482: :
474: :
466: :
458: :
450: :
308:Newspeak
252:binarity
142:unpaired
118:undevout
1580:Rhyming
1575:Reverse
1570:Picture
1555:Medical
1490:Anagram
1456:Lexicon
1296:Synonym
1237:Phoneme
1207:Chereme
1181:Lexicon
731:Litotes
660:command
609:servant
589:patient
577:husband
569:teacher
565:teacher
374:student
370:teacher
314:(as in
300:tjitjuu
288:malbona
264:patency
151:(where
98:lexicon
96:in its
74:teacher
58:antonym
18:Antonym
1610:Visual
1331:Fields
1247:Sememe
1227:Lexeme
1212:Glyphs
1031:
954:
799:since
704:remain
684:adhere
676:cleave
670:firmly
648:enjoin
625:parent
613:master
585:doctor
567:, but
549:vacant
541:inhale
537:exhale
521:mortal
460:skinny
362:parent
316:ungood
241:moving
144:word.
130:inept,
106:devout
102:devout
40:female
1619:Other
1540:Idiom
1281:Idiom
1222:Lemma
1186:Lexis
891:A is
752:Notes
721:-onym
708:guide
682:; to
680:split
656:order
654:; to
629:child
605:learn
601:teach
573:pupil
488:empty
480:early
472:young
468:light
452:light
448:heavy
376:, or
366:child
296:kuri-
292:Damin
270:Some
232:It's
216:It's
198:a dog
191:a cat
189:It's
165:A is
90:scale
78:pupil
1585:Rime
1242:Seme
1191:Word
1029:ISBN
952:ISBN
874:and
862:AND
854:AND
846:AND
819:AND
700:stay
678:(to
666:fast
617:come
597:prey
581:wife
571:and
529:exit
517:even
515:and
496:dull
492:full
484:late
464:dark
444:cold
442:and
382:sell
380:and
372:and
364:and
352:(or
310:has
294:has
284:bona
280:mal-
278:has
225:slow
218:fast
208:and
138:ept;
114:non-
66:pull
62:push
36:male
639:An
513:odd
476:old
456:fat
440:hot
378:buy
356:or
312:un-
136:+ *
134:in-
112:or
110:un-
68:).
30:In
1667::
1074:,
1058:21
1056:,
914:it
870:.
838::
801:it
783::
658:,
631:.
623:,
621:go
615:,
607:,
599:,
591:,
583:,
559:A
551:.
543:,
535:,
527:,
502:.
494:,
486:,
478:,
470:,
462:,
454:,
368:,
184::
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1421:e
1414:t
1407:v
1154:e
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1007:1
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415:x
411:y
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399:y
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298:(
157:Y
153:X
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20:)
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