Ottoman Empire - Knowledge

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million North Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g., Turkey and Bulgaria), whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. Economies were also impacted by the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and agriculturists. Since the 19th century, a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present-day Turkey. These people are called

5957: 5704: 5215:(r. 1808–1839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. The secularisation program brought by Atatürk ended the ulema and their institutions. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts were abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights. Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularisation, and by the 1990s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam. 3934:, was composed of the elders of the tribe. Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites (such as religious and political advisors). Later still, beginning in 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan's responsibilities. The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal, and supervision. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the 6465: 4795: 6770: 6440: 4137: 5062: 4175: 4318: 4689: 18678: 3942: 18702: 4485:

prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact. The Ottoman economy greatly expanded during the early modern period, with particularly high growth rates during the first half of the eighteenth century. The empire's annual income quadrupled between 1523 and 1748, adjusted for inflation.

5112:, which granted non-Muslim communities a large degree of political, legal, and religious autonomy; in essence, members of a millet were subjects of the empire but not subject to the Muslim faith or Islamic law. A millet could govern its own affairs, such as raising taxes and resolving internal legal disputes, with little or no interference from Ottoman authorities, so long as its members were loyal to the sultan and adhered to the rules concerning 18666: 3758: 17556: 18714: 288: 278: 268: 258: 248: 6980: 3589: 5492: 13332: 4587: 3818:

the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (

6532:), and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through 18690: 4056:. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative 4260: 4714:, though lower registries spoken by the common people had fewer influences from other languages compared to higher varieties used by upper classes and governmental authorities. Turkish, in its Ottoman variation, was a language of military and administration since the nascent days of the Ottomans. The Ottoman constitution of 1876 did officially cement the official imperial status of Turkish. 5517:, slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property, and the children of female slaves were born legally free. Female slaves were still sold in the Empire as late as 1908. During the 19th century the Empire came under pressure from Western European countries to outlaw the practice. Policies developed by various sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the 5231:

their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by the cavalrymen, they rose in rebellion. The rebellions were highly violent on both sides, but by the time the Janissaries were suppressed, it was far too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West. The political system was transformed by the destruction of the

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as the force of nationalism pushed against imperialism. The French took over Algeria and Tunisia. The Europeans all thought that the empire was a sick man in rapid decline. Only the Germans seemed helpful, and their support led to the Ottoman Empire joining the central powers in 1915, with the result that they came out as one of the heaviest losers of the First World War in 1918.

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period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...

3999: 4232:, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The Ottoman army continued to be an effective fighting force throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, falling behind the empire's European rivals only during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768. 5207:

religious hierarchy. Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire (but not including the non-Muslim millets). They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan

4998:, were either established, or saw significant growth, throughout the empire's history. However, some heterodox Muslim groups were viewed as heretical and even ranked below Jews and Christians in terms of legal protection; Druze were frequent targets of persecution, with Ottoman authorities often citing the controversial rulings of 231: 4160:, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts. 5580:) operated by religious clergy primarily served Christians, although some Muslim students attended. Garnett described the schools for Christians and Jews as "organised upon European models", with "voluntary contributions" supporting their operation and most of them "well attended" and with "a high standard of education". 4776:) with their own languages, though many non-Muslim minorities such as Greeks and Armenians only spoke Turkish. In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants often spoke each other's language. In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic 4465:

successor Bayezid, also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe, who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica. In many places in Europe, Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts, such as in Spain, after the conclusion of the

12821: 6389:), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of 12136:, p. 35 "The mosques of the classical period are more elaborate than those of earlier times. They derive from a fusion of a native Turkish tradition with certain elements of the plan of Haghia Sophia, the former cathedral of Constantinople, converted into a mosque in 1453 by Mehmet the Conqueror." 10442:

There was the ruling Ottoman group, now largely concentrated in the bureaucracy centered on the Sublime Porte, and the mass of the people, mostly peasants. The efendi looked down on "the Turk," which was a term of opprobrium indicating boorishness, and preferred to think of himself as an Osmanli. His

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Non-Muslims, particularly Christians and Jews, were present throughout the empire's history. The Ottoman imperial system was charactised by an intricate combination of official Muslim hegemony over non-Muslims and a wide degree of religious tolerance. While religious minorities were never equal under

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The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organisation developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as

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posit that the early Ottoman state was a predatory confederacy open to both Byzantine Christians and Turkish Muslims whose primary goal was attaining booty and slaves, rather than spreading Islam, and that Islam only later became the empire's primary characteristic. Other historians have followed the

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Throughout their history the Ottomans remained supporters of art and artists. Under their patronage a distinctive architectural style developed that combined the Islamic traditions of Anatolia, Iran and Syria with those of the Classical world and Byzantium. The result was a rationalist monumentality

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As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish,

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was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the

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After the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was shrinking, as Russia put on heavy pressure and expanded to its south; Egypt became effectively independent in 1805, and the British later took it over, along with Cyprus. Greece became independent, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive

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The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in

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were calligraphic monograms, or signatures, of the Ottoman Sultans, of which there were 35. Carved on the Sultan's seal, they bore the names of the Sultan and his father. The statement and prayer, "ever victorious", was also present in most. The earliest belonged to Orhan Gazi. The ornately stylized

10580: 5256:. In each locality, they governed themselves, spoke their own language, ran their own schools, cultural and religious institutions, and paid somewhat higher taxes. They had no power outside the millet. The Imperial government protected them and prevented major violent clashes between ethnic groups. 4667:

and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees—200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees arrived into the Ottoman Empire. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a

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Towards the end of the empire's existence life expectancy was 49 years, compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century. Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes. In 1785 around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from the plague

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A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 1520–1535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers, and multiplying this number by 5. For unclear reasons, the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century. An estimate of 7,230,660

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Modern Ottoman studies indicate that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the

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The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system

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s throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from

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Ethnic nationalism, based on distinctive religion and language, provided a centripetal force that eventually destroyed the Ottoman Empire. In addition, Muslim ethnic groups, which were not part of the millet system, especially the Arabs and the Kurds, were outside the Turkish culture and developed

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However, it began to rise to reach 25–32 million by 1800, with around 10 million in the European provinces (primarily in the Balkans), 11 million in the Asiatic provinces, and around 3 million in the African provinces. Population densities were higher in the European provinces,

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had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of

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among its multiethnic subjects. In any case, the need to modernise was evident to the empire's leaders by the early 19th century, and numerous administrative reforms were implemented in an attempt to forestall the decline of the empire, with varying degrees of success. The gradual weakening of the

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Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the

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The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art, and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure, and government) were adopted by the

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The Janissaries were a highly formidable military unit in the early years, but as Western Europe modernized its military organization technology, the Janissaries became a reactionary force that resisted all change. Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the Janissaries felt

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Throughout Ottoman history, there were many instances in which local governors acted independently, and even in opposition to the ruler. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. The sultan no longer had executive powers. A parliament was formed,

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By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this, the financial and political interests of the state were

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on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. In May 1913, the

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after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind

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On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman

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was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. As applied to Ottoman Turkish speakers, this term began to fall out of use at the end of the seventeenth century, and instead the word increasingly became associated with the Greek population of the

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Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols.

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The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes

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These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive; for instance, the Islamic courts, which were the Empire's primary courts, could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more

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The Janissaries had been recruited from Christians and other minorities; their abolition enabled the emergence of a Turkish elite to control the Ottoman Empire. A large number of ethnic and religious minorities were tolerated in their own separate segregated domains called millets. They were

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of 1826. Sultan Mahmud II crushed the revolt executed the leaders and disbanded the large organization. That set the stage for a slow process of modernization of government functions, as the government sought, with mixed success, to adopt the main elements of Western bureaucracy and military

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Beginning in the early 19th century, society, government, and religion were interrelated in a complex, overlapping way that was deemed inefficient by Atatürk, who systematically dismantled it after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the

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Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century. Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results, but the censuses did not cover the whole population. For example, the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. For earlier periods

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Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his

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of 1839. These reforms included the "fair and public trial of all accused regardless of religion", the creation of a system of "separate competences, religious and civil", and the validation of testimony on non-Muslims. Specific land codes (1858), civil codes (1869–1876), and a code of civil

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established a schooling system serving its members. Education was therefore largely divided on ethnic and religious lines: few non-Muslims attended schools for Muslim students, and vice versa. Most institutions that served all ethnic and religious groups taught in French or other languages.

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was a system with two main dimensions: the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The state had control over the clergy. Certain

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Bey in 1326. These earliest coins carried inscriptions such as "the great Sultan, Orhan son of Osman" Ottoman historiography has adopted 1299 as the date for the foundation of the state. 1299 might represent the date at which the Ottomans finally obtained their independence from the

5546:. Hence the ruling classes of all three polities were bilingual in varieties of Persian and Turkic. But in the century's final quarter, linguistic adjustments occurred in the Ottoman and Safavid realms defined by a new rigidity that favoured Ottoman Turkish and Persian, respectively. 11945:

It is interesting that the first Ottoman novel in Turkish, Akabi Hikayesi (1851, Akabi's Story), was written and published in Armenian letters (for Armenian communities who read in Turkish) by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), known as Vartan Paşa, a leading Ottoman man of letters and

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constituted the major Western influence on Ottoman literature in the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period had Ottoman equivalents; in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of

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The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological

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Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls—Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.

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Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th century.

4256:(New Order). The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries. Consequently, the Young Turks movement began when these relatively young and newly trained men returned with their education. 4052:. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local 4867:. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, less than a fifth of the empire's population (19%) was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Jews and Christian Greeks, Assyrians, and Armenians. 5507:

Ottoman Turks, who developed them into new forms, resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Although the predominant literary language of the Ottoman Empire was Turkish, Persian was the preferred vehicle for the projection of an imperial image.

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or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the

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that prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though it was exclusively nonfictional. One apparent exception was

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In Western Europe, the names Ottoman Empire, Turkish Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations. This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–1923, when the newly established

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their own separate nationalism. The British sponsored Arab nationalism in the First World War, promising an independent Arab state in return for Arab support. Most Arabs supported the Sultan, but those near Mecca believed in and supported the British promise.

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remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of

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system were not hereditary at first. Even after they became inheritable, land ownership in the Ottoman Empire remained highly insecure, and the sultan revoked land grants whenever he wished. Stone argued this insecurity in land tenure strongly discouraged

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is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world, as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology, through his translations of Western works.

13312: 5177:. As the largest group of non-Muslim subjects, the Rum Millet enjoyed several special privileges in politics and commerce; however, Jews and Armenians were also well represented among the wealthy merchant class, as well as in public administration. 11827:

Those words could have been readily adopted by Hovsep Vartanyan (1813–1879), the author, who preferred to remain anonymous, of The Story of Akabi (Akabi Hikyayesi), the first novel in Turkish, published with Armenian characters in the same year as

5031:, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the reign of Murad I (1362–1389). The caliphate was officially transferred from the Mamluks to the Ottoman sultanate in 1517, whose members were recognized as caliphs until the 4862:

Until the second half of the 15th century, the majority of Ottoman subjects were Christian. Non-Muslims remained a significant and economically influential minority, albeit declining significantly by the 19th century, due largely to migration and

10643:, p. 62It was true also that there was a partial linguistic amalgam of the peoples in the empire. Many Greeks and Armenians did not know their national languages and spoke Turkish alone, though they wrote it in Greek and Armenian characters. 4914:, who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans—gradually converted to Islam and brought religion to Anatolia through their migrations beginning in the 11th century. From its founding, the Ottoman Empire officially supported the 5098:) were subject to various legal restrictions, including being forbidden to carry weapons, ride on horseback, or have their homes overlook those of Muslims; likewise, they were required to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects, including the 11916:

In fact, one of the first Turkish works of fiction in Western-type novel form, Akabi Hikayesi (Akabi's Story), was written in Turkish by Vartan Pasha (born Osep/Hovsep Vartanian/Vartanyan, 1813–1879) and published in Armenian characters in

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was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture. It was performed by a single puppet master, who voiced all of the characters, and accompanied by

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was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which also educated the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the

230: 5660:) were more or less prescribed. Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge. The vast majority of Divan poetry was 6103:. It was in these centres that most important developments in Ottoman architecture occurred and that the most monumental Ottoman architecture can be found. Major religious monuments were typically architectural complexes, known as a 232: 4525:

dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in, Ottoman administrators could not see the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.

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world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School, and the first separate reconnaissance division was established. In June 1914 a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (

1720:; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged. 9892: 3638:, have argued that after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Byzantine (Roman) state and that the Ottoman Empire was in essence a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a 166: 213: 185: 6906:, Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time. Since, the Ottoman Empire is credited with the invention of several surgical instruments in use such as 6818:—who became a professor in two madrasas and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years in Constantinople before his death. 2438:, Suleiman's reign was the zenith of the Ottoman classical period, during which Ottoman culture, arts, and political influence flourished. The empire reached its maximum territorial extent in 1683, on the eve of the 11422: 5281:

or local notables. The ayan collected taxes, formed local armies to compete with other notables, took a reactionary attitude toward political or economic change, and often defied policies handed down by the Sultan.

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not just on the floors of a room but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.

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remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. "Between 1701 and 1750, 37 larger and smaller plague epidemics were recorded in Istanbul, and 31 between 1751 and 1801."

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The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.

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and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan

1943:) originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century. The word subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire's military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term "Turk" ( 3923:

Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as

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The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army. He named them as the

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Additionally, some of the greatest advances in medicine were made by the Ottomans. They invented several surgical instruments that are still used today, such as forceps, catheters, scalpels, pincers and

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reforms. It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic

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a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.

4568:(1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 11275: 6879: 3727:, which in return for accepting that control became the Ottoman Empire's largest land-holder. Despite the similarities, Stone argues that a crucial difference is that the land grants under the 13311: 5105:

which was a key source of state revenue. Many Christians and Jews converted to Islam to secure full social and legal status, though most continued to practice their faith without restriction.

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Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.

5880:). This diversity was, in part, due to Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman 3678:

who had come from East Asia to Anatolia via Central Asia and the Middle East on a much larger scale. They argued that the most important cultural influences on the Ottoman state came from

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Ottoman dynastic patronage was concentrated in the historic capitals of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul (Constantinople), as well as in several other important administrative centres such as

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and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century. Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later.

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forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic

13321: 9691: 4310:, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The 2383:) in 1453, transforming it into the new Ottoman capital, the state grew into a substantial empire, expanding deep into Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. With most of the 211: 183: 164: 11587: 4717:

The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except some regions such as

7032: 4291:(reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first 11091: 10207:

The Ottomans developed an efficient system for counting the empire's population in 1826, a quarter of a century after such methods were introduced in Britain, France and America.

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Ethnic map of the Ottoman Empire in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks, Red = Greeks, Light yellow = Armenians, Blue = Kurds, Orange = Lazes, Dark Yellow = Arabs, Green = Nestorians

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Translation Located in Tajikistan and Manuscript Production during the Abuʾl-Khayrid Annexation of Khurasan (1588–1598)". In Paskaleva, Elena; van den Berg, Gabrielle (eds.).

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cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs, and

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from seeking long-term development of their land, and instead led them to adopt a strategy of short-term exploitation, which had deleterious effects on the Ottoman economy.

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By the seventeenth century, literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks, and often, in phrases such as 'senseless Turks', used the word as a term of abuse.

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The Ottoman Empire, or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman, was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the

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onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to lose territory over the course of the next two centuries due to internal stagnation, costly defensive wars, European colonialism, and

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With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.

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was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal power of the Ottoman sultans in the future generations.

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1323/4), which was unparalleled in both Europe (e.g., the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the

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is one of the most important examples from this period. The last Ottoman period saw more influences from Western Europe, brought in by architects such as those from the

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Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of the 19th century), ordinary people had to hire

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These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

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writes that the Ottoman state centred on "a Byzantine-Balkan base with a veneer of the Turkish language and the Islamic religion". Kitsikis and the American historian

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in North Africa. In the last two centuries, usage of these became limited, though, and specific: Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated, while

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was part of Ottoman society, with most slaves employed as domestic servants. Agricultural slavery, like that in the Americas, was relatively rare. Unlike systems of

2004:, most scholarly historians at present avoid the terms "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans, due to the empire's multinational character. 12766: 6840:

rather than astronomical, leading to its destruction in 1580 due to the rise of a clerical faction that opposed its use for that purpose. He also experimented with

6517: 5120:, which was permitted to retain its autonomy and was never subject to occupation or forced conversion; even special laws were enacted to protect it from outsiders. 4206:. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using 11449: 4379:

The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century.

18558: 16068: 10719:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". 9517: 3890:) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by 2313: 18864: 10443:

country was not Turkey, but the Ottoman State. His language was also "Ottoman"; though he might also call it "Turkish," in such a case he distinguished it from

8900:

Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, "Khan, caliph, tsar and imperator: the multiple identities of the Ottoman sultan" in Peter Fibiger Bang, and Dariusz Kolodziejczyk, eds.

6141:). Ottoman constructions were still abundant in Anatolia and in the Balkans (Rumelia), but in the more distant Middle Eastern and North African provinces older 3871:. On occasion, the valide sultan became involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the " 21283: 21278: 18835: 7244:(GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Constantinople were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the 7172:

Court, diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, taught in state schools, and offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some

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dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (

155: 11350: 6439: 20388: 14187: 13543: 10879: 3906:, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in 8085: 6464: 18752: 12919: 7771: 6314:

was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite. A number of the Ottoman sultans have accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as

6080:. The last decades of the Ottoman Empire also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the 4282:

vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of

1664:(1520–1566), the empire reached the peak of its power, prosperity, and political development. By the start of the 17th century, the Ottomans presided over 193: 13186: 11997: 4415:) in 1864, as part of the Tanzimat reforms. Unlike the previous eyalet system, the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units: the vilayet, 1949:) was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In the 21273: 14117: 11272: 10804: 6926: 5471: 5718:

did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of

5668:(which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes. But there were other common genres, especially the mesnevî, a kind of 5531:

Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture. The sultans also made an important contribution in the development of Persian literature.

14197: 4306:

and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the

1953:, an educated, urban-dwelling Turkish speaker who was not a member of the military-administrative class typically referred to themselves neither as an 5608:(1334–1413). Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction: there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European 1708:. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of both territory and 13987: 8739: 1669: 8971: 2051: 21303: 11527: 10859: 10656: 7665: 7151:, including historians, believe using "Constantinople" to refer to the Ottoman-era city is "politically incorrect" despite any historical accuracy. 6956:

mills moving towards steam power. Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of

4106:, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in 18860: 11497: 7136:

in 1923, and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in 1928, the Turkish government in 1930 requested that foreign embassies and companies use

17684: 13506: 13413: 8476: 8165: 6933: 5757:, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was 4521:

that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, can be seen as one of the staging posts along with this development.

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Oleg Benesch, "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace."

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were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in

4674:. By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922, half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia. 4068: 2523: 10429: 9699: 7037: 5464: 4366: 3844: 1665: 19245: 8717: 7256:

on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the Republic on 29 October 1923, which ended the Ottoman Empire in history.

6480: 6254:, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also, sheets for albums 18221: 17094: 11874:

Written in Turkish using the Armenian alphabet, the Akabi History (1851) by Vartan Pasha is considered by some to be the first Ottoman novel.

8646:

Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results".

21318: 18816: 18384: 17763: 17479: 15116: 14944: 14859: 14598: 14229: 13570: 7027: 6764: 3459: 2407:, among other territories. Within the next few decades, much of the North African coast (except Morocco) became part of the Ottoman realm. 9310: 8391: 20681: 18855: 18773: 14316: 14017: 12031: 11706: 11671: 11660: 11308: 10974: 10835: 10619: 9815: 9250: 9206: 9093: 9001: 8030: 3617: 2306: 2019: 18782: 12063: 11178: 11144: 10524: 9931: 9774: 8259: 7980: 7933: 7891: 7852: 6397:) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were: 4605: 2353:, cutting off Asia Minor from Byzantine control. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at 18862: 18848: 18847: 18824: 18823: 18357: 17758: 16461: 14122: 13580: 13026: 12892: 11083: 9405: 4153: 3542: 3447: 767: 18856: 18819: 18791: 18778: 8569: 6033:. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional 21263: 20381: 18797: 14420: 13917: 13590: 12790:"The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart: the Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy" 10762: 7249: 7042: 6825: 6807: 6774: 5253: 5151: 5056: 4598:

for the first census held in 1831 is considered a serious undercount, as this census was meant only to register possible conscripts.

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This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the Empire, which was initially undertaken in the

3958: 3437: 2473: 2449: 2208: 1262: 754: 686: 18844: 18821: 21293: 18809: 18802: 18798: 18745: 18155: 15013: 14385: 13654: 11474: 10551:"The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey" 5223: 3797: 3747: 10905: 10447:, or coarse Turkish, the common speech. His writing included a minimum of Turkish words, except for particles and auxiliary verbs. 7798:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.).

4692:

1911 Ottoman calendar shown in several different languages such as: Ottoman Turkish, Greek, Armenian, Hebrew, Bulgarian and French

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s) to be able to communicate with the government. Some ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (

1430: 18859: 18858: 18854: 18803: 18789: 18784: 18776: 18775: 8110:) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language. 8102:

was a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (

76: 21298: 18647: 17789: 17736: 14603: 14469: 14261: 14249: 14166: 13848: 13721: 13585: 7133: 6893: 5139: 5024: 4448: 4152:

These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as

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Language was not an obvious sign of group connection and identity in the 16th century among the rulers of the Ottoman Empire,

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In the late 19th century, the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform. This process of legal modernisation began with the

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The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts was a

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Peri, Oded (1990). "The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem". In Gilbar, Gad (ed.).

11005: 10968: 10829: 10684: 10613: 10518: 10423: 10363: 10334: 10074: 10018: 9993: 9965: 9925: 9886: 9852: 9809: 9721: 9675: 9620: 9595: 9485: 9438: 9399: 9287: 9244: 9200: 9132: 9087: 9053: 8841: 8711: 8667: 8610: 8439: 8422: 8214: 8128: 8024: 7974: 7927: 7885: 7846: 7702: 7629: 6811: 6492: 6081: 3826: 3782: 518: 15348: 13219: 13059: 12188: 11903: 11861: 11814: 10690: 10369: 9550: 8220: 8176:) // Cited: p. 26 (pdf p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 6206:(Imperial Festival Books) were albums that commemorated celebrations in the Ottoman Empire in pictorial and textual detail. 5848:), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there is doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist 1763:. While the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it struggled with internal dissent, especially the 21313: 21253: 20374: 18806: 17667: 17522: 14568: 13858: 13833: 13802: 13477: 12570: 7819:

The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800

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were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (

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Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]

7659:"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." 6109:, that had multiple components providing different services or amenities. In addition to a mosque, these could include a 6009:

experimented with multiple building types over the course of the 13th to 15th centuries, progressively evolving into the

5023:

During Selim's reign, the Ottoman Empire saw an unprecedented and rapid expansion into the Middle East, particularly the

4549: 3500: 3351: 2104: 12758: 2480:. Throughout its more than 600 years of existence, the Ottoman Empire has left a profound legacy in the Middle East and 21050: 20250: 19250: 18772: 18605: 18145: 18135: 17202: 15841: 14514: 14474: 14448: 14402: 14143: 13890: 13538: 13242: 12547: 12049:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

11689:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

11643:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

10391: 9452: 8348: 7000: 6821: 5052: 4581: 4216:. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armor, using bows and short swords on fast 2465: 2258: 1815: 793: 100: 18801: 18790: 16154: 12595:

Bert Fragner, "From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure", in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper,

11366:

Karen Barkey, and George Gavrilis, "The Ottoman millet system: non-territorial autonomy and its contemporary legacy."

9510: 9340: 8624: 18894: 18843: 18150: 18097: 18035: 17723: 17706: 15106: 13772: 13689: 13679: 13523: 11696: 11650: 8253: 7738: 7241: 7227:

1 November 1922 marks the formal ending of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed VI departed Constantinople on 17 November 1922.

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that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (

5036: 4505: 3723:. Stone also argues that although Sunni Islam was the state religion, the Ottoman state supported and controlled the 3525: 3417: 2242: 2224: 1997: 1755:

hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation that had contributed to its recent territorial losses; it thus joined

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Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously; for instance, the poet

3705:

land-holding system that linked the amount of land one owned with one's ability to raise cavalry became the Ottoman

21181: 20776: 20397: 18583: 18268: 18067: 17991: 17779: 15651: 14112: 11347: 8934: 8079: 7528:

The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the

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the law, they were granted recognition, protection, and limited freedoms under both Islamic and Ottoman tradition.

3552: 1672:, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at 18828: 12957:

Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800–1870

12471: 11145:"The Divinely-Protected, Well-Flourishing Domain: The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula" 10875: 8534: 7725:. Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press. 2369:

in Asia Minor were assimilated into the budding Ottoman sultanate through conquest or declarations of allegiance.

21206: 20809: 20674: 19876: 18783: 18263: 17711: 16803: 15049: 14593: 14410: 14375: 14281: 14239: 13533: 13249: 12716:

Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb

8315: 7355: 7307: 6433:). Its origins are obscure, deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition, or possibly from an Asian source. 6318:, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of 6041:. The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain decorative arts, most notably in the use of 5555: 5249: 4683: 3801:

pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic

3610: 2484:, as can be seen in the customs, culture, and cuisine of the various countries that were once part of its realm. 2250: 2166: 1795: 1740: 1732: 421: 20452: 19038: 18812: 12929: 11584: 5198: 20993: 20826: 20764: 18838: 18822: 18405: 18102: 18057: 17971: 17949: 17862: 17255: 15628: 15131: 14234: 14060: 14001: 13607: 13399: 11989: 8055:

Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In

7504: 6547:

Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially

6010: 5982: 5968: 4903: 4501: 4240: 4213: 4169: 3085: 2059: 1542: 1486: 566: 18807: 18796: 18779: 10857:

Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions

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Change And Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Traditions

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s, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free

1748: 21201: 21110: 20314: 18811: 18781: 18494: 18211: 17932: 17474: 17089: 16503: 15465: 14507: 14453: 14303: 14293: 13787: 13575: 13430: 12888: 7022: 5994: 5974: 5510: 5303: 5295: 4944: 4884: 3875:". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the 3579: 3530: 3331: 2038: 2013: 1165: 608: 18834: 12047:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

11687:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

11641:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the Late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

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facilitated the spread of Islam into the Turkic heartland of Central Asia. Many Turkic tribes—including the

20309: 20193: 18852: 18706: 18578: 18273: 17904: 17884: 17137: 16119: 15101: 15089: 14608: 14071: 13853: 13602: 7245: 6053: 5898:

The media of the Ottoman Empire was diverse, with newspapers and journals published in languages including

4235: 3547: 2551: 670: 18813: 18787: 13273: 12638:

Ragep, F.J. (2005). "Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus: eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions".

10011:

Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660

8743: 8558:"A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century" 8285:. Probably, they were forced at the same time, or very soon thereafter, to accept the overlordship of the 2566: 1137: 21160: 21155: 20771: 20618: 20319: 19356: 18832: 18829: 18533: 18160: 18140: 18062: 17986: 17731: 17537: 16169: 15982: 15896: 15791: 15706: 15623: 15121: 14993: 14848: 14479: 14443: 14425: 14392: 14363: 13878: 13364: 11523: 10098: 8961: 7805:

was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.

6889: 6073: 5893: 5715: 5400: 5313: 5170: 4949: 4941:

school of Islamic jurisprudence, which was comparatively more flexible and discretionary in its rulings.

4918: 4876: 3427: 3215: 2578: 2477: 1803: 94: 82: 18853: 18808: 18792: 18780: 18774: 6715:, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of 4560:

to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists, such as

3667: 1673: 21216: 21211: 20667: 20587: 18814: 18256: 18231: 18109: 17959: 17796: 17784: 17650: 17023: 16129: 16044: 15633: 15531: 14138: 13443: 12801: 11501: 7533: 7516: 7140:, and that name became widely accepted internationally. Eldem Edhem, author of an entry on Istanbul in 6006: 5032: 4346: 4321: 3603: 3537: 3341: 2503: 2266: 2068: 1388: 820: 710: 18846: 18839: 18820: 15821: 13263: 8473: 8162: 5598:. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. The earliest work of Ottoman historiography for example, the 5521:

but slavery had centuries of religious backing and sanction and so was never abolished in the Empire.

5218: 21268: 21186: 20940: 20901: 20277: 19425: 18989: 18805: 18804: 18800: 18795: 18786: 18434: 18072: 18052: 17699: 16099: 15786: 15721: 15711: 15696: 15031: 14978: 14888: 13528: 13353: 10927: 8206:

The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west

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Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I

7823:

Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.

6567:

cuisines. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisine, include

5263: 20235: 20210: 20060: 19719: 19714: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18632: 18298: 17996: 17925: 17694: 16851: 15541: 15521: 15486: 15439: 15393: 14745: 14561: 14286: 14045: 14034: 13516: 8902:

Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History

8798:

Kafadar, Cemal (2007). "A Rome of One's Own: Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum".

8691: 8647: 8484: 8455: 8173: 8144: 7966: 7298: 4350: 2411: 2387:

under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan

1787: 1661: 1304: 1193: 1039: 18794: 18793: 18785: 12351: 11734: 10142:

Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi (October 1979). "Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550–1620".

5793:

movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, the influence of the

3674:, according to which the early Ottoman state was a continuation of the way of life of the nomadic 1848:(also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name 1807: 21308: 21248: 21191: 20849: 20302: 20183: 19724: 19677: 19620: 19319: 19263: 19011: 18818: 18694: 17981: 17954: 17899: 17894: 17746: 16879: 16823: 16570: 16566: 16406: 16224: 16219: 15419: 15111: 15094: 15084: 15059: 14903: 14629: 14521: 14027: 13870: 11993: 11551:"Migration into Eighteenth-century 'Greater Istanbul' as Reflected in the Kadi Registers of Eyüp" 11211: 11182: 10774: 9318: 6994: 6030: 5790: 5754: 5746: 5613: 5569: 5267: 5109: 4789: 4602:

estimates of size and distribution of the population are based on observed demographic patterns.

4552:, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with 4345:) was founded. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. The 4053: 4015: 3724: 1402: 1276: 1053: 627: 497: 20366: 18826: 17741: 12845:"First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu" 9917:

Governing Property, Making the Modern State: Law, Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria

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From the early 16th century until the early 20th century, the Ottoman sultan also served as the

4298:

However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for long. Sultan

4225: 21015: 20844: 20324: 20225: 20220: 19908: 19856: 19776: 19709: 19613: 19598: 19491: 19258: 19212: 19053: 18940: 18810: 18799: 18489: 18429: 18417: 18310: 18167: 17660: 17583: 17530: 17116: 16474: 16451: 16266: 16162: 16139: 16054: 15901: 15613: 15546: 15414: 15363: 15295: 15195: 15185: 14983: 14918: 14725: 14654: 14095: 13696: 13482: 13458: 11215: 11205: 8371: 7047: 6564: 6247: 6187: 6178:, painted to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums, was heavily influenced by the 5998: 5986: 4513:

Middle East and the Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The

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The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402–1413

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The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire

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Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day

10065:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.). 9986:

Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day

9984:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.). 9958:

Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day

9956:(1970). "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M.A. (ed.). 9915: 9876: 9781: 8243: 7960: 7917: 7875: 7836: 7460: 7006: 6945: 6452: 6398: 4561: 4553: 4518: 4492: 4203: 2995: 2469: 1791: 1728: 20143: 17552: 15275: 13337:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 29 March 2008

13010: 12884: 10270:

Pamuk, S (August 1991). "The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century".

9844: 9389: 7563:"Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States" 6859: 6794:, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of 6299: 6026: 5960: 5027:

on the early 16th century. These conquests further solidified the Ottoman claim of being an

4472: 4156:, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the 21150: 21145: 21085: 21020: 20925: 20648: 20348: 20178: 20148: 20023: 19954: 19925: 19844: 19178: 19016: 19006: 18573: 18568: 18553: 18499: 18444: 18328: 18187: 18172: 18020: 17937: 17751: 17499: 16562: 16281: 16236: 16109: 16028: 15992: 15942: 15801: 15726: 15511: 15388: 15180: 14955: 14933: 14928: 14893: 14835: 14326: 14311: 14055: 13349: 12746: 12686: 12647: 11059: 10876:

Middle East Institute: "Salafism Infiltrates Turkish Religious Discourse" by Andrew Hammond

10555: 10459:"The Ottoman Constitution, promulgated the seventh Zilbridge, 1293 (11/23 December 1876)". 9279: 9045: 8557: 7248:

under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the

7240:(10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the 6829: 6716: 6209: 6163: 6154: 6142: 6049: 6002: 5951: 5560: 5328: 5133: 5069: 4514: 4007: 3768: 3689:

suggests many continuities between the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires, such as that the

3161: 1727:

sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines, culminating in the

1500: 1360: 1081: 494: 20527: 20128: 8690:

Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia".

6925:

An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker,

6499: 6304: 6203: 6145:

styles continued to hold strong influence and were sometimes blended with Ottoman styles.

6077: 5930:

and used French-language publications, while some provincial newspapers were published in

4371: 3778: 8: 21115: 21045: 20988: 20905: 20731: 20633: 20628: 20492: 20040: 19920: 19886: 19788: 19608: 19603: 19415: 19134: 19070: 18945: 18930: 18761: 18449: 18400: 18333: 18283: 18182: 18092: 18040: 17853: 17834: 17620: 17240: 16859: 16484: 16306: 16134: 16079: 15916: 15906: 15891: 15881: 15846: 15776: 15691: 15661: 15608: 15325: 15079: 15074: 14973: 14968: 14735: 14690: 14649: 14554: 14050: 13812: 13453: 11038:

was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.

8010: 7379: 7323: 7160: 6736: 6732: 6704: 6231: 6198:

in the 15th century, while early in the following century a similar Persian academy, the

6057: 5978: 5817: 5518: 5343: 5236: 5181: 4651: 4636:

double those in Anatolia, which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and

4545: 4537: 3520: 3505: 3255: 2985: 2952: 2844: 2757: 2445: 2083: 1950: 1681: 1629: 1528: 1332: 1235: 1095: 1025: 728: 202: 174: 20462: 19756: 19746: 13487: 12690: 12683:

Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology and medicine in non-western cultures

12651: 11466: 10897: 8864:

edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 pp. 92–93

7237: 5130:, which encompassed most Eastern Orthodox Christians, was governed by the Byzantine-era 4145: 2140: 21221: 21125: 20909: 20861: 20856: 20759: 20749: 20706: 20698: 20507: 20477: 20447: 20153: 20133: 20116: 20067: 19932: 19741: 19692: 19625: 19543: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19430: 19400: 19292: 19190: 19058: 19033: 18840: 18620: 18563: 18543: 18456: 18345: 18288: 18084: 18006: 17672: 17593: 17588: 17235: 17084: 17057: 16291: 16184: 16033: 15856: 15851: 15816: 15796: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15736: 15731: 15676: 15583: 15429: 15300: 15190: 15170: 15126: 15069: 15064: 15041: 15008: 14998: 14988: 14870: 14358: 13617: 13494: 13470: 12924: 12813: 12663: 12463: 11829: 11580: 10744: 10572: 10484: 10476: 10198: 10062: 9981: 9953: 8966: 8616: 8526: 8340: 7590: 7512: 7411: 6720: 6719:

matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading clubs, according to timeline, were

6696: 6410: 6382: 6358: 5624: 5589: 5085:", such as the right to worship, own property, and be exempt from the obligatory alms ( 5082: 5081:

system, the Ottoman Empire guaranteed limited freedoms to Christians, Jews, and other "

4930: 4718: 4453: 3515: 3371: 3175: 2960: 2156: 2114: 1709: 1556: 1346: 1249: 1151: 639: 13883: 10125: 6728: 5685: 2965: 1179: 21323: 21100: 21075: 21055: 21035: 21025: 20915: 20897: 20866: 20799: 20716: 20690: 20582: 20552: 20262: 20158: 20094: 20089: 20018: 19915: 19630: 19558: 19553: 19395: 19324: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19097: 19048: 18718: 18665: 18627: 18590: 18476: 18461: 18278: 18216: 18203: 18177: 18045: 17976: 17920: 17839: 17632: 17607: 17568: 17376: 17295: 17048: 16795: 16469: 16381: 16356: 16346: 16341: 16311: 16251: 16059: 16049: 16012: 15886: 15871: 15746: 15716: 15686: 15681: 15656: 15593: 15588: 15578: 15449: 15398: 15285: 15280: 15003: 14639: 14624: 14489: 14331: 13684: 13268: 13209: 13176: 13155: 13121: 13101: 13080: 13049: 13016: 12995: 12965: 12961: 12866: 12817: 12719: 12694: 12667: 12618: 12523: 12498: 12455: 12359: 12267: 12215: 12178: 12151: 12107: 12052: 11963: 11934: 11893: 11851: 11804: 11777: 11752: 11692: 11646: 11619: 11412: 11298: 11219: 11123: 11063: 11025: 11001: 10964: 10825: 10782: 10748: 10680: 10609: 10576: 10514: 10488: 10419: 10359: 10330: 10202: 10070: 10014: 9989: 9961: 9921: 9882: 9848: 9805: 9671: 9616: 9591: 9491: 9481: 9444: 9434: 9395: 9283: 9240: 9196: 9156:"The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents, Matrakçı Nasuh" 9128: 9117: 9083: 9049: 8837: 8707: 8663: 8606: 8518: 8418: 8383: 8332: 8249: 8210: 8020: 7970: 7923: 7881: 7842: 7734: 7698: 7625: 7594: 7582: 7129: 7012: 6787: 6735:(1910) in Constantinople. Football clubs were formed in other provinces too, such as 6219: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6158: 5907: 5899: 5777: 5770: 5609: 5333: 4907: 4880: 4742: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4663:

Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the

4329: 4208: 4089: 3814: 3557: 3510: 3225: 3151: 3035: 3025: 3005: 2975: 2512: 2366: 1776: 1772: 1701: 1615: 1514: 1123: 1109: 983: 479: 411: 20: 12861: 12844: 11751:. The Ottoman empire and its heritage. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. pp. 33–37. 6195: 6022: 5956: 3774: 21090: 21005: 20950: 20920: 20871: 20831: 20814: 20804: 20739: 20711: 20623: 20613: 20562: 20542: 20442: 20111: 19898: 19893: 19849: 19836: 19766: 19734: 19729: 19593: 19588: 19570: 19531: 19464: 19447: 19388: 19378: 19373: 19314: 19270: 19240: 19200: 19183: 19166: 19129: 18880: 18548: 18516: 18338: 18293: 18236: 17889: 17812: 17627: 17341: 17321: 17099: 16875: 16863: 16855: 16843: 16819: 16811: 16799: 16780: 16733: 16635: 16598: 16489: 16426: 16421: 16386: 16336: 16261: 16241: 16201: 16075: 16039: 15957: 15781: 15551: 15496: 15459: 15434: 15424: 15358: 15310: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15210: 15205: 14898: 14644: 14348: 14107: 13905: 13438: 12856: 12805: 12655: 11562: 11256:

Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change

10778: 10736: 10728: 10564: 10468: 10411: 10190: 10151: 9751: 8697: 8653: 8598: 8510: 8324: 8289:

Numismatic evidence thus suggest that independence did not really occur until 1326.

7726: 7574: 7508: 7331: 7267: 6724: 6560: 6447: 6323: 6122: 6085: 5903: 5881: 5794: 5673: 5524: 5452: 4707: 4703: 4557: 4133:

one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favour.

4023: 3949: 3945: 3635: 3483: 3235: 3205: 3167: 2667: 2481: 2454: 2439: 1978: 1649: 1596: 1416: 1067: 997: 969: 401: 17331: 16231: 13711: 9838: 9725: 9653:

Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire

9273: 9039: 7578: 6268:, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings. 5697: 4299: 4253: 21130: 21105: 20893: 20876: 20721: 20517: 20472: 20329: 20297: 20170: 20138: 20121: 20077: 20072: 20050: 20045: 20003: 19996: 19971: 19831: 19826: 19667: 19548: 19442: 19437: 19405: 19230: 19220: 19114: 19107: 19102: 19087: 19043: 18925: 18911: 18682: 18615: 18595: 18526: 18521: 18466: 18439: 18350: 18323: 18001: 17966: 17495:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

17177: 17154: 17127: 16867: 16839: 16835: 16807: 16776: 16713: 16670: 16653: 16479: 16441: 16376: 16361: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16301: 16296: 16286: 16276: 16256: 16246: 16214: 15952: 15701: 15671: 15666: 15526: 15516: 15481: 15471: 15454: 15290: 15245: 15160: 14878: 14853: 14700: 14353: 14207: 14148: 13910: 13669: 13368: 13203: 13170: 13147: 13135: 13043: 12172: 12067: 12035: 11887: 11845: 11798: 11710: 11675: 11664: 11591: 11453: 11444: 11354: 11279: 10883: 10863: 10674: 10660: 10351: 9561: 8938: 8480: 8204: 8169: 8006: 7669: 7529: 7500: 7484: 7346: 6871: 6708: 6548: 6525: 6512: 6319: 5689: 5669: 5605: 5442: 5421: 5390: 4890: 4806: 4750: 4700: 4696: 3897: 3125: 3075: 3055: 3015: 2874: 2627: 2078: 1863: 1845: 1712:. This prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the 1318: 906: 416: 383: 19751: 12574: 11055:

A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility

10866:

Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–105

10663:

Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIA, Islam, V. 18, pp. 104–105

8765:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Introduction". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). 7689:

Edhem, Eldem (2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.).

7562: 4794: 4183: 2354: 1607:

from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern

21080: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21040: 20945: 20888: 20781: 20744: 20592: 20437: 20272: 20267: 20230: 20205: 20188: 20099: 20055: 20013: 19861: 19821: 19816: 19771: 19697: 19657: 19647: 19637: 19452: 19331: 19225: 19092: 18974: 18538: 18318: 18241: 17874: 17603: 17489: 17386: 17366: 17260: 17245: 17210: 17111: 16883: 16871: 16847: 16827: 16788: 16737: 16698: 16603: 16593: 16512: 16446: 16431: 16411: 16396: 16391: 16366: 16351: 16271: 16209: 16192: 16094: 15876: 15861: 15566: 15561: 15444: 15378: 15250: 14908: 14883: 14788: 14705: 14659: 14415: 14368: 12738: 12659: 8310: 8306: 8278: 7838:

The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c. 1760–c. 1870

7451: 7052: 6919: 6769: 6656: 6556: 6239: 6212:

covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in

5911: 5786: 5703: 5617: 5395: 5245: 5184:, as it accorded minority religious groups official recognition and tolerance. 4991: 4895: 4777: 4746: 4664: 4217: 3965: 3957:

with representatives chosen from the provinces. The representatives formed the

3838: 3675: 3646: 3639: 3095: 2346: 2192: 1780: 1760: 1724: 1705: 1608: 1472: 1458: 1444: 1207: 466: 441: 406: 362: 12809: 11566: 11049: 10732: 10568: 10194: 10155: 9495: 9448: 8702: 8658: 8078:

Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.).

7904:

Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...

6960:

as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century.

6222:. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature ( 5805: 5693: 4937:). The Ottomans were among the earliest and most enthusiastic adopters of the 4822:(customs, legal traditions, and religion) of the Ottoman Empire; the official 4136: 3695: 3658:, who emphasizes the early Ottoman state's Islamic character, seeing it as a " 21242: 21176: 20975: 20457: 20353: 20240: 20035: 20008: 19981: 19959: 19937: 19704: 19687: 19672: 19516: 19469: 19457: 19383: 19275: 19149: 19144: 19119: 19001: 18670: 18610: 18511: 18251: 18246: 17879: 17824: 17615: 17422: 17412: 17215: 17104: 17003: 16958: 16831: 16753: 16749: 16719: 16663: 16648: 16613: 16520: 16436: 16416: 16401: 15741: 15506: 15501: 14923: 14781: 14740: 14720: 14336: 14276: 14090: 13761: 13748: 13716: 13706: 13701: 12459: 10605:

Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays

8522: 8499:"Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire" 8387: 8336: 8200: 7730: 7586: 6985: 6853: 6849: 6748: 6744: 6552: 6347: 6339: 6311: 6294: 6183: 6061: 6042: 6034: 5927: 5798: 5681: 5623:

Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the

5447: 5416: 5374: 5338: 5061: 5040: 4999: 4995: 4965: 4829: 4798: 4618: 4541: 4424: 4416: 4337: 4244: 4229: 4221: 4049: 4031: 3876: 3868: 3631: 3593: 3495: 3185: 1851: 1837: 1752: 1645: 597: 491: 19781: 19761: 15270: 14533: 13973: 13379: 13140:

Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1908

12543: 11294:

Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition

9344: 8328: 6883: 4733:; Persian, only spoken by the educated; Arabic, spoken mainly in Egypt, the 316: 21135: 20965: 20836: 20754: 20638: 20567: 20547: 20245: 19986: 19976: 19942: 19871: 19866: 19793: 19583: 19565: 19526: 19521: 19501: 19496: 19368: 19361: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19235: 19173: 19154: 19139: 19075: 18642: 18600: 18226: 17677: 17401: 17187: 16815: 16757: 16741: 16703: 16555: 16525: 15831: 15353: 15315: 15215: 14798: 14222: 14192: 14082: 13922: 13900: 13807: 13499: 13448: 12870: 11722: 11700: 11654: 10405: 10090: 9475: 9428: 8620: 8602: 7353:, the common Western language among the educated in the late Ottoman Empire 6964: 6937: 6845: 6841: 6672: 6648: 6402: 6351: 6335: 6327: 6126: 6065: 6014: 5849: 5821: 5758: 5737: 5661: 5599: 5543: 5535: 5278: 5277:

At the local level, power was held beyond the control of the Sultan by the

5156: 5017: 5013: 5006:. In 1514, Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis ( 4844: 4818: 4529: 4497: 4432: 4303: 4279: 4264: 4191: 4174: 3686: 3671: 3663: 3295: 3265: 3115: 2493: 2415: 2284: 1621: 1604: 918: 505: 13373: 11691:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016. 11645:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016. 11022:

Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history

10415: 10181:

Shaw, S.J. (1978). "The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914".

8592: 8311:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 7877:

Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic

7817:

Tezcan, Baki (2012). "Ottoman Historical Writing". In Rabasa, José (ed.).

7076:

In Ottoman Turkish, the city was known by various names, among which were

6133:, or others. These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a 6048:

Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by the

6013:

of the 16th and 17th centuries, which was also strongly influenced by the

5180:

Some modern scholars consider the millet system to be an early example of

4288: 21120: 20998: 20983: 20955: 20791: 20577: 20557: 20487: 20467: 19964: 19949: 19798: 19511: 19420: 19410: 19336: 18984: 18979: 18506: 17817: 17391: 17043: 16988: 16693: 16623: 16063: 15572: 15368: 15260: 15255: 15175: 14766: 14750: 14022: 13731: 13597: 9236:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

9079:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

8196: 7077: 6828:

in 1577, where he carried out observations until 1580. He calculated the

6572: 6417: 6406: 6038: 6018: 5964: 5871: 5861: 5839: 5825: 5782: 5731: 5719: 5655: 5644: 5633: 5162: 5117: 4926: 4911: 4852: 4813: 4622: 4466: 4317: 4307: 4036: 3981: 3655: 3650: 3488: 3195: 3143: 2717: 2461: 2400: 2358: 2001: 1849: 1764: 1756: 1744: 1713: 1685: 437: 127: 46: 9367:

Law in the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law, Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions

8931: 8451: 8140: 4688: 4375:

Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1899 (year 1317 Hijri)

1660:, which marked the Ottomans' emergence as a major regional power. Under 20883: 20512: 20417: 19991: 19808: 19682: 19642: 19575: 17371: 17336: 17192: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17033: 16371: 15618: 15556: 15475: 14715: 14680: 14271: 13895: 12467: 12443: 11267:

Kemal H. Karpat, "The transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908."

10546: 10480: 9878:

Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period 1864–1914: A Muslim Town in Transition

8530: 8498: 8344: 8056: 6949: 6897: 6799: 6740: 6612: 6426: 6394: 6390: 5539: 5235:, a powerful military/governmental/police force, which revolted in the 5124: 4656: 4533: 4500:

was founded in 1856 in Constantinople. On 26 August 1896, the bank was

4469:. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants. 3941: 3713: 3305: 3275: 2677: 2598: 2533: 2342: 1221: 349: 18730: 16998: 13738: 13205:

Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State

12356:

Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set

12079:

Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 25 (PDF p. 27)

12018:

Strauss, "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire," p. 32 (PDF p. 34)

9192:

Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysis

6366: 6362: 6105: 4614: 4272: 3902: 3860:, which was established as the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, 1827: 20930: 20572: 20482: 19881: 19652: 19536: 19506: 19287: 19161: 18952: 17417: 17396: 17361: 17356: 17305: 17265: 17250: 17220: 17123: 17074: 16983: 16745: 16658: 16618: 16539: 16535: 15977: 15967: 15536: 14843: 14730: 14266: 14039: 13966: 13949: 13743: 10740: 8286: 7537: 6941: 6902: 6837: 6815: 6783: 6636: 6456: 6315: 6089: 5594:

The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and

5232: 5212: 5208: 5166: 5065: 5028: 5008: 4984:, found fertile ground in Ottoman lands; many Sufi religious orders ( 4981: 4899: 4864: 4840: 4802: 4761:

period French became the common Western language among the educated.

4569: 4477: 4395: 4292: 4081: 3853: 3285: 3105: 2392: 2373: 1751:

in 1913 that established a one-party regime. The CUP allied with the

1657: 1600: 555: 20659: 17406: 13622: 13152:

Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550–1922

12520:

Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire

12495:

Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire

11404: 10472: 9391:

Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900

8514: 8370:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

6668: 6005:

architecture and other architectural traditions in the Middle East.

5852:

wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (

3757: 1977:), or "Roman", meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former 287: 277: 267: 257: 247: 19:

This article is about the empire. For the associated caliphate, see

21140: 20935: 20532: 20522: 20497: 20432: 20427: 19282: 19065: 19023: 18962: 18362: 17689: 17448: 17381: 17326: 17275: 17230: 17079: 17053: 17028: 16978: 16953: 16770: 16583: 16547: 16531: 16114: 15997: 15987: 15806: 15305: 14577: 14065: 13797: 13511: 13385: 12789: 11987: 10676:

Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought

10327:

Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922

7206: 6911: 6632: 6608: 6604: 6584: 6580: 6529: 6370: 6361:

used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the

5919: 5491: 5271: 5147: 5108:

The Ottomans developed a unique sociopolitical system known as the

4973: 4953: 4915: 4758: 4406: 4314:

was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.

4268: 4107: 4048:. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local 3862: 3786: 3734: 3245: 3045: 2825: 2687: 2617: 2380: 2200: 1743:

under a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous

1715: 1684:, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the 1677: 1625: 366: 18372: 14217: 13822: 10356:

Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson

6874:, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities 6836:. However, the observatory's primary purpose was almost certainly 6752: 6620: 5820:

is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the

5707: 5612:, short story, or novel. Analog genres did exist, though, in both 4960:

The Ottoman Empire had a wide variety of Islamic sects, including

4730: 910: 332: 21010: 20821: 20597: 20502: 20396: 19195: 19124: 19080: 18935: 17458: 17438: 17351: 16968: 16963: 16943: 16896: 16765: 16683: 16628: 16608: 16588: 16578: 16543: 16007: 15962: 15937: 15491: 15200: 14818: 14771: 14710: 14634: 14588: 14212: 13982: 13956: 13637: 13632: 13391: 10212: 7174: 7107: 7097: 7083: 6915: 6907: 6795: 6791: 6600: 6533: 6272: 6214: 6110: 5741: 5725: 5650: 5639: 5628: 5514: 5500: 5093: 5003: 4969: 4824: 4773: 4670: 4586: 4283: 4228:

racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the

4157: 4124: 4011: 3915: 3907: 3885: 3881: 3857: 3830: 3719: 3701: 3642: 3065: 2854: 2834: 2767: 2747: 2707: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2388: 2384: 2334: 1972: 1911: 1877: 1857: 1841: 1641: 1633: 914: 902: 585: 543: 461: 120: 38: 18996: 14202: 11610:

Comstock-Skipp, Jaimee (2023). "Turk amongst Tajiks: The Turkic

10253: 10251: 9160:

Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education, Series D

8591:

Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011).

7033:

List of foreigners who were in the service of the Ottoman Empire

6624: 6537: 6334:. Compositionally, it is organized around rhythmic units called 2487: 898: 20422: 19028: 18903: 18367: 17560: 17555: 17484: 17443: 17225: 17182: 17132: 16993: 16948: 16938: 16922: 16916: 16901: 16891: 16727: 16688: 16678: 16643: 16089: 16002: 15265: 15165: 14808: 14664: 14484: 13961: 13944: 13792: 12990:

Atasoy, Nurhan; Raby, Julian (1989). Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.).

12600: 12170: 11889:

Imagined identities: identity formation in the age of globalism

11393:

Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World

10770: 10141: 10036:

An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914

9840:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

9275:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

9041:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

8440:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the 8129:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the 7800:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

6712: 6680: 6676: 6568: 6378: 6343: 6264: 6130: 6118: 6114: 6100: 6096: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5846:

The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed

5496: 5426: 5364: 5077: 4986: 4977: 4938: 4922: 4848: 4834: 4765: 4754: 4734: 4711: 4610: 4590: 4436: 4420: 4399: 4398:("lord of lords" or governor), and was further subdivided into 4383: 4199: 4195: 4179: 4085: 4045: 4019: 3972: 3409: 2914: 2884: 2807: 2737: 2697: 2404: 2396: 2362: 1993: 1811: 1798:

the Ottoman Empire, which lost its southern territories to the

1689: 1592: 806: 451: 447: 396: 353: 328: 303: 18771: 13361: 13097:

The Ottoman Centuries: the Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

12210:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman".

12102:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Ottoman".

10306: 10294: 10282: 8860:

Norman Stone, "Turkey in the Russian Mirror", pp. 86–100 from

8061:

The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

7536:

in 1565, or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as

7403: 7391: 7372: 6892:

was the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major

5926:. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities in the empire used French as a 5116:

A quintessential example is the ancient Orthodox community of

4259: 19662: 17453: 17038: 16973: 16708: 14546: 11800:

Neither Shiraz nor Paris: papers on modern Turkish literature

10248: 10236: 10224: 9797: 8282: 8273: 7312: 6833: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6628: 6616: 6588: 6576: 6541: 6281: 6277: 6170:

lost its function with the Westernization of Ottoman culture.

5914:, but there were also French-language newspapers produced in 5835: 5665: 5595: 5226:

was built in 1725 by the local Italian community of Istanbul.

5193: 5100: 5086: 4961: 4637: 4354: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4062: 3928:. The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still a 3925: 3807: 3707: 3659: 2934: 2924: 2904: 2894: 2864: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2727: 2423: 2350: 1747:, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, 341: 12606: 11892:(First ed.). : Syracuse University Press. p. 329. 11084:"Greek monastery manuscripts tell new story of Ottoman rule" 8415:

Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913

5700:(1611–1682) is an outstanding example of travel literature. 4409:

were introduced with the promulgation of the "Vilayet Law" (

2460:

The empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat in

1695:

While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a

20412: 17494: 17270: 15972: 14813: 14803: 14793: 14776: 13978: 9684: 7285: 7279: 6953: 6886:'s French astronomical work (written in 1637) into Arabic. 6691: 6640: 6596: 6592: 4428: 4094: 4003: 3892: 3802: 3679: 2607: 2474:

Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara

18872: 12745:, pp. 34–35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 12423: 10502: 10500: 10498: 9836: 9473: 9271: 9037: 7638: 7273: 6544:, and from there on spread to the rest of the population. 6017:. The most important architect of the Classical period is 5142:

designated the highest religious and political authority (

2395:

in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western

1810:

against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the

12411: 12331: 12321: 12319: 11181:. The American Forum for Global Education. Archived from 9430:

Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

7674:

Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey

6957: 6386: 6374: 3930: 2338: 12612: 12119:

that favored spatial unity and architectonic expression.

9511:"Review of 'Ottoman Nizamiye Courts. Law and Modernity'" 8926:

Ronald C. Jennings, "Some thoughts on the Gazi-thesis."

8209:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. 8063:. University of California Press. p. 92 (note 27). 6303:

Musicians and dancers entertaining the crowds, from the

5785:

can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the

4855:, and believed Sufism was the correct way to reach God. 4457:

Coins of the Sultanate of Rûm and the Ottoman Empire at

4080:

law system had been developed from a combination of the

3998: 1767:. During this period, the Ottoman government engaged in 13120:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. 12092:, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485. 11929:

Gürçaglar, Şehnaz; Paker, Saliha; Milton, John (2015).

11605: 11603: 11601: 10898:"Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism" 10495: 9775:"The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power" 9558:

Legal Traditions and Systems: an International Handbook

9016: 8784:(2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. 8016:

Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature

7624:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. 7425: 7187:

Among Greek-speaking community; spoken by some sultans.

5187: 3796:

Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the

3666:. Many historians led in 1937 by the Turkish historian 1988:

empire, a meaning that it still bears in Turkey today.

1648:

into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the

17480:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

12597:

A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East

12316: 12292: 12212:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

12104:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

11776:. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 389. 10718: 10634: 10162: 9613:

Famous Running Horses: Their Forebears and Descendants

8562:

Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic

7397: 7385: 7132:). Kostantiniyye became obsolete in Turkish after the 6940:

for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as

6218:

or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the

5993:

The architecture of the empire developed from earlier

4190:

of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the

12401: 12399: 12384: 12304: 12266:(Second ed.). British Museum Press. p. 75. 12203: 11373: 10119:"Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic" 8782:

The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power

8590: 7288: 5934:. The use of French in the media persisted until the 5841:

Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed

5676:; the two most notable examples of this form are the 4548:

policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in

4544:

of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a

4302:

distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist

3789:

between 1465 and 1856 and 1856 to 1922, respectively.

2000:

chose Turkey as the sole official name. According to

16931: 12239:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 12164: 12041: 11928: 11598: 9588:

The Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the Matchem Line

8872: 8870: 7276: 6975: 6076:

was evident in many types of buildings, such as the

12646:(125). Science History Publications Ltd.: 359–371. 12444:"Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II" 12349: 9560:. Greenwood Press. pp. 223–224. Archived from 9548: 9119:

Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire

7477: 7465: 7282: 7270: 7205:

Foreign language among educated people in the post-

5858:

Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery

4699:was the official language of the Empire. It was an 12613:Ágoston and Alan Masters, Gábor and Bruce (2009). 12522:(New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 153. 12497:(New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. 152. 12396: 12148:Sinan: Ottoman Architecture & its Values Today 9116: 8272:The Ottomans began to strike coins in the name of 7802:. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. 7436:is an archaic version. The definite article forms 6182:art form, though it also included elements of the 4044:), dynastic law, co-existed with religious law or 4024:can be initiated by either the husband or the wife 3711:system, and that the Ottoman land measurement the 1611:between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. 9801:Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans 8928:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 8867: 8819:The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1453 to 1768 8444:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages" 8301: 8299: 8297: 8133:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages" 8077: 7144:, stated that the majority of the Turkish people 4640:and five times the population density of Arabia. 21240: 12101: 12073: 12012: 11637: 11635: 10095:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes 9394:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110. 8986: 8369: 8005: 7561:McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (20 October 2015). 6832:of the Sun's orbit and the annual motion of the 5092:) required of Muslims. However, non-Muslims (or 5025:conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt 4212:, which were short but wide cannons, during the 2472:. The sultanate was officially abolished by the 2414:in the 16th century, when it stretched from the 1680:) and control over a significant portion of the 13201: 12129: 12127: 12090:Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture 11983: 11981: 11979: 11155:. Loyola University New Orleans. Archived from 11142: 10601: 10343: 10300: 10033: 9914:Mundy, Martha; Smith, Richard Saumarez (2007). 9724:. Turkey in the First World War. Archived from 9655:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–202. 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 8904:(Cambridge University Press, 2012) pp. 175–193. 8191: 8189: 8187: 8122: 8120: 8118: 7723:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 7622:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 7443: 7437: 7431: 6528:is the cuisine of the capital, Constantinople ( 6190:and painting. A Greek academy of painters, the 5967:in the 16th century and a major example of the 4349:fought on many fronts during World War I, from 4072:, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era. 13146: 12794:The British Journal for the History of Science 12718:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. 11843: 11609: 10928:"Sufism in the Ottoman Empire Research Papers" 10785:. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. 10506: 10312: 10288: 10257: 10242: 10230: 10218: 10055: 9974: 9946: 9508: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9033: 9031: 8740:"Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri – Turkish Naval Forces" 8305: 8294: 8248:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. 7038:List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings 6733:MKE Ankaragücü (formerly Turan Sanatkarangücü) 6703:The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were 5938:in 1923 and for a few years thereafter in the 5740:, a type of writing descended from the Arabic 5564:The Beyazıt State Library was founded in 1884. 4659:is one of the best preserved Ottoman villages. 4367:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire 3948:, Ottoman ambassador to the United States, in 3630:Several historians, such as British historian 1844:, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling 21284:States and territories disestablished in 1923 21279:States and territories disestablished in 1922 20675: 20382: 18888: 18746: 17538: 16170: 14562: 14538: 13407: 13112:popular history espouses old "decline" thesis 13009:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 12743:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 12571:"Karagoz, Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre" 12350:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair; Sheila S. (2009). 12280: 12209: 11931:Tradition, Tension, and Translation in Turkey 11681: 11632: 11405:Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 11113: 11111: 11109: 10824:. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–114. 10714: 10712: 10710: 10708: 9874: 9477:The Ashgate research companion to Islamic law 9228: 9226: 9224: 8446:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). 8431: 8372:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 8135:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). 7821:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. 7774:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 7721:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b). 7560: 7384:'Ottoman Authority/Governance/Rule', 7339: 6474:was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire. 5910:. Many of these publications were centred in 5472: 4410: 4060:, i.e., laws, a system based upon the Turkic 3611: 2488:Historiographical debate on the Ottoman state 2307: 1982: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1938: 1901: 1867: 1818:in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire. 1587:, historically and colloquially known as the 859:5,200,000 km (2,000,000 sq mi) 851:3,400,000 km (1,300,000 sq mi) 20345:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 17513:State with limited international recognition 12949: 12947: 12680: 12544:"Karagöz and Hacivat, a Turkish shadow play" 12511: 12343: 12124: 12021: 11976: 11616:Memory and Commemoration across Central Asia 11269:International Journal of Middle East Studies 11000:. University of Michigan Press. p. 25. 10354:. In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.). 10272:International Journal of Middle East Studies 10183:International Journal of Middle East Studies 10089: 9549:Epstein, Lee; O'Connor, Karen; Grub, Diana. 9535: 8406: 8195: 8184: 8115: 7028:List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire 6894:medical encyclopaedia from the Islamic world 6870:), an 1880 painting by the Ottoman polymath 6765:Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire 6288: 5776:Due to historically close ties with France, 4353:in the west to the Caucasus in the east and 2365:(Adrianople) in 1369. At the same time, the 1644:by the mid-14th century, transforming their 1595:centred in Anatolia that controlled much of 13208:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 13012:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800 12713: 12095: 11988:Baruh, Lorans Tanatar; Sara Yontan Musnik. 11933:. John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 5. 11771: 11500:. Michigan State University. Archived from 10124:. Istanbul Bilgi University. Archived from 10112: 10110: 10108: 9670:. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–135. 9668:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged 9502: 9372: 9028: 8825: 7684: 7682: 7471: 7113: 6072:motifs were introduced and a trend towards 5131: 5046: 4476:A European bronze medal from the period of 4360: 4182:in battle, holding the crescent banner, by 3856:, was claimed by the sultans starting with 3810:Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty. 2020:Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire 1917: 1883: 867:2,550,000 km (980,000 sq mi) 843:1,220,000 km (470,000 sq mi) 21274:States and territories established in 1299 20682: 20668: 20389: 20375: 18895: 18881: 18753: 18739: 17545: 17531: 16177: 16163: 14569: 14555: 13414: 13400: 13008: 12989: 12953: 12759:"Artist Feature: Who Was Osman Hamdi Bey?" 12429: 12171:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 11746: 11297:. Stanford University Press. p. 141. 11204:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001). 11122:. New Delhi: Vij Books India. p. 97. 11106: 10705: 9913: 9221: 8417:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. 7644: 5710:, one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets 5479: 5465: 4757:was used for Islamic prayers. In the post- 4540:in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the 4435:, to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the 3618: 3604: 2314: 2300: 286: 276: 266: 256: 246: 13074: 12944: 12860: 12787: 11990:"Francophone press in the Ottoman Empire" 11495: 11290: 11207:The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism 11203: 10956: 10461:The American Journal of International Law 10358:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 95. 10034:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1971). 9426: 9022: 8701: 8657: 8448:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy 8137:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy 8019:. Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437. 7753: 7720: 7043:List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire 6826:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 6775:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 6758: 6373:), other Middle Eastern instruments (the 6350:, which bear some resemblance to Western 5057:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 4847:. Most of the Ottoman Sultans adhered to 3959:Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire 3827:direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant 16460: 13331: 13134: 12589: 12486: 12358:. Oxford University Press. p. 379. 12261: 12139: 11960:Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış Vol. 1 11850:. New York: Facts On File. p. 440. 11467:"Historiography xiv. The Ottoman Empire" 11379: 11058:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 10995: 10817: 10513:. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69. 10324: 10116: 10105: 10069:. Oxford University Press. p. 218. 9988:. Oxford University Press. p. 217. 9960:. Oxford University Press. p. 209. 9798:Raymond Detrez; Barbara Segaert (2008). 9333: 9123:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 8689: 8412: 8245:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire 7761: 7679: 7619: 7252:was achieved through the signing of the 6858: 6768: 6690: 6516: 6298: 6162: 5973: 5955: 5702: 5559: 5490: 5262: 5224:Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul 5217: 5197: 5060: 4943: 4793: 4687: 4650: 4604: 4585: 4491: 4471: 4452: 4370: 4316: 4258: 4234: 4173: 4135: 4034:over its subjects. At the same time the 3997: 3940: 3843: 3798:state organisation of the Ottoman Empire 3748:State organisation of the Ottoman Empire 2349:. In 1326, the Ottomans captured nearby 1700:those of its chief European rivals, the 271: 21304:Former countries of the interwar period 20169: 18760: 13093: 12842: 12674: 12568: 12517: 12492: 12145: 11844:Masters, Bruce; Ágoston, Gábor (2009). 11548: 10767:Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies 10646: 10640: 10407:Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 10403: 10168: 10061: 10008: 9980: 9952: 9659: 9650: 9635: 8953: 8836:. Istanbul: The Isis Press. p. 8. 8797: 8764: 8555: 8437: 8126: 7958: 7769: 6896:. Though his work was largely based on 6536:events, and through the cooking at the 6486:A musical gathering in the 18th century 6248:illuminated and illustrated manuscripts 4843:, or politico-religious leader, of the 4010:, as depicted in an Ottoman miniature. 1640:much of Anatolia and expanded into the 932:Predecessor states and successor states 21241: 18475: 14604:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 13345:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 13041: 12917: 12546:. All About Turkey. 20 November 2006. 12325: 12298: 12286: 12133: 11885: 11796: 11561:. Louvain: Éditions Klincksieck: 165. 10797:"Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS'" 10672: 10189:(3). Cambridge University Press: 325. 10117:Kabadayı, M. Erdem (28 October 2011). 9585: 9387: 9188: 9162:. Research in Mathematical Education. 8959: 8831: 8816: 7962:Picturing History at the Ottoman Court 7915: 7873: 7816: 7655: 7653: 7613: 7134:proclamation of the Republic of Turkey 6258:consisted of illuminated calligraphy ( 5769:). It was written in Turkish but with 4449:Economic history of the Ottoman Empire 4030:The Ottoman legal system accepted the 1981:in the Balkans and Anatolia. The term 20689: 20663: 20370: 18876: 18734: 17526: 16158: 14834: 14550: 14537: 13395: 13374:Ottoman and Turkish Studies Resources 13168: 13115: 12637: 12417: 12405: 12390: 12337: 12310: 11957: 11498:"Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire" 11477:from the original on 17 November 2020 11090:. Associated Press. 21 October 2022. 11048: 10998:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography 10895: 10838:from the original on 21 November 2023 10807:from the original on 6 February 2018. 10761:Alpyağıl, Recep (28 November 2016). " 10349: 10269: 9837:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). 9772: 9766: 9692:"Petition created for submarine name" 9665: 9474:P.J. Bearman; Rudolph Peters (2016). 9341:"Balancing Sharia: The Ottoman Kanun" 9272:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). 9232: 9114: 9075: 9038:Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik (2008). 8888:The nature of the early Ottoman state 8885: 8779: 8645: 8627:from the original on 20 December 2023 8351:from the original on 19 November 2018 8241: 7834: 7688: 6880:Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci 6082:First National Architectural Movement 4122:, or judge. Since the closing of the 4098:, or consensus of the members of the 18701: 18689: 13189:from the original on 14 January 2023 13077:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition 13062:from the original on 14 January 2023 13029:from the original on 14 January 2023 12992:Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey 12895:from the original on 25 January 2019 12681:Sevim Tekeli (1997). "Taqi al-Din". 12640:Journal for the History of Astronomy 12617:. Infobase Publishing. p. 583. 12474:from the original on 1 November 2022 12441: 12372:from the original on 14 January 2023 12234: 12191:from the original on 14 January 2023 11906:from the original on 14 January 2023 11864:from the original on 14 January 2023 11817:from the original on 14 January 2023 11594:, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları (2011) 11425:from the original on 14 January 2023 11311:from the original on 14 January 2023 11117: 11094:from the original on 24 October 2022 10794: 10693:from the original on 14 January 2023 10622:from the original on 14 January 2023 10545: 10527:from the original on 14 January 2023 10510:Persian Historiography And Geography 10432:from the original on 14 January 2023 10372:from the original on 14 January 2023 10180: 9934:from the original on 14 January 2023 9895:from the original on 14 January 2023 9818:from the original on 14 January 2023 9523:from the original on 12 October 2013 9455:from the original on 14 January 2023 9408:from the original on 14 January 2023 9253:from the original on 14 January 2023 9209:from the original on 14 January 2023 9170:from the original on 11 January 2013 9096:from the original on 14 January 2023 8720:from the original on 15 January 2024 8572:from the original on 26 January 2024 8462:from the original on 11 October 2019 8262:from the original on 14 January 2023 8223:from the original on 14 January 2023 8151:from the original on 11 October 2019 8088:from the original on 24 October 2022 8054: 8033:from the original on 21 October 2022 7983:from the original on 21 October 2022 7936:from the original on 14 January 2023 7922:. Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68. 7919:Persian Historiography and Geography 7894:from the original on 21 October 2022 7855:from the original on 14 January 2023 7797: 7601:from the original on 14 January 2023 7507:" from the Ottoman victory over the 7302: 7108: 7098: 7084: 7018:Historiography of the Ottoman Empire 6052:in Western Europe, resulting in the 5854:Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr 5808:also wrote the important 1876 novel 5726: 5651: 5640: 5629: 5188:Social-political-religious structure 4780:spoke Turkish as a second language. 3980:spawned a branch of Ottoman-Turkish 3693:tax of Byzantium became the Ottoman 2361:in 1354 and moving their capital to 2345:just south of the Byzantine capital 1973: 1912: 1878: 1858: 1723:Beginning in the late 19th century, 121: 39: 21319:Historical transcontinental empires 21197:History of the Mediterranean region 13241:For a more comprehensive list, see 12550:from the original on 24 August 2019 12177:. Infobase Publishing. p. 50. 11740: 11524:"Islam and slavery: Sexual slavery" 9907: 9868: 9750:. Turkish Air Force. Archived from 9516:. Sabancı Üniversitesi. p. 2. 7650: 7620:Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (1977). 5039:(and the exile of the last caliph, 4550:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire 4394:) was the territory of office of a 4002:An unhappy wife complaining to the 3910:or the Balkans, a process known as 3781:were the primary residences of the 2464:, when its remaining territory was 1814:in the Anatolian heartland and the 13: 14599:List of current sovereign monarchs 13839:(reform and constitutional period) 13421: 13243:Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire 13236: 13202:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024). 12615:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 12174:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 12000:from the original on 16 April 2018 11962:. İletişim Yayınları. p. 19. 11847:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 11408:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 10977:from the original on 23 April 2024 10938:from the original on 23 March 2022 10583:from the original on 15 April 2021 10392:Constitution of the Ottoman Empire 9780:. pp. 177–200. Archived from 9480:. London: Routledge. p. 109. 9388:Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001). 9004:from the original on 16 March 2016 8960:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). 8767:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 8496: 8084:. Vol. 20. pp. 114–115. 7691:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7142:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 7001:Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire 6148: 5053:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire 5033:office's abolition on 3 March 1924 4582:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire 3662:state" dedicated to expanding the 2410:The empire reached its apex under 14: 21335: 13727:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts 13690:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 13282: 13045:A History of Ottoman Architecture 12918:Horton, Paul (July–August 1977). 12824:from the original on 28 July 2020 12769:from the original on 13 June 2018 9590:. Robert Hale Ltd. pp. 3–6. 9239:. Psychology Press. p. 197. 9082:. Psychology Press. p. 199. 8974:from the original on 12 July 2018 8537:from the original on 10 July 2022 8487:) // Cited: p. 36 (pdf p. 38/338) 8376:Journal of World-Systems Research 7567:Atlantic Journal of Communication 7534:declaration by the Sultan of Aceh 5985:of Ottoman architecture, showing 4506:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 3848:Ambassadors at the Topkapı Palace 3166:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as 2476:on 1 November 1922 following the 1816:abolition of the Ottoman monarchy 1741:competitive multi-party elections 21264:1923 disestablishments in Europe 21182:Bibliography of European history 20777:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 20398:States in late medieval Anatolia 18712: 18700: 18688: 18677: 18676: 18664: 18068:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 17554: 16502: 16186: 15117:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13722:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers 13380:Historians of the Ottoman Empire 13330: 13318: 13308: 13222:from the original on 21 May 2024 12911: 12877: 12836: 12781: 12751: 12732: 12707: 12631: 12562: 12536: 12435: 12255: 12228: 12082: 11951: 11922: 11879: 11837: 11790: 11765: 11747:Kastritsis, Dimitris J. (2007). 11727:Turkish Life in Town and Country 11716: 11573: 11542: 11530:from the original on 21 May 2009 11516: 11489: 11459: 11437: 11398: 11385: 11360: 11344:Comparative Civilizations Review 11336: 11323: 11284: 11261: 11248: 11235: 11197: 11171: 11136: 11076: 11042: 11014: 10989: 10950: 10920: 10908:from the original on 6 June 2013 10889: 10869: 10850: 10811: 10788: 10755: 10666: 10595: 10539: 10452: 10397: 10384: 10318: 10278:(3). Cambridge University Press. 10263: 9610: 9311:"Islamic Perspective on Divorce" 8834:Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700 8394:from the original on 20 May 2019 8066:(Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–169. 7519:by the Turkish Republic in 1924. 7266: 7163:; among Arabic-speaking citizens 6978: 6745:Turkish Fatherland Football Club 6521:Turkish women baking bread, 1790 6491: 6479: 6463: 6438: 6338:, which are somewhat similar to 6021:, whose major works include the 5312: 5169:were under the authority of the 5154:came under the authority of the 4556:in 1673 and 1740, which lowered 4295:in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire. 3767: 3756: 3587: 3130:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia) 2522: 2453:Ottoman Empire gave rise to the 2050: 1937:The Turkish word for "Ottoman" ( 1866:, the empire was referred to as 1561: 1547: 1533: 1519: 1505: 1491: 1477: 1463: 1449: 1435: 1421: 1407: 1393: 1379: 1365: 1351: 1337: 1323: 1309: 1295: 1281: 1267: 1242: 1228: 1214: 1200: 1186: 1172: 1158: 1144: 1130: 1116: 1102: 1088: 1074: 1060: 1046: 1032: 1018: 1004: 990: 976: 962: 488:1299–1876; 1878–1908; 1920–1922) 228: 209: 181: 162: 93: 75: 21294:Former countries in the Balkans 21207:History of Western civilization 20810:Christianity in the Middle Ages 18713: 17485:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 14594:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 13803:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance 12862:10.4321/S1130-14732006000200012 10174: 10135: 10083: 10042: 10027: 10002: 9830: 9791: 9740: 9714: 9644: 9629: 9604: 9579: 9467: 9420: 9359: 9303: 9265: 9182: 9148: 9108: 9069: 8944: 8920: 8907: 8894: 8879: 8862:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 8854: 8810: 8791: 8773: 8758: 8742:. 29 March 2010. Archived from 8732: 8683: 8639: 8584: 8549: 8490: 8363: 8316:International Studies Quarterly 8235: 8098:As a result, we can claim that 8071: 8048: 7999: 7952: 7909: 7867: 7828: 7810: 7791: 7522: 7493: 7328:'Sublime Ottoman State' 7259: 7230: 7221: 7212: 7199: 7190: 7181: 7166: 5981:in Istanbul, an example of the 5945: 5556:Education in the Ottoman Empire 5002:, a member of the conservative 4684:Languages of the Ottoman Empire 4575: 4128:, or 'Gate of Interpretation', 3852:The highest position in Islam, 3820: 3654:lead of the Austrian historian 2434:in the north. According to the 2326:The Ottoman Empire was founded 1733:Committee of Union and Progress 21259:1923 disestablishments in Asia 21051:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 20994:Christianity in the modern era 20765:Christianity in late antiquity 14576: 13544:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims 12920:"Topkapi's Turkish Timepieces" 11803:. Istanbul: ISIS. p. 20. 11149:The Student Historical Journal 11143:Krummerich, Sean (1998–1999). 11118:Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). 10963:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. 10957:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). 10783:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0232 10679:. Princeton University Press. 10352:"Turkey in the Russian Mirror" 9427:Streusand, Douglas E. (2010). 8594:The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 8556:Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017). 7772:"Istanbul, not Constantinople" 7747: 7714: 7554: 7540:in the Atlantic Ocean in 1585. 7396:, 'Ottoman State' and 7154: 7070: 5138:(Code of Justinian), with the 5075:In accordance with the Muslim 4904:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 4768:as "special request-writers" ( 4170:Military of the Ottoman Empire 3717:was the same as the Byzantine 3645:guise. The American historian 2986:Kingdom of Alexander the Great 665:• Upper house (unelected) 1: 21299:Former countries in West Asia 21202:History of the European Union 17475:Organization of Turkic States 14435: 12763:How To Talk About Art History 12573:. Karagoz.net. Archived from 12237:"The Ottoman Artistic Legacy" 11774:Osmanlı'da kurumlar ve kültür 8693:The Battle for Central Europe 8649:The Battle for Central Europe 7579:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439 7218:The sultan from 1512 to 1520. 7145: 7058: 7023:Outline of the Ottoman Empire 6878:In 1660, the Ottoman scholar 6848:in 1551, when he described a 5583: 5296:Culture of the Ottoman Empire 4929:, the pursuit of science and 4885:Ottoman persecution of Alevis 4805:of Islam and a member of the 4626: 4149:procedure also were enacted. 3741: 2556: 2327: 2014:History of the Ottoman Empire 1735:(CUP), which established the 1725:various Ottoman intellectuals 716: 535: 485: 322: 64: 18559:Intangible cultural heritage 17905:Southeastern Anatolia Region 17737:Proclamation of the republic 14609:List of monarchy referendums 13362:Ottoman Text Archive Project 13274:Resources in other libraries 12714:El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2015). 11331:A History of the Middle East 10795:Koru, Selim (24 July 2015). 10404:Davison, Roderic H. (1964). 10050:The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922 9365:Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H., 8413:Erickson, Edward J. (2003). 7547: 7408:, 'Ottoman Empire' 7404: 7392: 7373: 7313: 7246:occupation of Constantinople 7196:Decrees in the 15th century. 7078: 7063: 5872: 5862: 5840: 5826: 5732: 5720: 5656: 5645: 5634: 5568:In the Ottoman Empire, each 5549: 4980:, a diverse body of Islamic 4412:Teskil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi 3834: 3829:of the first Ottoman sultan 2367:numerous small Turkic states 1850: 1714: 681:• Lower house (elected) 128: 47: 7: 21314:Former monarchies of Europe 21254:1299 establishments in Asia 21161:Russian invasion of Ukraine 20772:Crisis of the Third Century 20619:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 18902: 17830:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 13988:Vassal and tributary states 13150:; Spivey, Diane M. (2000). 12214:. Oxford University Press. 12106:. Oxford University Press. 10896:Urban, Mark (4 June 2013). 10821:The Oxford History of Islam 10099:University of Chicago Press 10013:. Brill. pp. 238–239. 9920:. I.B. Tauris. p. 50. 9804:. Peter Lang. p. 167. 9722:"Story of Turkish Aviation" 8696:. Brill. pp. 277–286. 8652:. Brill. pp. 263–275. 8597:. Purdue University Press. 7478: 7466: 7426: 6971: 6932:In the early 19th century, 5995:Seljuk Turkish architecture 5894:Media of the Ottoman Empire 5604:, was composed by the poet 5576:Several "foreign schools" ( 4902:before adopting Islam. The 4877:Islam in the Ottoman Empire 4783: 4677: 4478:Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror 4459:Aydın Archaeological Museum 4224:horses (progenitors of the 4163: 3501:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 3216:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 2478:Turkish War of Independence 2183:Decline & Modernization 1804:Turkish War of Independence 10: 21340: 21289:Former countries in Africa 21217:Military history of Europe 21212:Maritime history of Europe 17661:Conquest of Constantinople 13240: 13075:Itzkowitz, Norman (1980). 12982: 12802:Cambridge University Press 12660:10.1177/002182860503600401 11585:"Has-bahçede 'Ayş u Tarab" 11120:A Concise History of Islam 10818:Esposito, John L. (1999). 10329:. Darwin Press. p. . 10313:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10289:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10258:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10243:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10231:Quataert & Spivey 2000 10219:Quataert & Spivey 2000 9638:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700 7994:newly converted young men. 7764:The First Turkish Republic 7517:abolition of the Caliphate 7398: 7386: 7365: 6762: 6510: 6506: 6292: 6246:). In the Ottoman Empire, 6152: 6007:Early Ottoman architecture 5949: 5891: 5587: 5553: 5293: 5289: 5191: 5050: 4888: 4874: 4787: 4681: 4593:under Ottoman rule in 1900 4579: 4446: 4442: 4364: 4347:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 4167: 3991: 3745: 2491: 2267:Abolition of the Caliphate 2259:Abolition of the Sultanate 2196:(late 18th and early 19th) 2017: 2011: 2007: 1825: 1654:conquest of Constantinople 1624:, founded in northwestern 1614:The empire emerged from a 1389:Principality of Montenegro 742:Conquest of Constantinople 292:The Ottoman Empire in 1914 282:The Ottoman Empire in 1739 272:The Ottoman Empire in 1683 262:The Ottoman Empire in 1566 252:The Ottoman Empire in 1481 18: 16:Turkish empire (1299–1922) 21187:Genetic history of Europe 21169: 20974: 20790: 20730: 20697: 20606: 20405: 20338: 20290: 19807: 19211: 18910: 18768: 18660: 18393: 18309: 18202: 18168:The constitutional system 18128: 18083: 18028: 18019: 17913: 17861: 17852: 17805: 17772: 17722: 17700:Second Constitutional Era 17685:Decline and modernization 17641: 17602: 17576: 17567: 17508: 17467: 17431: 17314: 17288: 17201: 17153: 17146: 17067: 17016: 16511: 16500: 16200: 16021: 15930: 15644: 15407: 15341: 15153: 15144: 15040: 15022: 14954: 14869: 14827: 14759: 14673: 14617: 14584: 14544: 14539:Links to related articles 14502: 14462: 14434: 14401: 14302: 14257: 14248: 14165: 14131: 14081: 14009: 14000: 13937: 13869: 13831: 13770: 13759: 13662: 13653: 13561: 13554: 13507:Decline and modernization 13429: 13269:Resources in your library 13015:. Yale University Press. 12810:10.1017/S0007087403005302 12788:Ben-Zaken, Avner (2004). 12518:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005). 12493:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2005). 12146:Goodwin, Godfrey (1993). 11567:10.2143/TURC.30.0.2004296 11549:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1998). 11024:. Leiden: Brill. p. 287. 10733:10.1080/01419870701491937 10721:Ethnic and Racial Studies 10569:10.1080/00905990500504871 10325:McCarthy, Justin (1995). 10195:10.1017/S0020743800033602 10156:10.1080/00263207908700415 9586:Milner, Mordaunt (1990). 9189:Karpat, Kemal H. (1973). 8962:"Center of Ottoman Power" 8915:A Bridge Between Cultures 8703:10.1163/9789004396234_014 8659:10.1163/9789004396234_013 8479:20 September 2019 at the 8168:20 September 2019 at the 8100:Şeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşı 7835:Flynn, Thomas O. (2017). 7676:. Retrieved 26 June 2013. 7530:Ottoman Sultan and Caliph 7509:Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 7472: 7455: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7415: 7092:with the Arabic suffix), 6686: 6289:Music and performing arts 6194:, was established in the 5963:in Istanbul, designed by 5801:movements was paramount. 5730:, also transliterated as 5175:Armenian Apostolic Church 4330:Ottoman military aviation 4241:Ertugrul Cavalry Regiment 3994:Law of the Ottoman Empire 3382:Decline and modernization 3332:Periods of Ottoman Empire 2457:in the mid-19th century. 1800:United Kingdom and France 1737:Second Constitutional Era 941: 937: 930: 926: 894: 890: 880: 876: 871: 863: 855: 847: 839: 834: 830: 817: 803: 790: 777: 764: 751: 738: 725: 707: 703: 695: 679: 663: 649: 645: 633: 623:• 1320–1331 (first) 621: 617: 607: 603: 591: 581:• 1517–1520 (first) 579: 575: 565: 561: 549: 531: 527: 517: 472: 460: 430: 389: 379: 309: 299: 243: 141: 113: 71: 63: 30: 18151:Ministry of the Interior 18136:Administrative divisions 17695:First Constitutional Era 17090:Timeline of the Göktürks 14746:Self-proclaimed monarchy 14035:Six Divisions of Cavalry 13571:Foreign Affairs Ministry 13376:– University of Michigan 11797:Mignon, Laurent (2005). 11411:. Infobase. p. 64. 10673:Yılmaz, Hüseyin (2018). 10602:Kemal H. Karpat (2002). 9666:Aksan, Virginia (2007). 9640:. UCL Press. p. 10. 9636:Murphey, Rhoads (1999). 9166:(1): 19–31. March 2010. 8886:Lowry, Heath W. (2003). 8503:The Geographical Journal 8485:Martin Luther University 8456:Orient-Institut Istanbul 8438:Strauss, Johann (2010). 8174:Martin Luther University 8145:Orient-Institut Istanbul 8127:Strauss, Johann (2010). 7967:Indiana University Press 7916:Spuler, Bertold (2003). 7880:. Springer. p. 50. 7770:Society (4 March 2014). 7731:10.1017/CBO9780511614972 7088:) (replacing the suffix 6934:Egypt under Muhammad Ali 6852:driven by a rudimentary 6721:Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club 6713:equestrian javelin throw 6455:, the music band of the 6084:, by architects such as 5887: 5868:Just Seventeen Years Old 5816:), while the journalist 5714:Until the 19th century, 5383:Languages and literature 5047:Christianity and Judaism 5012:), whom he considered a 4870: 4361:Administrative divisions 3900:for the Christians, the 3634:and the Greek historian 2412:Suleiman the Magnificent 2377:conquered Constantinople 1788:aftermath of World War I 1662:Suleiman the Magnificent 1305:Principality of Bulgaria 1040:Principality of Theodoro 635:• 1920–1922 (last) 593:• 1922–1924 (last) 551:• 1918–1922 (last) 506:Triumvirate dictatorship 21192:History of Christianity 18098:Parliamentary elections 17900:Eastern Anatolia Region 17895:Central Anatolia Region 17577:Ancient and Middle Ages 15014:Vatican City (Holy See) 14028:Agha of the Janissaries 13675:List of Ottoman sultans 13382:– University of Chicago 12928:: 10–13. Archived from 12262:Carswell, John (2006). 12088:"Seljuk architecture", 12066:14 January 2023 at the 12034:14 January 2023 at the 11994:French National Library 11723:Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane 11709:1 November 2022 at the 11674:1 November 2022 at the 11663:1 November 2022 at the 11452:1 November 2022 at the 11353:9 November 2019 at the 11212:Oxford University Press 10996:S. Swayd, Samy (2009). 10862:1 November 2022 at the 10775:Oxford University Press 10659:1 November 2022 at the 10507:Bertold Spuler (2003). 10009:Darling, Linda (1996). 9696:Ellesmere Port Standard 9651:Ágoston, Gábor (2005). 9115:Lewis, Bernard (1963). 8913:Sinan Ed Kuneralp, ed. 8329:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 7959:Fetvacı, Emine (2013). 7488: 7479:Othōmanikē Avtokratoria 7242:Grand National Assembly 6995:16 Great Turkic Empires 6898:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 6864:Girl Reciting the Qurān 6790:, a Greek scholar from 6725:Galatasaray Sports Club 6312:Ottoman classical music 6011:Classical Ottoman style 5997:, with influences from 5969:Classical Ottoman style 5755:Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi 5614:Turkish folk literature 5540:Abu'l-Khayrid Shibanids 5268:Hemdat Israel Synagogue 5211:. His successor Sultan 5094: 4790:Millet (Ottoman Empire) 4343:Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi 4312:Ottoman Navy Foundation 4214:Siege of Constantinople 3916: 3886: 3725:Eastern Orthodox Church 1821: 1054:Second Bulgarian Empire 498:constitutional monarchy 380:Official languages 21016:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 18269:Science and technology 18103:Presidential elections 17584:Prehistory of Anatolia 16804:Bosnia and Herzegovina 15296:Islands of Refreshment 14726:Legitimacy (political) 14230:Science and technology 13680:Roman succession claim 13289:Listen to this article 13169:Rogan, Eugene (2011). 13094:Kinross, Lord (1979). 12430:Blair & Bloom 1995 12150:. London: Saqi Books. 11886:Pultar, Gönül (2013). 11346:55.55 (2006): 6:37–55 10608:. Brill. p. 266. 10350:Stone, Norman (2005). 10144:Middle Eastern Studies 9875:Maḥmūd Yazbak (1998). 9843:. USAK Books. p. 9278:. USAK Books. p. 9233:Black, Antony (2001). 9195:. Brill. p. 204. 9076:Black, Antony (2001). 9044:. USAK Books. p. 8817:Greene, Molly (2015). 8603:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12 8242:Pamuk, Şevket (2000). 7672:. Official website of 7645:Atasoy & Raby 1989 7473:Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία 7350: 7340: 7335: 7209:/late imperial period. 7048:Ottoman wars in Europe 6890:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu 6875: 6778: 6759:Science and technology 6729:Fenerbahçe Sports Club 6700: 6522: 6342:in Western music, and 6308: 6171: 5990: 5971: 5834:). An earlier play, a 5711: 5672:and thus a variety of 5565: 5503: 5274: 5227: 5203: 5132: 5072: 4957: 4950:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque 4810: 4741:, Iraq, North Africa, 4693: 4660: 4632: 4594: 4566:Dictionary of Commerce 4509: 4481: 4461: 4411: 4376: 4325: 4275: 4248: 4186: 4141: 4140:An Ottoman trial, 1877 4027: 3987: 3953: 3849: 3685:The British historian 3553:Constitutional history 3438:Provisional government 3392:Defeat and dissolution 2542:Prehistory of Anatolia 2436:Ottoman decline thesis 2422:in the west, and from 2235:2nd Constitutional Era 2209:1st Constitutional Era 2092:Fall of Constantinople 1983: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1945: 1939: 1902: 1868: 1375:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1012:Despotate of the Morea 690:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 674:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 658:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 502:(1876–1878; 1908–1920) 160:(1829–1839, 1918–1922) 21096:Industrial Revolution 20644:Philaretos Brachamios 20315:Medieval great powers 18264:Free trade agreements 18146:Intelligence Services 17943:North Anatolian Fault 17301:Proto-Turkic language 16932:Extinct Turkic groups 15107:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14696:Criticism of monarchy 14686:Abolition of monarchy 14103:Dragoman of the Fleet 13818:Dragoman of the Porte 13608:Armenian Constitution 13495:Stagnation and reform 13116:Kuban, Doğan (2010). 13042:Freely, John (2011). 11958:Moran, Berna (1997). 11618:. Brill. p. 54. 11391:Youssef M. Choueiri, 11278:17 April 2018 at the 11271:3#3 (1972): 243–281. 10882:7 August 2018 at the 10801:The National Interest 10416:10.1515/9781400878765 9881:. Brill. p. 28. 9773:Imber, Colin (2002). 9433:. Milton: Routledge. 9343:. BBC. Archived from 8937:28 March 2020 at the 8832:Soucek, Svat (2015). 8780:Imber, Colin (2009). 7841:. Brill. p. 30. 7754:Shaw & Shaw 1977b 7662:Ottoman Capital Bursa 7503:also held the title " 7467:Othōmanikē Epikrateia 7336:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 7007:Empire of the Sultans 6963:In the 19th century, 6946:textile manufacturing 6862: 6798:. Another example is 6772: 6737:Karşıyaka Sports Club 6694: 6520: 6302: 6293:Further information: 6166: 6153:Further information: 6143:Islamic architectural 5977: 5959: 5863:Henüz on Yedi Yaşında 5706: 5563: 5494: 5266: 5221: 5201: 5064: 4947: 4797: 4706:highly influenced by 4691: 4654: 4608: 4589: 4562:John Ramsay McCulloch 4519:Treaty of Balta Liman 4495: 4475: 4456: 4374: 4328:The establishment of 4320: 4262: 4238: 4177: 4139: 4001: 3944: 3847: 2996:Kingdom of Cappadocia 2552:Palaeolithic Anatolia 1894:Sublime Ottoman State 1869:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿO 1808:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1749:leading a coup d'état 1729:Young Turk Revolution 768:Constitutional Era II 390:Common languages 32:Sublime Ottoman State 21151:European debt crisis 21146:European integration 21086:Age of Enlightenment 20926:Republic of Florence 20325:European colonialism 20310:Ancient great powers 18648:World heritage sites 18173:Turkish Armed Forces 18058:Constitutional Court 17972:Flora and vegetation 17950:Environmental issues 17938:East Anatolian Fault 17885:Mediterranean Region 17500:World Turks Qurultai 14939:United Arab Emirates 13823:Outer Palace Service 13739:Inner Palace Service 13354:More spoken articles 13172:The Arabs: A History 13118:Ottoman Architecture 12994:. Alexandria Press. 12964:. pp. 193–196. 12843:Bademci, G. (2006). 12747:University of Aleppo 12051:. Routledge, 2016. ( 11772:Murat Belge (2005). 11590:26 July 2019 at the 11504:on 11 September 2009 11456:(I.B. Tauris, 2014). 11245:(2002), pp. 173–192. 11179:"Turkish Toleration" 10556:Nationalities Papers 10301:Hamed-Troyansky 2024 9509:Selçuk Akşin Somel. 8998:dolmabahcepalace.com 8081:Archivum Ottomanicum 7693:. Infobase. p. 7668:5 March 2016 at the 7456:Оθωμανική Επικράτεια 7427:Otomanskata Imperiya 7405:Osmanean Kaysrut'iwn 7399:Օսմանեան կայսրութիւն 7314:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO 7250:Government of Ankara 6916:scalpels and lancets 6711:, horseback riding, 6210:Ottoman illumination 6155:Ottoman illumination 6050:Baroque architecture 5952:Ottoman architecture 5140:Ecumenical Patriarch 5134:Corpus Juris Civilis 5066:Mehmed the Conqueror 4898:practiced a form of 4517:, also known as the 4515:Anglo-Ottoman Treaty 4194:included Janissary, 4006:about her husband's 3162:Eastern Roman Empire 1501:Italian Tripolitania 1361:Revolutionary Serbia 1291:Caucasus Viceroyalty 1082:Despotate of Dobruja 755:Constitutional Era I 129:Devlet-i Ebed-müddet 48:Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO 21116:Revolutions of 1848 21046:Early modern France 20827:Anglo-Saxon England 20732:Classical antiquity 20634:Knights Hospitaller 20629:Empire of Trebizond 20320:Modern great powers 18762:History of Anatolia 18217:Banking and Finance 17835:History of Anatolia 17732:War of Independence 17724:Republic of Türkiye 17621:Battle of Manzikert 17241:Karachay-Cherkessia 16135:Trinidad and Tobago 16022:Commonwealth realms 15907:United Baltic Duchy 15050:Antigua and Barbuda 15042:Commonwealth realms 14736:Order of succession 14018:Classic period army 13859:Chamber of Deputies 13834:Imperial Government 13367:19 May 2024 at the 12954:Jean Batou (1991). 12932:on 22 November 2008 12891:. 3 November 2017. 12691:2008ehst.book.....S 12652:2005JHA....36..359R 12603:and New York, p. 52 12442:Atil, Esin (1973). 12420:, pp. 571–596. 12340:, pp. 605–606. 12243:on 13 February 2009 11395:(2001), pp. 56–100. 11370:15.1 (2016): 24–42. 10221:, pp. 110–111. 10131:on 28 October 2011. 8994:"Dolmabahce Palace" 8930:76 (1986): 151–161 7874:Fortna, B. (2012). 7161:Liturgical language 6788:Georgios Amiroutzes 6472:Karagöz and Hacivat 6422:Karagöz and Hacivat 6232:Islamic calligraphy 6058:Nuruosmaniye Mosque 5870:), and Naturalism ( 5850:Ahmed Midhat Efendi 5832:The Poet's Marriage 5519:Ottoman slave trade 5237:Auspicious Incident 5182:religious pluralism 4921:, which emphasized 4828:(school of Islamic 4816:was the prevailing 4538:deindustrialisation 4528:Economic historian 3668:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü 3506:History of Anatolia 3428:War of Independence 3256:Empire of Trebizond 3120:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD 2567:Mesolithic Anatolia 2450:nationalist revolts 1951:early modern period 1828:Osman I § Name 1759:on the side of the 1731:of 1908 led by the 1692:for six centuries. 1682:Mediterranean Basin 1529:Sheikhdom of Kuwait 1236:Hospitaller Tripoli 1096:Despotate of Lovech 1026:Empire of Trebizond 821:Caliphate abolished 794:Sultanate abolished 781:Ottoman coup d'état 687:Chamber of Deputies 671:Chamber of Notables 538:1299–1323/4 (first) 134:"The Eternal State" 21222:Crusading movement 21126:Russian Revolution 20961:Hundred Years' War 20857:Maritime republics 20760:Early Christianity 20750:Hellenistic period 20707:Paleolithic Europe 20508:Kadi Burhan al-Din 18274:Telecommunications 18063:Court of Cassation 17764:Multi-party period 17673:Ottoman Old Regime 17594:Byzantine Anatolia 17589:Classical Anatolia 17432:Traditional sports 17236:Kabardino-Balkaria 16856:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 13645:Translation Office 13529:2nd Constitutional 13517:1st Constitutional 13471:Sultanate of Women 13100:. Harper Collins. 12925:Saudi Aramco World 12577:on 31 January 2013 11731:G.P. Putnam's Sons 11291:Amit Bein (2011). 11258:(1996) pp. 138–142 11254:Fatma Muge Gocek, 11241:Philip D. Curtin, 10390:Article 18 of the 8967:The New York Times 8497:P., E. A. (1916). 8458:. pp. 21–51. 8309:(September 1997). 8147:. pp. 21–51. 7513:Battle of Ridaniya 7483: • 7450: • 7439:Османската империя 7410: • 7393:Osmanean Petut'iwn 7387:Օսմանեան պետութիւն 7374:Osmanean Têrut'iwn 7366:Օսմանեան տէրութիւն 7360: • 7356:Minority languages 7345: • 7330: • 7297: • 7254:Treaty of Lausanne 6876: 6779: 6701: 6523: 6411:Turkish folk music 6309: 6271:The art of carpet 6200:Nakkashane-i-Irani 6176:Ottoman miniatures 6172: 6137:agreement (Arabic 6027:Süleymaniye Mosque 5991: 5972: 5961:Süleymaniye Mosque 5940:Republic of Turkey 5763:The Story of Akabi 5712: 5708:Ahmet Nedîm Efendi 5664:in nature: either 5649:) and opposition ( 5590:Ottoman literature 5578:Frerler mektebleri 5566: 5504: 5275: 5228: 5204: 5083:people of the book 5073: 5037:Republic of Turkey 4958: 4916:Maturidi school of 4811: 4694: 4661: 4633: 4595: 4510: 4504:by members of the 4482: 4462: 4377: 4326: 4276: 4249: 4187: 4142: 4028: 3954: 3873:Sultanate of Women 3850: 3548:Diplomatic history 3460:Multi-party period 3410:Republic of Turkey 3186:Great Seljuk State 3176:Rashidun Caliphate 2961:Classical Anatolia 2579:Neolithic Anatolia 2391:, who assumed the 2115:Sultanate of Women 1998:Turkish government 1965:, but rather as a 1812:Republic of Turkey 1557:Sultanate of Egypt 1347:Kingdom of Romania 1250:Kingdom of Tlemcen 1166:Kingdom of Croatia 1152:Kingdom of Hungary 807:Republic of Turkey 640:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha 21236: 21235: 21230: 21229: 21156:COVID-19 pandemic 21101:French Revolution 21076:Habsburg monarchy 21056:Cossack Hetmanate 21036:Portuguese Empire 21026:Absolute monarchy 21021:Thirty Years' War 20916:Holy Roman Empire 20841:Bulgarian Empire 20800:Early Middle Ages 20717:Bronze Age Europe 20691:History of Europe 20657: 20656: 20364: 20363: 20286: 20285: 20251:Polish–Lithuanian 19426:Gurjara-Pratihara 18870: 18869: 18728: 18727: 18656: 18655: 18198: 18197: 18141:Foreign relations 18115:Political parties 18015: 18014: 17848: 17847: 17840:History of Thrace 17742:Atatürk's reforms 17633:Anatolian beyliks 17520: 17519: 17296:Old Turkic script 17284: 17283: 17095:Timeline 500–1300 17012: 17011: 16498: 16497: 16357:Kipchak languages 16312:Karamanli Turkish 16152: 16151: 16148: 16147: 15837:Piedmont-Sardinia 15589:Sip Song Chau Tai 15399:Thirteen Colonies 15140: 15139: 14531: 14530: 14498: 14497: 14490:Star and crescent 14161: 14160: 14157: 14156: 13996: 13995: 13933: 13932: 13685:Ottoman Caliphate 13566:Foreign relations 13323: 13313: 13250:Library resources 13215:978-1-5036-3696-5 13182:978-0-465-03248-8 13161:978-0-7914-4431-3 13127:978-1-85149-604-4 13107:978-0-688-08093-8 13086:978-0-226-38806-9 13055:978-1-84564-506-9 13022:978-0-300-06465-0 13001:978-0-500-97374-5 12971:978-2-600-04293-2 12765:. 27 April 2017. 12725:978-1-107-04296-4 12700:978-0-7923-4066-9 12624:978-1-4381-1025-7 12529:978-1-85043-760-4 12504:978-1-85043-760-4 12365:978-0-19-530991-1 12273:978-0-7141-2441-4 12221:978-0-19-530991-1 12184:978-1-4381-1025-7 12157:978-0-86356-172-6 12113:978-0-19-530991-1 12057:978-1-317-11845-9 11969:978-975-470-054-1 11940:978-90-272-6847-1 11899:978-0-8156-3342-6 11857:978-1-4381-1025-7 11810:978-975-428-303-7 11783:978-975-8998-03-6 11758:978-90-04-15836-8 11625:978-90-04-54099-6 11418:978-1-4381-1025-7 11329:Peter Mansfield, 11304:978-0-8047-7311-9 11225:978-0-19-513991-4 11129:978-93-81411-09-4 11069:978-0-8050-7932-6 11030:978-90-04-07785-0 11007:978-0-9662932-0-3 10970:978-1-4408-5353-1 10831:978-0-19-510799-9 10686:978-1-4008-8804-7 10615:978-90-04-12101-0 10520:978-9971-77-488-2 10425:978-1-4008-7876-5 10365:978-0-297-84913-1 10336:978-0-87850-094-9 10101:. pp. 31–32. 10076:978-0-19-713561-7 10048:Donald Quataert, 10020:978-90-04-10289-7 9995:978-0-19-713561-7 9967:978-0-19-713561-7 9927:978-1-84511-291-2 9888:978-90-04-11051-9 9854:978-605-4030-01-9 9811:978-90-5201-374-9 9754:on 7 October 2011 9677:978-0-582-30807-7 9622:978-1-163-19167-5 9597:978-0-85131-476-1 9487:978-1-315-61309-3 9440:978-0-429-96813-6 9401:978-0-521-00926-3 9347:on 9 October 2013 9289:978-605-4030-01-9 9246:978-0-415-93243-1 9202:978-90-04-03817-2 9134:978-0-8061-1060-8 9089:978-0-415-93243-1 9055:978-605-4030-01-9 8950:Stone, pp. 94–95. 8876:Stone, pp. 86–100 8843:978-975-428-554-3 8713:978-90-04-39623-4 8669:978-90-04-39623-4 8612:978-1-61249-179-0 8474:info page on book 8424:978-0-275-97888-4 8216:978-0-521-22310-2 8163:info page on book 8026:978-0-85773-657-4 8011:Melville, Charles 7976:978-0-253-00678-3 7929:978-9971-77-488-2 7887:978-0-230-30041-5 7848:978-90-04-31354-5 7762:Robinson (1965). 7704:978-1-4381-1025-7 7647:, pp. 19–20. 7631:978-0-521-29166-8 7464: 7448:were synonymous 7433:Отоманска империя 7424: 7383: 7371: 7327: 7311: 7303:دولت عليه عثمانيه 7130:Names of Istanbul 7013:Gunpowder empires 6927:Meshur Sheyh Dede 6741:Altay Sports Club 6705:Turkish wrestling 6500:Surname-i Hümayun 6305:Surname-i Hümayun 6220:Ottoman miniature 6204:Surname-i Hümayun 6174:The tradition of 6168:Ottoman miniature 6159:Ottoman miniature 6037:with elements of 5936:end of the empire 5882:social structures 5778:French literature 5489: 5488: 5029:Islamic caliphate 4881:Ottoman Caliphate 4745:and parts of the 3815:House of Habsburg 3779:Dolmabahçe Palace 3628: 3627: 3594:Turkey portal 3511:History of Thrace 3468: 3467: 3418:Periods of Turkey 3400: 3399: 3314: 3313: 3226:Anatolian beyliks 3152:Medieval Anatolia 3134: 3133: 3036:Kingdom of Pontus 3026:Ptolemaic Kingdom 2976:Achaemenid Empire 2943: 2942: 2816: 2815: 2589: 2588: 2324: 2323: 2254:(1918–1922) 2246:(1914–1918) 2238:(1908–1920) 2228:(1908–1922) 2212:(1876–1878) 2204:(1839–1876) 2186:(1789–1908) 2170:(1718–1730) 2160:(1703–1789) 2144:(1656–1703) 2134:(1566–1703) 2118:(1533–1656) 2108:(1453–1566) 2087:(1402–1413) 2072:(1299–1453) 1879:دولت عليه عثمانیه 1802:. The successful 1790:, the victorious 1697:period of decline 1636:. His successors 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1515:Italian Cyrenaica 1277:Hellenic Republic 1255: 1254: 1124:Kingdom of Bosnia 1110:Serbian Despotate 984:Anatolian beyliks 480:Absolute monarchy 233: 214: 186: 167: 55: 40:دولت عليه عثمانیه 21:Ottoman Caliphate 21331: 21269:Overseas empires 21091:Great Divergence 21006:Age of Discovery 20951:Late Middle Ages 20921:High Middle Ages 20832:Byzantine Empire 20815:Christianization 20805:Migration Period 20740:Classical Greece 20712:Neolithic Europe 20684: 20677: 20670: 20661: 20660: 20624:Empire of Nicaea 20614:Byzantine Empire 20607:Christian states 20563:Sultanate of Rum 20391: 20384: 20377: 20368: 20367: 20167: 20166: 19832:Austro-Hungarian 19532:Chagatai Khanate 18897: 18890: 18883: 18874: 18873: 18755: 18748: 18741: 18732: 18731: 18716: 18715: 18704: 18703: 18692: 18691: 18680: 18679: 18668: 18473: 18472: 18358:Cities and towns 18339:Turkish language 18294:Turkish Airlines 18110:Electoral system 18073:Council of State 18026: 18025: 17960:Waste management 17890:Black Sea Region 17868: 17859: 17858: 17813:Turkic migration 17759:One-party period 17628:Sultanate of Rum 17574: 17573: 17559: 17558: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17524: 17523: 17342:Tibetan Buddhism 17322:Turkic mythology 17203:Autonomous areas 17155:Sovereign states 17151: 17150: 16929: 16928: 16911: 16886: 16783: 16760: 16722: 16673: 16638: 16599:Crimean Karaites 16573: 16550: 16506: 16458: 16457: 16337:Khorasani Turkic 16191: 16190: 16189: 16179: 16172: 16165: 16156: 16155: 16076:Irish Free State 15842:Poland–Lithuania 15151: 15150: 15102:Papua New Guinea 14832: 14831: 14571: 14564: 14557: 14548: 14547: 14535: 14534: 14262:Social structure 14255: 14254: 14108:Imperial Arsenal 14007: 14006: 13841: 13780: 13778:(classic period) 13773:Imperial Council 13768: 13767: 13660: 13659: 13559: 13558: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13393: 13392: 13344: 13342: 13334: 13333: 13325: 13324: 13315: 13314: 13302: 13300: 13296: 13290: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13165: 13148:Quataert, Donald 13143: 13136:Quataert, Donald 13131: 13111: 13090: 13071: 13069: 13067: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13005: 12976: 12975: 12951: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12902: 12900: 12885:"Ottoman Empire" 12881: 12875: 12874: 12864: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12755: 12749: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12610: 12604: 12593: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12566: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12515: 12509: 12508: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12439: 12433: 12427: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12394: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12323: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12143: 12137: 12131: 12122: 12121: 12099: 12093: 12086: 12080: 12077: 12071: 12045: 12039: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12005: 11985: 11974: 11973: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11926: 11920: 11919: 11913: 11911: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11869: 11841: 11835: 11834: 11824: 11822: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11744: 11738: 11720: 11714: 11685: 11679: 11639: 11630: 11629: 11607: 11596: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11463: 11457: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11402: 11396: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11371: 11364: 11358: 11340: 11334: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11288: 11282: 11265: 11259: 11252: 11246: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11185:on 20 March 2001 11175: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11115: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11046: 11040: 11018: 11012: 11011: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10893: 10887: 10878:, 22 July 2015. 10873: 10867: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10792: 10786: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10716: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10670: 10664: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10504: 10493: 10492: 10467:(4): 376. 1908. 10456: 10450: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10401: 10395: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10246: 10240: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10123: 10114: 10103: 10102: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10059: 10053: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9787:on 26 July 2014. 9786: 9779: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9702:on 23 April 2008 9698:. 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Archived from 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9230: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9122: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9035: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8924: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8883: 8877: 8874: 8865: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8746:on 29 March 2010 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8705: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8661: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8494: 8488: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8303: 8292: 8291: 8269: 8267: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8193: 8182: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8124: 8113: 8112: 8095: 8093: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8007:Yarshater, Ehsan 8003: 7997: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7899: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7767: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7686: 7677: 7657: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7558: 7541: 7526: 7520: 7497: 7491: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7447: 7446: 7445:Османска империя 7441: 7440: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7416:Османска империя 7407: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7370:romanized: 7369: 7367: 7362:Western Armenian 7343: 7322: 7320: 7306: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7263: 7257: 7238:Treaty of Sèvres 7234: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7179: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7074: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6868:Kuran Okuyan Kız 6814:originally from 6784:Sultan Mehmet II 6551:, and including 6495: 6483: 6470:The shadow play 6467: 6442: 6416:The traditional 6226:), calligraphy ( 6192:Nakkashane-i-Rum 6086:Mimar Kemaleddin 6078:Dolmabaçe Palace 5875: 5865: 5843: 5829: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5678:Leyli and Majnun 5674:narrative poetry 5659: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5316: 5300: 5299: 5137: 5097: 4919:Islamic theology 4727:Megleno-Romanian 4631: 4630: 1880–1893 4628: 4414: 4146:Edict of Gülhane 4100:Muslim community 3946:Yusuf Ziya Pasha 3919: 3889: 3836: 3824: 3823: 1918–1922 3822: 3771: 3760: 3636:Dimitri Kitsikis 3620: 3613: 3606: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3558:Cultural history 3543:Military history 3538:Economic history 3484:Turkic migration 3448:One-party period 3424: 3423: 3338: 3337: 3236:County of Edessa 3206:Sultanate of Rum 3168:Empire of Nicaea 3158: 3157: 2972: 2971: 2966:Classical Thrace 2831: 2830: 2668:Achaeans (Homer) 2604: 2603: 2571:c. 11,000– 2558: 2548: 2547: 2526: 2516: 2498: 2497: 2482:Southeast Europe 2455:Eastern Question 2440:Battle of Vienna 2426:in the south to 2341:in northwestern 2332: 2329: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2271: 2263: 2255: 2247: 2239: 2229: 2213: 2205: 2197: 2187: 2171: 2161: 2145: 2135: 2119: 2109: 2088: 2073: 2054: 2024: 2023: 1986: 1979:Byzantine Empire 1976: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1836:is a historical 1719: 1650:Byzantine Empire 1597:Southeast Europe 1565: 1564: 1551: 1550: 1543:Kingdom of Yemen 1537: 1536: 1523: 1522: 1509: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1481: 1480: 1467: 1466: 1453: 1452: 1439: 1438: 1425: 1424: 1417:Kingdom of Hejaz 1411: 1410: 1397: 1396: 1383: 1382: 1369: 1368: 1355: 1354: 1341: 1340: 1327: 1326: 1313: 1312: 1299: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1271: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1246: 1245: 1232: 1231: 1218: 1217: 1204: 1203: 1194:Mamluk Sultanate 1190: 1189: 1176: 1175: 1162: 1161: 1148: 1147: 1134: 1133: 1120: 1119: 1106: 1105: 1092: 1091: 1078: 1077: 1068:Tsardom of Vidin 1064: 1063: 1050: 1049: 1036: 1035: 1022: 1021: 1008: 1007: 998:Byzantine Empire 994: 993: 980: 979: 970:Sultanate of Rum 966: 965: 959: 958: 943: 942: 928: 927: 721: 718: 691: 675: 659: 655:General Assembly 539: 537: 487: 324: 293: 290: 283: 280: 273: 270: 263: 260: 253: 250: 235: 234: 216: 215: 188: 187: 169: 168: 131: 124: 123: 106: 97: 88: 79: 66: 54: 45: 42: 41: 28: 27: 21339: 21338: 21334: 21333: 21332: 21330: 21329: 21328: 21239: 21238: 21237: 21232: 21231: 21226: 21165: 21131:Interwar period 21106:Napoleonic Wars 20970: 20941:Mongol invasion 20894:Crown of Aragon 20786: 20726: 20722:Iron Age Europe 20693: 20688: 20658: 20653: 20649:Zaccaria family 20602: 20401: 20395: 20365: 20360: 20349:American Empire 20334: 20330:African empires 20282: 20165: 19857:Central African 19803: 19621:Romano-Germanic 19207: 18941:Middle Assyrian 18914: 18906: 18901: 18871: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18764: 18759: 18729: 18724: 18652: 18471: 18467:Women in Turkey 18435:Law enforcement 18389: 18385:Life expectancy 18351:Islam in Turkey 18305: 18194: 18156:National Police 18124: 18079: 18011: 18002:Turkish Riviera 17909: 17866: 17865: 17844: 17801: 17768: 17747:Language reform 17718: 17637: 17598: 17563: 17553: 17551: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17504: 17463: 17427: 17310: 17280: 17197: 17178:Northern Cyprus 17142: 17128:Altai Mountains 17063: 17008: 16927: 16907: 16852:North Macedonia 16794: 16775: 16732: 16718: 16714:Siberian Tatars 16669: 16654:Khorasani Turks 16634: 16561: 16530: 16507: 16494: 16456: 16377:Ottoman Turkish 16297:Karachay-Balkar 16196: 16187: 16185: 16183: 16153: 16144: 16069:princely states 16017: 15953:Kingdom of Fiji 15926: 15672:Austria-Hungary 15640: 15403: 15337: 15136: 15122:Solomon Islands 15036: 15018: 14950: 14865: 14823: 14755: 14701:Democratization 14669: 14613: 14580: 14575: 14540: 14532: 14527: 14494: 14458: 14430: 14397: 14298: 14287:Ottoman Turkish 14244: 14153: 14127: 14077: 14072:Modernized army 14056:Sekban-i Djedid 13992: 13929: 13884:Shaykh al-Islām 13865: 13842: 13837: 13836: 13827: 13781: 13776: 13775: 13755: 13670:Ottoman dynasty 13649: 13550: 13425: 13420: 13369:Wayback Machine 13358: 13357: 13346: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13328: 13319: 13309: 13304: 13298: 13294: 13293: 13292:(2 parts, 13291: 13288: 13285: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13258: 13257: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13237:Further reading 13234: 13225: 13223: 13216: 13192: 13190: 13183: 13162: 13128: 13108: 13087: 13065: 13063: 13056: 13032: 13030: 13023: 13002: 12985: 12980: 12979: 12972: 12952: 12945: 12935: 12933: 12916: 12912: 12898: 12896: 12883: 12882: 12878: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12737: 12733: 12726: 12712: 12708: 12701: 12679: 12675: 12636: 12632: 12625: 12611: 12607: 12594: 12590: 12580: 12578: 12567: 12563: 12553: 12551: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12530: 12516: 12512: 12505: 12491: 12487: 12477: 12475: 12440: 12436: 12428: 12424: 12416: 12412: 12404: 12397: 12389: 12385: 12375: 12373: 12366: 12348: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12324: 12317: 12309: 12305: 12297: 12293: 12285: 12281: 12274: 12260: 12256: 12246: 12244: 12233: 12229: 12222: 12208: 12204: 12194: 12192: 12185: 12169: 12165: 12158: 12144: 12140: 12132: 12125: 12114: 12100: 12096: 12087: 12083: 12078: 12074: 12068:Wayback Machine 12046: 12042: 12036:Wayback Machine 12026: 12022: 12017: 12013: 12003: 12001: 11986: 11977: 11970: 11956: 11952: 11941: 11927: 11923: 11909: 11907: 11900: 11884: 11880: 11867: 11865: 11858: 11842: 11838: 11820: 11818: 11811: 11795: 11791: 11784: 11770: 11766: 11759: 11745: 11741: 11721: 11717: 11711:Wayback Machine 11686: 11682: 11676:Wayback Machine 11665:Wayback Machine 11640: 11633: 11626: 11608: 11599: 11592:Wayback Machine 11578: 11574: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11531: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11507: 11505: 11496:Halil Inalcik. 11494: 11490: 11480: 11478: 11465: 11464: 11460: 11454:Wayback Machine 11443:Naci Yorulmaz, 11442: 11438: 11428: 11426: 11419: 11403: 11399: 11390: 11386: 11378: 11374: 11365: 11361: 11355:Wayback Machine 11341: 11337: 11328: 11324: 11314: 11312: 11305: 11289: 11285: 11280:Wayback Machine 11266: 11262: 11253: 11249: 11240: 11236: 11226: 11202: 11198: 11188: 11186: 11177: 11176: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11159:on 10 June 2009 11141: 11137: 11130: 11116: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11082: 11081: 11077: 11070: 11047: 11043: 11019: 11015: 11008: 10994: 10990: 10980: 10978: 10971: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10894: 10890: 10884:Wayback Machine 10874: 10870: 10864:Wayback Machine 10855: 10851: 10841: 10839: 10832: 10816: 10812: 10793: 10789: 10760: 10756: 10717: 10706: 10696: 10694: 10687: 10671: 10667: 10661:Wayback Machine 10652:Gunduz, Sinasi 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10616: 10600: 10596: 10586: 10584: 10544: 10540: 10530: 10528: 10521: 10505: 10496: 10473:10.2307/2212668 10458: 10457: 10453: 10435: 10433: 10426: 10402: 10398: 10389: 10385: 10375: 10373: 10366: 10348: 10344: 10337: 10323: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10249: 10241: 10237: 10229: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10179: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10140: 10136: 10128: 10121: 10115: 10106: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10060: 10056: 10047: 10043: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9979: 9975: 9968: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9928: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9896: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9835: 9831: 9821: 9819: 9812: 9796: 9792: 9784: 9777: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9664: 9660: 9649: 9645: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9553: 9547: 9536: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9513: 9507: 9503: 9488: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9441: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9402: 9386: 9373: 9364: 9360: 9350: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9321:on 4 March 2019 9309: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9270: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9247: 9231: 9222: 9212: 9210: 9203: 9187: 9183: 9173: 9171: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9090: 9074: 9070: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8939:Wayback Machine 8925: 8921: 8912: 8908: 8899: 8895: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8868: 8859: 8855: 8844: 8830: 8826: 8815: 8811: 8796: 8792: 8778: 8774: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8613: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8554: 8550: 8540: 8538: 8515:10.2307/1779249 8495: 8491: 8481:Wayback Machine 8465: 8463: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8395: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8304: 8295: 8265: 8263: 8256: 8240: 8236: 8226: 8224: 8217: 8194: 8185: 8170:Wayback Machine 8154: 8152: 8125: 8116: 8106:) and firmans ( 8091: 8089: 8076: 8072: 8053: 8049: 8036: 8034: 8027: 8004: 8000: 7986: 7984: 7977: 7957: 7953: 7939: 7937: 7930: 7914: 7910: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7815: 7811: 7796: 7792: 7781: 7779: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7687: 7680: 7670:Wayback Machine 7658: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7544: 7527: 7523: 7515:in 1517 to the 7501:Ottoman dynasty 7498: 7494: 7489:Imperio otomano 7482: 7449: 7409: 7359: 7354: 7344: 7341:Osmanlı Devleti 7329: 7299:Ottoman Turkish 7296: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7061: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6872:Osman Hamdi Bey 6767: 6761: 6709:Turkish archery 6689: 6619:/keftés/kofta, 6526:Ottoman cuisine 6515: 6513:Ottoman cuisine 6509: 6502: 6496: 6487: 6484: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6448:Surname-i Vehbi 6445:Miniature from 6443: 6399:Janissary music 6320:Byzantine music 6297: 6291: 6234:, bookbinding ( 6161: 6151: 6149:Decorative arts 6054:Ottoman Baroque 6031:Selimiye Mosque 5983:classical style 5954: 5948: 5896: 5890: 5767:Akabi Hikyayesi 5635:mura'ât-i nazîr 5606:Taceddin Ahmedi 5592: 5586: 5558: 5552: 5515:chattel slavery 5495:Depiction of a 5485: 5391:Ottoman Turkish 5352:Performing arts 5305: 5298: 5292: 5196: 5190: 5059: 5051:Main articles: 5049: 4990:), such as the 4893: 4891:Islam in Turkey 4887: 4875:Main articles: 4873: 4807:Ottoman dynasty 4792: 4786: 4704:Turkic language 4697:Ottoman Turkish 4686: 4680: 4629: 4584: 4578: 4536:contributed to 4451: 4445: 4433:village council 4369: 4363: 4334:Tayyare Mektebi 4172: 4166: 4117: 3996: 3990: 3938:head of state. 3898:boarding school 3819: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3783:Ottoman sultans 3772: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3670:championed the 3624: 3588: 3586: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3563:Genetic history 3478: 3470: 3469: 3453: 3422: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3336: 3326: 3316: 3315: 3156: 3146: 3136: 3135: 3126:Sasanian Empire 3086:Armenian Empire 3076:Parthian Empire 3056:Attalid kingdom 3016:Seleucid Empire 2970: 2955: 2945: 2944: 2828: 2818: 2817: 2628:Akkadian Empire 2601: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2583:c. 8,000– 2572: 2560: 2546: 2536: 2514: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2418:in the east to 2330: 2320: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2079:Beylik of Osman 2074: 2071: 2042: 2033: 2022: 2016: 2010: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1864:Ottoman Turkish 1840:of the name of 1830: 1824: 1739:and introduced 1710:global prestige 1706:Russian empires 1628:in 1299 by the 1562: 1548: 1534: 1520: 1506: 1492: 1478: 1464: 1450: 1436: 1422: 1408: 1403:Emirate of Asir 1394: 1380: 1366: 1352: 1338: 1324: 1319:Eastern Rumelia 1310: 1296: 1282: 1268: 1263:State of Turkey 1243: 1229: 1215: 1201: 1187: 1180:League of Lezhë 1173: 1159: 1145: 1131: 1117: 1103: 1089: 1075: 1061: 1047: 1033: 1019: 1005: 991: 977: 963: 933: 883: 823: 813:29 October 1923 810: 799:1 November 1922 796: 786:23 January 1913 783: 770: 757: 744: 731: 719: 713: 689: 685: 682: 673: 669: 666: 657: 653: 636: 624: 594: 582: 552: 540: 534: 513: 456: 426: 384:Ottoman Turkish 375: 295: 294: 291: 284: 281: 274: 264: 261: 254: 251: 239: 236: 229: 225: 217: 210: 206: 197: 189: 182: 178: 170: 163: 159: 156:Mahmudiye Marşı 151: 150: 137: 109: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 90: 89: 86: 85: 80: 59: 58: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21337: 21327: 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21309:Former empires 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21249:Ottoman Empire 21234: 21233: 21228: 21227: 21225: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21179: 21173: 21171: 21167: 21166: 21164: 21163: 21158: 21153: 21148: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21081:Russian Empire 21078: 21073: 21071:British Empire 21068: 21066:Dutch Republic 21063: 21061:Swedish Empire 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21041:Spanish Empire 21038: 21033: 21031:Ottoman Empire 21028: 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 21002: 21001: 20991: 20986: 20980: 20978: 20972: 20971: 20969: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20948: 20946:Serbian Empire 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20880: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20854: 20853: 20852: 20847: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20818: 20817: 20807: 20802: 20796: 20794: 20788: 20787: 20785: 20784: 20782:Late antiquity 20779: 20774: 20769: 20768: 20767: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20745:Roman Republic 20742: 20736: 20734: 20728: 20727: 20725: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20703: 20701: 20695: 20694: 20687: 20686: 20679: 20672: 20664: 20655: 20654: 20652: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20610: 20608: 20604: 20603: 20601: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20538:Ottoman Empire 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20445: 20440: 20438:Candaroğulları 20435: 20430: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20409: 20407: 20403: 20402: 20394: 20393: 20386: 20379: 20371: 20362: 20361: 20359: 20358: 20357: 20356: 20351: 20342: 20340: 20336: 20335: 20333: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20306: 20305: 20294: 20292: 20288: 20287: 20284: 20283: 20281: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20259: 20258: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20202: 20201: 20196: 20186: 20181: 20175: 20173: 20164: 20163: 20162: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20131: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20114: 20109: 20108: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20087: 20082: 20081: 20080: 20075: 20065: 20064: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20033: 20032: 20031: 20026: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 20000: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19969: 19968: 19967: 19962: 19952: 19947: 19946: 19945: 19940: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19923: 19913: 19912: 19911: 19906: 19896: 19891: 19890: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19859: 19854: 19853: 19852: 19847: 19839: 19834: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19813: 19811: 19805: 19804: 19802: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19785: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19744: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19702: 19701: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19634: 19633: 19628: 19618: 19617: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19562: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19541: 19540: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19462: 19461: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19435: 19434: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19392: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19371: 19366: 19365: 19364: 19359: 19354: 19349: 19344: 19339: 19329: 19328: 19327: 19322: 19312: 19311: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19285: 19280: 19279: 19278: 19268: 19267: 19266: 19261: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19217: 19215: 19213:Post-classical 19209: 19208: 19206: 19205: 19204: 19203: 19193: 19188: 19187: 19186: 19181: 19171: 19170: 19169: 19159: 19158: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19111: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19085: 19084: 19083: 19078: 19068: 19063: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19020: 19019: 19014: 19012:Middle Kingdom 19009: 18999: 18994: 18993: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18972: 18971: 18970: 18968:Neo-Babylonian 18965: 18960: 18958:Old Babylonian 18950: 18949: 18948: 18943: 18933: 18928: 18922: 18920: 18908: 18907: 18900: 18899: 18892: 18885: 18877: 18868: 18867: 18770: 18769: 18766: 18765: 18758: 18757: 18750: 18743: 18735: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18722: 18710: 18698: 18686: 18674: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18624: 18623: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18587: 18586: 18584:Radio stations 18581: 18576: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18530: 18529: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18503: 18502: 18497: 18487: 18481: 18479: 18470: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18453: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18432: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18415: 18410: 18409: 18408: 18397: 18395: 18391: 18390: 18388: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18355: 18354: 18353: 18343: 18342: 18341: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18319:Turkish people 18315: 18313: 18307: 18306: 18304: 18303: 18302: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18284:Transportation 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18260: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18208: 18206: 18200: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18192: 18191: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18170: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18158: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18106: 18105: 18100: 18089: 18087: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18076: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18050: 18049: 18048: 18038: 18032: 18030: 18023: 18017: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17992:National parks 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17963: 17962: 17957: 17947: 17946: 17945: 17940: 17930: 17929: 17928: 17926:Climate change 17917: 17915: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17875:Marmara Region 17871: 17869: 17867:(west to east) 17856: 17850: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17843: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17821: 17820: 17809: 17807: 17803: 17802: 17800: 17799: 17794: 17793: 17792: 17782: 17780:Constitutional 17776: 17774: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17755: 17754: 17749: 17739: 17734: 17728: 17726: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17682: 17681: 17680: 17670: 17668:Transformation 17665: 17664: 17663: 17653: 17647: 17645: 17643:Ottoman Empire 17639: 17638: 17636: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17624: 17623: 17612: 17610: 17600: 17599: 17597: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17580: 17578: 17571: 17565: 17564: 17550: 17549: 17542: 17535: 17527: 17518: 17517: 17509: 17506: 17505: 17503: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17490:Turkic Academy 17487: 17482: 17477: 17471: 17469: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17435: 17433: 17429: 17428: 17426: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17387:Khalwati order 17384: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17367:Bektashi Order 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17318: 17316: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17292: 17290: 17286: 17285: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17246:Karakalpakstan 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17211:Altai Republic 17207: 17205: 17199: 17198: 17196: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17159: 17157: 17148: 17144: 17143: 17141: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17121: 17120: 17119: 17112:Nomadic empire 17109: 17108: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17087: 17082: 17077: 17071: 17069: 17065: 17064: 17062: 17061: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17020: 17018: 17014: 17013: 17010: 17009: 17007: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16935: 16933: 16926: 16925: 16920: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16888: 16887: 16880:Western Thrace 16786: 16785: 16784: 16768: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16604:Crimean Tatars 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16523: 16517: 16515: 16509: 16508: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16466: 16464: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16407:Siberian Tatar 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16222: 16212: 16206: 16204: 16198: 16197: 16182: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16159: 16150: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16073: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16031: 16025: 16023: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15934: 15932: 15928: 15927: 15925: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15827:Ottoman Empire 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15787:Kartli-Kakheti 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15648: 15646: 15642: 15641: 15639: 15638: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15469: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15411: 15409: 15405: 15404: 15402: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15345: 15343: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15196:Central Africa 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15157: 15155: 15148: 15142: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15132:United Kingdom 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15098: 15097: 15092: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15046: 15044: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15034: 15028: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14960: 14958: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14875: 14873: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14863: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14840: 14838: 14829: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14789:Prince regnant 14786: 14785: 14784: 14774: 14769: 14763: 14761: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14706:Decolonization 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14667: 14662: 14660:Personal union 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14630:Constitutional 14627: 14621: 14619: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14585: 14582: 14581: 14574: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14551: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14525: 14518: 14511: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14466: 14464: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14407: 14405: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14383: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14321: 14320: 14319: 14308: 14306: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14296: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14171: 14169: 14163: 14162: 14159: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14152: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14135: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14087: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14051:Nizam-i Djedid 14042: 14037: 14032: 14031: 14030: 14013: 14011: 14004: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13976: 13974:Mutasarrifates 13971: 13970: 13969: 13959: 13954: 13953: 13952: 13941: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13875: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13856: 13845: 13843: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13813:Reis ül-Küttab 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13784: 13782: 13771: 13765: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13749:Palace Schools 13746: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13697:Imperial Harem 13694: 13693: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13666: 13664: 13663:House of Osman 13657: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13492: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13483:Decline thesis 13478:Transformation 13475: 13474: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13459:Constantinople 13456: 13451: 13441: 13435: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13423:Ottoman Empire 13419: 13418: 13411: 13404: 13396: 13390: 13389: 13386:Turkey in Asia 13383: 13377: 13371: 13347: 13336: 13329: 13327: 13326: 13316: 13305: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283:External links 13281: 13277: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13260: 13259: 13255:Ottoman Empire 13248: 13247: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13214: 13199: 13181: 13166: 13160: 13154:. SUNY Press. 13144: 13132: 13126: 13113: 13106: 13091: 13085: 13072: 13054: 13039: 13021: 13006: 13000: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12970: 12962:Librairie Droz 12943: 12910: 12876: 12855:(2): 162–165. 12835: 12780: 12750: 12739:Ahmad Y Hassan 12731: 12724: 12706: 12699: 12673: 12630: 12623: 12605: 12588: 12561: 12535: 12528: 12510: 12503: 12485: 12448:Ars Orientalis 12434: 12432:, p. 251. 12422: 12410: 12395: 12393:, p. 679. 12383: 12364: 12342: 12330: 12328:, p. 393. 12315: 12313:, p. 526. 12303: 12301:, p. 355. 12291: 12279: 12272: 12254: 12227: 12220: 12202: 12183: 12163: 12156: 12138: 12123: 12112: 12094: 12081: 12072: 12040: 12020: 12011: 11975: 11968: 11950: 11939: 11921: 11898: 11878: 11856: 11836: 11809: 11789: 11782: 11764: 11757: 11739: 11715: 11680: 11631: 11624: 11597: 11572: 11541: 11515: 11488: 11458: 11436: 11417: 11397: 11384: 11372: 11359: 11335: 11322: 11303: 11283: 11260: 11247: 11234: 11224: 11196: 11170: 11135: 11128: 11105: 11075: 11068: 11041: 11013: 11006: 10988: 10969: 10949: 10919: 10888: 10868: 10849: 10830: 10810: 10787: 10754: 10727:(2): 358–389. 10704: 10685: 10665: 10645: 10633: 10614: 10594: 10538: 10519: 10494: 10451: 10424: 10396: 10383: 10364: 10342: 10335: 10317: 10315:, p. 116. 10305: 10293: 10291:, p. 115. 10281: 10262: 10260:, p. 114. 10247: 10245:, p. 113. 10235: 10233:, p. 112. 10223: 10211: 10173: 10171:, p. 281. 10161: 10150:(3): 322–345. 10134: 10104: 10082: 10075: 10063:İnalcık, Halil 10054: 10041: 10038:. p. 120. 10026: 10019: 10001: 9994: 9982:İnalcık, Halil 9973: 9966: 9954:İnalcık, Halil 9945: 9926: 9906: 9887: 9867: 9853: 9829: 9810: 9790: 9765: 9739: 9728:on 12 May 2012 9713: 9683: 9676: 9658: 9643: 9628: 9621: 9611:Wall, John F. 9603: 9596: 9578: 9567:on 25 May 2013 9534: 9501: 9486: 9466: 9439: 9419: 9400: 9371: 9358: 9332: 9302: 9288: 9264: 9245: 9220: 9201: 9181: 9147: 9133: 9107: 9088: 9068: 9054: 9027: 9023:Itzkowitz 1980 9015: 8985: 8952: 8943: 8919: 8906: 8893: 8878: 8866: 8853: 8842: 8824: 8809: 8790: 8772: 8757: 8731: 8712: 8682: 8668: 8638: 8611: 8583: 8548: 8509:(6): 470–472. 8489: 8430: 8423: 8405: 8362: 8307:Rein Taagepera 8293: 8254: 8234: 8215: 8201:Lewis, Bernard 8183: 8114: 8070: 8047: 8025: 8013:, eds. (359). 7998: 7975: 7969:. p. 31. 7951: 7928: 7908: 7886: 7866: 7847: 7827: 7809: 7790: 7778:on 7 July 2020 7766:. p. 298. 7746: 7739: 7713: 7703: 7678: 7649: 7637: 7630: 7612: 7573:(5): 269–283. 7552: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7532:, such as the 7521: 7492: 7351:Empire ottoman 7258: 7229: 7220: 7211: 7198: 7189: 7180: 7165: 7153: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7053:Turkic history 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6990: 6989: 6973: 6970: 6763:Main article: 6760: 6757: 6688: 6685: 6657:Turkish coffee 6565:Middle Eastern 6511:Main article: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6478: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6444: 6437: 6324:Armenian music 6290: 6287: 6240:paper marbling 6196:Topkapi Palace 6150: 6147: 6131:primary school 6125:, a market, a 6023:Şehzade Mosque 5950:Main article: 5947: 5944: 5912:Constantinople 5892:Main article: 5889: 5886: 5827:Şair Evlenmesi 5818:İbrahim Şinasi 5625:Persian poetry 5588:Main article: 5585: 5582: 5554:Main article: 5551: 5548: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5306:Ottoman Empire 5304:Culture of the 5294:Main article: 5291: 5288: 5189: 5186: 5068:and Patriarch 5048: 5045: 5043:, to France). 5018:Safavid Empire 5016:for the rival 5004:Hanbali school 4896:Turkic peoples 4872: 4869: 4785: 4782: 4747:Horn of Africa 4682:Main article: 4679: 4676: 4580:Main article: 4577: 4574: 4447:Main article: 4444: 4441: 4365:Main article: 4362: 4359: 4357:in the south. 4322:Ottoman pilots 4168:Main article: 4165: 4162: 4088:, or words of 3992:Main article: 3989: 3986: 3966:Greek language 3839:Imperial Harem 3775:Topkapı Palace 3773: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3746:Main article: 3743: 3740: 3699:tax, that the 3647:Speros Vryonis 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3464:(1945–present) 3462: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3362:Transformation 3358: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3096:Roman Republic 3092: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2919:859–595/585 BC 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2812:859–595/585 BC 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2559:500,000– 2554: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2489: 2486: 2347:Constantinople 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2281:Historiography 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2240: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2198: 2193:Nizam-i Djedid 2189: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2131:Transformation 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2111: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2044:Ottoman Empire 2035: 2034: 2027: 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1846:House of Osman 1823: 1820: 1761:Central Powers 1674:Constantinople 1632:tribal leader 1609:Central Europe 1589:Turkish Empire 1585:Ottoman Empire 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1487:French Tunisia 1483: 1482: 1475: 1473:British Cyprus 1469: 1468: 1461: 1459:French Algeria 1455: 1454: 1447: 1445:Mandatory Iraq 1441: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1208:Hafsid Kingdom 1205: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1001: 1000: 995: 987: 986: 981: 973: 972: 967: 955: 954: 949: 939: 938: 935: 934: 931: 924: 923: 921: 896: 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 861: 860: 857: 853: 852: 849: 845: 844: 841: 837: 836: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 818: 815: 814: 811: 804: 801: 800: 797: 791: 788: 787: 784: 778: 775: 774: 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 752: 749: 748: 745: 739: 736: 735: 732: 726: 723: 722: 714: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 693: 692: 683: 680: 677: 676: 667: 664: 661: 660: 651: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 634: 631: 630: 628:Alaeddin Pasha 625: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 605: 604: 601: 600: 595: 592: 589: 588: 583: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 563: 562: 559: 558: 553: 550: 547: 546: 541: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 514: 512: 511: 508: 503: 500: 489: 482: 476: 474: 470: 469: 464: 458: 457: 455: 454: 445: 434: 432: 428: 427: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 391: 387: 386: 381: 377: 376: 374: 373: 370: 363:Constantinople 360: 357: 347: 344: 339: 336: 326: 319: 313: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 285: 275: 265: 255: 245: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237: 227: 222:Reşadiye Marşı 218: 208: 203:Hamidiye Marşı 199: 190: 180: 175:Mecidiye Marşı 171: 161: 148: 147: 146: 139: 138: 136: 135: 132: 125: 117: 111: 110: 99: 92: 91: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 61: 60: 57: 56: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21336: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21246: 21244: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21177:Art of Europe 21175: 21174: 21172: 21168: 21162: 21159: 21157: 21154: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20996: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20981: 20979: 20977: 20976:Modern period 20973: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20911: 20907: 20903: 20899: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20859: 20858: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20842: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20797: 20795: 20793: 20789: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20766: 20763: 20762: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20737: 20735: 20733: 20729: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20708: 20705: 20704: 20702: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20685: 20680: 20678: 20673: 20671: 20666: 20665: 20662: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20611: 20609: 20605: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20459: 20458:Danishmendids 20456: 20454: 20453:Çubukoğulları 20451: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20408: 20406:Muslim states 20404: 20399: 20392: 20387: 20385: 20380: 20378: 20373: 20372: 20369: 20355: 20354:Soviet empire 20352: 20350: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20343: 20341: 20339:Miscellaneous 20337: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20304: 20301: 20300: 20299: 20296: 20295: 20293: 20289: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20257: 20254: 20253: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20191: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20176: 20174: 20172: 20168: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20123: 20120: 20119: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20092: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20070: 20069: 20066: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20038: 20037: 20034: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20021: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19974: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19938:German Empire 19936: 19935: 19934: 19931: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19918: 19917: 19914: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19901: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19842: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19814: 19812: 19810: 19806: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19707: 19706: 19703: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19680: 19679: 19678:Turco-Persian 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19623: 19622: 19619: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19586: 19585: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19546: 19545: 19542: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19467: 19466: 19463: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19436: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19418: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19353: 19350: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19334: 19333: 19330: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19317: 19316: 19313: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19290: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19277: 19274: 19273: 19272: 19269: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19218: 19216: 19214: 19210: 19202: 19199: 19198: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19176: 19175: 19172: 19168: 19165: 19164: 19163: 19160: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19127: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19089: 19086: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19073: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19004: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18977: 18976: 18973: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18954: 18951: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18938: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18913: 18909: 18905: 18898: 18893: 18891: 18886: 18884: 18879: 18878: 18875: 18767: 18763: 18756: 18751: 18749: 18744: 18742: 18737: 18736: 18733: 18721: 18720: 18711: 18709: 18708: 18699: 18697: 18696: 18687: 18685: 18684: 18675: 18673: 18672: 18667: 18663: 18662: 18659: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18622: 18619: 18618: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18571: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18528: 18525: 18524: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18492: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18478: 18474: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18437: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18424: 18421: 18420: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18407: 18404: 18403: 18402: 18399: 18398: 18396: 18392: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18359: 18356: 18352: 18349: 18348: 18347: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18316: 18314: 18312: 18308: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18286: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18239: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18205: 18201: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18175: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18153: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18133: 18131: 18127: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18095: 18094: 18091: 18090: 18088: 18086: 18082: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18055: 18054: 18051: 18047: 18044: 18043: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18033: 18031: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18018: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17955:Air pollution 17953: 17952: 17951: 17948: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17935: 17934: 17931: 17927: 17924: 17923: 17922: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17912: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17880:Aegean Region 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17864: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17851: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17825:Turkification 17823: 17819: 17816: 17815: 17814: 17811: 17810: 17808: 17804: 17798: 17795: 17791: 17788: 17787: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17771: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17744: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17725: 17721: 17713: 17710: 17709: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17687: 17686: 17683: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17662: 17659: 17658: 17657: 17656:Classical Age 17654: 17652: 17649: 17648: 17646: 17644: 17640: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17616:Seljuk Empire 17614: 17613: 17611: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17581: 17579: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17557: 17548: 17543: 17541: 17536: 17534: 17529: 17528: 17525: 17514: 17507: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17468:Organizations 17466: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17436: 17434: 17430: 17424: 17423:Vattisen Yaly 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17313: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17293: 17291: 17287: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17216:Bashkortostan 17214: 17212: 17209: 17208: 17206: 17204: 17200: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17156: 17152: 17149: 17145: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17125: 17122: 17118: 17115: 17114: 17113: 17110: 17106: 17105:Turkification 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17092: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17072: 17070: 17066: 17059: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17021: 17019: 17015: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16930: 16924: 16921: 16918: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16904: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16873: 16869: 16865: 16861: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16801: 16797: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16787: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16773: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16735: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16726: 16721: 16720:Baraba Tatars 16717: 16716: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16554: 16549: 16545: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16514: 16510: 16505: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16475:Common Turkic 16473: 16471: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16463: 16459: 16453: 16452:Western Yugur 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16267:Crimean Tatar 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16217: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16203: 16199: 16194: 16180: 16175: 16173: 16168: 16166: 16161: 16160: 16157: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16071: 16070: 16065: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16026: 16024: 16020: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15948:Easter Island 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15929: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15643: 15636: 15635: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15574: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15487:Jabal Shammar 15485: 15483: 15480: 15477: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15467: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15406: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15334: 15333: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15143: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15043: 15039: 15033: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15025: 15021: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14979:Liechtenstein 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14957: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14826: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14782:Queen regnant 14780: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14758: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14741:Republicanism 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14721:Head of state 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14655:Non-sovereign 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14616: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14583: 14579: 14572: 14567: 14565: 14560: 14558: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14543: 14536: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14512: 14510: 14509: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14394: 14391: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14378: 14377: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14301: 14295: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14277:Ottoman court 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14247: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14200: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14168: 14164: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14118:Naval battles 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14091:Kapudan Pasha 14089: 14088: 14086: 14084: 14080: 14074: 14073: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14046:Reform period 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14020: 14019: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14008: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13936: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13872: 13868: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13766: 13763: 13758: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13707:Haseki sultan 13705: 13703: 13702:Valide sultan 13700: 13699: 13698: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13652: 13646: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13581:United States 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13557: 13553: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13466:Classical Age 13464: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13439:Osman's Dream 13437: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13417: 13412: 13410: 13405: 13403: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13387: 13384: 13381: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13317: 13307: 13306: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13244: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13207: 13206: 13200: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13123: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13103: 13099: 13098: 13092: 13088: 13082: 13078: 13073: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13048:. WIT Press. 13047: 13046: 13040: 13028: 13024: 13018: 13014: 13013: 13007: 13003: 12997: 12993: 12988: 12987: 12973: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12950: 12948: 12931: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12914: 12907: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12880: 12872: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12839: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12735: 12727: 12721: 12717: 12710: 12702: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12677: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12634: 12626: 12620: 12616: 12609: 12602: 12598: 12592: 12576: 12572: 12569:Emin Şenyer. 12565: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12531: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12506: 12500: 12496: 12489: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12438: 12431: 12426: 12419: 12414: 12407: 12402: 12400: 12392: 12387: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12346: 12339: 12334: 12327: 12322: 12320: 12312: 12307: 12300: 12295: 12289:, p. 355 12288: 12283: 12275: 12269: 12265: 12264:Iznik Pottery 12258: 12242: 12238: 12231: 12223: 12217: 12213: 12206: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12176: 12175: 12167: 12159: 12153: 12149: 12142: 12135: 12130: 12128: 12120: 12115: 12109: 12105: 12098: 12091: 12085: 12076: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12044: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12024: 12015: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11954: 11947: 11942: 11936: 11932: 11925: 11918: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11891: 11890: 11882: 11875: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11840: 11833: 11831: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11802: 11801: 11793: 11785: 11779: 11775: 11768: 11760: 11754: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11719: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11698: 11697:9781317118442 11694: 11690: 11684: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11651:9781317118442 11648: 11644: 11638: 11636: 11627: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11581:Halil İnalcık 11576: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11545: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11503: 11499: 11492: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11462: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11440: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11401: 11394: 11388: 11381: 11380:Quataert 1983 11376: 11369: 11368:Ethnopolitics 11363: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11345: 11339: 11333:(1991) p. 31. 11332: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11257: 11251: 11244: 11238: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11208: 11200: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11009: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10953: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10872: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10853: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10678: 10677: 10669: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10446: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10400: 10393: 10387: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10309: 10303:, p. 49. 10302: 10297: 10290: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10252: 10244: 10239: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10215: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10078: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10052:(2005) p. 24 10051: 10045: 10037: 10030: 10022: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9969: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9910: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9871: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9833: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9794: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9679: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9647: 9639: 9632: 9624: 9618: 9615:. p. 8. 9614: 9607: 9599: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9551:"Middle East" 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9368: 9362: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9185: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9136: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9120: 9111: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9072: 9057: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9034: 9032: 9025:, p. 38. 9024: 9019: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8947: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8916: 8910: 8903: 8897: 8890:. SUNY Press. 8889: 8882: 8873: 8871: 8863: 8857: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8821:. p. 51. 8820: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8783: 8776: 8769:. p. 26. 8768: 8761: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8686: 8671: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8443: 8442:Kanun-ı Esasi 8434: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8261: 8257: 8255:0-521-44197-8 8251: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8181:communities." 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8132: 8131:Kanun-ı Esasi 8123: 8121: 8119: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7955: 7948: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7912: 7905: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7870: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7831: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7742: 7740:9780511614972 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7656: 7654: 7646: 7641: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7553: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7468: 7462: 7453: 7428: 7422: 7413: 7406: 7394: 7381: 7375: 7363: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7309: 7300: 7293: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7208: 7202: 7193: 7184: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7157: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7123:full of Islam 7105: 7095: 7091: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6986:Turkey portal 6976: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6938:steam engines 6935: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6854:steam turbine 6851: 6847: 6846:Ottoman Egypt 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6808:mathematician 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6697:Beşiktaş J.K. 6693: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6514: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6352:musical modes 6349: 6346:units called 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6332:Persian music 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6295:Ottoman Music 6286: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6202:, was added. 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6186:tradition of 6185: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062:Balyan family 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6035:Byzantine art 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928:lingua franca 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5722: 5717: 5716:Ottoman prose 5709: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698:Evliya Çelebi 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5670:verse romance 5667: 5663: 5658: 5647: 5636: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5417:Oil wrestling 5415: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5225: 5222:The original 5220: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5150:). Likewise, 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5041:Abdülmecid II 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4851:and followed 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4830:jurisprudence 4827: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4801:was the last 4800: 4799:Abdülmecid II 4796: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4624: 4620: 4619:Galata Bridge 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4554:capitulations 4551: 4547: 4546:liberal trade 4543: 4542:protectionism 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425:mutasarrifate 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324:in early 1912 4323: 4319: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300:Abdülhamid II 4296: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265:Ottoman fleet 4261: 4257: 4255: 4254:Nizam-ı Cedid 4246: 4245:Galata Bridge 4243:crossing the 4242: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4230:Mongol Empire 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050:jurisprudence 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032:religious law 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3968:to the west. 3967: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950:Washington DC 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3877:palace school 3874: 3870: 3869:valide sultan 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3759: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676:Turkic tribes 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3632:Edward Gibbon 3621: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3496:Turkification 3494: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3352:Classical Age 3350: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090:190 BC–428 AD 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3080:247 BC–224 AD 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2953:Classical Age 2949: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2925:Median Empire 2923: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430:and parts of 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379:(today named 2378: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2105:Classical Age 2101: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1928:Ottoman State 1913:دولت عثمانيه‎ 1908: 1906: 1895: 1874: 1872: 1865: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:anglicisation 1835: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794:occupied and 1793: 1792:Allied Powers 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:German Empire 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670:vassal states 1668:and numerous 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:petty kingdom 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 989: 988: 985: 982: 975: 974: 971: 968: 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 940: 936: 929: 925: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 879: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 829: 825: 822: 816: 812: 808: 802: 798: 795: 789: 785: 782: 776: 772: 769: 763: 759: 756: 750: 746: 743: 737: 733: 730: 724: 715: 712: 706: 702: 698: 694: 688: 684: 678: 672: 668: 662: 656: 652: 648: 644: 641: 638: 632: 629: 626: 620: 616: 612: 610: 606: 602: 599: 598:Abdulmejid II 596: 590: 587: 584: 578: 574: 570: 568: 564: 560: 557: 554: 548: 545: 542: 530: 526: 522: 520: 516: 509: 507: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495:parliamentary 493: 490: 483: 481: 478: 477: 475: 471: 468: 465: 463: 459: 453: 449: 446: 443: 439: 436: 435: 433: 429: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 392: 388: 385: 382: 378: 371: 368: 364: 361: 358: 355: 351: 348: 345: 343: 340: 337: 334: 330: 327: 320: 318: 315: 314: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 289: 279: 269: 259: 249: 242: 223: 219: 204: 200: 198:(1861–1876) 195: 194:Aziziye Marşı 191: 176: 172: 157: 153: 152: 144: 140: 133: 130: 126: 119: 118: 116: 112: 102: 96: 84: 78: 70: 62: 53: 51: 44: 37: 36: 29: 26: 22: 21136:World War II 21030: 20989:Early modern 20966:Kalmar Union 20837:Papal States 20755:Roman Empire 20639:Latin Empire 20568:Sahib Ataids 20548:Qara Qoyunlu 20537: 20400:(after 1071) 20105:Contemporary 20084: 19955:Indo-Persian 19943:Nazi Germany 19887:Contemporary 19789:Vijayanagara 19688:Great Seljuk 19599:Thessalonica 19527:Golden Horde 19167:Carthaginian 18946:Neo-Assyrian 18931:Neo-Sumerian 18717: 18705: 18693: 18681: 18669: 18554:Illumination 18490:Architecture 18418:Human rights 18406:Universities 18324:Ethnic Kurds 18311:Demographics 18222:Construction 17642: 17402:Qalandariyya 17377:Christianity 17188:Turkmenistan 17126: / 17117:Turco-Mongol 16556:Azerbaijanis 16125:South Africa 16120:Sierra Leone 16067: 15897:Two Sicilies 15832:Papal States 15826: 15632: 15571: 15464: 15330: 15090:Cook Islands 14943: 14929:Saudi Arabia 14858: 14520: 14515:Bibliography 14513: 14506: 14475:Coat of arms 14449:Christianity 14403:Demographics 14386:of Armenians 14327:Illumination 14312:Architecture 14193:Central bank 14144:Conscription 14070: 14061:Mansure Army 14044: 14016: 13923:Hakham Bashi 13891:Christianity 13838: 13788:Grand Vizier 13777: 13629:Civil codes 13603:Constitution 13449:Ghaza thesis 13422: 13264:Online books 13254: 13224:. Retrieved 13204: 13191:. Retrieved 13171: 13151: 13139: 13117: 13096: 13076: 13064:. Retrieved 13044: 13031:. Retrieved 13011: 12991: 12956: 12934:. Retrieved 12930:the original 12923: 12913: 12904: 12897:. Retrieved 12879: 12852: 12849:Neurocirugía 12848: 12838: 12826:. Retrieved 12797: 12793: 12783: 12771:. Retrieved 12762: 12753: 12742: 12734: 12715: 12709: 12682: 12676: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12614: 12608: 12596: 12591: 12579:. Retrieved 12575:the original 12564: 12552:. Retrieved 12538: 12519: 12513: 12494: 12488: 12476:. Retrieved 12451: 12447: 12437: 12425: 12413: 12386: 12374:. Retrieved 12355: 12352:"Kemalettin" 12345: 12333: 12306: 12294: 12282: 12263: 12257: 12245:. Retrieved 12241:the original 12230: 12211: 12205: 12193:. Retrieved 12173: 12166: 12147: 12141: 12117: 12103: 12097: 12089: 12084: 12075: 12048: 12043: 12027:Kendall, p. 12023: 12014: 12002:. Retrieved 11959: 11953: 11944: 11930: 11924: 11915: 11908:. Retrieved 11888: 11881: 11873: 11866:. Retrieved 11846: 11839: 11826: 11819:. Retrieved 11799: 11792: 11773: 11767: 11748: 11742: 11726: 11718: 11701:Google Books 11688: 11683: 11655:Google Books 11642: 11615: 11611: 11579: 11575: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11532:. Retrieved 11518: 11506:. Retrieved 11502:the original 11491: 11479:. Retrieved 11470: 11461: 11445: 11439: 11427:. Retrieved 11407: 11400: 11392: 11387: 11375: 11367: 11362: 11343: 11338: 11330: 11325: 11313:. Retrieved 11293: 11286: 11268: 11263: 11255: 11250: 11242: 11237: 11229: 11206: 11199: 11187:. Retrieved 11183:the original 11173: 11161:. Retrieved 11157:the original 11152: 11148: 11138: 11119: 11096:. Retrieved 11087: 11078: 11054: 11050:Akçam, Taner 11044: 11035: 11033: 11021: 11016: 10997: 10991: 10979:. Retrieved 10959: 10952: 10940:. Retrieved 10932:Academia.edu 10931: 10922: 10910:. Retrieved 10901: 10891: 10871: 10852: 10840:. Retrieved 10820: 10813: 10800: 10790: 10766: 10757: 10724: 10720: 10697:16 September 10695:. Retrieved 10675: 10668: 10648: 10641:Davison 1964 10636: 10624:. Retrieved 10604: 10597: 10585:. Retrieved 10563:(1): 71–90. 10560: 10554: 10541: 10529:. Retrieved 10509: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10444: 10441: 10434:. Retrieved 10406: 10399: 10394: (1876) 10386: 10374:. Retrieved 10355: 10345: 10326: 10320: 10308: 10296: 10284: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10238: 10226: 10214: 10206: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10169:Kinross 1979 10164: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10126:the original 10094: 10091:Paul Bairoch 10085: 10066: 10057: 10049: 10044: 10035: 10029: 10010: 10004: 9985: 9976: 9957: 9948: 9936:. Retrieved 9916: 9909: 9897:. Retrieved 9877: 9870: 9858:. Retrieved 9839: 9832: 9820:. Retrieved 9800: 9793: 9782:the original 9768: 9756:. Retrieved 9752:the original 9742: 9730:. Retrieved 9726:the original 9716: 9704:. Retrieved 9700:the original 9695: 9686: 9667: 9661: 9652: 9646: 9637: 9631: 9612: 9606: 9587: 9581: 9569:. Retrieved 9562:the original 9557: 9525:. Retrieved 9504: 9476: 9469: 9457:. 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Penguin. 12581:11 February 12454:: 103–120. 12326:Freely 2011 12299:Freely 2011 12287:Freely 2011 12134:Freely 2011 11946:journalist. 11733:, 1904. p. 11481:25 December 11214:. pp. 11189:11 February 11163:11 February 10981:13 February 10842:16 November 10547:Kahl, Thede 10445:kaba türkçe 9706:11 February 9571:15 February 9527:15 February 9412:11 February 9295:12 February 9140:11 February 9061:11 February 8724:19 December 8675:19 December 8631:26 December 8621:j.ctt6wq7kw 8568:: 179–190. 8057:Green, Nile 7149: 2010 6950:paper mills 6929:, in 1702. 6918:as well as 6882:translated 6842:steam power 6822:Taqi al-Din 6743:(1914) and 6707:, hunting, 6695:Members of 6587:/tzatziki, 6573:döner kebab 6457:Janissaries 6418:shadow play 6407:Belly dance 6359:instruments 6074:eclecticism 6043:Iznik tiles 6039:Chinese art 6019:Mimar Sinan 5979:Blue Mosque 5965:Mimar Sinan 5806:Namık Kemal 5783:Romanticism 5694:Seyahatnâme 5630:مراعات نظير 5344:Calligraphy 5321:Visual arts 5233:Janissaries 5163:Chief Rabbi 5161:or Ottoman 5118:Mount Athos 4927:rationality 4912:Oghuz Turks 4853:Sufi orders 4814:Sunni Islam 4729:-inhabited 4623:Golden Horn 4467:Reconquista 4308:Golden Horn 4239:Modernised 4020:Islamic law 3982:calligraphy 3696:Resm-i çift 3656:Paul Wittek 3651:Heath Lowry 3489:Oghuz Turks 3454:(1930–1945) 3452:(1923–1930) 3442:(1920–1923) 3432:(1919–1922) 3396:(1908–1922) 3386:(1789–1908) 3376:(1703–1789) 3366:(1566–1703) 3356:(1453–1566) 3346:(1299–1453) 3324:Ottoman Era 3310:(1378–1501) 3300:(1375–1468) 3290:(1256–1335) 3280:(1250–1487) 3270:(1204–1261) 3260:(1204–1461) 3250:(1101–1409) 3240:(1098–1150) 3230:(1081–1423) 3220:(1078–1375) 3210:(1077–1307) 3200:(1071–1178) 3196:Danishmends 3190:(1037–1194) 2909:1000–545 BC 2899:1000–700 BC 2889:1000–560 BC 2879:1100–560 BC 2869:1150–547 BC 2859:1200–700 BC 2849:1200–800 BC 2839:1200–800 BC 2802:1000–545 BC 2792:1000–700 BC 2782:1150–547 BC 2772:1200–700 BC 2762:1200–800 BC 2752:1200–800 BC 2732:1450–350 BC 2718:Hayasa-Azzi 2612:3000–700 BC 2513:History of 2466:partitioned 2462:World War I 2401:Mesopotamia 2359:Dardanelles 2337:as a small 2331: 1299 2243:World War I 2225:Dissolution 2141:Köprülü Era 2084:Interregnum 2002:Svat Soucek 1903:Devlet-i ʿO 1796:partitioned 1765:Arab Revolt 1757:World War I 1745:Balkan Wars 1686:Middle East 1656:in 1453 by 947:Preceded by 747:29 May 1453 729:Interregnum 720: 1299 650:Legislature 510:(1913–1918) 438:Sunni Islam 422:many others 372:(1453–1922) 359:(1363–1453) 346:(1335–1363) 338:(1331–1335) 226:(1909–1918) 207:(1876–1909) 179:(1839–1861) 122:دولت ابدمدت 105:(1882–1922) 87:(1844–1922) 21243:Categories 20884:Viking Age 20699:Prehistory 20553:Ramadanids 20513:Karamanids 20463:Dilmachids 20418:Aq Qoyunlu 20263:Portuguese 20144:Revival Le 20134:Vietnamese 19777:Later Tran 19747:Vietnamese 19643:Singhasari 19631:Holy Roman 19255:Bulgarian 19191:Satavahana 19162:Phoenician 19098:Achaemenid 19059:Indo-Greek 19039:Macedonian 18953:Babylonian 18579:Newspapers 18564:Literature 18544:Folk dance 18445:Corruption 18329:Minorities 18257:Renewables 18212:Automotive 18021:Government 17752:Secularism 17372:Burkhanism 17337:Aiyy Faith 17256:Nakhchivan 17193:Uzbekistan 17173:Kyrgyzstan 17168:Kazakhstan 17163:Azerbaijan 17034:Burkhanism 16860:Montenegro 16824:Dodecanese 16485:Old Uyghur 16470:Old Turkic 16372:Old Turkic 16307:Karakalpak 16130:Tanganyika 16045:The Gambia 15973:Niuē-Fekai 15912:Yugoslavia 15812:Montenegro 15619:Upper Yafa 15614:Upper Asir 15251:Madagascar 14984:Luxembourg 14716:Government 14681:Abdication 14650:Hereditary 14578:Monarchies 14359:Literature 14272:Ottomanism 13967:Sanjakbeys 13950:Beylerbeys 13938:Provincial 13655:Government 13618:Family law 13350:Audio help 13341:2008-03-29 12828:29 January 12685:. Kluwer. 12599:, London, 12418:Kuban 2010 12406:Kuban 2010 12391:Kuban 2010 12338:Kuban 2010 12311:Kuban 2010 12235:Eli Shah. 11910:17 January 11821:17 January 11098:24 October 9758:6 November 9748:"Founding" 9732:6 November 9496:1082195426 9449:1202464532 9315:Mwlusa.org 9174:29 January 8382:(2): 223. 8323:(3): 498. 8281:sultan at 8266:21 October 8092:23 October 8037:21 October 7987:21 October 7940:21 October 7898:21 October 7859:21 October 7756:, p. 7059:References 6884:Noël Duret 6850:steam jack 6824:built the 6804:astronomer 6800:Ali Qushji 6623:/boureki, 6427:tambourine 6403:Roma music 6391:folk music 6252:Nakkashane 5989:influence. 5799:Parnassian 5791:Naturalist 5765:(Turkish: 5747:Muhayyelât 5690:Şeyh Gâlib 5686:Hüsn ü Aşk 5584:Literature 5360:Shadowplay 5244:primarily 5192:See also: 5157:Haham Başı 4931:philosophy 4906:under the 4889:See also: 4788:See also: 4657:Safranbolu 4617:) and the 4534:free trade 4269:Bosphorous 3742:Government 3372:Old Regime 3306:Ak Koyunlu 3276:Karamanids 3060:282–129 BC 3010:306–168 BC 3006:Antigonids 3000:322–130 BC 2990:334–301 BC 2980:559–331 BC 2939:685–547 BC 2929:678–549 BC 2678:Kizzuwatna 2599:Bronze Age 2534:Prehistory 2492:See also: 2372:As Sultan 2343:Asia Minor 2157:Old Regime 2018:See also: 1826:See also: 1222:Aq Qoyunlu 886:24,000,000 872:Population 473:Government 462:Demonym(s) 350:Adrianople 325:1299–1331) 20931:Feudalism 20902:Catalonia 20573:Saltukids 20483:Eshrefids 20448:Chobanids 20256:Couronian 19894:Ethiopian 19882:Manchukuo 19837:Brazilian 19683:Ghaznavid 19653:Srivijaya 19604:Trebizond 19589:Byzantine 19571:North Sea 19566:Norwegian 19554:Almoravid 19537:Ilkhanate 19507:Majapahit 19480:Muromachi 19389:Solomonic 19374:Ethiopian 19288:Caliphate 19221:Aragonese 19049:Ptolemaic 18633:TV series 18591:Miniature 18534:Festivals 18450:Terrorism 18401:Education 18334:Languages 18178:Air Force 18093:Elections 18041:Executive 17987:Mountains 17854:Geography 17773:Overviews 17712:Partition 17678:Tulip era 17418:Zahediyeh 17413:Safaviyya 17362:Bayramiye 17357:Batiniyya 17332:Shamanism 17315:Religions 17306:Turkology 17266:Tatarstan 17251:Khakassia 17221:Chuvashia 17147:Locations 17124:Tian Shan 17100:Migration 17075:Turkestan 17058:Hungarian 17049:Turkesism 16746:Kryashens 16734:Astrakhan 16659:Krymchaks 16619:Karachays 16540:Telengits 16536:Kumandins 16462:Alphabets 16292:Ili Turki 16202:Languages 16100:Mauritius 15993:Rarotonga 15978:Nuku Hiva 15968:Mangareva 15943:Bora Bora 15822:Neuchâtel 15792:Lithuania 15697:Catalonia 15584:Sri Lanka 15537:Manchukuo 15512:Kurdistan 15466:Indonesia 15389:Talamanca 15349:Araucanía 15332:and other 15311:Wassoulou 15055:Australia 14731:Oligarchy 14411:Armenians 14376:Education 14332:Miniature 14282:Languages 14267:Devshirme 14240:Transport 14040:Timariots 13906:Bulgarian 13798:Kazaskers 13760:Central ( 13744:Kapi Agha 13613:Electoral 13539:Abolition 13534:Partition 13297:hour and 12899:26 August 12818:171015647 12668:119066552 12554:20 August 12478:12 August 12460:0571-1371 12247:26 August 11832:'s novel. 11534:26 August 11508:26 August 10749:143541451 10741:11729/308 10577:161615853 10489:246006581 10203:161326705 9351:5 October 8849:contexts. 8523:0016-7398 8388:1076-156X 8337:0020-8833 8287:Ilkhanids 7595:146299650 7587:1545-6870 7548:Citations 7538:Lanzarote 7461:romanized 7421:romanized 7412:Bulgarian 7308:romanized 7085:قسطنطينيه 7064:Footnotes 6942:ironworks 6912:catheters 6903:Al-Tasrif 6816:Samarkand 6812:physicist 6637:tsikoudia 6316:Selim III 6184:Byzantine 6090:Vedat Tek 5999:Byzantine 5987:Byzantine 5873:Müşâhedât 5814:Awakening 5795:Symbolist 5550:Education 5334:Miniature 5213:Mahmud II 5209:Selim III 5167:Armenians 5009:Qizilbash 4982:mysticism 4900:shamanism 4865:secession 4770:arzuhâlci 4570:Corn Laws 4396:Beylerbey 4293:submarine 4289:Abdülaziz 4209:falconets 4008:impotence 3912:Devshirme 3735:Timariots 3691:zeugarion 3286:Ilkhanate 3180:(637–656) 3106:Commagene 3100:133–27 BC 3070:281–64 BC 3050:297–74 BC 3040:302–64 BC 3030:305–30 BC 3020:305–64 BC 2561:10,000 BC 2446:From 1699 2399:, Egypt, 2393:Caliphate 2374:Mehmed II 2167:Tulip Era 1959:nor as a 1832:The word 1806:, led by 1777:Assyrians 1773:Armenians 1658:Mehmed II 1652:with the 1638:conquered 1601:West Asia 1591:, was an 773:1908–1920 760:1876–1878 734:1402–1413 556:Mehmed VI 431:Religion 67:1299–1922 21324:Maturidi 21170:See also 21141:Cold War 20936:Crusades 20906:Valencia 20533:Menteshe 20518:Karasids 20498:Hamidids 20493:Hacıemir 20478:Erzincan 20473:Eretnids 20433:Aydinids 20428:Artuqids 20236:Japanese 20199:Scottish 20179:American 20171:Colonial 20100:Imperial 20068:Moroccan 20004:Japanese 19982:Afsharid 19841:Burmese 19827:Austrian 19782:Later Le 19757:Early Le 19742:Venetian 19668:Tiwanaku 19581:Hellenic 19544:Moroccan 19475:Kamakura 19465:Japanese 19448:Saffarid 19401:Georgian 19315:Chalukya 19293:Rashidun 19283:Calakmul 19251:Bruneian 19130:Haryanka 19108:Sasanian 19103:Parthian 19054:Bactrian 19044:Seleucid 19024:Goguryeo 19002:Egyptian 18936:Assyrian 18926:Akkadian 18917:Colonies 18683:Category 18621:Football 18606:Painting 18549:Folklore 18457:Marriage 18363:Istanbul 18346:Religion 18299:Railways 18289:Aviation 18227:Currency 18085:Politics 18053:Judicial 18029:Branches 18007:Wildlife 17797:Military 17785:Economic 17690:Tanzimat 17382:Hurufism 17327:Tengrism 17276:Xinjiang 17231:Gagauzia 17080:Mongolia 17054:Turanism 17029:Kemalism 17017:Politics 16979:Kipchaks 16959:Göktürks 16954:Dughlats 16808:Bulgaria 16796:Abkhazia 16771:Turkmens 16754:Nağaybäk 16584:Bashkirs 16548:Tubalars 16532:Chelkans 16526:Altaians 16480:Cyrillic 16382:Pecheneg 16347:Krymchak 16252:Chagatai 16225:Southern 16220:Northern 16115:Rhodesia 16110:Pakistan 16029:Barbados 15998:Rimatara 15988:Rapa Iti 15917:Valencia 15892:Tavolara 15882:Scotland 15847:Portugal 15807:Moldavia 15692:Bulgaria 15687:Brittany 15662:Asturias 15542:Mongolia 15532:Maldives 15394:Trinidad 15384:Suriname 15342:Americas 15326:Zimbabwe 15321:Zanzibar 15306:Wituland 15281:Ngazidja 15276:Ndzuwani 15211:Ethiopia 14934:Thailand 14914:Malaysia 14894:Cambodia 14844:Eswatini 14640:Elective 14625:Absolute 14522:Category 14436:Religion 14349:Clothing 14235:Taxation 14198:Currency 14139:Aviation 14113:Admirals 14066:Hamidieh 14002:Military 13983:Kadiluks 13957:Vilayets 13911:Armenian 13849:Assembly 13586:Treaties 13555:Politics 13512:Tanzimat 13365:Archived 13352: · 13220:Archived 13187:Archived 13138:(1983). 13060:Archived 13027:Archived 12893:Archived 12871:16721484 12822:Archived 12804:: 1–28. 12767:Archived 12741:(1976), 12548:Archived 12472:Archived 12370:Archived 12189:Archived 12064:Archived 12032:Archived 11998:Archived 11904:Archived 11862:Archived 11830:Hisarian 11815:Archived 11707:Archived 11672:Archived 11661:Archived 11612:Shāhnāma 11588:Archived 11528:Archived 11475:Archived 11450:Archived 11423:Archived 11351:Archived 11309:Archived 11276:Archived 11092:Archived 11052:(2006). 10975:Archived 10942:23 March 10936:Archived 10906:Archived 10902:BBC News 10880:Archived 10860:Archived 10836:Archived 10805:Archived 10763:Māturīdī 10691:Archived 10657:Archived 10620:Archived 10581:Archived 10549:(2006). 10525:Archived 10430:Archived 10370:Archived 10093:(1995). 9932:Archived 9893:Archived 9816:Archived 9518:Archived 9459:9 August 9453:Archived 9406:Archived 9251:Archived 9207:Archived 9168:Archived 9094:Archived 9008:4 August 9002:Archived 8972:Archived 8935:Archived 8800:Muqarnas 8750:12 March 8718:Archived 8625:Archived 8576:26 March 8570:Archived 8535:Archived 8477:Archived 8460:Archived 8452:Würzburg 8392:Archived 8349:Archived 8260:Archived 8221:Archived 8203:(1995). 8178:Tanzimat 8166:Archived 8149:Archived 8141:Würzburg 8086:Archived 8031:Archived 7981:Archived 7934:Archived 7892:Archived 7853:Archived 7782:28 March 7666:Archived 7605:24 March 7599:Archived 7207:Tanzimat 7175:madrasas 7138:Istanbul 7109:اسلامبول 7104:Islambol 7094:Istanbul 6972:See also 6786:ordered 6749:Ülküspor 6739:(1912), 6731:(1907), 6727:(1905), 6723:(1903), 6717:football 6633:tsipouro 6613:yuvarlak 6609:moussaka 6605:lahmacun 6599:cheese, 6581:shawarma 6561:Armenian 6530:Istanbul 6453:Mehteran 5920:Salonika 5876:, 1891; 5866:, 1881; 5856:, 1873; 5773:script. 5771:Armenian 5761:'s 1851 5684:and the 5499:shop in 5453:Clothing 5272:Istanbul 5250:Armenian 5165:, while 5148:ethnarch 4992:Bektashi 4974:Alawites 4966:Ismailis 4956:, Turkey 4954:Istanbul 4908:Abbasids 4825:Madh'hab 4784:Religion 4774:mahalles 4759:Tanzimat 4725:and the 4678:Language 4609:View of 4572:debate. 4502:occupied 4407:Vilayets 4388:Pashalik 4338:Yeşilköy 4218:Turkoman 4204:Mehterân 4178:Ottoman 4164:Military 4154:Nizamiye 4108:Istanbul 4090:Muhammad 3936:de facto 3917:Devşirme 3825:) was a 3808:orthodox 3787:Istanbul 3580:Timeline 3516:Religion 3477:By topic 3246:Artuqids 3046:Bithynia 2895:Tuwanuwa 2826:Iron Age 2788:Tuwanuwa 2688:Hittites 2618:Hattians 2585:5,500 BC 2573:9,000 BC 2504:a series 2502:Part of 2403:and the 2381:Istanbul 2060:Timeline 2030:a series 2028:Part of 1771:against 1769:genocide 1716:Tanzimat 1702:Habsburg 1678:Istanbul 1630:Turkoman 1626:Anatolia 895:Currency 412:Chagatai 367:Istanbul 21011:Baroque 20910:Majorca 20822:Francia 20598:Tzachas 20503:Inalids 20303:largest 20298:Empires 20278:Swedish 20273:Spanish 20268:Russian 20231:Italian 20206:Chinese 20194:English 20189:British 20184:Belgian 20159:Vietnam 20149:Tay son 20095:Tsarist 20090:Russian 20085:Ottoman 20051:Dzungar 20046:Khoshut 20019:Mexican 20014:Maratha 19997:Pahlavi 19977:Safavid 19972:Iranian 19899:Haitian 19862:Chinese 19822:Ashanti 19794:Wagadou 19720:Eastern 19715:Western 19698:Timurid 19658:Tibetan 19648:Songhai 19638:Serbian 19559:Almohad 19549:Idrisid 19453:Samanid 19443:Tahirid 19438:Iranian 19416:Kannauj 19396:Genoese 19332:Chinese 19325:Eastern 19320:Western 19308:Fatimid 19303:Abbasid 19298:Umayyad 19271:Burmese 19231:Ayyubid 19226:Angevin 19196:Xianbei 19184:Eastern 19179:Western 19125:Magadha 19088:Iranian 19081:Xiongnu 19066:Hittite 18975:Chinese 18963:Kassite 18912:Ancient 18904:Empires 18719:Outline 18695:Commons 18628:Theater 18611:Pottery 18527:Ottoman 18522:Cuisine 18500:Ottoman 18477:Culture 18462:Poverty 18394:Society 18279:Tourism 18232:Defense 18204:Economy 18046:Cabinet 17977:Geology 17921:Climate 17863:Regions 17790:Ottoman 17608:Beyliks 17604:Seljuks 17569:History 17459:Chovgan 17439:Kyz kuu 17352:Alevism 17289:Studies 17085:History 17068:Origins 16999:Türgesh 16969:Khazars 16964:Karluks 16944:Bulgars 16919:(Sakha) 16897:Uyghurs 16876:Tunisia 16864:Romania 16844:Lebanon 16812:Croatia 16800:Algeria 16789:Turkish 16781:Iranian 16766:Tofalar 16738:Chinese 16699:Qashqai 16684:Naimans 16629:Kazakhs 16609:Dolgans 16594:Chuvash 16589:Chulyms 16579:Balkars 16571:Georgia 16567:Armenia 16544:Teleuts 16521:Afshars 16513:Peoples 16490:Persian 16427:Turkmen 16422:Turkish 16387:Qashqai 16342:Kipchak 16262:Chuvash 16242:Bashkir 16105:Nigeria 16080:Ireland 16008:Tahuata 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