673:
1255:
73:
2947:
61:
693:
1342:, distributed pamphlets calling upon the Turkish people to preserve the Ottoman Caliphate for the sake of Islam. Under Turkey's new nationalist government, however, this was construed as foreign intervention, and any form of foreign intervention was labelled an insult to Turkish sovereignty, and worse, a threat to State security. Kemal promptly seized his chance. On his initiative, the National Assembly abolished the Caliphate on 3 March 1924. Abdülmecid was sent into exile along with the remaining members of the Ottoman House.
370:
835:, who ruled 1876–1909, felt that the Empire's desperate situation could only be remedied through strong and determined leadership. He distrusted his ministers and other officials that had served his predecessors and gradually reduced their role in his regime, concentrating absolute power over the Empire's governance in his own hands. Taking a hard-line against Western involvement in Ottoman affairs, he emphasized the Empire's "Islamic" character, reasserted his status as the
2641:
120:
110:
100:
90:
1186:
451:
879:, a Turkish military officer, the CUP launched a military coup against the sultan in 1908, proclaiming a new regime on 6 July. Though they left Abdul-Hamid on his throne, the Young Turks compelled him to restore the parliament and constitution he had suspended thirty years earlier, thereby creating a constitutional monarchy and stripping the Caliphate of its authority.
771:, European powers regrouped and challenged Ottoman dominance. Owing largely to poor leadership, archaic political norms, and an inability to keep pace with technological progress in Europe, the Ottoman Empire could not respond effectively to Europe's resurgence and gradually lost its position as a pre-eminent
839:, and called for Muslim unity behind the Caliphate. Abdul-Hamid strengthened the Empire's position somewhat, and succeeded briefly in reasserting Islamic power, by building numerous schools, reducing the national debt, and embarking on projects aimed at revitalizing the Empire's decaying infrastructure.
902:
movement, which actually occurred on 13 April 1909. Many aspects of this revolt, which started within certain sections of the mutinying army in
Constantinople, are still yet to be analyzed. Its generally admitted perception of a "reactionary" movement has sometimes been challenged, given the results
1173:
958:
Internally, the
Ottomans continued to be troubled by political instability. Nationalist uprisings that had plagued the Empire sporadically for the past fifty years intensified. The masses were growing frustrated with chronic misgovernance and the Ottomans' poor showing in military conflicts. In
1299:
declaring them to be un-Islamic. But the nationalists steadily gained momentum and began to enjoy widespread support. Many sensed that the nation was ripe for revolution. In an effort to neutralize this threat, the Sultan agreed to hold elections, with the hope of placating and co-opting the
1085:
By the end of the war, the
Ottomans had lost virtually their entire Empire. Hoping to keep his throne and preserve the Ottoman dynasty in some form or another, the sultan agreed to cooperate with the Allies. He dissolved parliament and allowed an Allied military administration to replace the
808:
The
British government supported the view that the Ottomans were Caliphs of Islam among Muslims in British India and the Ottoman sultans in return helped the British by issuing pronouncements to the Muslims of India, which extolled them to support British rule; these came from sultan
797:, which transformed the nature of the Ottoman state, greatly increasing its power despite the empire's territorial losses. Despite the success of its self-strengthening reforms, the empire was largely unable to match the military strength of its main rival, the
1290:
on 29 October 1923, and proclaimed Ankara its new capital. After over 600 years, the
Ottoman Empire had officially ceased to exist. However, under Allied direction, the Sultan pledged to suppress such movements and secured an official
897:
A counter-coup launched by soldiers loyal to the sultan threatened the new government but ultimately failed. After nine months into the new parliamentary term, discontent and reaction found expression in a counter-revolutionary
1043:
urging all
Muslims to resist Allied encroachment on their lands, the effort was largely unsuccessful. The Young Turk government resigned en masse and Enver, Talat, and Cemal fled Turkey aboard a German warship. sultan
854:
The coup by the three Pashas in 1909 marked the end of his reign. Western-inclined
Turkish military officers opposed to Abdul-Hamid's rule had steadily organized in the form of secret societies within and outside
850:
and northeastern
Malaysia) stop the defence of the sultanate and surrender to American invasion; Sultan Jamalul-Kiram II of the Tausug Sultanate would heed the caliph sultan Abdul-Hamid II's order, and surrender.
1311:
had been a vocal critic of the
Ottoman House and its Islamic orientation. When Abdülmecid was declared caliph, Kemal refused to allow the traditional Ottoman ceremony to take place, bluntly declaring:
1855:
1327:
Still, for all the power he had already wielded in Turkey, Kemal did not dare to abolish the
Caliphate outright, as it still commanded a considerable degree of support from the common people.
672:
1323:
Your office, the Caliphate, is nothing more than a historic relic. It has no justification for existence. It is a piece of impertinence that you should dare write to any of my secretaries!
2293:
1021:
immediately declared war on Ottoman Empire. During the development of the war, the empire's position continued to deteriorate, and even in the Middle East – the very heartland of the
72:
2691:
1307:
as caliph upon Mehmed's departure (November 1922). But the position had been stripped of any authority, and Abdülmecid's purely ceremonial reign would be short lived.
326:
1254:
826:
955:
eliminated what little presence the Ottomans had left in Europe, and only infighting between the Balkan League allies prevented them from advancing into Anatolia.
967:(who returned to Constantinople after having served Turkey abroad in various military and diplomatic capacities since the initial coup), Minister of the Interior
2334:
1517:
782:, who announced that they needed to protect Orthodox Christians under the Ottoman Empire, by making a similar claim about the Muslims living in Russia. The
963:
in 1913 and seized absolute control of the government. For the next five years, the Empire was a one-party state ruled by the CUP under the leadership of
3118:
2883:
1859:
3081:
1369:
1303:
Initially, the National Assembly seemed willing to allow a place for the Caliphate in the new regime, agreeing to the appointment of Mehmed's cousin
778:
The first political (rather than religious) usage of the title caliph, however, would not occur until 1774, when the Ottomans needed to counter the
2684:
842:
In 1899, the Ottomans would grant a request from the United States government and leverage their religious authority as caliphs to order that the
2946:
2926:
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3003:
60:
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leaders and representative of the Islamic world. From Constantinople, the Ottoman sultans ruled over an empire that, at its peak, covered
2677:
2327:
1382:
1010:
787:
1034:
786:
would tactfully affirm the Ottoman claim to the caliphate and proceed to have the Ottoman caliph issue orders to the Muslims living in
279:
3133:
3123:
2993:
2873:
2653:
2700:
1698:
Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar
2658:
2306:
1931:
2899:
2644:
2320:
1138:
975:. Though the sultan was retained, he made no effort to exercise power independent of the Young Turks and was effectively their
2235:
2346:
2166:
2133:
2057:
2030:
1839:
1812:
1775:
1729:
1705:
1684:
1633:
1578:
1557:
988:
3138:
2998:
2919:
2878:
2863:
2838:
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1300:
nationalists. To his dismay, nationalist groups swept the polls, prompting him to again dissolve parliament in April 1920.
979:. The Caliphate was thus held nominally by Mehmed V, but the authority attached to the office rested with the Young Turks.
713:
728:
as prisoner. There, it is said, al-Mutawakkil formally surrendered the title of caliph as well as its outward emblems—the
626:, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for Abdulmejid II.
1282:
on 23 April 1920, and secured formal recognition of the nation's independence and new borders on 20 Feb 1923 through the
479:
2988:
1350:, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for Abdulmejid.
1245:
1203:
1068:
2772:
2539:
2245:
2218:
1660:
1600:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1419:
1364:
1225:
875:. CUP leaders presented their ideas to the public as a revival of "true Islamic principles". Under the leadership of
805:. The Ottoman state defaulted on its loans in 1875–76, part of a wider financial crisis affecting much of the globe.
564:
186:
1490:
1463:
2888:
2853:
2371:
2271:
Haddad, Mahmoud. "Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era: Rereading Rashid Rida's Ideas on the Caliphate",
1048:, who was proclaimed sultan after his brother Mehmed V died of a heart attack in July, agreed to an armistice. The
906:
Abdul-Hamid was deposed on 13 April 1909. He was replaced by his brother Rashid Effendi, who was proclaimed sultan
1436:
736:—to Selim, establishing the Ottoman sultans as the new caliphal line. And they gradually came to be viewed as the
697:
266:
1789:
Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.
1275:
1164:, the movement is also noted for Hindu-Muslim unity. It ended in 1922 after the end of non-cooperation movement.
1059:
on 30 October 1918. Allied troops arrived in Constantinople and occupied the sultan's palace shortly thereafter.
860:
587:
510:
3008:
1893:
1207:
1131:
of the Ottoman Caliphate, while others promoted Muslim interests and to bring the Muslim in national struggle.
1128:
1002:
867:
Party. The Young Turks sought to remodel administration of the Empire along Western lines. Their ideology was
2792:
2529:
1994:
859:. By 1906, the movement enjoyed the support of a significant portion of the army, and its leaders formed the
598:, the last Ottoman caliph, held his caliphal position for a couple of years after the partitioning, but with
2914:
1677:
The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State
1072:
931:, and Turkey's failure to defend these regions demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman military. In 1912
2976:
1359:
1271:
951:, an anti-Ottoman alliance that subsequently launched a joint attack on the Ottoman Empire. The ensuing
3086:
3015:
1804:
IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020
1409:
1239:
615:
292:
2376:
2264:
Deringil, Selim. "Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909),
1591:
Quataert, Donald (1994). "The Age of Reforms, 1812–1914". In İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert (eds.).
1387:
1385:
591:
548:
3113:
2484:
1137:
had supported the movement as part of his opposition to British Empire and he also advocated wider
1112:
888:
709:
685:
501:
331:
1343:
1308:
619:
599:
3143:
2968:
1347:
1196:
623:
582:
The demise of the Ottoman Caliphate took place because of a slow erosion of power in relation to
472:
1249:
603:
417:
2742:
2158:
1625:
871:
in character, and was a precursor of the movement that would seize control of Turkey following
135:
2204:
2123:
2047:
2020:
1969:
1802:
1765:
793:
In the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire initiated a period of modernization known as the
2822:
1909:
1829:
1752:
1650:
1014:
940:
768:
2150:
1617:
2669:
2422:
1395:
1053:
1039:
Though the Young Turks had compelled the sultan in his capacity as the Caliph to declare a
692:
677:
8:
3128:
2817:
2410:
2366:
1335:
1331:
1146:
1116:
1049:
932:
764:
540:
522:
437:
173:
1161:
1080:
607:
1283:
802:
729:
667:
465:
384:
1618:
1524:
2858:
2241:
2214:
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2151:
2129:
2053:
2026:
1927:
1889:
1835:
1808:
1771:
1735:
1725:
1701:
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1656:
1629:
1596:
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1553:
1526:
Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization
1496:
1469:
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1415:
1339:
1142:
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1076:
944:
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843:
721:
560:
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249:
2441:
2073:
1120:
924:
552:
536:
432:
142:
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2725:
2416:
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2200:
1881:
1652:
Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924
1571:
Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924
1296:
1157:
1124:
528:
147:
369:
2704:
2609:
2343:
2183:"Khilafat movement | Causes, Date, History, & Facts | Britannica"
1153:
1134:
1018:
1006:
856:
832:
798:
783:
779:
757:
725:
681:
630:
583:
497:
180:
20:
19:
This article is about the office of the caliph. For the associated empire, see
2428:
2095:
The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India
1319:
In response to Abdülmecid's petition for an increase in his pay, Kemal wrote:
3107:
2776:
2752:
2624:
2574:
2237:
From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic
1739:
1304:
1104:
over British policy against Turkey and planned dismemberment of Turkey after
1101:
1022:
998:
948:
928:
634:
595:
527:'office of the caliphate') was the claim of the heads of the Turkish
226:
3067:
2312:
3020:
2812:
2594:
976:
814:
749:
576:
455:
1719:
1518:"Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648"
2569:
2292:
Hussain, Ishtiaq. "The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire",
2210:
1105:
994:
972:
968:
964:
952:
876:
872:
868:
847:
827:
Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire § İstibdat 1878–1908
772:
745:
163:
2125:
New Directions in Islamic Thought: Exploring Reform and Muslim Tradition
1438:
Sufi Visionary of Ottoman Damascus: ʻAbd Al-Ghanī Al-Nābulusī, 1641-1731
2584:
2549:
2499:
2473:
2467:
1210: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
864:
2747:
586:, and because of the end of the Ottoman state as a consequence of the
3060:
3043:
2619:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2564:
2554:
2534:
2519:
2509:
2494:
2462:
2452:
2404:
1259:
1152:
Generally described as a protest against the sanctions placed on the
1100:
The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a political campaign launched in
1045:
810:
646:
642:
638:
544:
493:
352:
176:
1185:
1172:
119:
109:
99:
89:
2802:
2737:
2614:
2559:
2544:
2524:
2514:
2489:
2457:
2447:
2435:
1315:
The Caliph has no power or position except as a nominal figurehead.
1287:
907:
794:
753:
741:
737:
733:
2827:
1411:
The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey
3076:
3050:
2604:
2504:
2479:
2399:
2389:
705:
556:
543:. During the period of Ottoman expansion, Ottoman rulers claimed
253:
213:
35:
3055:
3038:
2797:
2022:
Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950
1955:
The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction
1593:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914
1279:
836:
717:
650:
611:
572:
194:
152:
1624:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2394:
1928:"Khilafat movement | Indian Muslim movement | Britannica.com"
1801:
Ali, A.; Sahni, J.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, P.; Goel, P. (2019).
1292:
1040:
997:
broke out in Europe, the Young Turks struck an alliance with
568:
532:
515:
2699:
2078:
World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Volume 1
3072:
1270:
The Turkish national movement, as the details explained in
1262:", following the Abolition of the Caliphate as reported in
1550:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
1465:
Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter
2285:
Lewis, Bernard. "The Ottoman Empire and Its Aftermath",
1595:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 762.
1489:́Goston, Ga ́bor A.; Masters, Bruce Alan (21 May 2010).
1149:
and other Congress figures also supported the movement.
575:
and strengthened the Ottoman claim to leadership in the
1001:, a move that would have disastrous consequences. The
1062:
882:
2049:
From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India
1800:
16:
Islamic domain under the Ottoman dynasty (1517–1924)
1807:. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 273.
1767:
Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science
1462:Wasserstein, David J.; Ayalon, Ami (17 June 2013).
661:
559:in 1517 and the abolition of the Mamluk-controlled
1971:Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak
2278:Kedourie, Elie. "The End of the Ottoman Empire",
1461:
1370:Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
3105:
2206:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire
2072:
1648:
1052:formalizing Ottoman surrender was signed aboard
1763:
1717:
1111:Leaders participating in the movement included
66:Caliphate standard of Abdulmejid II (1922–1924)
2157:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
2045:
2039:
1488:
2685:
2342:
2328:
2121:
820:
473:
41:
2266:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2106:
356:
2142:
2012:
1642:
1330:Then in 1924, two Indian brothers, Maulana
903:and effects on the young political system.
2692:
2678:
2335:
2321:
1999:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1952:
1856:"Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial"
1286:. The National Assembly declared Turkey a
1035:Declaration of jihad by the Ottoman Empire
480:
466:
280:Declaration of jihad by the Ottoman Empire
118:
108:
98:
88:
3119:1517 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
2025:. Indiana University Press. p. 145.
1993:Jaffrelot, Christophe (7 December 2013).
1992:
1858:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1226:Learn how and when to remove this message
1127:some of whom were seeking to restore the
606:and the subsequent exile of the imperial
78:Coat of arms of Abdulmejid II (1922–1924)
2273:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2148:
1615:
1590:
1434:
1394:, p. 5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801:
1253:
1171:
691:
671:
123:
2080:. Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 85.
1967:
1957:. Rutgers University Press. p. 29.
1908:
1880:
1086:government vacated by the Young Turks.
913:
790:to comply with the British government.
3106:
2233:
2199:
2128:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 195.
2122:Vogt, K.; Larsen, L.; Moe, C. (2011).
2018:
1391:
1176:Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman caliph
801:, and suffered several defeats in the
252:formally surrenders his title over to
2673:
2316:
2111:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 300.
1827:
1515:
1407:
989:Middle Eastern theater of World War I
2635:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only
2082:the Khilafat agitation ended in 1922
1934:from the original on 8 December 2018
1831:Longman History & Civics Icse 10
1764:Hutchinson, J.; Smith, A.D. (2000).
1208:adding citations to reliable sources
1179:
1089:
505:
36:
1721:The Ottomans : Empire of Faith
1679:. Oxford University Press. p. 235.
357:
13:
1492:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1414:. University of California Press.
1246:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
1069:Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
1063:Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
883:Counter-coup and 31 March Incident
588:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
14:
3155:
2884:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
2300:
2052:. Orient Blackswan. p. 304.
1834:. Pearson Education. p. 88.
1552:. New York: Basic Books. p. 111.
1408:Algar, Ayla Esen (January 1992).
1365:Ottoman claim to Roman succession
1028:
846:(located in what is now southern
3134:Government of the Ottoman Empire
3124:1924 disestablishments in Turkey
2945:
2640:
2639:
2289:, Vol. 15, No. 1 (January 1980).
1184:
662:Selim I to Abdulaziz (1517–1876)
449:
368:
324:
71:
59:
2808:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2287:Journal of Contemporary History
2282:, Vol. 3, No. 4 (October 1968).
2280:Journal of Contemporary History
2275:, Vol. 117, No. 2 (April 1997).
2268:, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1991).
2258:
2227:
2193:
2175:
2115:
2100:
2087:
2066:
1986:
1961:
1946:
1920:
1902:
1874:
1848:
1821:
1794:
1757:
1746:
1711:
1696:Yegar, Moshe (1 January 2002).
1690:
1669:
1609:
1584:
1276:Turkish Grand National Assembly
1195:needs additional citations for
959:response, the CUP led a second
863:(CUP), informally known as the
861:Committee of Union and Progress
696:Commemorative plaque where the
614:in 1924, the caliphal position
418:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus
1563:
1542:
1533:
1509:
1482:
1455:
1428:
1401:
1338:, leaders of the Indian-based
982:
927:warred with the Ottomans over
1:
2654:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family
1995:"Sardar and the Swayamsevaks"
1620:The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
1516:Drews, Robert (August 2011).
1375:
918:
1435:Sirriyeh, Elizabeth (2005).
1167:
1073:Occupation of Constantinople
704:In 1517, the Ottoman sultan
516:
7:
3139:Islam in the Ottoman Empire
3082:Vassal and tributary states
2869:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2046:Bandyopādhyāẏa, Ś. (2004).
1700:. Lexington Books. p. 397.
1360:Islam in the Ottoman Empire
1353:
1272:Turkish War of Independence
971:, and Minister of the Navy
629:With the establishments of
565:Defender of the Holy Cities
185:Elective caliphate under a
10:
3160:
2309:(archived 3 November 2012)
1770:. Routledge. p. 926.
1569:Qureshi, M. Naeem (1999).
1243:
1240:Abolition of the Caliphate
1237:
1093:
1066:
1032:
986:
886:
824:
821:Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909)
665:
656:
293:Abolition of the Caliphate
124:The Ottoman Empire in 1914
114:The Ottoman Empire in 1739
104:The Ottoman Empire in 1683
94:The Ottoman Empire in 1566
18:
3031:
2967:
2954:
2943:
2897:
2836:
2770:
2763:
2718:
2711:
2633:
2385:
2357:
1753:International Law Studies
1675:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001).
1655:. BRILL. pp. 18–19.
1649:M. Naeem Qureshi (1999).
1616:Quataert, Donald (2005).
1548:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
1346:offered the caliphate to
756:, and extended deep into
649:approaches to Islam like
622:offered the caliphate to
592:League of Nations mandate
563:. This left Selim as the
358:
306:
302:
289:
276:
263:
246:
242:
237:
233:
220:
207:
203:
193:
169:
159:
141:
131:
85:
55:
50:
30:
2874:Ministry of the Interior
2372:Family tree (simplified)
1718:Nicolle, David. (2008).
1529:. Vanderbilt University.
1139:non-cooperation movement
889:1909 Ottoman countercoup
698:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
332:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
267:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2905:(constitutional period)
2149:Gingeras, Ryan (2009).
1348:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
624:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
2367:Family tree (detailed)
2234:Özoğlu, Hakan (2011).
1974:. Concept. p. 259
1968:Inamdar, N.R. (1983).
1325:
1317:
1267:
1177:
1025:– would soon be lost.
1009:in November 1914, and
1003:Empire entered the war
724:, was brought back to
701:
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2823:Dragoman of the Porte
2107:Burton Stein (2010).
1321:
1313:
1257:
1175:
769:Industrial Revolution
695:
675:
531:to be the caliphs of
1724:. Ludlow: Thalamus.
1573:. BRILL. pp. 18–19.
1441:. Psychology Press.
1396:Mark Lambert Bristol
1204:improve this article
914:Mehmed V (1909–1918)
763:Strengthened by the
678:Battle of Marj Dabiq
547:authority after the
2920:Chamber of Deputies
2879:Ministry of Justice
2864:Ministry of Finance
2839:Imperial Government
2652:Related templates:
2189:. 22 December 2023.
2019:Tejani, S. (2021).
1953:Carl Olson (2007).
1344:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
1336:Maulana Shaukat Ali
1332:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
1147:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1117:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
1050:Armistice of Mudros
1005:on the side of the
765:Peace of Westphalia
620:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
600:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
438:Sharifian Caliphate
412:Parallel caliphates
2999:Armenian Apostolic
2783:(classical period)
2701:State organisation
2377:Line of succession
2187:www.britannica.com
2109:A History of India
1862:on 29 October 2014
1828:Vipul, S. (2009).
1398:on 19 August 1924.
1284:Treaty of Lausanne
1268:
1264:The New York Times
1178:
1141:at the same time.
1108:by allied forces.
803:Russo-Turkish Wars
714:Ottoman–Mamluk War
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668:Ottoman Old Regime
385:Rashidun Caliphate
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2927:political parties
2859:Ministry of Evkaf
2731:Ottoman Caliphate
2667:
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2307:Ottoman Caliphate
2168:978-0-19-956152-0
2135:978-0-85772-233-1
2059:978-81-250-2596-2
2032:978-0-253-05832-4
1882:Hussain, Intezaar
1841:978-81-317-2042-4
1814:978-93-241-9210-3
1777:978-0-415-20112-4
1731:978-1-902886-11-4
1706:978-0-7391-0356-2
1685:978-0-19-513618-0
1635:978-0-521-54782-6
1579:978-90-04-11371-8
1558:978-0-465-02396-7
1340:Khilafat Movement
1250:Atatürk's reforms
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1096:Khilafat Movement
1090:Khilafat Movement
1077:Khilafat Movement
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893:31 March Incident
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561:Abbasid Caliphate
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3021:Hakham Bashi
2989:Christianity
2904:
2843:
2793:Grand Vizier
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2730:
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2595:Abdulmejid I
2472:
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2259:Bibliography
2240:. ABC-CLIO.
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2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1970:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1910:Andrews, C.F
1904:
1886:Ajmal e Azam
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1850:
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1781:. Retrieved
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1495:. Infobase.
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1202:Please help
1197:verification
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1099:
1084:
1055:
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960:
957:
922:
905:
896:
853:
841:
830:
815:Abdulmejid I
807:
792:
777:
762:
750:North Africa
703:
680:between the
653:flourished.
628:
581:
577:Muslim world
553:Mamluk Egypt
491:
399:
311:
25:
2570:Mustafa III
2540:Suleiman II
2429:Musa Çelebi
2411:Interregnum
2211:Basic Books
1392:Özoğlu 2011
1274:, formed a
1216:August 2021
1113:Shaukat Ali
1106:World War I
995:World War I
983:World War I
973:Cemal Pasha
969:Talat Pasha
965:Enver Pasha
961:coup d'état
953:Balkan Wars
947:formed the
877:Enver Pasha
873:World War I
869:nationalist
848:Philippines
813:and sultan
773:great power
746:Middle East
716:. The last
506:خلافت مقامى
312:Preceded by
238:Established
189:(1922–1924)
183:(1517–1922)
164:Sunni Islam
155:(religious)
37:خلافت مقامى
3129:Caliphates
3108:Categories
3061:Sanjakbeys
3044:Beylerbeys
3032:Provincial
2764:Government
2585:Mustafa IV
2550:Mustafa II
2500:Mehmed III
2485:Suleiman I
2474:Cem Sultan
2468:Bayezid II
2417:İsa Çelebi
2004:9 February
1978:9 February
1895:9693509919
1866:5 December
1783:9 February
1376:References
1305:Abdülmecid
1260:Patriarchs
1244:See also:
1156:after the
1115:, Maulana
1094:See also:
987:See also:
941:Montenegro
919:With Libya
865:Young Turk
825:See also:
720:of Cairo,
700:was signed
666:See also:
555:by sultan
187:parliament
174:Hereditary
170:Government
150:(dynastic)
2959:divisions
2803:Kazaskers
2620:Mehmed VI
2600:Abdulaziz
2590:Mahmud II
2580:Selim III
2565:Osman III
2555:Ahmed III
2535:Mehmed IV
2520:Mustafa I
2510:Mustafa I
2495:Murad III
2463:Mehmed II
2453:Mehmed II
2405:Bayezid I
1938:4 January
1740:455106992
1295:from the
1168:Abolition
1056:Agamemnon
1046:Mehmed VI
811:Selim III
643:syncretic
639:heterodox
511:romanized
494:caliphate
353:Caliphate
179:under an
177:caliphate
160:Religion
51:1517–1924
3077:Kadiluks
3051:Vilayets
2738:Seraglio
2645:Category
2615:Mehmed V
2560:Mahmud I
2545:Ahmed II
2525:Murad IV
2515:Osman II
2490:Selim II
2458:Murad II
2448:Murad II
2436:Mehmed I
2203:(2007).
2076:(1979).
1932:Archived
1912:(1922).
1884:(2003).
1539:Barthold
1354:See also
1288:republic
933:Bulgaria
923:In 1911
908:Mehmed V
795:Tanzimat
780:Russians
767:and the
754:Caucasus
742:Anatolia
738:de facto
734:Muhammad
631:Bektashi
549:conquest
545:caliphal
3056:Sanjaks
3039:Eyalets
3016:Judaism
2969:Millets
2813:Nişancı
2798:Viziers
2748:Enderûn
2703:of the
2605:Murad V
2530:Ibrahim
2505:Ahmed I
2480:Selim I
2400:Murad I
2390:Osman I
2362:Dynasty
2351:caliphs
2347:sultans
2344:Ottoman
2097:(1982).
1160:by the
1011:Britain
999:Germany
831:Sultan
784:British
706:Selim I
682:Ottoman
657:History
590:by the
557:Selim I
535:in the
525:
513::
496:of the
361:
291:•
278:•
265:•
254:Selim I
248:•
216:(first)
214:Selim I
132:Capital
2915:Senate
2244:
2217:
2165:
2132:
2056:
2029:
1892:
1838:
1811:
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1632:
1599:
1577:
1556:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1418:
1280:Ankara
1129:caliph
1123:, and
1079:, and
1019:Russia
1017:, and
1015:France
977:puppet
945:Greece
943:, and
937:Serbia
857:Turkey
837:Caliph
752:, the
718:caliph
688:armies
686:Mamluk
651:Sufism
647:mystic
612:Turkey
573:Medina
359:خِلافة
229:(last)
199:
195:Caliph
181:empire
153:Arabic
3087:Rayas
3073:Kazas
2977:Islam
2828:Birûn
2777:Porte
2395:Orhan
1521:(PDF)
1293:fatwa
1041:jihad
929:Libya
925:Italy
610:from
569:Mecca
533:Islam
2242:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2006:2023
1980:2023
1940:2019
1890:ISBN
1868:2013
1836:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1785:2023
1772:ISBN
1736:OCLC
1726:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1334:and
1248:and
1054:HMS
891:and
684:and
676:The
645:and
633:and
571:and
539:and
523:lit.
492:The
298:1924
285:1914
272:1774
259:1517
1278:in
1206:by
993:As
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551:of
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1942:.
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1742:.
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