Levantine Arabic - Knowledge

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Lebanon. Both scripts were used in Palestine, Israel, and Jordan. Several factors affect script choice: formality (the Arabic script is more formal), ethnicity and religion (Muslims use the Arabic script more while Israeli Druze and Bedouins prefer Hebrew characters), age (young use Latin more), education (educated people write more in Latin), and script congruence (the tendency to reply to a post in the same script). Levantine speakers in Turkey use the

450: 7558:(past action with a present result). It can also serve as a noun or an adjective. The passive participle, also called past participle, has a similar meaning as in English (i.e., sent, written). It is mainly used as an adjective and sometimes as a noun. It is inflected from the verb based on its verb form. However, passive participles are largely limited to verb forms I (CvCvC) and II (CvCCvC), becoming maCCūC for the former and mCaCCaC for the latter. 8465: 1374: 1626: 1554: 2121:), and Hebrew (in Israel) is frequent among Levantine speakers, in both informal and formal settings (such as on television). Gordon cites two Lebanese examples: "Bonjour, ya habibti, how are you?" ("Hello, my love, how are you?") and "Oui, but leish?" ("Yes, but why?"). Code-switching also happens in politics. For instance, not all politicians master MSA in Lebanon, so they rely on Lebanese. Many public and formal speeches and most political 8430: 1662: 1356: 1536: 1410: 1392: 1338: 5867: 1644: 6707: 5481: 1590: 1428: 1320: 1464: 1482: 5616: 5435: 672: 3671: 5919: 6733: 6681: 7409:‎ ʼ-k-l ('eat'). Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as tense, person, and number, in addition to changes in the meaning of the verb that embody grammatical concepts such as mood (e.g., indicative, subjunctive, imperative), voice (active or passive), and functions such as causative, intensive, or reflexive. 5642: 1145:. MSA influences Sunni dialects more. Jewish dialects diverge more from Muslim dialects and often show influences from other towns due to trade networks and contacts with other Jewish communities. For instance, the Jewish dialect of Hatay is very similar to the Aleppo dialect, particularly the dialect of the Jews of Aleppo. It shows traits otherwise not found in any dialect of Hatay. 5761: 8536: 5893: 5590: 597: 8505: 8386: 8355: 900:. It is, for instance, extremely difficult for Moroccans and Iraqis, each speaking their own variety, to understand each other. Levantine and Egyptian are the two prestige varieties of spoken Arabic; they are also the most widely understood dialects in the Arab world and the most commonly taught to non-native speakers outside the Arab world. 865:

not found in Classical Arabic, indicating that these varieties cannot have developed from Classical Arabic. Thus, Arabic vernaculars are not a modified version of the Classical language, which is a sister language rather than their direct ancestor. Classical Arabic and vernacular varieties all developed from an unattested common ancestor,

1004: 1001: 1000: 3690:). Only the isolated form is shown in the tables below. In the Arabic script, short vowels are not represented by letters but by diacritics above or below the letters. When Levantine is written with the Arabic script, short vowels are usually only indicated if a word is ambiguous. In the Arabic script, a 2196:. Hebrew is studied as a second language by all Palestinian students from at least the second grade and English from the third grade. In Jewish schools, in 2012, 23,000 pupils were studying spoken Palestinian in 800 elementary schools. Palestinian Arabic is compulsory in Jewish elementary schools in the 864:

and Early Islamic periods and remained stable until today's MSA. According to this view, all Arabic vernaculars, including Levantine, descend from Classical Arabic and were corrupted by contacts with other languages. Several Arabic varieties are closer to other Semitic languages and maintain features

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Internet users in the Arab world communicate with their dialect language (such as Levantine) more than MSA on social media (such as Twitter, Facebook, or in the comments of online newspapers). According to one study, between 12% and 23% of all dialectal Arabic content online was written in Levantine

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The term "Levantine Arabic" is not indigenous and, according to linguists Kristen Brustad and Emilie Zuniga, "it is likely that many speakers would resist the grouping on the basis that the rich phonological, morphological and lexical variation within the Levant carries important social meanings and

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Form I verbs often correspond to an equivalent passive form VII verb, with the prefix n-. Form II and form III verbs usually correspond to an equivalent passive in forms V and VI, respectively, with the prefix t-. While the verb forms V, VI and VII are common in the simple past and compound tenses,

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A 2012 study found that on the Jordanian forum Mahjoob about one-third of messages were written in Levantine in the Arabic script, one-third in Arabizi, and one-third in English. Another 2012 study found that on Facebook, the Arabic script was dominant in Syria, while the Latin script dominated in

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MSA is the language of literature, official documents, and formal written media (newspapers, instruction leaflets, school books). In spoken form, MSA is mostly used when reading from a scripted text (e.g., news bulletins) and for prayer and sermons in the mosque or church. In Israel, Hebrew is the

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Traditionally in the Arab world, colloquial varieties, such as Levantine, have been regarded as corrupt forms of MSA, less eloquent and not fit for literature, and thus looked upon with disdain. Because the French and the British emphasized vernaculars when they colonized the Arab world, dialects

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The Levantine verb has only two tenses: past (perfect) and present (also called imperfect, b-imperfect, or bi-imperfect). The present tense is formed by adding the prefix b- or m- to the verb root. The future tense is an extension of the present tense. The negative imperative is the same as the

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Almost all Levantine verbs belong to one of ten verb forms (also called verb measures, stems, patterns, or types). Form I, the most common one, serves as a base for the other nine forms. Each form carries a different verbal idea relative to the meaning of its root. Technically, ten verbs can be

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shows Mesopotamian influence. The prestige dialect of Damascus is the most documented Levantine dialect. A "common Syrian Arabic" is emerging. Similarly, a "Standard Lebanese Arabic" is emerging, combining features of Beiruti Arabic (which is not prestigious) and Jabale Arabic, the language of

8708:, Levantine has borrowed from Turkish and European languages, mainly English (particularly in technology and entertainment), French (especially in Lebanese due to the French Mandate), German, and Italian. Modern Hebrew significantly influences the Palestinian dialect spoken by Arab Israelis. 15584:

Bies, Ann; Song, Zhiyi; Maamouri, Mohamed; Grimes, Stephen; Lee, Haejoong; Wright, Jonathan; Strassel, Stephanie; Habash, Nizar; Eskander, Ramy; Rambow, Owen (2014). "Transliteration of Arabizi into Arabic Orthography: Developing a Parallel Annotated Arabizi-Arabic Script SMS/Chat Corpus".

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Until recently, Levantine was rarely written. Brustad and Zuniga report that in 1988, they did not find anything published in Levantine in Syria. By the late 2010s, written Levantine was used in many public venues and on the internet, especially social media. There is no standard Levantine

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are indicated by suffixes attached to the conjugated verb. Their form depends on whether the verb ends with a consonant or a vowel. Suffixed to nouns, these pronouns express possessive. Levantine does not have the verb "to have". Instead, possession is expressed using the prepositions

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dialects spoken across the Levant. Other terms include "Syro-Palestinian", "Eastern Arabic", "East Mediterranean Arabic", "Syro-Lebanese" (as a broad term covering Jordan and Palestine as well), "Greater Syrian", or "Syrian Arabic" (in a broad meaning, referring to all the dialects of

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are shifting, and using Levantine became de-ideologized for most speakers by the late 2010s. Levantine is now regarded in a more positive light, and its use in informal modes of writing is acknowledged, thanks to its recent widespread use online in both written and spoken forms.

5363:. These plural patterns are shared with other varieties of Arabic and may also be applied to foreign borrowings. Several patterns of broken plurals exist, and it is impossible to predict them exactly. One common pattern is for instance CvCvC => CuCaCa (e.g.: singular: ‏ 7553:

The active participle, also called present participle, is grammatically an adjective derived from a verb. Depending on the context, it can express the present or present continuous (with verbs of motion, location, or mental state), the near future, or the

13139: 3659:, Arabizi "emerged" as a "'bottom-up' orthography" and there is now "a high degree of normativization or standardisation in Arabizi orthography." Among consonants, only five (ج ,ذ ,ض ,ظ ,ق) revealed variability in their Arabizi representation. 2224:

was in Lebanese. Lebanese television is the oldest and largest private Arab broadcast industry. Most big-budget pan-Arab entertainment shows are filmed in the Lebanese dialect in the studios of Beirut. Moreover, the Syrian dialect dominates in

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For nouns referring to humans, the regular (also called sound) masculine plural is formed with the suffix -īn. The regular feminine plural is formed with -āt. The masculine plural is used to refer to a group with both genders. There are many

2295:, 'The tale of the drunken youth, or The story of Nassur the Drunkard'. In the 1960s, Said Akl led a movement in Lebanon to replace MSA as the national and literary language, and a handful of writers wrote in Lebanese. Foreign works, such as 2200:; otherwise, Jewish schools teach MSA. Junior high schools must teach all students MSA, but only two-thirds meet this obligation. At all stages in 2012, 141,000 Jewish students were learning Arabic. In 2020, 3.7% of Jewish students took the 8684:

adaptation when they entered Levantine. Over time, it has become difficult to identify them. They belong to different fields of everyday life such as seasonal agriculture, housekeeping, tools and utensils, and Christian religious terms.

8731:, 20% are identical between MSA and Palestinian Arabic, 30% are strongly overlapping (slightly different forms, same function), 20% are partially overlapping (different forms, same function), and 30% are unique to Palestinian Arabic. 5336:

precedes the noun or adjective and has multiple pronunciations. Its vowel is dropped when the preceding word ends in a vowel. A helping vowel "e" is inserted if the following word begins with a consonant cluster. It assimilates with

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Pupils are taught Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the formal tongue of officialdom, yet they grow up speaking a native dialect. The dialect closest to MSA is spoken by Palestinians, yet only about 60% of the local lingo overlaps with

8727:. In the vocabulary of five-year-old native Palestinians: 40% of the words are not present in MSA, 40% are related to MSA but phonologically different (sound change, addition, or deletion), and 20% are identical to MSA. In terms of 610:', 'dialect', or 'colloquial'. However, with the emergence of social media, attitudes toward Levantine have improved. The amount of written Levantine has significantly increased, especially online, where Levantine is written using 1911:: "All of them are found in today's spoken language of Syria and it is very interesting to note that that language is, on the whole, not very different from the language of ˀUsāma's days", in the 12th century. Lucas Caballero's 2144:

In the Levant, MSA is the only variety authorized for use in schools, although in practice, lessons are often taught in a mix of MSA and Levantine with, for instance, the lesson read out in MSA and explained in Levantine. In

1113:, and Jews. Differences between Muslim and Christian dialects are minimal, mainly involving some religious vocabulary. A minority of features are perceived as typically associated with one group. For example, in Beirut, the 3655:. Arabizi initially developed because the Arabic script was not available or not easy to use on most computers and smartphones; its usage declined after Arabic software became widespread. According to a 2020 survey done in 1828:

and its vowel seem to have weakened. The article is sometimes written as /el-/ or simply /l-/. A similar, but not identical, situation is found in the texts from the Islamic period. Unlike the pre-Islamic attestations, the

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Levantine is seldom written, except for some novels, plays, and humorous writings. Most Arab critics do not acknowledge the literary dignity of prose in dialect. Prose written in Lebanese goes back to at least 1892 when

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According to the authors: "we decided to adopt a flexible approach and use a form of transcription that reflects the spelling used by native Arabic speakers when they write brief colloquial texts on computer, table or

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constructed from any given triconsonantal root, although not all of these forms are used. After Form I, Forms II, V, VII, and X are the most common. Some irregular verbs do not fit into any of the verb forms.

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or is an irregular "broken" plural. It is used with nouns referring to people. For non-human, inanimate, or abstract nouns, adjectives use either the plural or the singular feminine form regardless of gender.

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is pronounced (among Druze), (in most urban centers, especially Beirut, Damascus, and Jerusalem, and in Amman among women), (in Amman among men, in most other Jordanian dialects and in Gaza), or even

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Adjectives typically have three forms: a masculine singular, a feminine singular, and a plural. In most adjectives, the feminine is formed through the addition of -a/e. Many adjectives have the pattern

2392:("The Hornet", from 1925). In the 1940s, five reviews in Beirut were dedicated exclusively to poetry in Lebanese. In a 2013 study, Abuhakema investigated 270 written commercial ads in two Jordanian ( 1837:. According to Pr. Simon Hopkins, this document shows that there is "a very impressive continuity in colloquial Arabic usage, and the roots of the modern vernaculars are thus seen to lie very deep". 9903: 645:. Aramaic was the dominant language in the Levant starting in the 1st millennium BCE; it coexisted with other languages, including many Arabic dialects spoken by various Arab tribes. With the 579:

vernacular Arabic variety to MSA, with about 50% of common words. Nevertheless, Levantine and MSA are not mutually intelligible. Levantine speakers therefore often call their language ‏

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Sabar, Yona (2000). "Review of Jewish Life in Arabic Language and Jerusalem Arabic in Communal Perspective, A Lexico-Semantic Study. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, vol. 30".

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is overwhelmingly Arabic, and a large number of Levantine words are shared with at least another vernacular Arabic variety outside the Levant, especially with Egyptian. Many words, such as

15562: 12656: 12612: 12170: 3686:, and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ( 2102:

considers vernaculars to be inferior. Until recently, the use of Levantine in formal settings or written form was often ideologically motivated, for instance in opposition to pan-Arabism.

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and public life in cities, while Aramaic continued to be spoken at home and in the countryside. Arabic gradually replaced Greek as the language of administration in 700 by order of the

14240: 11866: 18172: 14052: 14682: 13969: 7001:. The distinction between proximal and distal demonstratives is of physical, temporal, or metaphorical distance. The genderless and numberless immediate demonstrative article ‏ 1865:). It also features a pre-grammarian standard of Arabic and the dialect from which it sprung, likely Old Hijazi. Scholars disagree on the dates of phonological changes. The shift of 12923: 10385: 976:

of two different social or religious groups within the same country may also show more dissimilarity with each other than when compared with their counterparts in another country.

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are usually unnecessary and mainly used for emphasis. Feminine plural forms modifying human females are found primarily in rural and Bedouin areas. They are not mentioned below.

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Levantine is not recognized in any state or territory. MSA is the sole official language in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria; it has a "special status" in Israel under the

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are less common but often used to coin new vocabulary or Arabicize foreign words. The base form is the third-person masculine singular of the perfect (also called past) tense.

12724: 5956:. Contrary to MSA, dual pronouns do not exist in Levantine; the plural is used instead. Because conjugated verbs indicate the subject with a prefix or a suffix, independent 17027: 2023: 14652: 1846: 13877: 12816:

Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2017). "The Arabic of the Islamic conquests: Notes on phonology and morphology based on the Greek transcriptions from the first Islamic century".

11949: 2414:) daily newspapers. The study concluded that MSA is still the most used variety in ads, although both varieties are acceptable and Levantine is increasingly used. 2030:

is also recognized in Lebanon. In Turkey, the only official language is Turkish. Any variation from MSA is considered a "dialect" of Arabic. As in the rest of the

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Miller, Catherine (2014). "Arabic Urban Vernaculars: Development and Changes". In Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C. E. (eds.).

12818: 14078: 6637:) are suffixed to the conjugated verb. They are formed by adding an ل (-l) and then the possessive suffix to the verb. They precede object pronouns if present: 2009:

of the capitals are replacing the rural varieties. With the emergence of social media, the amount of written Levantine has also significantly increased online.

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Płonka, Arkadiusz (2006). "Le nationalisme linguistique au Liban autour de Sa'īd 'Aql et l'idée de langue libanaise dans la revue Lebnaan en nouvel Alphabet".

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Mejdell, Gunvor (2017). "Changing Norms, Concepts and Practices of Written Arabic: A 'Long Distance' Perspective". In Høigilt, Jacob; Mejdell, Gunvor (eds.).

11222: 12720: 1970:(1923–1948), French and English words gradually entered Levantine Arabic. Similarly, Modern Hebrew has significantly influenced the Palestinian dialect of 1805:

for about two centuries, and Syriac remained their literary language until the 14th century. In its spoken form, Aramaic nearly disappeared, except for

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was spoken. In the early 1st century CE, a great variety of Arabic dialects were already spoken by various nomadic or semi-nomadic Arabic tribes in the

11665: 9890: 1820:. In the Levant, these Peninsular dialects mixed with ancient forms of Arabic, such as the northern Old Arabic dialect. By the mid-6th century CE, the 15218: 11300: 11833: 11456: 3545:

Between two consonants in the same word, if this word ends with two consonants and either is followed by a consonant or is at the end of a sentence.

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Most comedies are written in Levantine. In Syria, plays became more common and popular in the 1980s by using Levantine instead of Classical Arabic.

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variations along socio-cultural (gender; religion; urban, rural or Bedouin) and geographical lines. For instance, in urban varieties, interdentals

2286: 1889: 12367: 2276:(LBCI), Arab and international news bulletins are only in MSA, while the Lebanese national news broadcast is in a mix of MSA and Lebanese Arabic. 979:

The process of linguistic homogenization within each country of the Levant makes a classification of dialects by country possible today. Linguist

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The similarity among Levantine dialects transcends geographical location and political boundaries. The urban dialects of the main cities (such as

15552: 12642: 12598: 12153: 5794:, 'very' can be positioned after or before the adjective. Adverbs of manner can usually be formed using bi- followed by the nominal form: ‏ 2446: 2273: 16950: 16651: 13423: 2435: 1696:

was the dominant spoken language and the language of writing and administration in the Levant. Greek was the language of administration of the

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in any state or territory. Although it is the majority language in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, it is predominantly used as a spoken

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use colloquial varieties in their programs, except news bulletins in MSA. The use of vernacular in broadcasting started in Lebanon during the

14190: 11911: 11856: 10628: 16562:"Hebrew and Aramaic Element in the Israeli Vernacular Christian-Arabic and in the Written Christian Arabic of Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon" 14167: 14044: 7391:(also called radical or Semitic root) made of three consonants. The set of consonants communicates the basic meaning of a verb, e.g. ‏ 2094:

consider that this might divide the Arab people into different nations. On the other hand, Classical Arabic is seen as "the language of the

20213: 18132: 14674: 13959: 1849:, dated to the 9th century but possibly earlier, sheds light on the Damascus dialect of that period. Because its Arabic text is written in 1225: 12896: 11160: 10353: 1719:

is unknown. Old Arabic was a dialect continuum stretching from the southern Levant (where Northern Old Arabic was spoken) to the northern

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Procházka, Stephan (2004). "The Turkish Contribution to the Arabic Lexicon". In Csató, Éva Ágnes; Isaksson, Bo; Jahani, Carina (eds.).

9965: 9240: 2054:, while Romance languages were the spoken languages. Levantine and MSA are mutually unintelligible. They differ significantly in their 14841:"Code switching and code mixing in Arabic written advertisements: Patterns, aspects, and the question of prestige and standardisation" 9795:

Shachmon, Ori; Mack, Merav (2016). "Speaking Arabic, Writing Hebrew. Linguistic Transitions in Christian Arab Communities in Israel".

5420:. The first noun is always indefinite. If an indefinite noun is added to a definite noun, it results in a new definite compound noun: 18582: 11707: 2339:

section often includes entire paragraphs in Levantine. Many newspapers also regularly publish personal columns in Levantine, such as

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was also translated into Palestinian and published in two biscriptal editions (one Arabic/Hebrew script, one Arabic/Latin script).

15109: 14588: 5322:, which marks common nouns (i.e. nouns that are not proper nouns) as definite. Its absence marks common nouns as indefinite. The 3324:. The long vowel "ā" is pronounced similar to "ē" or even merges with "ē", when it is not near an emphatic or guttural consonant. 18708: 13307: 9379: 3757: 2451: 1149:

in cities such as Damascus leads to a homogenization of the language among religious groups. In contrast, the marginalization of

991:), North Syrian (including Aleppo), and Palestinian/Jordanian. He writes that distinctions between these groups are unclear, and 17594:

Schmitt, Genevieve A. (2020). "Relevance of Arabic Dialects: A Brief Discussion". In Brunn, Stanley D.; Kehrein, Roland (eds.).

7448: 18633: 11596: 7514:, pseudo-verbs, prepositions, and particles. The future can also be expressed by the imperfect preceded by the particle ‏ 2874: 8981:

lam takun tamalluk min al-waqt lil-tafkīr wa-al-taʼammul ghayr tilka al-laḥaẓāt allatī kuntu tasrah fīhā maʻa ghurūb al-shams.

1915:(1709) describes spoken Damascene Arabic in the early 1700s. It corresponds to modern Damascene in some respects, such as the 18715: 18241: 18185: 18153: 18113: 18068:

Le parler de Kfár'abîda (Liban-Syrie) : Essai linguistique sur la phonétique et la morphologie d'un parler arabe moderne

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that were common in the 20th century have been largely replaced by Arabic words after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

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present, habitual/general present, narrative present, planned future actions, or potential). The prefix b- is deleted in the

7295: 7277: 16746:"Morphological distance between spoken Palestinian dialect and standard Arabic and its implications for reading acquisition" 12232: 9706:

Abu Elhija, Dua'a (2014). "A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media".

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forms. The elative is formed by adding a hamza at the beginning of the adjective and replacing the vowels by "a" (pattern:

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were translated in Lebanese using Akl's alphabet in 1996 by Gilbert Khalifé. Muris 'Awwad translated the four gospels and

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prohibits languages other than Turkish from being taught as a mother tongue and almost all indigenous Arabic speakers are

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in Syria and Jordan, the rest of western Jordan, Palestine and Israel. Other Arabic varieties border it: Mesopotamian and

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Sedentary vernaculars (also called dialects) are traditionally classified into five groups according to shared features:

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Horesh, Uri; Cotter, William (2011). "Sociolinguistics of Palestinian Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

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Also called past participle, mostly used as an adjective. Not all passive participles are used and their meaning varies.

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With about 50% of common words, Levantine (especially Palestinian) is the closest colloquial variety to MSA in terms of

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Neishtadt, Mila (2015). "The Lexical Component in the Aramaic Substrate of Palestinian Arabic". In Butts, Aaron (ed.).

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at the end of the verb or prepositional phrase. In Palestinian, it is also common to negate verbs by the suffix ‏

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in stressed syllables. Vowels in word-final position are shortened. As a result, more short vowels are distinguished.

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in 542 CE. These Arab communities stretched from the southern extremities of the Syrian Desert to central Syria, the

1505: 16898: 14305:"News broadcasts between fuṣḥā and Lebanese: Language choice as an implicit comment on national identity in Lebanon" 11990: 11437:"Linguistic Representations and Dialect Contact: Some Comments on the Evolution of Five Regional Variants in Beirut" 1989:

Although Levantine dialects have remained stable over the past two centuries, in cities such as Amman and Damascus,

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Beer, William R. (1985). "The Arabic Language and National Identity". In Beer, William R.; Jacob, James E. (eds.).

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negative present with helping verb (imperfect). Various prefixes and suffixes designate the grammatical person and

2754: 2440: 2226: 972:) have much more in common with each other than they do with the rural dialects of their respective countries. The 860:

family has also been contested. According to the Arabic tradition, Classical Arabic was the spoken language of the

2434:, are often written in Levantine instead of MSA. In novels and short stories, most authors, such as Arab Israelis 548:

in daily communication, whereas most written and official documents and media in these countries use the official

19823: 18720: 10750: 9130:, to which Levantine belongs, one of the two main varieties of Arabic, as opposed to Western Arabic, also called 3733: 3450: 3423: 2726: 2220:, TV series) during the 20th century, but Levantine is now competing with Egyptian. As of 2013, about 40% of all 2098:" and revered by Muslims who form the majority of the population. It is believed to be pure and everlasting, and 356: 17074:

Al-Wer, Enam (2006). "The Arabic-speaking Middle East". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J;

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Table of prefixes, affixes, and suffixes added to the base form (for sound form I verbs with stressed prefixes)

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Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2018). "What is Ancient North Arabian?". In Birnstiel, Daniel; Pat-El, Naʼama (eds.).

11125: 10156:"The Limitations of Reading to Young Children in Literary Arabic: The Unspoken Struggle with Arabic Diglossia" 9558:

Abu-Liel, Aula Khatteb; Eviatar, Zohar; Nir, Bracha (2019). "Writing between languages: the case of Arabizi".

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in the feminine suffix. On the contrary, the insertion and deletion of vowels differ from the modern dialect.

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Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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Geminate (or doubled): the second and third radicals are identical, remaining together as a double consonant.

3053: 3043: 3033: 2692: 2381: 2174: 1959: 1776: 1221: 779: 646: 10358:. Oxford Studies in Diachronic and Historical Linguistics. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 5. 7405: 7399: 7393: 19115: 18666: 5460:: if it ends in the feminine marker (/-ah/, or /-ih/), it changes to (/-at/, /-it/) in pronunciation (i.e. 5265:

sentences, while verb-initial order indicates subject-prominent sentences. In interrogative sentences, the

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Between two words, when a word ending in a consonant is followed by a word that starts with two consonants,

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used MSA or a hybrid between MSA and colloquial for talk shows. On the popular Lebanese satellite channel

1862: 1858: 1797:

from Aramaic to vernacular Arabic was a long process over several generations, with an extended period of

1779:(634–640) brought Arabic speakers from the Arabian Peninsula who settled in the Levant. Arabic became the 1142: 20199: 18420: 17741: 17292: 11436: 8616: 8610: 5360: 5254: 5250: 3398: 3377: 2846: 2781: 2456:, write the dialogues in their Levantine dialect, while the rest of the text is in MSA. Lebanese authors 2006: 1983: 1938:. Many Western words entered Arabic through Ottoman Turkish as it was the main language for transmitting 631: 557: 526: 18344: 12110: 11825: 8643: 8631: 8176: 8134: 7849: 7833: 7481: 7465: 7173: 7060: 6978: 6942: 6853: 6841: 6827: 6789: 6226: 6063: 5992: 5277:

Nouns are either masculine or feminine and singular, dual or plural. The dual is formed with the suffix

3535:

is subject to social and regional variation. They are usually not written. A helping vowel is inserted:

2464:

wrote the main narrative in Levantine. Some collections of short stories and anthologies of Palestinian

2136:

often adds Palestinian Arabic sentences to his Hebrew speech but only gives partial speeches in Arabic.

1751:—and not from the Arabian peninsula— and related to later Classical Arabic. Initially restricted to the 1708:(476–640) empires. From the early 1st millennium BCE until the 6th century CE, there was a continuum of 1131: 1119: 19759: 19238: 18408: 12357: 8680:

Aramaic influence is significant, especially in vocabulary and in rural areas. Aramaic words underwent

5261:. SVO is more common in Levantine, while Classical Arabic prefers VSO. Subject-initial order indicates 3487: 3476: 3018: 3000: 2990: 2882: 2767: 2733: 2623: 2613: 2491: 2197: 2027: 1523: 1229: 623: 8986:

For a long time you had found your only entertainment in the quiet pleasure of looking at the sunset.

5716:‎ (a). If the second and third consonant in the root are the same, they are geminated (pattern: 5391:

objects take feminine singular agreement in the plural, for verbs, attached pronouns, and adjectives.

20495: 19512: 19502: 19479: 18548: 18371: 18233: 18141: 18066: 17286: 16926: 15435:

Hall, Nancy (2013). "Acoustic differences between lexical and epenthetic vowels in Lebanese Arabic".

15205:

Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)

15097:

Modern Arabic Literature between the Nation and the World: The Bilingual Singularity of Kahlil Gibran

13352:

Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)

9214: 9201: 8654: 3531:, 'very good/well'. They are not considered part of the word and are never stressed. This process of 3521:

are complex, even within a single dialect. Speakers often add a short vowel, called helping vowel or

3485: 3474: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3375: 3317: 3206: 3196: 3186: 3171: 3162: 3154: 3144: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3094: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3066: 3051: 3041: 3031: 3016: 3006: 2998: 2988: 2811: 2761: 2193: 2075: 1874: 1709: 1451: 1236:

after the establishment of Israel. Levantine is the second language of Dom people across the Levant,

1209: 946: 163: 17939:

The Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comparative Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti Dialects

17673: 15595: 13381: 12290:

A Sociolinguistic Study of Language Contact of Lebanese Arabic and Brazilian Portuguese in São Paulo

9504: 3525:

vowel, sounding like a short schwa right before a word-initial consonant cluster to break it, as in

2245: 20180: 20088: 19570: 18568: 18524: 18437: 18425: 16928:

A Study of Loanwords and Code Switching in Spoken and Online Written Arabic by Palestinian Israelis

13380:

Høigilt, Jacob; Mejdell, Gunvor (2017). "Introduction". In Høigilt, Jacob; Mejdell, Gunvor (eds.).

11906: 11765: 9898: 9761:"Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)" 9656: 5727:/ ʾaCaCC). When an elative modifies a noun, it precedes the noun, and no definite article is used. 5452:

can also specify or define the first term. Although there is no limit to the number of nouns in an

5445: 5262: 5245: 3407: 3389: 3188: 2951: 2646: 2514: 2475: 2240: 2059: 2039: 1876: 1816:

Different Peninsular Arabic dialects competed for prestige, including the Hijazi vernacular of the

954: 856:

within the Semitic languages. The position of Levantine and other Arabic vernaculars in the Arabic

627: 316: 18260: 16546: 12195:

Tsukanova, Vera; Prusskaya, Evgeniya (2019). "Contacts in the MENA region: a brief introduction".

11889: 10616: 3615:

Written communication takes place using a variety of orthographies and writing systems, including

3261: 1885:

is dated between the 11th and 15th centuries. Imāla seems already important in pre-Islamic times.

19335: 19278: 18681: 14159: 13682:

Sinatora, Francesco (2020). "Language and Diglossia in Syria. Historical and Political Context".

12400: 12362: 8945:

enta yalli dallet 3a medde tawile ma 3andak shi ysallik illa 3uzubet l tutli3 bi ghiyeb l shames.

8263: 7843:, followed by another verb, forms compound tenses. Both verbs are conjugated with their subject. 7540: 7516: 7191: 7003: 6964: 6928: 6913: 6899: 6875: 6813: 6775: 6617: 6588: 6552: 6440: 6428: 6414: 6329: 6315: 6254: 6200: 6174: 6158: 6140: 5839: 5827: 5323: 3096: 3078: 3068: 2839: 2804: 2678: 2669: 2639: 2296: 1994: 1979: 1971: 1790: 988: 641:

The lack of written sources in Levantine makes it impossible to determine its history before the

19637: 13104:. Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132, 134, 145. 11103:

Ancient Levantine Arabic: A Reconstruction Based on the Earliest Sources and the Modern Dialects

9034:

Laqad ʻaraftu bi-hādhā al-amīr al-jadīd fī ṣabāḥ al-yawm al-rābiʻ min liqāʼnā, ʻindamā qultu lī:

5549:. Nouns in dual have adjectives in plural. The plural of adjectives is either regular ending in 3568:

if the word contains three or more syllables and none of them is superheavy, then stress falls:

3266:

is raised from to , , or even in some dialects. The difference between the short vowel pairs

2038:: MSA is nobody's first acquired language; it is learned through formal instruction rather than 509:, namely in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and southern Turkey (historically only in 19443: 19403: 19328: 19323: 19087: 18623: 18496: 18462: 17652:

Shachmon, Ori; Mack, Merav (2019). "The Lebanese in Israel – Language, Religion and Identity".

15590: 14127:"The Maghreb-Mashreq language ideology and the politics of identity in a globalized Arab world" 13919: 11901: 11148: 9144: 8762: 7430:

Hollow: verbs with 'w' or 'y' as the second radical, which becomes a long 'a' in some forms, or

7410: 6994: 6045: 6025: 3590: 3539:

Before the word, if this word starts with two consonants and is at the beginning of a sentence,

2833: 2519: 2182: 1963: 1760: 1712:

in the Arabian Peninsula, and Central Arabia was home to languages quite distinct from Arabic.

1631: 1613: 1559: 1150: 1114: 770: 705: 549: 262: 158: 65: 16637: 16614: 15272: 15198:"Creating an Arabic Dialect Text Corpus by Exploring Twitter, Facebook, and Online Newspapers" 14802:

Kazarian, Shahe S. (2011). "Humor in the collectivist Arab Middle East: The case of Lebanon".

13644: 12078: 12028: 11646: 11253: 9760: 9300:

Depending on regions and accents, the -u can be pronounced -o and the -i can be pronounced -é.

1997:

reduction and linguistic homogenization among the various religious groups and neighborhoods.

1986:

and promoted the official use of Lebanese instead of MSA, but this movement was unsuccessful.

20306: 20169: 20002: 19954: 19764: 19746: 19739: 19729: 19724: 19716: 19536: 19271: 19243: 19233: 19037: 18661: 15506: 12395: 11572: 9345:

Also called present participle. Not all active participles are used and their meaning varies.

8653:, 'to study, to learn'. Levantine also includes layers of ancient languages: Aramaic (mainly 5395: 2913: 2576: 2567: 2331:

Newspapers usually use MSA and reserve Levantine for sarcastic commentaries and caricatures.

2217: 2186: 2154: 2118: 1967: 1866: 1810: 1289: 1237: 1177: 983:

classifies Levantine into three groups: Lebanese/Central Syrian (including Beirut, Damascus,

914: 866: 817:, 'Arabic'. Alternatively, they identify their language by the name of their country. ‏ 409: 393: 148: 16745: 15140: 14713:. Translated by Golani, Asaf; Abu-Ghosh, Rawan; Sutherland, Carol. Minerva. pp. 48–49. 11552: 10816:

Borg, Alexander (2011). "Cypriot Maronite Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

9941: 2376:

was published in Lebanese written in the Latin alphabet. Levantine is also commonly used in

20257: 19905: 19665: 19585: 19065: 15437: 14878:

Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity

14415:

Davies, Humphrey T. (2011). "Dialect Literature". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

10048:

Palva, Heikki (2011). "Dialects: Classification". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

7476: 5660: 5338: 3775: 3620: 3550: 3208: 2700: 2539: 2336: 2236: 2146: 1667: 1469: 1361: 1277: 1253: 1241: 61: 18706: 16628:

Amara, Muhammad Hasan (2011). "Ivrit Loanwords". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

15263:

Al-Wer, Enam (2011). "Jordanian Arabic (Amman)". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

11696: 10118:

Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi

9252:

Youth, especially teenagers, are considered the most active initiators of language change.

9157: 8287: 8275: 7528: 7470: 6603: 6574: 6538: 6529: 6514: 6500: 6476: 6462: 6400: 6386: 6362: 6348: 5712: 5706: 5700: 2950:

tend to merge to stops or fricatives ~ ; ~ ; and ~ respectively. The Classical Arabic

8: 20454: 20367: 20333: 20321: 19964: 19774: 19647: 19470: 19021: 18935: 18872: 18269: 17665: 17568: 17479: 17398: 16828:"The Little Prince Arabic (Palestinian) – Arabisch (Palästinensisch) – Arabe palestinien" 15661: 15659: 15657: 15655: 15557: 14558: 14424: 13040:

Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic

13021: 13012:

Procházka, Stephan (2011). "Turkish Loanwords". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

12652: 12608: 11409: 11359: 11244:

Shahin, Kimary N. (2011). "Palestinian Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

11018: 10995: 10965: 10905: 10825: 10363: 10212: 10057: 8705: 8686: 8658: 6634: 5656: 2720: 2606: 2406: 2400: 2368: 2178: 1806: 1756: 1577: 1541: 1487: 1415: 1397: 1343: 1293: 1269: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1094: 1036: 930: 889: 730: 576: 502: 73: 69: 57: 20299: 18863: 12641:

Retsö, Jan (2011). "Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

12288: 12019:

Rosenhouse, Judith (2011). "Jerusalem Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

11810: 7424:

Sound (or regular): 3 distinct radicals, neither the second nor the third is 'w' or 'y',

5770:, 'Did you sleep well?'. MSA adverbs, with the suffix -an, are often used, e.g., ‏ 5351:) is a sun letter for speakers pronouncing it as but not for those pronouncing it as . 3694:

above a consonant doubles it. In Latin alphabet, the consonant is written twice: ‏

20261: 20222: 20132: 19818: 19734: 19531: 19456: 19195: 19181: 18506: 18297: 18022: 18006: 17724: 17677: 17669: 17625: 17273: 17226: 16773: 16542: 14998: 14821: 14580: 14479: 14380: 14334: 14232: 14026: 13941: 13407: 13354:. LREC. Miyazaki: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). pp. 3645, 3647. 13346:

Abu Kwaik, Kathrein; Saad, Motaz K.; Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios; Dobnik, Simon (2018).

13131: 12835: 12458: 12051: 11568: 11521: 11317: 11009:

Procházka, Stephan (2011). "Cilician Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

10185: 9804: 9723: 9619: 9575: 8724: 8694: 7456: 7013:

is translated by "this/the", to designate something immediately visible or accessible.

5949: 5849:

negate adjectives (including active participles), demonstratives, and nominal phrases:

5266: 2554: 2474:, 'heritage literature') display full texts in dialect. On the other hand, Palestinian 2257: 2201: 2103: 1752: 1716: 1689: 1649: 1595: 1433: 1325: 1249: 1245: 1060: 934: 893: 861: 642: 572: 475: 223: 53: 19201: 18998: 18980: 18773: 18489: 18205:"A General Classification for the Arabic Dialects Spoken in Palestine and Transjordan" 17364:

The Olive Tree Dictionary: A Transliterated Dictionary of Eastern Arabic (Palestinian)

15652: 15095: 13283: 11279: 10931: 10487:

Huehnergard, John (2017). "Arabic in Its Semitic Context". In Al-Jallad, Ahmad (ed.).

9529: 8973:لم تكن تملك من الوقت للتفكير والتأمل غير تلك اللحظات التي كنت تسرح فيها مع غروب الشمس. 1032: 308: 203: 20459: 20252: 19879: 19552: 19492: 19255: 19147: 19058: 18701: 18345:"Microsoft Translator launches Levantine Arabic as a new speech translation language" 18332: 18273: 18247: 18237: 18216: 18191: 18181: 18159: 18149: 18119: 18109: 18092: 18075: 18053: 18043: 18026: 18014: 17998: 17969: 17952: 17942: 17925: 17908: 17898: 17881: 17871: 17854: 17837: 17812: 17802: 17782: 17772: 17755: 17745: 17728: 17716: 17706: 17681: 17629: 17617: 17607: 17582: 17572: 17526: 17516: 17495: 17485: 17466: 17439: 17429: 17412: 17402: 17377: 17367: 17350: 17340: 17323: 17313: 17296: 17277: 17265: 17255: 17230: 17218: 17208: 17179: 17169: 17144: 17134: 17101: 17091: 17062: 17052: 17008: 16998: 16981: 16971: 16942: 16932: 16777: 16765: 16714: 16704: 16605:

Atawneh, Ahmad (2011). "English Loanwords". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

16533:

Bassal, Ibrahim (2012). "Hebrew and Aramaic Substrata in Spoken Palestinian Arabic".

15522: 15512: 15208: 15154: 15144: 15101: 15064: 15054: 15031: 15021: 15002: 14957: 14947: 14924: 14914: 14891: 14881: 14757: 14747: 14724: 14714: 14614: 14562: 14524: 14514: 14483: 14471: 14388: 14370: 14338: 14326: 14236: 14224: 14214: 13964: 13945: 13933: 13923: 13858: 13848: 13825: 13815: 13697: 13687: 13600: 13575: 13565: 13542: 13415: 13397: 13299: 13289: 13168: 13135: 13123: 13113: 13061: 13051: 12989: 12915: 12905: 12839: 12774: 12764: 12564: 12554: 12462: 12450: 12440: 12294: 12269: 12259: 12162: 12132: 11806: 11560: 11525: 11321: 11214: 11204: 11117: 11107: 11082: 11072: 11049: 11039: 10854: 10844: 10594: 10584: 10533: 10510: 10500: 10442: 10377: 10367: 10298: 10288: 10253: 10243: 10189: 10177: 10131: 10121: 10008: 9957: 9947: 9854:

Kwaik, Kathrein Abu; Saad, Motaz; Chatzikyriakidis, Stergios; Dobnika, Simon (2018).

9727: 9664: 9579: 8741: 7550:

followed by the imperfect, with or without the initial b/m depending on the speaker.

3601: 3432: 3319: 3173: 3164: 3156: 3146: 3131: 3121: 3111: 2824: 2818: 2747: 2685: 2630: 2544: 2524: 2418: 2320: 2307: 2261: 2130: 1990: 1904: 1894: 1834: 1825: 1780: 1724: 1281: 897: 877: 701: 650: 565: 553: 541: 330: 168: 153: 19632: 19162: 18989: 17834:

Dictionnaire Arabe-Français : Dialectes de Syrie, Alep, Damas, Liban, Jerusalem

14825: 14384: 14030: 13411: 11586: 10986:

Arnold, Werner (2011). "Antiochia Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

9623: 1146: 362: 20464: 20449: 20429: 20419: 20414: 20404: 20294: 20282: 20267: 19900: 19698: 19679: 19642: 19521: 19451: 19306: 19152: 19137: 19082: 19044: 18748: 18691: 18651: 18501: 17990: 17698: 17661: 17599: 17564: 17559:

Prochazka, Stephan (2018). "The Northern Fertile Crescent". In Holes, Clive (ed.).

17547: 17456: 17394: 17247: 17239: 17200: 17192: 17161: 17126: 17087: 17083: 16757: 16696: 16633: 16610: 16573: 15922: 15920: 15600: 15587:

Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP)

15446: 15268: 15136: 14988: 14813: 14461: 14451: 14420: 14360: 14316: 14271: 14206: 14198: 14138: 14016: 13915: 13907: 13640: 13532: 13522: 13387: 13214: 13105: 13043: 13017: 12981: 12827: 12756: 12648: 12604: 12546: 12432: 12204: 12124: 12074: 12024: 11674: 11642: 11513: 11448: 11405: 11400:

Lentin, Jérôme (2011). "Damascus Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

11355: 11309: 11275: 11249: 11196: 11014: 10991: 10961: 10927: 10901: 10821: 10492: 10432: 10359: 10208: 10167: 10053: 10004: 10000: 9867: 9715: 9609: 9567: 9148: 7503: 7460: 5512:/ CaCīC), but other patterns exist. Adjectives derived from nouns using the suffix 5319: 5312: 3664: 3249:

in other dialects. One of the most distinctive features of Levantine is word-final

2789: 2663: 2534: 2509: 2504: 2311: 1975: 1870: 1705: 1201: 1197: 1090: 1056: 849: 774: 228: 20042: 19379: 18106:

A Practical Dictionary of the Standard Dialect Spoken in Palestine: English-Arabic

17080:

Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society

11797:

Kawtharani, Farah W.; Meho, Lokman I. (2005). "The Kurdish community in Lebanon".

11350:

Smith-Kocamahhul, Joan (2011). "Turkey". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

9571: 5299:, pronounced as –a or -e depending on the preceding consonant: -a after guttural ( 3562: 1974:

since the establishment of Israel in 1948. In the 1960s, Said Akl—inspired by the

929:

in the north to the Negev, passing through Lebanon, the coastal regions of Syria (

20469: 20444: 20439: 20424: 20409: 20359: 20316: 20272: 20083: 20012: 19949: 19943: 19812: 19687: 19627: 19487: 19431: 19416: 19411: 19384: 19374: 19318: 19291: 19266: 19167: 19124: 19106: 18696: 18676: 18611: 18484: 18477: 17690: 17603: 14804: 13878:"'Unbelievable,' 'Disgrace': Likud Lawmakers Erupt Over Knesset Speech in Arabic" 13635:

Amara, Muhammad Hasan (2011). "Israel". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

12222: 12114: 10421:"Connecting the Lines between Old (Epigraphic) Arabic and the Modern Vernaculars" 9988: 9719: 9131: 9127: 9039:

I learned that new detail on the morning of the fourth day, when you said to me:

8717: 8713: 8666: 8662: 7555: 5957: 5457: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3586: 3554: 3514: 3313:

near emphatic consonants. Syrians and Beirutis tend to pronounce both of them as

3241:

are found in some Lebanese dialects, they respectively correspond to long vowels

2903: 2529: 2213: 2166: 2114: 2047: 2002: 1939: 1817: 1802: 1755:, Arabic-speaking nomads started to settle in cities and fertile areas after the 1697: 1285: 1165: 1040: 926: 885: 881: 873:

standard classifies Levantine as a language, member of the macrolanguage Arabic.

842: 830: 733:

from northeast Syria are also excluded. Other authors include Bedouin varieties.

619: 611: 522: 514: 268: 249: 218: 213: 140: 128: 105: 17453:

Towards a sociohistorical reconstruction of pre-Islamic Arabic dialect diversity

15917: 15753: 14557:(in Levantine Arabic). Translated by Bishop, Eric Frances Fox; George, Surayya. 9872: 9855: 9273:

Mainly in words from Classical Arabic and in Druze, rural, and Bedouin dialects.

8937:إنت يلّلي ضلّيت عَ مِدّة طويلي ما عندك شي يسلّيك إلاّ عزوبة التطليع بغياب الشمس. 8712:

are gradually replaced with words of Arabic root. For instance, borrowings from

5568:. Adjectives without an article after a definite noun express a clause with the 2125:

are in Lebanese instead of MSA. In Israel, Arabic and Hebrew are allowed in the

20474: 20434: 20311: 20277: 20163: 20093: 20027: 19932: 19706: 19595: 19590: 19575: 19560: 19526: 19311: 18686: 18628: 18529: 17794: 17551: 17130: 17114: 17075: 16795:"The Little Prince Arabic (Lebanese) – Arabisch (Libanesisch) – Arabe libanais" 16688: 15450: 13203:"Hebrew Loanwords in the Palestinian Israeli Variety of Arabic (Facebook Data)" 12208: 12069:

Matras, Yaron (2011). "Gypsy Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

11553:"How Arabic Regional Features Become Sectarian Features Jordan as a Case Study" 10617:"The Mutual Intelligibility of Arabic Dialects: Implications for the classroom" 9197: 9193: 8681: 7511: 6220: 3648: 3644: 3605: 2935: 2596: 2303: 2158: 2110: 1931: 1850: 1794: 1257: 1193: 1161: 1078: 980: 922: 918: 654: 615: 561: 518: 510: 239: 123: 101: 18204: 18163: 18079: 18057: 17973: 17885: 17786: 17720: 17621: 17586: 17416: 17354: 17327: 17269: 17222: 17183: 17105: 17012: 16985: 16946: 16761: 16689:"Phonological processing in diglossic Arabic: The role of linguistic distance" 15991: 15158: 15105: 14961: 14728: 14456: 14439: 14365: 14321: 14304: 14228: 14021: 14004: 13937: 13701: 13392: 13219: 13202: 13172: 13162: 13127: 13109: 13065: 12985: 12919: 12831: 12778: 12760: 12550: 12454: 12128: 11857:"Jerusalem's Gypsies: The Community With the Lowest Social Standing in Israel" 11663:

Al-Khatib, Mahmoud A. (2001). "Language shift among the Armenians of Jordan".

11313: 11218: 11121: 10956:

Naïm, Samia (2011). "Beirut Arabic". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

10496: 10381: 9200:

between Levantine and North Mesopotamian. Pr. Jonathan Owens classifies it in

2421:, the most renowned Syrian playwright, used Syrian Arabic in his later plays. 20489: 20352: 20125: 20120: 20106: 20052: 19987: 19969: 19855: 19840: 19834: 19803: 19622: 19617: 19602: 19565: 19426: 19421: 19345: 19301: 19157: 19131: 18656: 18643: 18472: 18467: 18277: 18220: 18123: 18096: 18018: 18002: 17929: 17912: 17858: 17841: 17816: 17689:

Shalaby, Nadia Abdulgalil (2020). "Language attitudes in the Arab world". In

17530: 17499: 17470: 17443: 17381: 17300: 17148: 17118: 17066: 16827: 16794: 16769: 16718: 16656: 15526: 15203:. In Al-Khalifa, Hend; Magdy, Walid; Darwish, Kareem; Elsayed, Tamer (eds.). 15068: 15035: 14928: 14895: 14761: 14528: 14475: 14392: 14330: 14263: 13829: 13579: 13546: 13419: 13303: 13047: 12568: 12298: 12273: 12166: 11564: 11086: 11053: 10514: 10446: 10437: 10420: 10302: 10257: 10181: 10012: 9989:"Remarks on the Historical Phonology of an East Mediterranean Arabic Dialect" 9961: 9668: 9114: 8674: 7499: 5356: 5258: 3348: 3283: 2461: 2380:

and other forms of oral poetry. Zajal written in vernacular was published in

1935: 1830: 1233: 1024: 1019: 857: 834: 722: 710: 676: 530: 208: 18251: 17956: 17851:

Deutsch–Arabisches Wörterbuch der Umgangssprache in Palästina und im Libanon

17759: 17238:

Brustad, Kristen; Zuniga, Emilie (2019). "Chapter 16: Levantine Arabic". In

14618: 14566: 13862: 13527: 13510: 11732: 11637:

Sawaie, Mohammed (2011). "Jordan". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

10858: 10598: 10135: 8092:

the passive participle (past participle) is preferred in the present tense.

5400: 1169: 686: 109: 20372: 20341: 20098: 20057: 19997: 19977: 19937: 19850: 19845: 19612: 19607: 19497: 19220: 19206: 18910: 18820: 18793: 18430: 18195: 16700: 16350: 15688: 15207:. LREC. Miyazaki: European Language Resources Association. pp. 57–58. 13594: 12972:

Zwartjes, Otto; Woidich, Manfred (2012). "Damascus Arabic According to the

11200: 11190: 10896:

Behnstedt, Peter (2011). "Syria". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

9614: 9597: 8698: 7427:

Verbs containing the radicals 'w' or 'y' are called weak. They are either:

7388: 5565: 3640: 3597: 3518: 3219: 3198: 2655: 2497:

Consonant phonemes of urban Levantine (Beirut, Damascus, Jerusalem, Amman)

2457: 2221: 1998: 1882: 1821: 1798: 1764: 1701: 1048: 950: 459: 254: 19923: 19008: 18999: 18990: 18981: 18972: 18963: 18962: 18954: 18945: 18936: 18927: 18918: 18908: 18900: 18890: 18882: 18873: 18864: 18855: 18846: 18836: 18828: 18818: 18810: 18801: 18791: 18783: 18774: 18765: 18764: 18292: 17702: 17251: 17204: 17165: 16578: 16561: 16239: 16039: 15881: 15604: 14817: 14202: 12436: 11678: 11033: 10922:

Wardini, Elie (2011). "Lebanon". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

10203:

Eisele, John C. (2011). "Slang". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

10172: 10155: 9492: 7433:

Defective: verbs with 'w' or 'y' as the third radical, treated as a vowel,

5341:" (consonants that are pronounced with the tip of the tongue). The letter 1715:

Because there are no written sources, the history of Levantine before the

1097:. Levantine dialects vary along sectarian lines. Religious groups include 292: 19992: 19922: 19884: 19828: 19580: 18741: 17561:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

17391:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

16890: 16860: 10355:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

8670: 8620: 7495: 5782:, 'at all'. Adverbs often appear after the verb or the adjective. ‏ 5569: 3869:- guttural "k", pronounced further back in the throat (formal MSA words) 3652: 3370: 3358: 3343: 2856: 2426: 2231: 2189:

in the Arabic script unless they have learned it for religious purposes.

2091: 2087: 2083: 2051: 1955: 1853:, it reveals the pronunciation of the time; it features many examples of 1213: 1098: 18881: 18827: 18800: 18447: 17337:

Speaking Arabic: A Course in Conservational Eastern Arabic (Palestinian)

17310:

Speaking Arabic: A Course in Conservational Eastern Arabic (Palestinian)

16485: 12055: 11980: 11452: 10219: 9808: 9026:لقد عرفت بهذا الأمر الجديد في صباح اليوم الرابع من لقائنا، عندما قلت لي: 7538:. The present continuous is formed with the progressive particle ‏ 7463:. The following table shows the paradigm of a sound Form I verb, ‏ 5398:

is formed by putting the nouns next to each other in a construct called

5342: 5311:), -e after other consonants. Unlike Classical Arabic, Levantine has no 3639:, left-to-right), and a mixture of the three. Arabizi is a non-standard 3628: 1153:

intensifies linguistic differences between Christian Arabs and Muslims.

1028: 343: 19142: 19051: 18917: 18010: 17982: 14993: 14976: 14466: 14210: 14143: 14126: 14079:"Fewer Jewish High-schoolers Taking Arabic Language Matriculation Exam" 13537: 12976:

of Lucas Caballero (1709)". In Zack, Liesbeth; Schippers, Arie (eds.).

12898:

The Damascus Psalm Fragment: Middle Arabic and the legacy of Old Ḥigāzī

12543:

Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic at Leiden University

12120: 11950:"These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs" 11517: 11497: 10777: 10745: 10670: 10489:

Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic at Leiden University

9497: 9188: 9002:

hal shi l jez2e, w jdid, 3arefto rabe3 yom men 3abokra, limmen eltelle:

7507: 6280:(meaning "to have on oneself"), followed by personal pronoun suffixes. 4775: 4654: 3522: 3468: 3363: 3353: 2561: 2422: 2265: 2162: 2133: 2078:. Levantine is the usual medium of communication in all other domains. 2031: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1205: 1173: 1102: 1074: 680: 545: 534: 19007: 18953: 18944: 18899: 18892: 18845: 18838: 18809: 17897:(in German). Vol. II: Volkskundliche Texte. Harrassowitz Verlag. 17461: 15589:. EMNLP. Doha: Association for Computational Linguistics. p. 93. 14276: 13596:

Resources and Applications for Dialectal Arabic: the Case of Levantine

10772: 10740: 3718:, 'a school'. Said Akl's Latin alphabet uses non-standard characters. 1141:. Contrary to others, Druze and Alawite dialects retained the phoneme 20191: 20047: 17048: 15474: 13098:"The Historical Formation of a Macro-ecology: the Case of the Levant" 12597:

Retsö, Jan (2011). "ʿArab". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).

11985: 9218: 8929:

Bit by bit I came to understand the secrets of your sad little life.

8728: 5731: 3532: 3497: 3416: 3231: 3227: 2715: 2601: 2122: 2055: 2035: 1958:

and the negative perception of the Ottoman era among Arabs. With the

1916: 1900: 1740: 1043:, areas of transition between Levantine and Egyptian. The dialect of 1011: 973: 969: 870: 714: 301: 285: 18971: 18782: 17994: 17021: 16328: 16326: 16104: 16102: 15952: 15950: 15382: 15380: 15328: 15326: 15324: 15243: 15241: 15239: 14977:"Comics in the Arab world. Birth and spread of a new literary genre" 13347: 13285:

Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation

11186: 10665: 10528: 8924:

laqad adrakat shayʼan fashaiʼā abʻād ḥayātik al-ṣaghīrah almuhzinat,

8273:

either on its own or, in the south, together with the suffix ‏

7479:

in the present tense in Levantine. In other tenses, the verb ‏

20287: 20032: 20022: 18725: 18363: 17638: 13812:

Social Semiotics of Arabic Satellite Television: Beyond the Glamour

13725: 13723: 13345: 12111:"Far beyond the Caucasus: Chechen in contact with Jordanian Arabic" 11101: 8709: 8690: 8261:

Verbs and prepositional phrases are negated by the particle ‏

3656: 3230:

that are socially, geographically, and phonologically conditioned.

2465: 2332: 2269: 2216:

was the most influential center of Arab media productions (movies,

2170: 2099: 1273: 1106: 992: 961: 838: 737:

distinctions." Levantine speakers often call their language ‏

521:

provinces). With over 54 million speakers, Levantine is, alongside

374: 19915: 18560: 18413: 17424:

Liddicoat, Mary-Jane; Lennane, Richard; Abdul Rahim, Iman (2018).

15736: 15734: 14850:(38). Australia Asia Research and Education Foundation: 175, 185. 14613:(in Levantine Arabic). جمعية التوراة البريطانية والأجنبية،. 1946. 14357:

The Politics of Written Language in the Arab World: Writing Change

13383:

The Politics of Written Language in the Arab World: Writing Change

12541:

Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2017). "Graeco-Arabica I: The Southern Levant".

11931: 11929: 10578: 5456:, it is rare to have three or more. The first term must be in the 4867: 3250: 1954:

in the early 20th century reduced the use of Turkish words due to

1854: 630:

is similar to that shared by most vernacular varieties of Arabic.

20067: 18731: 17512: 17478:

McCarus, Ernest N.; Qafisheh, Hamdi A.; Rammuny, Raji M. (2011).

16744:

Joubran-Awadie, Nancy; Shalhoub-Awwad, Yasmin (20 January 2023).

16323: 16099: 15947: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15377: 15321: 15236: 15100:(PhD thesis). Queen Mary University of London. pp. 61, 142. 14160:"Ahmad Maher: Damascus Arabic is a real threat to Egyptian drama" 13684:

Language, Identity, and Syrian Political Activism on Social Media

12904:. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 1–6. 12636: 12634: 12632: 12630: 11861: 11498:"Notes on Language Change and Standardization in Damascus Arabic" 9018:

u-hāda l-ʼiši rifto bi-ṣαbᾱḥ il-yōm ir-rᾱbe lamma qultelli:

5953: 5730:

Levantine does not distinguish between adverbs and adjectives in

5388: 4638: 4633: 4609:

emphatic "z" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark)

4467:

emphatic "t" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark)

4369:

emphatic "s" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark)

3981:

emphatic "d" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark)

3767: 3683: 3636: 3608:. Akl used this alphabet to write books and publish a newspaper, 3223: 2394: 2126: 2063: 1784: 1693: 718: 635: 370: 258: 18313: 17639:"Writing Palestinian dialects: the case of 'Hikāyat al-xunfusā'" 17045:

Colloquial Arabic (Levantine): The Complete Course for Beginners

16695:. Vol. XXII–XXIII. John Benjamins Publishers. p. 271. 16217: 16215: 16188: 16154: 16152: 16150: 16114: 15871: 15869: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15838: 15836: 15821: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15793: 15553:"Décès de Saïd Akl, grand poète libanais et ennemi de l'arabité" 15367: 15365: 15311: 15309: 13720: 13079: 13077: 13075: 12256:

Colloquial Arabic (Levantine): Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan

11733:"Syria – World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples" 9853: 5734:

function. Almost any adjective can be used as an adverb: ‏

2074:

language used in the public sphere, except internally among the

2001:

and the increasing proportion of youth constitute the causes of

671: 20236: 19982: 19910: 18606: 18591: 18039: 16051: 15731: 15577: 15404: 14490: 14072: 14070: 13251: 13239: 13227: 11926: 11069:

A Grammar of the Bedouin Dialects of Central and Southern Sinai

10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 9657:"Hatay kentiyle ilgili Facebook gruplarinda Franco-Arab izleri" 9143:

Native speakers of Arabic generally do not distinguish between

4705: 4261:- not emphatic before vowel "e" or "i" or after long vowel "i" 3691: 3675: 2315: 2067: 1833:

of the article in 'conquest Arabic' assimilates to a following

1787: 1748: 1732: 1129:

is only used by Muslims and never by Christians who use ‏

1064: 965: 942: 938: 506: 173: 83: 16463: 16461: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16307: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16129: 15671: 14009:

Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

13910:(2017). "Arabic in the Knesset: The Case of (MK) Ahmad Tibi". 12671: 12627: 12161:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 73. 11551:

Al-wer, Enam; Horesh, Uri; Herin, Bruno; Fanis, Maria (2015).

11298:

Cotter, William M. (2020). "The Arabic dialect of Gaza City".

9682: 9680: 9678: 9070: 9053: 9016: 9000: 8959: 8943: 8906: 8890: 8853: 8837: 8800: 8784: 8648: 8636: 8624: 8559: 8523: 8488: 8448: 8409: 8373: 8338: 8292: 8280: 8268: 8243: 8223: 8201: 8181: 8159: 8139: 8073: 8050: 8039: 8019: 8004: 7984: 7969: 7949: 7934: 7914: 7899: 7854: 7838: 7545: 7533: 7521: 7486: 7362: 7344: 7318: 7300: 7282: 7263: 7245: 7214: 7196: 7178: 7162: 7136: 7120: 7102: 7083: 7065: 7049: 7008: 6983: 6969: 6947: 6933: 6918: 6904: 6880: 6858: 6846: 6832: 6818: 6794: 6780: 6724: 6698: 6672: 6646: 6622: 6608: 6593: 6579: 6557: 6543: 6519: 6505: 6481: 6467: 6445: 6433: 6419: 6405: 6391: 6367: 6353: 6334: 6320: 6259: 6231: 6205: 6179: 6163: 6145: 6117: 6092: 6068: 6035: 6015: 5997: 5934: 5910: 5884: 5858: 5844: 5832: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5752: 5741: 5722: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5633: 5607: 5581: 5555: 5544: 5533: 5518: 5507: 5501: 5472: 5426: 5382: 5370: 5331: 5294: 5283: 4742: 4731: 3713: 3701: 3670: 3526: 3259: 2469: 2429: 2345: 2290: 2113:

between Levantine, MSA, English, French (in Lebanon and among

1873:

dates to the 9th to 10th centuries or earlier. The shift from

1801:, especially among non-Muslims. Christians continued to speak 1136: 1124: 824: 812: 744: 713:, which corresponds to the Levant). Most authors only include 587: 496: 485: 40: 20062: 20017: 20007: 18926: 18854: 18736: 17191:

Birnstiel, Daniel (2019). "Chapter 15: Classical Arabic". In

16446: 16280: 16212: 16164: 16147: 15905: 15866: 15854: 15833: 15809: 15790: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15486: 15464: 15462: 15460: 15362: 15338: 15306: 15279: 14045:"More Israelis are learning to speak Arabic than ever before" 13984: 13764: 13613: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13164:

Phonological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Ammani Arabic

13100:. In Mühlhäusler, Peter; Ludwig, Ralph; Pagel, Steve (eds.). 13072: 11658: 11656: 11447:(4). Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme: IV, XIV. 9443: 9441: 9439: 9318:

Also called bi-imperfect, b-imperfect, or standard imperfect.

7491:

is used. Its present tense form is used in the future tense.

3782: 3314: 2377: 2095: 2043: 1720: 1700:(in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and was maintained by the 1157: 1110: 1052: 1044: 750: 726: 626:

varies greatly along social, ethnic, and geographical lines.

607: 95: 17769:

The Most Used Verbs in Spoken Arabic: Jordan & Palestine

17389:

Lentin, Jérôme (2018). "The Levant". In Holes, Clive (ed.).

17113:

Al-Wer, Enam; Jong, Rudolf (2017). "Dialects of Arabic". In

16743: 16410: 16075: 16027: 15778: 15719: 15611: 15296: 15294: 14067: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13735: 13663: 13263: 11941: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10333: 10083: 5564:

Adjectives follow the noun they modify and agree with it in

20037: 17870:(in German). Vol. I: Kartenband. Harrassowitz Verlag. 17423: 16473: 16458: 16434: 16398: 16356: 16304: 16268: 16245: 16200: 16176: 16126: 16045: 15997: 15887: 15665: 13788: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12505: 12317: 11476: 11474: 10870: 10868: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10264: 10225: 10024: 10022: 9832: 9790: 9788: 9675: 9635: 9633: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 8994:هالشي الجزئي، وجديد، عرفتو رابع يوم من عبكرا، لِمّن قلتلّي: 3687: 2090:. Writing in the vernacular has been controversial because 16586: 16258: 16256: 16254: 16063: 16015: 15979: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15937: 15935: 15635: 15457: 15350: 14768: 13465: 12580: 12578: 12469: 12334: 12332: 12293:(PhD thesis). University of Texas at Austin. p. 101. 12092: 12090: 12088: 11653: 10648: 10646: 10470: 10468: 9436: 6284:

Levantine enclitic pronouns, direct object and possessive

5257:

word orders are possible in Levantine. In both cases, the

5043: 5040: 5010: 4954: 4927: 4884: 4810: 4574: 4557: 4506: 4489: 4472: 4434: 4416: 4374: 4336: 4283: 4266: 4248: 4231: 4214: 4188: 4171: 4138: 4096: 4058: 4041: 4003: 3986: 3948: 3931: 3914: 3890: 3874: 3818: 2302:, were translated into Lebanese using Akl's alphabet. The 903: 892:

between these vernaculars is at least as large as between

373:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

16422: 16362: 15623: 15416: 15291: 15131:

Salem, Elise (2017). "Lebanon". In Hassan, Waïl S (ed.).

14785: 14783: 14270:(21). Association pour la Recherche sur le Moyen-Orient. 14191:"Lebanese broadcasting: Small country, influential media" 13747: 13708: 13490: 12878: 12876: 12851: 12849: 12797: 12785: 12481: 11416: 10713: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 9921: 9739: 9737: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9420: 8629:), are derived from a Semitic root. For instance, ‏ 4429:

but with the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth

3557:(CVːC or CVCC). In the absence of a superheavy syllable: 729:, which belong to the dialects of the Arabian peninsula. 16995:

Palestinian Arabic Verbs: Conjugation Tables and Grammar

16509: 16227: 13912:

Politics of Arabic in Israel: A Sociolinguistic Analysis

13453: 13443: 13441: 13322: 12819:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies

12683: 12517: 11826:"Armenians, Kurds in Lebanon hold on to their languages" 11491: 11489: 11471: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11328: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10865: 10797: 10690: 10560: 10548: 10453: 10400: 10019: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9785: 9630: 9398: 9230:

Only countries with at least 100,000 speakers are shown.

8059: 4091:"whispered h", has more friction in the throat than "h" 3627:(right-to-left, used in Israel, especially online among 2149:, about 50% of school students study in French. In most 1077:

dialect contains features of both urban Palestinian and

18036:

Grammatica di arabo mediorientale : La lingua šami

17654:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

16386: 16374: 16292: 16251: 16087: 15962: 15932: 15893: 15697: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15177: 15165: 15075: 15009: 13776: 13651: 12978:

Middle Arabic and Mixed Arabic: Diachrony and Synchrony

12575: 12329: 12203:(13). Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies: 8–9. 12085: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11369: 10643: 10465: 10321: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 4259:– "rolled r" as in Spanish or Italian, usually emphatic 4036:

like Spanish "g" between vowels, similar to French "r"

17477: 16968:

Levantine Arabic Verbs: Conjugation Tables and Grammar

16497: 15583: 15480: 15258: 15256: 14780: 14625: 14535: 13960:"In Lebanon, English overtakes French in universities" 12953: 12941: 12873: 12861: 12846: 12493: 11611: 11550: 10064: 9734: 9417: 9061: 9045: 9008: 8992: 8951: 8935: 8898: 8882: 8845: 8829: 8792: 8776: 8552: 8516: 8481: 8441: 8402: 8366: 8331: 8068: 8045: 8034: 8014: 7999: 7979: 7964: 7944: 7929: 7909: 7894: 6719: 6693: 6667: 6641: 5929: 5905: 5879: 5853: 5747: 5717: 5664: 5628: 5602: 5576: 5550: 5539: 5528: 5513: 5495: 5467: 5461: 5421: 5346: 5326: 5306: 5300: 5289: 5278: 5180: 5099: 4737: 4726: 3254: 2340: 2306:

was published in Palestinian in 1940, followed by the

2192:

In Israel, MSA is the only language of instruction in

491: 403: 34: 18258: 17989:(171). American Schools of Oriental Research: 56–63. 17987:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

16680: 16338: 16003: 15545: 15392: 14869: 14735: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14101: 13438: 12721:

Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East

11486: 11265: 11263: 10972: 10309: 9815: 7784:-ē- (North) or -ā- (South) after the first consonant 2260:

and expanded to the rest of the Arab world. In 2009,

845:" as a distinct prestigious language instead of MSA. 560:

through formal education that does not function as a

17983:"A Classification for the Arabic Dialects of Jordan" 15707: 13515:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory and Language Politics

11979:

Kossaify, Ephrem; Zeidan, Nagi (14 September 2020).

11366: 11180: 11178: 10034: 9849: 9847: 9591: 9589: 9087: 9032: 8979: 8922: 8869: 8816: 7847:

Compound tenses with the example of the verb ‏

7420:

In addition to its form, each verb has a "quality":

3574:

on the antepenult, if the penultimate is light (CV).

2292:

Riwāyat aš-šābb as-sikkīr ʾay Qiṣṣat Naṣṣūr as-Sikrī

1039:. Bedouin varieties are spoken in the Negev and the 837:, or Levantine as a whole. Lebanese literary figure 784: 18259:Spoer, Hans Henry; Nasrallah Haddad, Elias (1909). 16822: 16820: 16789: 16787: 16652:"The travails of teaching Arabs their own language" 15253: 14902: 14555:

Gospel of St. Mark in South Levantine Spoken Arabic

14502: 12389: 12387: 12385: 11559:(62). Uri Horesh, Bruno Herin, Maria Fanis: 68–87. 11189:. In Lucas, Christopher; Manfredi, Stefano (eds.). 10120:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 105. 9946:. Georgetown University Press. pp. xxi–xxiii. 9598:"3arabizi – When Local Arabic Meets Global English" 9348: 9327:

Also called Ø-imperfect, imperfect, or subjunctive.

8720:(mainly in Hatay) are still influenced by Turkish. 8701:; near them, Aramaic borrowings are more frequent. 2005:. Urban forms are considered more prestigious, and 18180:. Foreign Service Institute, Department of State. 18174:Levantine & Egyptian Arabic: Comparative Study 16855: 16853: 14935: 14848:The Internet Journal Language, Culture and Society 14509:Rolland, John (2003). "Lebanon: A Country Study". 14399: 13341: 13339: 13337: 12429:Re-engaging Comparative Semitic and Arabic Studies 12194: 11666:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 11260: 11035:Arabische Dialektgeographie : Eine Einführung 10917: 10915: 9557: 9339: 8916:لقد أدركت شيئا فشيئا أبعاد حياتك الصغيرة المحزنة ، 8892:w netfe netfe, fhemet 7ayetak l metwad3a l ka2ibe. 7745:i- (Subjunctive without initial consonant, South) 3580: 2034:, this linguistic situation has been described as 1276:communities from the region, especially among the 456:This article includes inline links to audio files. 18262:Manual of Palestinean Arabic for self-instruction 18089:Syrisch-Arabische Grammatik: Dialekt von Damaskus 17158:Arabic in Israel: Language, Identity and Conflict 15133:The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions 13836: 13033: 13031: 13007: 13005: 12894: 12108: 11301:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11195:. Language Science Press. pp. 551–552, 555. 11175: 9844: 9797:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 9586: 9217:do not consider themselves Arabs, claiming to be 9126:In a broader meaning, "Eastern Arabic" refers to 8908:šwayy šwayy rift an sirr ḥayātak il-kaʼībe. 5698:, 'bigger/biggest'). Adjective endings in ‏ 2042:. This diglossia has been compared to the use of 649:in the 7th century, new Arabic speakers from the 20487: 18333:"The Open Palestinian Arabic Lexicon "Maknuune"" 18314:"Dictionaries for Classical Arabic and dialects" 17428:(Rev. 3rd ed. (online) ed.). M. Liddicoat. 16891:"The Little Prince English – Englisch – Anglais" 16817: 16784: 15195: 15042: 14708: 13805: 13803: 13630: 13628: 13592: 13167:(PhD thesis). University of Salford. p. 7. 12382: 11495: 11349: 11031: 10240:The Ecology of Arabic – A Study of Arabicization 3863:– glottal stop (urban accent) or "hard g" as in 3596:orthography. There have been failed attempts to 3571:on the penultimate, if it is heavy (CVː or CVC), 3253:, a process by which the vowel corresponding to 1840: 1770: 913:Levantine is spoken in the fertile strip on the 700:Scholars use "Levantine Arabic" to describe the 17082:. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1917–1924. 16883: 16850: 16630:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 16607:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 15508:The Middle East: From Transition to Development 15265:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 15051:Modern Arabic Short Stories: A Bilingual Reader 14946:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 407, 433. 14417:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 13637:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 13599:. University of Gothenburg. pp. 136, 139. 13593:Qwaider, Chatrine; Abu Kwaik, Kathrein (2022). 13375: 13373: 13334: 13014:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 12971: 12644:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 12600:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 12420: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12071:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 12021:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 11704:Proceedings of the Scientific Conference AFASES 11639:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 11402:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 11352:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 11293: 11291: 11289: 11272:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 11246:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 11149:"Readings in the Jordanian Arabic dialectology" 11106:(PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 212. 11011:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10988:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10958:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10924:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10912: 10898:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10818:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10205:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 10050:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 9885: 9883: 9010:وهدا الإشي عرفته بصباح اليوم الرابع لما قلت لي: 5361:the consonantal root of the singular is changed 3643:used by Levantine speakers in social media and 3561:if the word is bisyllabic, stress falls on the 2274:Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International 2212:Most films and songs are in vernacular Arabic. 2017: 805:). They also call their spoken language ‏ 323:"Syro-Palestinian" 12-AAC-eh "Syro-Palestinian" 17506: 16644: 16452: 16194: 16170: 16120: 15911: 15860: 15827: 15746: 15740: 14795: 14746:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 89–90. 14744:Modern Arab Journalism: Problems and Prospects 14193:. In Miladi, Noureddine; Mellor, Noha (eds.). 13914:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 62–64. 13675: 13562:History and Development of the Arabic Language 13379: 13348:"Shami: A Corpus of Levantine Arabic Dialects" 13196: 13194: 13028: 13002: 11978: 11890:"The State of Present-Day Domari in Jerusalem" 11796: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11345: 11343: 11038:(in German). Boston: Brill. pp. 102–103. 10951: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10941: 9282:Only in loanwords, except in Jordanian Arabic. 7743:∅ (Lengthening the present tense vowel, North) 408:appearing as two different characters. If so, 20207: 18576: 18379: 18033: 17848: 17738:A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic: English-Arabic 17697:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 120–143. 17695:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic and Identity 17563:. Oxford University Press. pp. 257–292. 17455:(PhD thesis). University of Texas at Austin. 17426:Syrian Colloquial Arabic: A Functional Course 17393:. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–205. 17246:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 403–432. 17237: 17199:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 367–402. 16861:"The Little Prince Arabic – Arabisch – Arabe" 16686: 16332: 16286: 16221: 16158: 16108: 15956: 15875: 15848: 15815: 15803: 15492: 15386: 15371: 15332: 15315: 15285: 15247: 14076: 13875: 13800: 13625: 13083: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12152:Collelo, Thomas; Smith, Harvey Henry (1989). 12014: 12012: 12010: 12008: 11002: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10614: 10100: 9856:"A Lexical Distance Study of Arabic Dialects" 9769:(43–44). Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 15. 9650: 9648: 9260: 9258: 3604:. For instance, Said Akl promoted a modified 3226:in Levantine. Vowels often show dialectal or 2934:Levantine phonology is characterized by rich 2050:, and literary language in Europe during the 1747:. These dialects were local, coming from the 1739:—who used Aramaic for official purposes, the 1224:are native Levantine speakers; however, most 634:is overwhelmingly Arabic, with a significant 410:apply this custom style in your user settings 18034:Durand, Olivier; Ventura, Annamaria (2020). 17919: 17651: 17647:(44). Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 67–96. 17023:A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic 14513:. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 81. 13511:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?" 13370: 13089: 12344: 12151: 11935: 11854: 11286: 11269: 10270: 9880: 9794: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9686: 9321: 9152: 9079: 9024: 8971: 8914: 8861: 8808: 8594: 7758: 7750: 7747: 7739: 5659:is used for comparison, instead of separate 1288:. The language has fallen into disuse among 1055:dialect is emerging as an urban standard in 660: 657:from Aramaic to vernacular Arabic occurred. 397: 17596:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map 16691:. In Broselow, Ellen; Ouali, Hamid (eds.). 15498: 15135:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 10. 15048: 14440:"Literature in Dialect: The Great Absentee" 14350: 14348: 14120: 14118: 14116: 13559: 13191: 11771:Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies 11623: 11340: 11032:Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2005). 10938: 10735: 10733: 10610: 10608: 10579:International Phonetic Association (1999). 10486: 10237: 9330: 9163: 7442: 6747:Levantine indirect object pronoun suffixes 6265: 6237: 5807: 5405: 2351: 790: 754: 458:If you have trouble playing the files, see 20214: 20200: 18583: 18569: 18386: 18372: 17831: 17112: 17019: 16924: 16528: 16526: 16524: 15617: 14704: 14702: 14700: 14437: 13794: 13758: 13669: 13484: 13269: 12895:Al-Jallad, Ahmad; Vollandt, Ronny (2020). 12803: 12739: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12677: 12487: 12253: 12018: 12005: 11766:"The Forgotten Turks: Turkmens of Lebanon" 11690: 11688: 11422: 11187:"New-dialect formation: The Amman dialect" 10880: 10724: 10583:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 10474: 10352:Holes, Clive, ed. (2018). "Introduction". 9927: 9705: 9645: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9255: 8689:is still spoken in the Syrian villages of 7449:Wiktionary:Template:ajp-conj/documentation 6664:, 'he brought the newspaper to my father', 3905:voiced throat sound similar to "a" as in f 2372:. From 1983 to 1990, Said Akl's newspaper 1945: 1172:. In particular, it is spoken natively by 342: 18086: 17980: 17963: 17892: 17865: 17793: 17771:(4th ed.). Great Arabic Publishing. 17766: 17735: 17558: 17460: 17190: 16638:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol2_0059 16615:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol2_0006 16577: 16515: 16491: 16428: 16416: 16357:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 16262: 16246:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 16046:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 15998:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 15926: 15888:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 15682: 15666:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 15629: 15594: 15422: 15344: 15273:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol2_0065 15018:Modern Palestinian Literature and Culture 14992: 14987:. Complutense University of Madrid: 125. 14974: 14838: 14465: 14455: 14364: 14320: 14275: 14142: 14020: 13876:Kaplan Sommer, Allison (5 January 2022). 13714: 13645:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol2_0057 13619: 13536: 13526: 13508: 13496: 13391: 13218: 13037: 13011: 12815: 12791: 12750: 12689: 12540: 12528: 12426: 12323: 12258:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 5–6. 12079:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_vol2_0011 12029:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol2_0063 11905: 11725: 11662: 11647:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol2_0064 11480: 11334: 11254:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_vol3_0247 11099: 11008: 10895: 10874: 10803: 10707: 10566: 10554: 10459: 10436: 10418: 10406: 10339: 10327: 10226:Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018 10171: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10111: 10109: 10028: 9939: 9871: 9692: 9613: 9411: 8884:ونتفي نتفي، فهمت حياتك المتواضعة الكئيبي. 7797:-e/i or -a (added to the masculine form) 7377: 6997:have three referential types: immediate, 5359:(also called internal plurals), in which 5272: 1084: 18337:CAMeL Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi 18227: 17849:Bauer, Leonhard; Spitaler, Hans (1957). 17636: 17042: 16233: 16093: 16081: 16033: 16021: 15973: 15899: 15784: 15754:"WALS Online – Language Arabic (Syrian)" 15725: 15300: 15183: 15171: 15081: 15049:Husni, Ronak; Newman, Daniel L. (2008). 15020:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 73–75. 15015: 14875: 14801: 14774: 14345: 14113: 14077:Kadari-Ovadia, Shira (24 January 2022). 13920:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420860.001.0001 13906: 13681: 12109:Forker, Diana; Al Sheshani, Ala (2023). 12050:. Georgetown University Press: 111–113. 11799:International Journal of Kurdish Studies 11434: 11308:. Cambridge University Press: 124, 128. 10765: 10730: 10605: 9940:Rice, Frank A.; Majed, F. Sa'id (2011). 9933: 9754: 9752: 9743: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9312: 7494:The b-imperfect is usually used for the 7447:For broader coverage of this topic, see 5964:Levantine independent personal pronouns 5527:adjectives. Their feminine form ends in 5288:. Most feminine singular nouns end with 3669: 1960:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 1683: 1228:. Levantine was spoken natively by most 1208:in Jerusalem. Most Christian and Muslim 997: 917:: from the Turkish coastal provinces of 685: 670: 18103: 18064: 17936: 17688: 17593: 17450: 17334: 17307: 16992: 16965: 16604: 16521: 16479: 16467: 16440: 16404: 16392: 16380: 16368: 16317: 16298: 16206: 16182: 16141: 16057: 16009: 15941: 15646: 15093: 14697: 14508: 14354: 14302: 14261: 14188: 14124: 13847:. Rowman & Allanheld. p. 145. 13809: 13782: 13770: 13741: 13729: 13657: 13459: 13328: 13102:Linguistic Ecology and Language Contact 13095: 12695: 12584: 12511: 12431:. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34–35. 12358:"Syria – Hellenistic and Roman periods" 12338: 11694: 11685: 11146: 10921: 10652: 10160:Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9986: 9826: 9595: 9544: 9137: 7810:ma- and -ū- after the second consonant 2966:Socio-phonetic variations in Levantine 1268:In addition to the Levant, where it is 904:Geographical distribution and varieties 564:. In Israel and Turkey, Levantine is a 367:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 20488: 20221: 17537: 17388: 17361: 17284: 17073: 16664:from the original on 23 September 2021 16592: 16559: 16532: 16503: 16344: 16274: 16069: 15985: 15713: 15701: 15504: 15468: 15410: 15398: 15356: 15262: 14911:Studies in the Arab Theater and Cinema 14908: 14789: 14741: 14631: 14541: 14511:Lebanon: Current Issues and Background 14496: 14414: 14157: 13990: 13281: 13257: 13245: 13233: 13200: 12959: 12947: 12882: 12867: 12855: 12826:(3). Cambridge University Press: 428. 12706: 12499: 12475: 12355: 12286: 12096: 12068: 11981:"Minority report: The Jews of Lebanon" 11947: 11887: 11855:Heruti-Sover, Tali (26 October 2016). 11636: 11617: 11399: 11297: 11243: 11184: 10985: 10627:(1). University of Arizona: 116, 121. 10315: 10202: 10153: 10142: 10115: 10106: 10077: 9838: 9654: 9639: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9447: 9430: 9078: 9060: 9044: 9023: 9007: 8991: 8970: 8953:وما كانش إلك ملاذ تاني غير غروب الشمس. 8950: 8934: 8913: 8897: 8881: 8860: 8844: 8828: 8807: 8791: 8775: 8598:He doesn't want to come to the party. 7769:-i (Stressed vowel u becomes i, North) 7754:-u (Stressed vowel u becomes i, North) 7382: 2478:is almost exclusively written in MSA. 2324:in 2001 in Lebanese in Arabic script. 1263: 852:. There is no consensus regarding the 388:Levantine written in Arabic characters 20195: 18564: 18367: 18215:. Finnish Oriental Society: 357–376. 18202: 17644:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 17155: 17030:from the original on 21 December 2019 16627: 15141:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.19 15130: 14941: 14243:from the original on 17 December 2021 14197:. Taylor & Francis. p. 175. 14107: 14002: 13634: 13564:. Taylor & Francis. p. xvi. 13447: 12727:from the original on 22 December 2021 12659:from the original on 19 December 2021 12640: 12615:from the original on 19 December 2021 12596: 12041: 11763: 11713:from the original on 17 December 2021 11706:. AFASES. Brasov. pp. 493, 496. 11697:"Ethnic minority languages in Israel" 10838: 10615:Trentman, Emma; Shiri, Sonia (2020). 10351: 10282: 10047: 9766:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 9758: 9749: 9511: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9303: 7786: 7403:‎ q-r-ʼ ('read'), ‏ 6288: 5444:, 'the book of the teacher'. Besides 2501: 2460:(especially in his recent works) and 995:cannot determine the exact boundary. 18393: 18170: 18130: 17922:Sprachatlas von Syrien und Palästina 17674:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343 17666:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343 17288:A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic 16901:from the original on 21 January 2022 15481:McCarus, Qafisheh & Rammuny 2011 15434: 14450:(2). University of Milan: 163, 168. 14425:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0086 14264:"An illusionary power of seduction?" 14005:"Palestinian schoolscapes in Israel" 13842: 13160: 13022:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0359 12653:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0024 12609:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0020 12197:Middle East – Topics & Arguments 12176:from the original on 19 January 2022 11993:from the original on 20 October 2021 11960:from the original on 17 October 2021 11869:from the original on 28 October 2021 11836:from the original on 23 October 2021 11823: 11778:from the original on 27 October 2021 11557:Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik 11459:from the original on 28 October 2021 11410:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0077 11360:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0357 11066: 11019:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0056 10996:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0018 10966:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0039 10955: 10906:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0330 10826:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0076 10815: 10213:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0310 10058:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_COM_0087 9062: 9046: 9009: 8993: 8952: 8936: 8899: 8883: 8846: 8830: 8793: 8777: 8718:Arabic-speaking minorities in Turkey 8642: 8641:, 'a lesson' is derived from ‏ 8630: 8553: 8517: 8482: 8442: 8403: 8367: 8332: 8301:Examples of negation with mā and -š 8286: 8274: 8262: 8237: 8217: 8195: 8175: 8153: 8133: 8069: 8046: 8035: 8015: 8000: 7980: 7965: 7945: 7930: 7910: 7895: 7848: 7832: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7480: 7464: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7387:Most Levantine verbs are based on a 7356: 7338: 7312: 7294: 7276: 7257: 7239: 7208: 7190: 7172: 7156: 7130: 7114: 7096: 7077: 7059: 7043: 7002: 6977: 6963: 6941: 6927: 6912: 6898: 6874: 6852: 6840: 6826: 6812: 6788: 6774: 6720: 6694: 6668: 6642: 6616: 6602: 6587: 6573: 6551: 6537: 6528: 6513: 6499: 6475: 6461: 6439: 6427: 6413: 6399: 6385: 6361: 6347: 6328: 6314: 6253: 6225: 6199: 6173: 6157: 6139: 6111: 6086: 6080: 6062: 6029: 6009: 5991: 5930: 5906: 5880: 5854: 5838: 5826: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5748: 5735: 5718: 5711: 5710:‎ (u) are changed into ‏ 5705: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5665: 5629: 5603: 5577: 5551: 5540: 5529: 5514: 5496: 5468: 5462: 5422: 5376: 5364: 5347: 5327: 5307: 5301: 5290: 5279: 5181: 5100: 4738: 4727: 3707: 3695: 3255: 2341: 2254:Arabic satellite television networks 1130: 1118: 848:Levantine is a variety of Arabic, a 818: 806: 738: 580: 492: 479: 404: 35: 18590: 18293:"Currasat: Arabic Dialects Corpora" 17660:(2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 343–366. 15196:Alshutayri, A.; Atwell, E. (2018). 14268:European Journal of Turkish Studies 13814:. Writescope. pp. 29, 39, 44. 12713:Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Journal 12393: 12235:from the original on 9 October 2021 12228:Minority Rights Group International 11745:from the original on 9 October 2021 11738:Minority Rights Group International 11599:from the original on 9 October 2021 11592:Minority Rights Group International 9291:The accent moves to the last vowel. 9153: 9080: 9025: 8972: 8915: 8862: 8855:ʼᾱꜧ̄, yā ʼamīri l-zġīr! 8809: 7526:or by the prefixed particle ‏ 2012: 915:eastern shores of the Mediterranean 778: 653:settled in the area, and a lengthy 398: 16:Arabic variety spoken in the Levant 13: 20168:Languages between parentheses are 18091:(in German). Harrassowitz Verlag. 17825: 17569:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0009 17399:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0007 16931:(PhD thesis). Indiana University. 16693:Perspectives on Arabic linguistics 16547:10.13173/medilangrevi.19.2012.0085 15759:World Atlas of Language Structures 14709:de Saint-Exupéry, Antoine (2020). 14685:from the original on 22 April 2021 14655:from the original on 22 April 2021 14591:from the original on 16 April 2021 14284:from the original on 14 April 2022 14170:from the original on 19 April 2019 13845:Language Policy and National Unity 13509:Kamusella, Tomasz Dominik (2017). 13426:from the original on 20 March 2022 13179:from the original on 16 March 2022 13142:from the original on 16 March 2022 12408:from the original on 11 April 2022 11914:from the original on 16 March 2022 11532:from the original on 16 March 2022 11128:from the original on 10 March 2021 10785:from the original on 5 August 2016 10364:10.1093/oso/9780198701378.001.0001 9655:Cengiz, Alim Koray (1 June 2014). 9608:(1). University of Ljubljana: 97. 9453: 9336:Also called imperative or command. 9089:Innanī mughram bighuruwb al-shams. 7826: 7787:-īn (added to the masculine form) 6252:(meaning "to possess") and ‏ 4209:, used in Allah and derived words 4133:, like German "ch" or Spanish "j" 2222:music production in the Arab world 2207: 1010:An interview with Lebanese singer 667:Classification of Arabic languages 14: 20507: 18285: 16953:from the original on 6 March 2022 16838:from the original on 11 July 2021 16805:from the original on 11 July 2021 16725:from the original on 7 March 2022 15766:from the original on 19 July 2021 15565:from the original on 30 June 2021 15533:from the original on 13 July 2021 15224:from the original on 17 July 2021 14857:from the original on 15 July 2021 14089:from the original on 3 April 2022 14055:from the original on 26 July 2021 13972:from the original on 18 July 2021 13888:from the original on 2 April 2022 13358:from the original on 12 July 2021 13310:from the original on 17 July 2021 12929:from the original on 5 March 2021 12370:from the original on 7 April 2022 12305:from the original on 17 July 2021 11496:Berlinches Ramos, Carmen (2020). 11280:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_SIM_001007 11192:Arabic and contact-induced change 11163:from the original on 17 July 2021 10932:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_SIM_001001 10753:from the original on 30 July 2019 10678:from the original on 16 July 2018 9968:from the original on 11 July 2021 9803:. University of Vienna: 223–224. 9773:from the original on 17 July 2021 7820:-a (added to the masculine form) 7805: 7779: 7735: 7692: 7645: 7602: 7233: 7037: 7017:Levantine demonstrative pronouns 6892: 6806: 6763: 6716:, 'he brought him the newspaper', 6493: 6379: 6133: 6056: 5980: 2912: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2865: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2654: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2622: 2612: 2575: 2566: 2249:), famous across the Arab world. 2040:transmission from parent to child 1952:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1156:Levantine is primarily spoken by 841:led a movement to recognize the " 20300:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 20176: 20175: 18543: 18542: 18446: 17598:. Springer. pp. 1383–1398. 16871:from the original on 16 May 2021 16737: 16621: 16598: 16553: 15428: 15189: 15124: 15112:from the original on 11 May 2022 15087: 14968: 14832: 14667: 14637: 14603: 14573: 14547: 14431: 14296: 14255: 14195:Routledge Handbook on Arab Media 14182: 14151: 14037: 13996: 13952: 13900: 13869: 13586: 13553: 13502: 13275: 13154: 12965: 12888: 12809: 12590: 12534: 12287:Guedri, Christine Marie (2008). 12280: 12247: 12215: 12188: 12145: 12113:. In Levkovych, Nataliya (ed.). 12102: 11764:Orhan, Oytun (9 February 2010). 11510:Complutense University of Madrid 11225:from the original on 11 May 2022 11153:Technium Social Sciences Journal 10631:from the original on 9 July 2021 10621:Critical Multilingualism Studies 10388:from the original on 19 May 2021 10287:. Greenwood Press. p. 156. 9987:Garbell, Irene (1 August 1958). 9909:from the original on 3 June 2021 9596:Bianchi, Robert Michael (2012). 9503: 9367: 9357: 9294: 9285: 9276: 9267: 9246: 9233: 9224: 8900:شوي شوي عرفت عن سر حياتك الكئبة. 8086: 7815: 7792: 7764: 7719: 7676: 7627: 7397:‎ k-t-b ('write'), ‏ 7332: 7150: 6957: 6868: 6767: 6567: 6455: 6193: 6105: 5984: 5190: 5106: 3383: 2279: 1964:British protectorate over Jordan 1660: 1642: 1624: 1606: 1588: 1570: 1552: 1534: 1516: 1498: 1480: 1462: 1444: 1426: 1408: 1390: 1372: 1354: 1336: 1318: 953:to the east and south-east; and 937:governorates) as well as around 448: 348:Modern distribution of Levantine 20312:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean) 17941:. Georgetown University Press. 17920:Bergsträsser, Gotthelf (1915). 15561:(in French). 28 November 2014. 14315:(2). University of Milan: 121. 14158:Uthman, Ahmad (2 August 2017). 13042:. Routledge. pp. 191–193. 12062: 12035: 11972: 11881: 11848: 11817: 11790: 11757: 11579: 11544: 11428: 11237: 11140: 11093: 11071:. Brill. pp. 10, 19, 285. 11060: 11025: 10832: 10809: 10658: 10572: 10521: 10480: 10412: 10345: 10276: 10231: 10196: 10166:(2). Academy Publication: 123. 9980: 9207: 9181: 9120: 6690:, 'he brought it to my father', 3581:Orthography and writing systems 2165:, and English or French in the 2046:as the sole written, official, 1290:subsequent diaspora generations 1232:, but the community shifted to 1089:The Levant is characterized by 854:genealogical position of Arabic 753:', 'dialect', or 'colloquial' ( 20389:Levantine Arabic Sign Language 20172:of the language on their left. 18134:From Eastern to Western Arabic 17801:. Edinburgh University Press. 17767:Tiedemann, Fridrik E. (2020). 17156:Amara, Muhammad Hasan (2017). 17088:10.1515/9783110184181.3.9.1917 16687:Saiegh-Haddad, Elinor (2011). 16541:. Harrassowitz Verlag: 85–86. 14944:Historical Dictionary of Syria 14438:De Angelis, Francesco (2022). 14003:Amara, Muhammad Hasan (2018). 13560:al-Sharkawi, Muhammad (2016). 12254:McLoughlin, Leslie J. (2009). 11948:Lerner, Davide (22 May 2020). 11435:Germanos, Marie-Aimée (2011). 10841:A Linguistic History of Arabic 10238:al-Sharkawi, Muhammad (2010). 10005:10.1080/00437956.1958.11659673 9107: 8734: 4331:ink (rural, formal MSA words) 3706:, 'a female teacher' / ‏ 3682:The Arabic alphabet is always 2388:("The Levant", from 1898) and 1903:encountered in Damascene poet 1: 18209:Studia Orientalia Electronica 17507:Nammur-Wardini, Rita (2011). 16535:Mediterranean Language Review 15929:, Appendix D: Broken Plurals. 12396:"Palestine – Roman Palestine" 11894:Mediterranean Language Review 11824:Kadi, Samar (18 March 2016). 11805:(1–2). Kurdish Library: 137. 11573:10.13173/zeitarabling.62.0068 11147:Jdetawy, Loae Fakhri (2020). 11067:Jong, Rudolf Erik de (2011). 9572:10.1080/17586801.2020.1814482 9391: 8604: 7976:he used to do / he was doing 4552:is (rural, formal MSA words) 3909:ther, but with more friction 3867:et (Jordanian, Bedouin, Gaza) 2335:in Levantine are common. The 2129:, but Arabic is rarely used. 1968:British Mandate for Palestine 1857:(the fronting and raising of 1841:Medieval and early modern era 1777:Muslim conquest of the Levant 1771:Muslim conquest of the Levant 957:to the south and south-west. 949:to the north and north-east; 764:the language of common people 647:Muslim conquest of the Levant 126:: 51 million (2001–2023) 18667:Ancient South Arabian script 18634:Influence on other languages 17604:10.1007/978-3-030-02438-3_79 17481:A Course in Levantine Arabic 17123:The Handbook of Dialectology 14975:De Blasio, Emanuela (2020). 14876:Albirini, Abdulkafi (2016). 14645:"il-'amir le-zghir – מינרוה" 14581:"Arabic—Other Bible History" 12980:. Brill. pp. 295, 329. 12753:Semitic Languages in Contact 11159:(1). Technium Science: 416. 10285:Culture and Customs of Syria 9720:10.1080/17586801.2013.868334 9663:(in Turkish) (13): 111–134. 9071: 9054: 9017: 9001: 8960: 8944: 8907: 8891: 8871:Āh ayyuhā al-amīr al-ṣaghīr, 8854: 8838: 8801: 8785: 8649: 8637: 8625: 8560: 8524: 8489: 8449: 8410: 8374: 8339: 8293: 8281: 8269: 8244: 8224: 8202: 8182: 8160: 8140: 8074: 8051: 8040: 8020: 8005: 7985: 7970: 7950: 7935: 7915: 7900: 7855: 7839: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7487: 7471: 7363: 7345: 7319: 7301: 7283: 7264: 7246: 7215: 7197: 7179: 7163: 7137: 7121: 7103: 7084: 7066: 7050: 7009: 6984: 6970: 6948: 6934: 6919: 6905: 6881: 6859: 6847: 6833: 6819: 6795: 6781: 6725: 6699: 6673: 6647: 6623: 6609: 6594: 6580: 6558: 6544: 6520: 6506: 6482: 6468: 6446: 6434: 6420: 6406: 6392: 6368: 6354: 6335: 6321: 6260: 6232: 6206: 6180: 6164: 6146: 6118: 6093: 6069: 6036: 6016: 5998: 5935: 5911: 5885: 5859: 5845: 5833: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5753: 5742: 5723: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5634: 5608: 5582: 5556: 5545: 5534: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5473: 5427: 5383: 5375:, 'manager'; plural: ‏ 5371: 5332: 5295: 5284: 4991:in open syllable in Lebanese 4908:in open syllable in Lebanese 4743: 4732: 3714: 3702: 3665:Latin-based Turkish alphabet 3527: 3282:is not always phonemic. The 3260: 2485: 2470: 2430: 2346: 2291: 2139: 2082:were also seen as a tool of 2018:Diglossia and code-switching 1272:, Levantine is spoken among 1137: 1125: 1059:, while other Jordanian and 825: 813: 745: 588: 533:comprehensible all over the 497: 486: 41: 7: 19924: 19009: 19000: 18991: 18982: 18973: 18964: 18955: 18946: 18937: 18928: 18919: 18909: 18901: 18891: 18883: 18874: 18865: 18856: 18847: 18837: 18829: 18819: 18811: 18802: 18792: 18784: 18775: 18766: 18707: 17966:Les parlers arabes du Ḥōrān 17832:Barthélemy, Adrien (1935). 17742:Georgetown University Press 17451:Magidow, Alexander (2013). 17293:Georgetown University Press 17125:. Wiley. pp. 523–534. 17043:Al-Masri, Mohammad (2015). 15094:Arslane, Ghazouane (2019). 14131:Journal of Sociolinguistics 13207:Journal of Language Contact 11900:. Harrassowitz Verlag: 10. 10843:. OUP Oxford. p. 274. 10283:Shoup, John Austin (2008). 10116:Badawi, El-Said M. (1996). 9891:"1: AFRO-ASIAN phylosector" 9873:10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.456 9158: 9094:I am very fond of sunsets. 9088: 9072:– baḥebb ktīr ġurūb iš-šams 9033: 8980: 8961:u-ma kan-š ʼilak malā 8923: 8870: 8817: 8611:Levantine Arabic vocabulary 8256: 5943: 5837:or in Syrian Arabic ‏ 5661:comparative and superlative 5305:) and emphatic consonants ( 5073:t (American pronunciation) 4683:t (American pronunciation) 3813:glottal stop like in uh-oh 3305:merge. They usually become 2482:depending on the platform. 1984:Latin alphabet for Lebanese 1824:show that the onset of the 1312:Levantine speakers (L1+L2) 908: 880:, Mesopotamian, Levantine, 785: 110:ethnic groups in the region 10: 20512: 18234:Simon & Schuster Audio 18171:Omar, Margaret K. (1976). 18131:Omar, Margaret K. (1974). 17981:Cleveland, Ray L. (1963). 17968:(in French). Klincksieck. 17552:10.1163/157005806778915100 17484:. University of Michigan. 17131:10.1002/9781118827628.ch32 17020:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020a). 16917: 15668:, pp. 3–4, 13–17, 20. 15451:10.1016/j.wocn.2012.12.001 14981:Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 14913:. Routledge. p. 119. 14880:. Routledge. p. 253. 14675:"אל-אמיר ל-זע'יר – מינרוה" 12209:10.17192/meta.2019.13.8245 11502:Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 9213:Most Christian and Muslim 8608: 8096:Examples of passive forms 7689:Present with helping verb 7475:, 'to write'. There is no 7446: 6633:Indirect object pronouns ( 5243: 5239: 5233:merged to "o" in Lebanese 5171:merged to "e" in Lebanese 4199:– light "l" as in English 3584: 3328:Vowel system in Levantine 2492:Levantine Arabic phonology 2489: 2366:in the weekend edition of 2100:Islamic religious ideology 1809:villages, but it has left 1678: 1226:moved to Israel after 1948 1222:Turkish Jews from Çukurova 1047:, Egypt, is classified by 664: 20397: 20381: 20332: 20245: 20229: 20155: 20148:Islam and Arabic language 20141: 20076: 19963: 19893: 19872: 19797: 19715: 19697: 19658: 19551: 19511: 19478: 19469: 19442: 19402: 19393: 19367: 19254: 19114: 19105: 19096: 19075: 19029: 19020: 18757: 18642: 18599: 18538: 18517: 18455: 18444: 18401: 18349:Microsoft Translator Blog 18318:The Living Arabic Project 18232:(Audiobook on cassette). 18142:Foreign Service Institute 18087:Grotzfeld, Heinz (1965). 17937:Brustad, Kristen (2000). 17893:Behnstedt, Peter (2000). 17866:Behnstedt, Peter (1997). 17693:; Walters, Keith (eds.). 17509:L'arabe libanais de poche 17366:(2nd ed.). Minerva. 17335:Elihai, Yohanan (2011b). 17308:Elihai, Yohanan (2011a). 17242:; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.). 17195:; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.). 17160:(1 ed.). Routledge. 16993:Aldrich, Matthew (2021). 16966:Aldrich, Matthew (2017). 16925:Abu Elhija, Duaa (2019). 16762:10.1177/01427237221145375 16572:(1). Boston College: 86. 16333:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 16287:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 16222:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 16159:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 16109:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15957:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15876:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15849:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15816:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15804:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15493:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15387:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15372:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15333:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15316:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15286:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 15248:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 14839:Abuhakema, Ghazi (2013). 14457:10.7358/lcm-2021-002-dean 14444:Lingue Culture Mediazioni 14366:10.1163/9789004346178_005 14322:10.7358/lcm-2021-002-dani 14309:Lingue Culture Mediazioni 14189:Khazaal, Natalie (2021). 14022:10.1186/s40862-018-0047-1 13686:. Routledge. p. 13. 13393:10.1163/9789004346178_002 13288:. Routledge. p. 45. 13220:10.1163/19552629-01002009 13201:Elhija, Duaa Abu (2017). 13161:Guba, Abu (August 2016). 13110:10.1017/9781139649568.006 13084:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 12986:10.1163/9789004228047_018 12832:10.1017/S0041977X17000878 12761:10.1163/9789004300156_016 12551:10.1163/9789004343047_006 12129:10.1515/9783111323756-003 11314:10.1017/S0025100320000134 11100:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2012). 10497:10.1163/9789004343047_002 10419:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2021). 10101:Brustad & Zuniga 2019 9860:Procedia Computer Science 9602:Acta Linguistica Asiatica 9215:Lebanese people in Israel 9202:North Mesopotamian Arabic 9055:ana b7eb ghiyeb l shames. 8311: 8308: 8305: 8103: 8100: 7869:kān in the present tense 7868: 7865: 7819: 7809: 7801: 7796: 7783: 7775: 7753: 7731: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7696: 7688: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7649: 7641: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7606: 7598: 7576: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7274: 7227: 7094: 7031: 7021: 6925: 6888: 6824: 6802: 6761: 6751: 6742:, 'he brought it to him'. 6535: 6489: 6411: 6375: 6326: 6312: 6306: 6293: 6290: 6155: 6129: 6078: 6052: 5978: 5968: 5216: 5196: 5193: 5132: 5120: 5112: 5109: 5077: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5037: 5014: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4953: 4931: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4874: 4863: 4860: 4843: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4809: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4653: 4561: 4493: 4476: 4420: 4270: 4252: 4235: 4218: 4192: 4175: 4145: 4045: 3990: 3935: 3918: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3549:In the Damascus dialect, 3501: 3483: 3472: 3337: 3334: 3332: 2902: 2855: 2831: 2759: 2714: 2595: 2560: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2241:Turkish television dramas 1710:Central Semitic languages 1210:Lebanese people in Israel 1160:. It is also spoken as a 1014:; she speaks in Lebanese. 947:North Mesopotamian Arabic 690:Map of Arabic varieties. 661:Naming and classification 353: 341: 329: 315: 299: 283: 278: 236: 197: 137: 131:: 2.3 million (2022–2023) 119: 89: 79: 49: 33: 28: 23: 20089:Arabic script in Unicode 19824:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin 19184:(North-Eastern Tunisian) 18525:Northwest Arabian Arabic 18108:. Bethlehem University. 18065:Feghali, Michel (1919). 17964:Cantineau, Jean (1946). 17736:Stowasser, Karl (2004). 17339:. Vol. 2. Minerva. 17312:. Vol. 1. Minerva. 17285:Cowell, Mark W. (1964). 17121:; Watt, Dominic (eds.). 16560:Bassal, Ibrahim (2015). 15505:Hajjar, Sami G. (1985). 14499:, pp. 423, 428–429. 13732:, pp. 123, 133–134. 13260:, pp. 423, 463–464. 13248:, pp. 425–426, 430. 13236:, pp. 425–426, 457. 13048:10.4324/9780203327715-20 12707:Erdman, Michael (2017). 12155:Lebanon: a country study 11936:Shachmon & Mack 2019 11673:(152). De Gruyter: 153. 10839:Owens, Jonathan (2006). 10438:10.3390/languages6040173 10271:Shachmon & Mack 2019 9714:(2). Informa: 193, 208. 9708:Writing Systems Research 9687:Shachmon & Mack 2019 9560:Writing Systems Research 9100: 8623:(also called gerunds or 7443:Regular verb conjugation 5876:, 'I'm not Palestinian.' 5259:verb precedes the object 5246:Levantine Arabic grammar 2977:Levantine (female/urban) 2962:(in rural Palestinian). 2952:voiceless uvular plosive 1991:language standardization 1292:, such as the 7 million 955:Northwest Arabian Arabic 413: 19351:Western Egyptian Bedawi 18228:Pimsleur, Paul (1998). 17924:(in German). Hinrichs. 17853:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 17836:(in French). Geuthner. 16060:, pp. 98, 102–103. 14303:Daniëls, Helge (2022). 14125:Hachimi, Atiqa (2013). 13528:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006 13096:Aslanov, Cyril (2018). 12401:Encyclopedia Britannica 12363:Encyclopedia Britannica 12356:Ochsenwald, William L. 11695:Shafrir, Asher (2011). 9566:(2). Informa: 1, 5, 8. 8965:tāni ġēr ġurūb iš-šams. 8863:آه أيها الأمير الصغير ، 8839:w hek ya amire l zghir, 8759:Palestinian (Romanized) 8476:I don't speak English. 5704:‎ (i) and ‏ 5324:Arabic definite article 5064:near emphatic consonant 4830:near emphatic consonant 4674:near emphatic consonant 4327:- voiceless "th" as in 3631:, Arab Christians, and 3297:In the north, stressed 2980:Levantine (male/rural) 2404:) and two Palestinian ( 2177:, only MSA is used. In 1946:20th and 21st centuries 1930:From 1516 to 1918, the 1847:Damascus Psalm Fragment 1212:speak Lebanese Arabic. 624:Levantine pronunciation 29:Syro-Palestinian Arabic 18203:Palva, Heikki (1984). 18104:Halloun, Moïn (2011). 17895:Sprachatlas von Syrien 17868:Sprachatlas von Syrien 17637:Shachmon, Ori (2017). 16701:10.1075/cilt.317.12sai 15016:Bouskila, Ami (2014). 14909:Landau, Jacob (2016). 14812:(3). De Gruyter: 340. 14559:Syrian Orphanage Press 14262:Jabbour, Jana (2015). 13993:, pp. 1917, 1920. 13521:(2). De Gruyter: 117. 13485:Al-Wer & Jong 2017 12755:. Brill. p. 281. 12678:Al-Wer & Jong 2017 12545:. Brill. p. 100. 12394:Khalidi, Walid Ahmed. 11888:Matras, Yaron (1999). 11423:Al-Wer & Jong 2017 11201:10.5281/zenodo.3744549 10725:Al-Wer & Jong 2017 10154:Shendy, Riham (2019). 9928:Al-Wer & Jong 2017 9615:10.4312/ala.2.1.89-100 9373:Transcription follows 9145:Modern Standard Arabic 9081:إنني مغرم بغروب الشمس. 8802:il-ʼamir le-zġīr 7866:kān in the past tense 7378:Verbs and verb phrases 6995:Demonstrative pronouns 6648:jāb il-jarīde la-ʔabūy 5674:/ aCCaC, e.g.: ‏ 5273:Nouns and noun phrases 5267:interrogative particle 4129:"ch" as in Scottish lo 3679: 3600:Levantine, especially 3591:Romanization of Arabic 2974:Modern Standard Arabic 2181:, article 42.9 of the 1807:a few Aramaic-speaking 1761:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 1704:(64 BCE–475 CE), then 1085:Ethnicity and religion 1015: 771:Modern Standard Arabic 697: 683: 550:Modern Standard Arabic 386:This article contains 355:This article contains 19955:Quranic Arabic Corpus 18662:Ancient North Arabian 18074:(in French). Leroux. 17703:10.4324/9780203730515 17546:(4). Brill: 423–471. 17252:10.4324/9780429025563 17244:The Semitic Languages 17205:10.4324/9780429025563 17197:The Semitic Languages 17166:10.4324/9781315160931 17047:. Colloquial Series. 17038:– via Academia. 16961:– via ProQuest. 16660:. 18 September 2021. 16579:10.6017/lev.v4i1.8721 16494:, Introduction – iii. 15511:. Brill. p. 89. 14818:10.1515/humr.2011.020 14742:Mellor, Noha (2007). 14359:. Brill. p. 81. 14203:10.4324/9780429427084 13810:Darwish, Ali (2009). 13773:, pp. 1392–1394. 13213:(3). Brill: 424–425. 12437:10.2307/J.CTVCM4FP0.4 11679:10.1515/ijsl.2001.053 11185:Al-Wer, Enam (2020). 11136:– via ProQuest. 10491:. Brill. p. 13. 10242:. Brill. p. 32. 10173:10.17507/tpls.0902.01 9841:, pp. 1917–1918. 9450:, pp. 1920–1921. 9159:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā 9151:and refer to both as 9063:– بحب كتير غروب الشمس 8831:وهيك يا إميري الزغير، 5902:, 'She doesn't know.' 4315:t or s or not written 4162:ump or "s" as in plea 3673: 3228:allophonic variations 2476:children's literature 2155:medium of instruction 2092:pan-Arab nationalists 1966:(1921–1946), and the 1942:into the Arab world. 1684:Pre-Islamic antiquity 1238:Circassians in Israel 1178:Circassians in Jordan 1009: 769:), to contrast it to 731:Mesopotamian dialects 706:mutually intelligible 689: 674: 665:Further information: 542:officially recognized 20258:Circassian languages 19906:Sun and moon letters 19066:Pre-classical Arabic 16566:The Levantine Review 16277:, pp. 109, 117. 15685:, pp. xvii–xix. 15445:(2). Elsevier: 135. 15438:Journal of Phonetics 14942:Imady, Omar (2021). 14585:Gochristianhelps.com 14385:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vkk 14051:. 17 February 2021. 13744:, pp. 123, 126. 13412:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vkk 13386:. Brill. p. 8. 12123:. pp. 111–144. 12116:Diversity in Contact 9759:Gaash, Amir (2016). 9309:Also called perfect. 9239:Including 3 million 8847:أخ، يا أميري الصغير! 8756:Palestinian (Arabic) 8753:Lebanese (Romanized) 8661:, classical Hebrew ( 8617:lexicon of Levantine 8554:ما بده ييجي عالحفلة. 7732:Positive imperative 6999:proximal, and distal 5948:Levantine has eight 5939:, 'That's not good.' 5651:, 'the house is big' 5538:and their plural in 5466:pronounced as /t/): 5209:t, but closed vowel 5125:t, but closed vowel 4879:ce, but plain vowel 4649:Pronunciation notes 4548:- voiced "th" as in 3738:Pronunciation notes 3621:right-to-left script 3309:, but might also be 2337:letter to the editor 1888:Swedish orientalist 1867:interdental spirants 1811:substrate influences 1506:United Arab Emirates 1300:Levantine speakers, 1242:Armenians in Lebanon 1151:Christians in Jordan 717:dialects, excluding 460:Knowledge Media help 20398:Immigrant languages 20334:Varieties of Arabic 20322:Western Neo-Aramaic 19760:Judeo-Tripolitanian 19239:Judeo-Tripolitanian 18270:Schneller Orphanage 18146:Department of State 17799:The Arabic Language 17795:Versteegh, C. H. M. 17362:Elihay, J. (2012). 16595:, pp. 199–200. 16482:, pp. 118–119. 16470:, pp. 114–115. 16453:Nammur-Wardini 2011 16443:, pp. 107–114. 16407:, pp. 113–114. 16335:, pp. 418–419. 16320:, pp. 115–117. 16209:, pp. 114–115. 16195:Nammur-Wardini 2011 16185:, pp. 100–102. 16171:Nammur-Wardini 2011 16144:, pp. 105–107. 16121:Nammur-Wardini 2011 16111:, pp. 424–425. 16084:, pp. 153–154. 16072:, pp. 310–315. 16036:, pp. 24, 162. 15988:, pp. 455–457. 15959:, pp. 422–423. 15912:Nammur-Wardini 2011 15861:Nammur-Wardini 2011 15828:Nammur-Wardini 2011 15787:, pp. 139–140. 15741:Nammur-Wardini 2011 15728:, pp. xx–xxii. 15605:10.3115/v1/w14-3612 15471:, pp. 771–779. 15389:, pp. 408–410. 15359:, pp. 180–182. 15347:, pp. 263–264. 15335:, pp. 407–408. 15250:, pp. 405–407. 15053:. Saqi. p. 8. 13622:, pp. 133–136. 12680:, pp. 530–531. 12514:, pp. 185–186. 12478:, pp. 204–205. 11938:, pp. 361–362. 11453:10.3917/ls.138.0043 10342:, pp. 367–369. 9642:, pp. 465–466. 9173:the eloquent Arabic 9047:أنا بحب غياب الشمس. 8876:Oh, little prince! 8746: 8706:early modern period 8302: 8097: 8057:he was going to do 7860: 7802:Passive participle 7563: 7411:Quadriliteral roots 7383:Root and verb forms 7018: 6748: 6285: 5965: 5860:ʾana miš falasṭīni. 5806:, 'fast, quickly', 5490:, 'New York City'. 4983:t, but plain vowel 4617: 3723: 3555:superheavy syllable 3329: 2967: 2498: 2382:Lebanese newspapers 1919:variation between - 1757:Plague of Justinian 1305: 1294:Lebanese Brazilians 1264:Speakers by country 1190:Assyrians in Israel 1182:Armenians in Jordan 1095:religious pluralism 890:linguistic distance 695: 14: Levantine 573:Palestinian dialect 263:Said Akl's alphabet 20246:Minority languages 20223:Languages of Syria 20133:MacArabic encoding 18298:Birzeit University 16419:, pp. x–xiii. 16000:, pp. 80, 82. 15649:, pp. v–viii. 14994:10.5209/anqe.67162 14144:10.1111/josl.12037 14049:The Jerusalem Post 14015:(1). Springer: 7. 11518:10.5209/anqe.66210 11441:Langage et société 10741:"Jordan and Syria" 9661:Doğu Araştırmaları 9530:"Levantine Arabic" 9264:In loanwords only. 8823:The Little Prince 8739: 8725:lexical similarity 8326:Levantine (Latin) 8323:Levantine (Arabic) 8317:Levantine (Arabic) 8300: 8095: 7956:he will have done 7926:Active participle 7921:he will have done 7846: 7776:Active participle 7561: 7016: 6746: 6283: 5963: 5116:Imāla in the north 4615: 3721: 3680: 3553:falls on the last 3327: 2965: 2496: 2425:, like the Syrian 2314:in 1946. The four 2264:used MSA only and 2258:Lebanese Civil War 2104:Language attitudes 1690:1st millennium BCE 1299: 1250:Assyrians in Syria 1246:Chechens in Jordan 1061:Palestinian Arabic 1051:as Levantine. The 1016: 941:and Damascus, the 894:Germanic languages 698: 684: 527:prestige varieties 498:el-lahje š-šāmiyye 425:'Segoe UI' 20483: 20482: 20230:Official language 20189: 20188: 20164:extinct languages 20103:MS-DOS codepages 19868: 19867: 19864: 19863: 19547: 19546: 19465: 19464: 19363: 19362: 19059:Old Hijazi Arabic 18558: 18557: 18518:Related varieties 18243:978-1-4193-5659-9 18187:978-1-4538-4863-0 18155:978-1-4538-5267-5 18115:978-965-91610-0-3 18049:978-88-360-0059-3 17904:978-3-447-04330-4 17877:978-3-447-03856-0 17808:978-0-7486-4528-2 17778:978-1-73446-040-7 17751:978-1-58901-105-2 17712:978-0-203-73051-5 17613:978-3-030-02438-3 17578:978-0-19-870137-8 17522:978-2-7005-0357-9 17491:978-1-60785-223-0 17435:978-0-646-49382-4 17408:978-0-19-870137-8 17373:978-965-7397-06-0 17346:978-965-7397-17-6 17319:978-965-7397-16-9 17261:978-0-415-73195-9 17240:Huehnergard, John 17214:978-0-415-73195-9 17193:Huehnergard, John 17175:978-1-315-16093-1 17140:978-1-118-82755-0 17097:978-3-11-019987-1 17058:978-0-415-72685-6 17004:978-1-949650-27-3 16977:978-0-9986411-3-3 16938:978-1-392-15264-5 16710:978-90-272-8412-9 16371:, pp. 76–77. 16197:, pp. 43–45. 16123:, pp. 25–27. 16024:, pp. 20–21. 15830:, pp. 18–19. 15620:, pp. 70–71. 15518:978-90-04-07694-5 15214:979-10-95546-25-2 15150:978-0-19-934979-1 15060:978-0-86356-436-9 15027:978-1-135-29722-0 14953:978-1-5381-2286-0 14920:978-1-138-19228-7 14887:978-1-317-40706-5 14777:, pp. 92–93. 14753:978-0-7486-3412-5 14720:978-965-7397-48-0 14520:978-1-59033-871-1 14376:978-90-04-34617-8 14277:10.4000/ejts.5234 14220:978-0-429-76290-1 14137:(3). Wiley: 275. 13929:978-1-4744-2086-0 13908:Suleiman, Camelia 13854:978-0-86598-058-7 13821:978-0-9757419-8-6 13693:978-0-429-81233-0 13672:, pp. 22–23. 13606:978-91-8009-803-8 13571:978-1-317-58863-4 13403:978-90-04-34617-8 13295:978-0-415-76217-5 13272:, pp. 23–24. 13119:978-1-107-04135-6 13057:978-0-203-32771-5 12995:978-90-04-22804-7 12911:978-1-61491-052-7 12770:978-90-04-30015-6 12560:978-90-04-34304-7 12446:978-3-447-19823-3 12326:, pp. 10–11. 12265:978-0-203-88074-6 12138:978-3-11-132375-6 11210:978-3-96110-251-8 11113:978-1-267-44507-0 11078:978-90-04-20146-0 10773:"Egypt and Libya" 10590:978-0-521-65236-0 10534:SIL International 10529:"apc | ISO 639-3" 10506:978-90-04-34304-7 10373:978-0-19-870137-8 10294:978-0-313-34456-5 10249:978-90-04-19174-7 9953:978-1-58901-899-0 9501:(27th ed., 2024) 9433:, pp. vii–x. 9098: 9097: 8818:Al-amīr al-ṣaghīr 8750:Lebanese (Arabic) 8742:The Little Prince 8602: 8601: 8443:ما بحكيش إنكليزي. 8397:He didn't write. 8320:Levantine (Latin) 8254: 8253: 8084: 8083: 8026:he will be doing 7991:he will be doing 7824: 7823: 7375: 7374: 6992: 6991: 6643:جاب الجريدة لأبوي 6631: 6630: 6533:‎ (silent) 6217: 6216: 6172:(South) / ‏ 6085:‎ / ‏ 5625:, 'the big house' 5237: 5236: 4613: 4612: 3645:discussion forums 3512: 3511: 3217: 3216: 2932: 2931: 2419:Saadallah Wannous 2326:The Little Prince 2321:The Little Prince 2308:Gospel of Matthew 2252:As of 2009, most 2198:Northern District 2151:Arab universities 2007:prestige dialects 1982:— designed a new 1980:Turkish alphabets 1962:(1920–1946), the 1905:Usama ibn Munqidh 1899:writes about the 1835:coronal consonant 1781:language of trade 1725:Arabian Peninsula 1676: 1675: 1304:(27th ed., 2024) 1230:Jews in Jerusalem 1170:ethnic minorities 1063:dialects include 1033:the local dialect 1020:dialect of Aleppo 1007: 898:Romance languages 843:Lebanese language 651:Arabian Peninsula 620:Hebrew characters 566:minority language 552:(MSA), a form of 540:Levantine is not 525:, one of the two 394:rendering support 381: 380: 363:rendering support 359:phonetic symbols. 133:Total: 54 million 20503: 20496:Levantine Arabic 20362: 20355: 20216: 20209: 20202: 20193: 20192: 20179: 20178: 19927: 19476: 19475: 19400: 19399: 19336:Western Algerian 19283:Eastern Algerian 19279:Algerian Saharan 19209:(Lesser Kabylia) 19112: 19111: 19103: 19102: 19045:Nabataean Arabic 19027: 19026: 19012: 19003: 18994: 18985: 18976: 18967: 18958: 18949: 18940: 18931: 18922: 18914: 18904: 18896: 18886: 18877: 18868: 18859: 18850: 18842: 18832: 18824: 18814: 18805: 18797: 18787: 18778: 18769: 18749:Maltese alphabet 18712: 18692:Algerian Braille 18682:Eastern numerals 18652:Nabataean script 18585: 18578: 18571: 18562: 18561: 18546: 18545: 18450: 18395:Levantine Arabic 18388: 18381: 18374: 18365: 18364: 18360: 18358: 18356: 18340: 18328: 18326: 18324: 18309: 18307: 18305: 18281: 18267: 18255: 18230:Arabic (Eastern) 18224: 18199: 18179: 18167: 18139: 18127: 18100: 18083: 18073: 18061: 18030: 17977: 17960: 17933: 17916: 17889: 17862: 17845: 17820: 17790: 17763: 17732: 17691:Bassiouney, Reem 17685: 17648: 17633: 17590: 17555: 17534: 17503: 17474: 17464: 17447: 17420: 17385: 17358: 17331: 17304: 17281: 17234: 17187: 17152: 17109: 17070: 17039: 17037: 17035: 17016: 16989: 16962: 16960: 16958: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16906: 16887: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16876: 16857: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16843: 16824: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16810: 16791: 16782: 16781: 16741: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16730: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16671: 16669: 16648: 16642: 16641: 16625: 16619: 16618: 16602: 16596: 16590: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16557: 16551: 16550: 16530: 16519: 16513: 16507: 16501: 16495: 16489: 16483: 16477: 16471: 16465: 16456: 16450: 16444: 16438: 16432: 16426: 16420: 16414: 16408: 16402: 16396: 16390: 16384: 16378: 16372: 16366: 16360: 16354: 16348: 16342: 16336: 16330: 16321: 16315: 16302: 16296: 16290: 16284: 16278: 16272: 16266: 16260: 16249: 16243: 16237: 16231: 16225: 16219: 16210: 16204: 16198: 16192: 16186: 16180: 16174: 16168: 16162: 16156: 16145: 16139: 16124: 16118: 16112: 16106: 16097: 16091: 16085: 16079: 16073: 16067: 16061: 16055: 16049: 16043: 16037: 16031: 16025: 16019: 16013: 16007: 16001: 15995: 15989: 15983: 15977: 15971: 15960: 15954: 15945: 15939: 15930: 15924: 15915: 15909: 15903: 15897: 15891: 15885: 15879: 15873: 15864: 15858: 15852: 15846: 15831: 15825: 15819: 15813: 15807: 15801: 15788: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15750: 15744: 15743:, pp. 7–14. 15738: 15729: 15723: 15717: 15711: 15705: 15699: 15686: 15680: 15669: 15663: 15650: 15644: 15633: 15627: 15621: 15615: 15609: 15608: 15598: 15581: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15570: 15558:L'Orient-Le Jour 15549: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15502: 15496: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15466: 15455: 15454: 15432: 15426: 15420: 15414: 15408: 15402: 15396: 15390: 15384: 15375: 15369: 15360: 15354: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15330: 15319: 15313: 15304: 15298: 15289: 15283: 15277: 15276: 15260: 15251: 15245: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15223: 15202: 15193: 15187: 15181: 15175: 15169: 15163: 15162: 15128: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15117: 15091: 15085: 15079: 15073: 15072: 15046: 15040: 15039: 15013: 15007: 15006: 14996: 14972: 14966: 14965: 14939: 14933: 14932: 14906: 14900: 14899: 14873: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14862: 14856: 14845: 14836: 14830: 14829: 14799: 14793: 14787: 14778: 14772: 14766: 14765: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14711:il-'amir le-zgir 14706: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14671: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14660: 14641: 14635: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14596: 14577: 14571: 14570: 14551: 14545: 14539: 14533: 14532: 14506: 14500: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14469: 14459: 14435: 14429: 14428: 14412: 14397: 14396: 14368: 14352: 14343: 14342: 14324: 14300: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14289: 14279: 14259: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14248: 14186: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14155: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14122: 14111: 14105: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14074: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14041: 14035: 14034: 14024: 14000: 13994: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13968:. 4 April 2019. 13956: 13950: 13949: 13904: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13893: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13840: 13834: 13833: 13807: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13780: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13745: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13718: 13712: 13706: 13705: 13679: 13673: 13667: 13661: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13632: 13623: 13617: 13611: 13610: 13590: 13584: 13583: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13540: 13530: 13506: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13463: 13457: 13451: 13445: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13431: 13395: 13377: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13343: 13332: 13326: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13279: 13273: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13249: 13243: 13237: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13198: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13184: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13093: 13087: 13081: 13070: 13069: 13035: 13026: 13025: 13009: 13000: 12999: 12969: 12963: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12928: 12903: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12853: 12844: 12843: 12813: 12807: 12801: 12795: 12789: 12783: 12782: 12748: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12704: 12693: 12687: 12681: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12638: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12594: 12588: 12582: 12573: 12572: 12538: 12532: 12526: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12391: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12353: 12342: 12336: 12327: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12251: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12240: 12231:. 19 June 2015. 12219: 12213: 12212: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12175: 12160: 12149: 12143: 12142: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12083: 12082: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12016: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11945: 11939: 11933: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11909: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11741:. 19 June 2015. 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11712: 11701: 11692: 11683: 11682: 11660: 11651: 11650: 11634: 11621: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11595:. 19 June 2015. 11583: 11577: 11576: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11493: 11484: 11478: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11397: 11364: 11363: 11347: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11295: 11284: 11283: 11267: 11258: 11257: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11182: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10983: 10970: 10969: 10953: 10936: 10935: 10919: 10910: 10909: 10893: 10878: 10872: 10863: 10862: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10737: 10728: 10722: 10711: 10705: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10612: 10603: 10602: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10440: 10416: 10410: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10175: 10151: 10140: 10139: 10113: 10104: 10098: 10081: 10075: 10062: 10061: 10045: 10032: 10026: 10017: 10016: 9999:(2–3): 305–306. 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9908: 9895: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9851: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9813: 9812: 9792: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9756: 9747: 9741: 9732: 9731: 9703: 9690: 9684: 9673: 9672: 9652: 9643: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9617: 9593: 9584: 9583: 9555: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9526: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9493:Levantine Arabic 9490: 9451: 9445: 9434: 9428: 9415: 9409: 9385: 9383: 9371: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9352: 9346: 9343: 9337: 9334: 9328: 9325: 9319: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9301: 9298: 9292: 9289: 9283: 9280: 9274: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9253: 9250: 9244: 9237: 9231: 9228: 9222: 9211: 9205: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9149:Classical Arabic 9141: 9135: 9124: 9118: 9111: 9091: 9083: 9082: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9048: 9036: 9028: 9027: 9020: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8996: 8995: 8983: 8975: 8974: 8967: 8955: 8954: 8947: 8939: 8938: 8926: 8918: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8885: 8873: 8865: 8864: 8857: 8849: 8848: 8841: 8833: 8832: 8820: 8812: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8779: 8747: 8738: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8579: 8556: 8555: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8531: 8520: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8500: 8485: 8484: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8460: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8425: 8406: 8405: 8404:ما بحكي إنكليزي. 8394: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8381: 8370: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8350: 8335: 8334: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8250:to be surprised 8247: 8241: 8227: 8221: 8205: 8199: 8185: 8179: 8163: 8157: 8143: 8137: 8098: 8094: 8077: 8072: 8071: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8023: 8021:bikūn ʕam yiʕmel 8018: 8017: 8008: 8003: 8002: 7988: 7983: 7982: 7973: 7968: 7967: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7861: 7858: 7852: 7845: 7842: 7836: 7831:The verb ‏ 7817: 7807: 7794: 7781: 7766: 7737: 7721: 7694: 7678: 7647: 7629: 7604: 7564: 7560: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7506:, usually after 7504:subjunctive mood 7490: 7484: 7474: 7468: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7370: 7360: 7352: 7342: 7334: 7326: 7316: 7308: 7298: 7290: 7280: 7271: 7261: 7253: 7243: 7235: 7222: 7212: 7204: 7194: 7186: 7176: 7170: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7134: 7128: 7118: 7110: 7100: 7091: 7081: 7073: 7063: 7057: 7047: 7039: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7006: 6987: 6981: 6973: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6931: 6922: 6916: 6908: 6902: 6894: 6884: 6878: 6870: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6836: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6808: 6798: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6769: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6702: 6700:jab-lo il-jarīde 6697: 6696: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6606: 6597: 6591: 6583: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6555: 6547: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6517: 6509: 6503: 6495: 6485: 6479: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6417: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6389: 6381: 6371: 6365: 6357: 6351: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6318: 6299:after consonant 6286: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6213: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6177: 6171: 6161: 6153: 6143: 6135: 6125: 6115: 6107: 6100: 6090: 6084: 6076: 6066: 6058: 6043: 6033: 6023: 6013: 6005: 5995: 5986: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5958:subject pronouns 5938: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5686:, 'big'; ‏ 5685: 5679: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5570:invisible copula 5559: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5474:madīnet nyū-yōrk 5471: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5350: 5349: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5320:definite article 5318:Levantine has a 5310: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5184: 5183: 5179:u (respelled to 5103: 5102: 5098:i (respelled to 5046: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4618: 4614: 4205:- dark "l" as ca 3854:2 or not written 3808:2 or not written 3761: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3530: 3508: 3504: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3381: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3212: 3202: 3192: 3177: 3168: 3160: 3150: 3135: 3125: 3115: 3100: 3090: 3082: 3072: 3057: 3047: 3037: 3022: 3012: 3004: 2994: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2916: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2869: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2703: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2672: 2658: 2649: 2642: 2633: 2626: 2616: 2579: 2570: 2499: 2495: 2473: 2455: 2444: 2433: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2294: 2227:Syrian TV series 2171:medical sciences 2076:Arab communities 2013:Status and usage 1898: 1880: 1864: 1860: 1851:Greek characters 1688:Starting in the 1665: 1664: 1663: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1306: 1298: 1286:Syrian diasporas 1202:Kurds in Lebanon 1194:Turkmen in Syria 1144: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1091:ethnic diversity 1057:Jordanian Arabic 1008: 989:Cypriot Maronite 850:Semitic language 828: 822: 816: 810: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 788: 782: 775:Classical Arabic 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 748: 742: 721:dialects of the 694: 605: 604: 603: 602: 600: 591: 584: 500: 495: 494: 489: 483: 468:Levantine Arabic 452: 451: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 407: 406: 401: 400: 346: 337: 325: 311: 295: 288: 242: 179:Levantine Arabic 143: 44: 38: 37: 24:Levantine Arabic 21: 20: 20511: 20510: 20506: 20505: 20504: 20502: 20501: 20500: 20486: 20485: 20484: 20479: 20393: 20377: 20358: 20351: 20328: 20241: 20237:Standard Arabic 20225: 20220: 20190: 20185: 20151: 20137: 20084:Arabic keyboard 20072: 19967: 19959: 19944:Mater lectionis 19938:Triliteral root 19889: 19860: 19801: 19793: 19711: 19693: 19654: 19543: 19507: 19461: 19438: 19389: 19359: 19250: 19230:Judeo-Maghrebi 19098: 19092: 19088:Modern Standard 19071: 19016: 18753: 18697:Maltese Braille 18677:Arabic numerals 18638: 18595: 18589: 18559: 18554: 18534: 18513: 18497:South Levantine 18463:North Levantine 18451: 18442: 18397: 18392: 18354: 18352: 18343: 18331: 18322: 18320: 18312: 18303: 18301: 18291: 18288: 18265: 18244: 18188: 18177: 18156: 18137: 18116: 18071: 18050: 17995:10.2307/1355607 17949: 17905: 17878: 17828: 17826:Further reading 17823: 17809: 17779: 17752: 17713: 17614: 17579: 17523: 17492: 17436: 17409: 17374: 17347: 17320: 17262: 17215: 17176: 17141: 17115:Boberg, Charles 17098: 17076:Trudgill, Peter 17059: 17033: 17031: 17005: 16978: 16956: 16954: 16939: 16920: 16915: 16914: 16904: 16902: 16895:Petit-prince.at 16889: 16888: 16884: 16874: 16872: 16865:Petit-prince.at 16859: 16858: 16851: 16841: 16839: 16832:Petit-prince.at 16826: 16825: 16818: 16808: 16806: 16799:Petit-prince.at 16793: 16792: 16785: 16742: 16738: 16728: 16726: 16711: 16685: 16681: 16667: 16665: 16650: 16649: 16645: 16626: 16622: 16603: 16599: 16591: 16587: 16558: 16554: 16531: 16522: 16514: 16510: 16502: 16498: 16490: 16486: 16478: 16474: 16466: 16459: 16451: 16447: 16439: 16435: 16427: 16423: 16415: 16411: 16403: 16399: 16391: 16387: 16379: 16375: 16367: 16363: 16355: 16351: 16343: 16339: 16331: 16324: 16316: 16305: 16297: 16293: 16285: 16281: 16273: 16269: 16261: 16252: 16244: 16240: 16232: 16228: 16220: 16213: 16205: 16201: 16193: 16189: 16181: 16177: 16169: 16165: 16157: 16148: 16140: 16127: 16119: 16115: 16107: 16100: 16092: 16088: 16080: 16076: 16068: 16064: 16056: 16052: 16044: 16040: 16032: 16028: 16020: 16016: 16008: 16004: 15996: 15992: 15984: 15980: 15972: 15963: 15955: 15948: 15940: 15933: 15925: 15918: 15910: 15906: 15898: 15894: 15886: 15882: 15874: 15867: 15859: 15855: 15847: 15834: 15826: 15822: 15814: 15810: 15802: 15791: 15783: 15779: 15769: 15767: 15752: 15751: 15747: 15739: 15732: 15724: 15720: 15712: 15708: 15700: 15689: 15681: 15672: 15664: 15653: 15645: 15636: 15628: 15624: 15618:Abu Elhija 2019 15616: 15612: 15596:10.1.1.676.4146 15582: 15578: 15568: 15566: 15551: 15550: 15546: 15536: 15534: 15519: 15503: 15499: 15491: 15487: 15479: 15475: 15467: 15458: 15433: 15429: 15421: 15417: 15409: 15405: 15397: 15393: 15385: 15378: 15370: 15363: 15355: 15351: 15343: 15339: 15331: 15322: 15314: 15307: 15303:, p. xxii. 15299: 15292: 15284: 15280: 15261: 15254: 15246: 15237: 15227: 15225: 15221: 15215: 15200: 15194: 15190: 15182: 15178: 15170: 15166: 15151: 15129: 15125: 15115: 15113: 15092: 15088: 15080: 15076: 15061: 15047: 15043: 15028: 15014: 15010: 14973: 14969: 14954: 14940: 14936: 14921: 14907: 14903: 14888: 14874: 14870: 14860: 14858: 14854: 14843: 14837: 14833: 14800: 14796: 14788: 14781: 14773: 14769: 14754: 14740: 14736: 14721: 14707: 14698: 14688: 14686: 14673: 14672: 14668: 14658: 14656: 14643: 14642: 14638: 14630: 14626: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14594: 14592: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14553: 14552: 14548: 14540: 14536: 14521: 14507: 14503: 14495: 14491: 14436: 14432: 14413: 14400: 14377: 14353: 14346: 14301: 14297: 14287: 14285: 14260: 14256: 14246: 14244: 14221: 14187: 14183: 14173: 14171: 14156: 14152: 14123: 14114: 14106: 14102: 14092: 14090: 14075: 14068: 14058: 14056: 14043: 14042: 14038: 14001: 13997: 13989: 13985: 13975: 13973: 13958: 13957: 13953: 13930: 13905: 13901: 13891: 13889: 13874: 13870: 13855: 13841: 13837: 13822: 13808: 13801: 13797:, p. viii. 13795:Abu Elhija 2019 13793: 13789: 13781: 13777: 13769: 13765: 13759:Abu Elhija 2019 13757: 13748: 13740: 13736: 13728: 13721: 13713: 13709: 13694: 13680: 13676: 13670:Abu Elhija 2019 13668: 13664: 13656: 13652: 13633: 13626: 13618: 13614: 13607: 13591: 13587: 13572: 13558: 13554: 13507: 13503: 13495: 13491: 13483: 13466: 13462:, p. 1383. 13458: 13454: 13446: 13439: 13429: 13427: 13404: 13378: 13371: 13361: 13359: 13344: 13335: 13331:, p. 1392. 13327: 13323: 13313: 13311: 13296: 13280: 13276: 13270:Abu Elhija 2019 13268: 13264: 13256: 13252: 13244: 13240: 13232: 13228: 13199: 13192: 13182: 13180: 13159: 13155: 13145: 13143: 13120: 13094: 13090: 13082: 13073: 13058: 13036: 13029: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12970: 12966: 12958: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12912: 12901: 12893: 12889: 12881: 12874: 12866: 12862: 12854: 12847: 12814: 12810: 12804:Al-Jallad 2020a 12802: 12798: 12790: 12786: 12771: 12749: 12740: 12730: 12728: 12705: 12696: 12688: 12684: 12676: 12672: 12662: 12660: 12639: 12628: 12618: 12616: 12595: 12591: 12583: 12576: 12561: 12539: 12535: 12527: 12518: 12510: 12506: 12498: 12494: 12488:Al-Jallad 2020a 12486: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12447: 12425: 12421: 12411: 12409: 12392: 12383: 12373: 12371: 12354: 12345: 12337: 12330: 12322: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12285: 12281: 12266: 12252: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12221: 12220: 12216: 12193: 12189: 12179: 12177: 12173: 12158: 12150: 12146: 12139: 12107: 12103: 12099:, p. 1920. 12095: 12086: 12067: 12063: 12040: 12036: 12017: 12006: 11996: 11994: 11977: 11973: 11963: 11961: 11946: 11942: 11934: 11927: 11917: 11915: 11886: 11882: 11872: 11870: 11853: 11849: 11839: 11837: 11830:The Arab Weekly 11822: 11818: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11779: 11762: 11758: 11748: 11746: 11731: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11699: 11693: 11686: 11661: 11654: 11635: 11624: 11620:, p. 1921. 11616: 11612: 11602: 11600: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11549: 11545: 11535: 11533: 11494: 11487: 11479: 11472: 11462: 11460: 11433: 11429: 11421: 11417: 11398: 11367: 11348: 11341: 11333: 11329: 11296: 11287: 11268: 11261: 11242: 11238: 11228: 11226: 11211: 11183: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11079: 11065: 11061: 11046: 11030: 11026: 11007: 11003: 10984: 10973: 10954: 10939: 10920: 10913: 10894: 10881: 10873: 10866: 10851: 10837: 10833: 10814: 10810: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10739: 10738: 10731: 10723: 10714: 10706: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10655:, p. 1391. 10651: 10644: 10634: 10632: 10613: 10606: 10591: 10577: 10573: 10565: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10507: 10485: 10481: 10475:Al-Jallad 2020a 10473: 10466: 10458: 10454: 10417: 10413: 10405: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10374: 10350: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10295: 10281: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10250: 10236: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10201: 10197: 10152: 10143: 10128: 10114: 10107: 10099: 10084: 10080:, p. 1917. 10076: 10065: 10046: 10035: 10027: 10020: 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9954: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9881: 9866:. Elsevier: 2. 9852: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9825: 9816: 9793: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9757: 9750: 9742: 9735: 9704: 9693: 9685: 9676: 9653: 9646: 9638: 9631: 9594: 9587: 9556: 9545: 9535: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9512: 9502: 9491: 9454: 9446: 9437: 9429: 9418: 9414:, p. xiii. 9410: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9388: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9263: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9241:Syrian refugees 9238: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9212: 9208: 9198:hybrid language 9186: 9182: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9142: 9138: 9132:Maghrebi Arabic 9128:Mashriqi Arabic 9125: 9121: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9084: 9067: 9050: 9029: 9013: 8997: 8976: 8956: 8940: 8919: 8903: 8887: 8866: 8850: 8834: 8813: 8797: 8781: 8767:MSA (Romanized) 8737: 8714:Ottoman Turkish 8655:Western Aramaic 8613: 8607: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8259: 8089: 8044: 7829: 7827:Compound tenses 7770: 7755: 7744: 7698: 7671:bi- -u (South) 7670: 7669:byi- -u (North) 7659: 7651: 7636: 7556:present perfect 7512:auxiliary verbs 7496:indicative mood 7459:as well as the 7452: 7445: 7389:triliteral root 7385: 7380: 7354: 7310: 7292: 7255: 7229: 7206: 7188: 7112: 7075: 7033: 6975: 6939: 6910: 6838: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674:jāb-ha la-ʔabūy 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6614: 6585: 6549: 6511: 6425: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6221:object pronouns 5946: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5855:أنا مش فلسطيني. 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5599:, 'a big house' 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5458:construct state 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5387:, 'managers'). 5275: 5263:topic-prominent 5248: 5242: 5232: 5223: 5170: 5161: 5038: 4600: 4547: 4539: 4532: 4521: 4326: 4318: 4311: 4298: 4260: 4256: 4204: 4196: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3755: 3593: 3587:Arabic alphabet 3583: 3515:Syllabification 2600: 2523: 2494: 2488: 2449: 2438: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2312:Letter of James 2282: 2210: 2208:Films and music 2159:social sciences 2142: 2115:Arab Christians 2052:medieval period 2020: 2015: 1993:occurs through 1948: 1892: 1843: 1773: 1698:Seleucid Empire 1686: 1681: 1661: 1659: 1643: 1641: 1625: 1623: 1607: 1605: 1589: 1587: 1571: 1569: 1553: 1551: 1535: 1533: 1517: 1515: 1499: 1497: 1481: 1479: 1463: 1461: 1445: 1443: 1427: 1425: 1409: 1407: 1391: 1389: 1373: 1371: 1355: 1353: 1337: 1335: 1319: 1317: 1266: 1166:second language 1087: 1041:Sinai Peninsula 998: 911: 906: 831:Damascus Arabic 802: 799: 796: 793: 766: 763: 760: 757: 696: 692: 669: 663: 598: 595: 594: 593: 562:native language 465: 464: 463: 453: 449: 444: 443: 442: 440: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 392:Without proper 361:Without proper 349: 335: 321: 307: 291: 284: 274: 269:Hebrew alphabet 250:Arabic alphabet 243: 238: 193: 164:Central Semitic 144: 141:Language family 139: 132: 127: 115: 106:second language 100:Also used as a 17: 12: 11: 5: 20509: 20499: 20498: 20481: 20480: 20478: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20401: 20399: 20395: 20394: 20392: 20391: 20385: 20383: 20382:Sign languages 20379: 20378: 20376: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20364: 20363: 20356: 20344: 20338: 20336: 20330: 20329: 20327: 20326: 20325: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20304: 20303: 20302: 20292: 20291: 20290: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20255: 20249: 20247: 20243: 20242: 20240: 20239: 20233: 20231: 20227: 20226: 20219: 20218: 20211: 20204: 20196: 20187: 20186: 20184: 20183: 20173: 20166: 20156: 20153: 20152: 20150: 20149: 20145: 20143: 20139: 20138: 20136: 20135: 20130: 20129: 20128: 20123: 20118: 20115: 20112: 20109: 20101: 20096: 20094:ISO/IEC 8859-6 20091: 20086: 20080: 20078: 20074: 20073: 20071: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20028:Naskh (script) 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19974: 19972: 19961: 19960: 19958: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19920: 19919: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19897: 19895: 19891: 19890: 19888: 19887: 19882: 19876: 19874: 19870: 19869: 19866: 19865: 19862: 19861: 19859: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19808: 19806: 19795: 19794: 19792: 19791: 19790: 19789: 19786: 19783: 19780: 19772: 19771: 19770: 19765:Judeo-Tunisian 19762: 19757: 19756: 19755: 19752: 19747:Judeo-Moroccan 19744: 19743: 19742: 19732: 19730:Judeo-Egyptian 19727: 19725:Judeo-Algerian 19721: 19719: 19713: 19712: 19710: 19709: 19707:Bedouin Arabic 19703: 19701: 19695: 19694: 19692: 19691: 19684: 19683: 19682: 19677: 19674: 19671: 19662: 19660: 19656: 19655: 19653: 19652: 19651: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19557: 19555: 19549: 19548: 19545: 19544: 19542: 19541: 19540: 19539: 19529: 19524: 19518: 19516: 19509: 19508: 19506: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19484: 19482: 19473: 19467: 19466: 19463: 19462: 19460: 19459: 19454: 19448: 19446: 19440: 19439: 19437: 19436: 19435: 19434: 19429: 19419: 19414: 19408: 19406: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19371: 19369: 19365: 19364: 19361: 19360: 19358: 19357: 19356: 19355: 19354: 19353: 19340: 19339: 19338: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19326: 19319:Moroccan koiné 19316: 19315: 19314: 19304: 19296: 19295: 19294: 19292:Tunisian koiné 19288:Eastern Hilal 19286: 19285: 19284: 19281: 19276: 19275: 19274: 19272:Judeo-Algerian 19267:Algerian koiné 19263:Central Hilal 19260: 19258: 19252: 19251: 19249: 19248: 19247: 19246: 19244:Judeo-Tunisian 19241: 19236: 19234:Judeo-Moroccan 19228: 19227: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19218: 19212: 19211: 19210: 19204: 19199: 19187: 19186: 19185: 19174: 19173: 19172: 19171: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19128: 19120: 19118: 19109: 19100: 19094: 19093: 19091: 19090: 19085: 19079: 19077: 19073: 19072: 19070: 19069: 19062: 19055: 19048: 19041: 19033: 19031: 19024: 19018: 19017: 19015: 19014: 19005: 18996: 18987: 18978: 18969: 18960: 18951: 18942: 18933: 18924: 18915: 18906: 18897: 18888: 18879: 18870: 18861: 18852: 18843: 18834: 18825: 18816: 18807: 18798: 18789: 18780: 18771: 18761: 18759: 18755: 18754: 18752: 18751: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18687:Arabic Braille 18684: 18679: 18674: 18673: 18672: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18648: 18646: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18620: 18619: 18609: 18603: 18601: 18597: 18596: 18588: 18587: 18580: 18573: 18565: 18556: 18555: 18553: 18552: 18539: 18536: 18535: 18533: 18532: 18530:Cypriot Arabic 18527: 18521: 18519: 18515: 18514: 18512: 18511: 18510: 18509: 18504: 18494: 18493: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18475: 18459: 18457: 18453: 18452: 18445: 18443: 18441: 18440: 18435: 18434: 18433: 18423: 18418: 18417: 18416: 18405: 18403: 18399: 18398: 18391: 18390: 18383: 18376: 18368: 18362: 18361: 18351:. 27 June 2018 18341: 18329: 18310: 18287: 18286:External links 18284: 18283: 18282: 18256: 18242: 18225: 18200: 18186: 18168: 18154: 18128: 18114: 18101: 18084: 18062: 18048: 18038:(in Italian). 18031: 17978: 17961: 17947: 17934: 17917: 17903: 17890: 17876: 17863: 17846: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17821: 17807: 17791: 17777: 17764: 17750: 17733: 17711: 17686: 17649: 17634: 17612: 17591: 17577: 17556: 17535: 17521: 17504: 17490: 17475: 17448: 17434: 17421: 17407: 17386: 17372: 17359: 17345: 17332: 17318: 17305: 17282: 17260: 17235: 17213: 17188: 17174: 17153: 17139: 17119:Nerbonne, John 17110: 17096: 17071: 17057: 17040: 17017: 17003: 16997:. Lingualism. 16990: 16976: 16970:. Lingualism. 16963: 16937: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16882: 16849: 16816: 16783: 16756:(2): 200–230. 16750:First Language 16736: 16709: 16679: 16643: 16620: 16597: 16585: 16552: 16520: 16516:Tiedemann 2020 16508: 16506:, p. 199. 16496: 16492:Tiedemann 2020 16484: 16472: 16457: 16445: 16433: 16431:, p. xiv. 16429:Tiedemann 2020 16421: 16417:Tiedemann 2020 16409: 16397: 16395:, p. 110. 16385: 16383:, p. 109. 16373: 16361: 16359:, p. 310. 16349: 16337: 16322: 16303: 16301:, p. 107. 16291: 16289:, p. 418. 16279: 16267: 16263:Tiedemann 2020 16250: 16238: 16236:, p. 115. 16226: 16224:, p. 412. 16211: 16199: 16187: 16175: 16163: 16161:, p. 410. 16146: 16125: 16113: 16098: 16086: 16074: 16062: 16050: 16038: 16026: 16014: 16002: 15990: 15978: 15961: 15946: 15944:, p. 101. 15931: 15927:Tiedemann 2020 15916: 15904: 15892: 15880: 15878:, p. 422. 15865: 15853: 15851:, p. 413. 15832: 15820: 15818:, p. 421. 15808: 15806:, p. 420. 15789: 15777: 15745: 15730: 15718: 15706: 15687: 15683:Stowasser 2004 15670: 15651: 15634: 15632:, p. 371. 15630:Birnstiel 2019 15622: 15610: 15576: 15544: 15517: 15497: 15495:, p. 404. 15485: 15473: 15456: 15427: 15425:, p. 200. 15423:Versteegh 2014 15415: 15403: 15391: 15376: 15374:, p. 408. 15361: 15349: 15345:Prochazka 2018 15337: 15320: 15318:, p. 407. 15305: 15290: 15288:, p. 405. 15278: 15252: 15235: 15213: 15188: 15176: 15164: 15149: 15123: 15086: 15074: 15059: 15041: 15026: 15008: 14967: 14952: 14934: 14919: 14901: 14886: 14868: 14831: 14794: 14792:, p. 423. 14779: 14767: 14752: 14734: 14719: 14696: 14666: 14636: 14634:, p. 437. 14624: 14602: 14572: 14546: 14544:, p. 438. 14534: 14519: 14501: 14489: 14430: 14398: 14375: 14344: 14295: 14254: 14219: 14181: 14150: 14112: 14110:, p. 147. 14100: 14066: 14036: 13995: 13983: 13965:L'Orient Today 13951: 13928: 13899: 13868: 13853: 13835: 13820: 13799: 13787: 13785:, p. 139. 13775: 13763: 13746: 13734: 13719: 13717:, p. 174. 13715:Versteegh 2014 13707: 13692: 13674: 13662: 13660:, p. 126. 13650: 13624: 13620:Versteegh 2014 13612: 13605: 13585: 13570: 13552: 13501: 13499:, p. 241. 13497:Versteegh 2014 13489: 13487:, p. 525. 13464: 13452: 13450:, p. 138. 13437: 13402: 13369: 13333: 13321: 13294: 13274: 13262: 13250: 13238: 13226: 13190: 13153: 13118: 13088: 13086:, p. 425. 13071: 13056: 13027: 13001: 12994: 12964: 12962:, p. 178. 12952: 12950:, p. 176. 12940: 12910: 12887: 12885:, p. 181. 12872: 12870:, p. 174. 12860: 12858:, p. 205. 12845: 12808: 12796: 12794:, p. 127. 12792:Versteegh 2014 12784: 12769: 12738: 12694: 12690:Versteegh 2014 12682: 12670: 12626: 12589: 12587:, p. 186. 12574: 12559: 12533: 12529:Versteegh 2014 12516: 12504: 12502:, p. 171. 12492: 12480: 12468: 12445: 12419: 12381: 12343: 12341:, p. 167. 12328: 12324:Versteegh 2014 12316: 12279: 12264: 12246: 12214: 12187: 12144: 12137: 12101: 12084: 12061: 12034: 12004: 11971: 11940: 11925: 11907:10.1.1.695.691 11880: 11847: 11816: 11789: 11756: 11724: 11684: 11652: 11622: 11610: 11578: 11543: 11485: 11483:, p. 290. 11481:Prochazka 2018 11470: 11427: 11425:, p. 529. 11415: 11365: 11339: 11337:, p. 257. 11335:Prochazka 2018 11327: 11285: 11259: 11236: 11209: 11174: 11139: 11112: 11092: 11077: 11059: 11044: 11024: 11001: 10971: 10937: 10911: 10879: 10877:, p. 199. 10875:Versteegh 2014 10864: 10849: 10831: 10808: 10806:, p. 184. 10804:Versteegh 2014 10796: 10764: 10729: 10727:, p. 531. 10712: 10710:, p. 198. 10708:Versteegh 2014 10689: 10657: 10642: 10604: 10589: 10571: 10569:, p. 133. 10567:Versteegh 2014 10559: 10557:, p. 189. 10555:Versteegh 2014 10547: 10520: 10505: 10479: 10464: 10462:, p. 172. 10460:Versteegh 2014 10452: 10411: 10409:, p. 368. 10407:Birnstiel 2019 10399: 10372: 10344: 10340:Birnstiel 2019 10332: 10328:Versteegh 2014 10320: 10318:, p. 433. 10308: 10293: 10275: 10273:, p. 362. 10263: 10248: 10230: 10218: 10195: 10141: 10126: 10105: 10103:, p. 403. 10082: 10063: 10033: 10031:, p. 197. 10029:Versteegh 2014 10018: 9979: 9952: 9943:Eastern Arabic 9932: 9930:, p. 527. 9920: 9879: 9843: 9831: 9814: 9784: 9748: 9733: 9691: 9689:, p. 347. 9674: 9644: 9629: 9585: 9543: 9510: 9452: 9435: 9416: 9412:Stowasser 2004 9396: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384:'s convention. 9366: 9356: 9347: 9338: 9329: 9320: 9311: 9302: 9293: 9284: 9275: 9266: 9254: 9245: 9232: 9223: 9206: 9194:Cypriot Arabic 9180: 9154:العربية الفصحى 9136: 9119: 9113:Also known as 9105: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9085: 9076: 9068: 9058: 9051: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9030: 9021: 9014: 9005: 8998: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8977: 8968: 8957: 8948: 8941: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8920: 8911: 8904: 8895: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8867: 8858: 8851: 8842: 8835: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8814: 8805: 8798: 8789: 8786:l amir l zghir 8782: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8736: 8733: 8682:morphophonemic 8609:Main article: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8557: 8549: 8548: 8547:Don't forget! 8545: 8521: 8514: 8486: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8446: 8439: 8407: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8371: 8364: 8336: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8208:to be changed 8206: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8066: 8065:Present tense 8062: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8041:kān raḥ yiʕmel 8032: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8012: 8009: 8006:kān ʕam yiʕmel 7997: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7977: 7974: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7942: 7939: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7907: 7904: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7771:i- -i (South) 7767: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7756:i- -u (South) 7752: 7749: 7746: 7741: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7613:∅ (base form) 7611: 7608: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7425: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7353:(South, Syria) 7335: 7329: 7328: 7273: 7254:(South, Syria) 7236: 7231: 7230:(that, those) 7225: 7224: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7111:(South, Syria) 7093: 7074:(South, Syria) 7040: 7035: 7034:(this, these) 7029: 7028: 7025: 7022: 6990: 6989: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6924: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6823: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6785: 6771: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6717: 6691: 6665: 6629: 6628: 6599: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6534: 6525: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6472: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6410: 6396: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6358: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6325: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6215: 6214: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6154: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6077: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6006: 5988: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5912:hāda miš mnīḥ. 5903: 5877: 5653: 5652: 5626: 5609:il-bēt le-kbīr 5600: 5446:possessiveness 5428:ktāb il-ʾistāz 5357:broken plurals 5274: 5271: 5244:Main article: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5231:d, but shorter 5225: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4402:sh or ch or $ 4400: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3606:Latin alphabet 3582: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3194: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3169: 3152: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3117: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3074: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3014: 2996: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2936:socio-phonetic 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2870: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2830: 2828: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2604: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2517: 2515:Denti-alveolar 2512: 2507: 2502: 2490:Main article: 2487: 2484: 2304:Gospel of Mark 2297:La Fontaine's 2287:Tannus al-Hurr 2281: 2278: 2209: 2206: 2141: 2138: 2111:Code-switching 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2003:dialect change 1947: 1944: 1934:dominated the 1932:Ottoman Empire 1890:Carlo Landberg 1842: 1839: 1818:Umayyad elites 1813:on Levantine. 1795:language shift 1772: 1769: 1735:, such as the 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1265: 1262: 1258:Kurds in Syria 1109:, Christians, 1086: 1083: 1079:Bedouin Arabic 981:Kees Versteegh 910: 907: 905: 902: 691: 662: 659: 655:language shift 505:spoken in the 503:Arabic variety 493:اللهجة الشامية 470:, also called 454: 447: 446: 445: 414: 396:, you may see 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 365:, you may see 351: 350: 347: 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 319: 313: 312: 305: 297: 296: 289: 281: 280: 279:Language codes 276: 275: 273: 272: 266: 252: 246: 244: 240:Writing system 237: 234: 233: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 199: 195: 194: 192: 191: 190: 189: 188: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 182: 181: 147: 145: 138: 135: 134: 121: 117: 116: 114: 113: 108:by some other 93: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 51: 50:Native to 47: 46: 31: 30: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20508: 20497: 20494: 20493: 20491: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20402: 20400: 20396: 20390: 20387: 20386: 20384: 20380: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20361: 20357: 20354: 20350: 20349: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20339: 20337: 20335: 20331: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20309: 20308: 20305: 20301: 20298: 20297: 20296: 20293: 20289: 20286: 20285: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20263: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20250: 20248: 20244: 20238: 20235: 20234: 20232: 20228: 20224: 20217: 20212: 20210: 20205: 20203: 20198: 20197: 20194: 20182: 20174: 20171: 20167: 20165: 20161: 20158: 20157: 20154: 20147: 20146: 20144: 20140: 20134: 20131: 20127: 20124: 20122: 20119: 20116: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20104: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20081: 20079: 20075: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20053:Sini (script) 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20043:Ruqʿah script 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19988:Hijazi script 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19975: 19973: 19971: 19966: 19962: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19945: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19921: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19903: 19902: 19899: 19898: 19896: 19892: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19877: 19875: 19871: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19836: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19814: 19810: 19809: 19807: 19805: 19800: 19796: 19787: 19784: 19781: 19778: 19777: 19776: 19773: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19722: 19720: 19718: 19714: 19708: 19705: 19704: 19702: 19700: 19696: 19690: 19689: 19685: 19681: 19678: 19675: 19672: 19669: 19668: 19667: 19666:Central Asian 19664: 19663: 19661: 19657: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19638:Taʽizzi-Adeni 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19625: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19583: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19554: 19550: 19538: 19535: 19534: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19510: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19485: 19483: 19481: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19468: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19449: 19447: 19445: 19441: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19424: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19405: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19372: 19370: 19366: 19352: 19349: 19348: 19347: 19344: 19343: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19321: 19320: 19317: 19313: 19310: 19309: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19293: 19290: 19289: 19287: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19273: 19270: 19269: 19268: 19265: 19264: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19257: 19253: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19231: 19229: 19222: 19219: 19217:Traras-Msirda 19216: 19215: 19213: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19197: 19194: 19193: 19191: 19190: 19188: 19183: 19180: 19179: 19178: 19175: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19139: 19136: 19135: 19134: 19133: 19129: 19127: 19126: 19122: 19121: 19119: 19117: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19104: 19101: 19095: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19080: 19078: 19074: 19068: 19067: 19063: 19061: 19060: 19056: 19054: 19053: 19049: 19047: 19046: 19042: 19040: 19039: 19035: 19034: 19032: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19019: 19013: 19011: 19006: 19004: 19002: 18997: 18995: 18993: 18988: 18986: 18984: 18979: 18977: 18975: 18970: 18968: 18966: 18961: 18959: 18957: 18952: 18950: 18948: 18943: 18941: 18939: 18934: 18932: 18930: 18925: 18923: 18921: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18907: 18905: 18903: 18898: 18895: 18894: 18889: 18887: 18885: 18880: 18878: 18876: 18871: 18869: 18867: 18862: 18860: 18858: 18853: 18851: 18849: 18844: 18841: 18840: 18835: 18833: 18831: 18826: 18823: 18822: 18817: 18815: 18813: 18808: 18806: 18804: 18799: 18796: 18795: 18790: 18788: 18786: 18781: 18779: 18777: 18772: 18770: 18768: 18763: 18762: 18760: 18756: 18750: 18747: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18705: 18704: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18657:Arabic script 18655: 18653: 18650: 18649: 18647: 18645: 18641: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18618: 18615: 18614: 18613: 18610: 18608: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18598: 18593: 18586: 18581: 18579: 18574: 18572: 18567: 18566: 18563: 18551: 18550: 18541: 18540: 18537: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18522: 18520: 18516: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18499: 18498: 18495: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18470: 18469: 18466: 18465: 18464: 18461: 18460: 18458: 18454: 18449: 18439: 18436: 18432: 18429: 18428: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18415: 18412: 18411: 18410: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18400: 18396: 18389: 18384: 18382: 18377: 18375: 18370: 18369: 18366: 18350: 18346: 18342: 18338: 18334: 18330: 18319: 18315: 18311: 18300: 18299: 18294: 18290: 18289: 18279: 18275: 18271: 18264: 18263: 18257: 18253: 18249: 18245: 18239: 18235: 18231: 18226: 18222: 18218: 18214: 18210: 18206: 18201: 18197: 18193: 18189: 18183: 18176: 18175: 18169: 18165: 18161: 18157: 18151: 18147: 18143: 18136: 18135: 18129: 18125: 18121: 18117: 18111: 18107: 18102: 18098: 18094: 18090: 18085: 18081: 18077: 18070: 18069: 18063: 18059: 18055: 18051: 18045: 18041: 18037: 18032: 18028: 18024: 18020: 18016: 18012: 18008: 18004: 18000: 17996: 17992: 17988: 17984: 17979: 17975: 17971: 17967: 17962: 17958: 17954: 17950: 17948:0-87840-789-8 17944: 17940: 17935: 17931: 17927: 17923: 17918: 17914: 17910: 17906: 17900: 17896: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17873: 17869: 17864: 17860: 17856: 17852: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17830: 17829: 17818: 17814: 17810: 17804: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17774: 17770: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17747: 17743: 17739: 17734: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17718: 17714: 17708: 17704: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17667: 17663: 17659: 17655: 17650: 17646: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17619: 17615: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17592: 17588: 17584: 17580: 17574: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17557: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17542:(in French). 17541: 17536: 17532: 17528: 17524: 17518: 17514: 17511:(in French). 17510: 17505: 17501: 17497: 17493: 17487: 17483: 17482: 17476: 17472: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17454: 17449: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17431: 17427: 17422: 17418: 17414: 17410: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17392: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17369: 17365: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17342: 17338: 17333: 17329: 17325: 17321: 17315: 17311: 17306: 17302: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17289: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17257: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17194: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17171: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17072: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17054: 17050: 17046: 17041: 17029: 17025: 17024: 17018: 17014: 17010: 17006: 17000: 16996: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16973: 16969: 16964: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16940: 16934: 16930: 16929: 16923: 16922: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16886: 16870: 16866: 16862: 16856: 16854: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16823: 16821: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16790: 16788: 16779: 16775: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16747: 16740: 16724: 16720: 16716: 16712: 16706: 16702: 16698: 16694: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16663: 16659: 16658: 16657:The Economist 16653: 16647: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16624: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16601: 16594: 16589: 16580: 16575: 16571: 16567: 16563: 16556: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16529: 16527: 16525: 16518:, p. xv. 16517: 16512: 16505: 16500: 16493: 16488: 16481: 16476: 16469: 16464: 16462: 16455:, p. 11. 16454: 16449: 16442: 16437: 16430: 16425: 16418: 16413: 16406: 16401: 16394: 16389: 16382: 16377: 16370: 16365: 16358: 16353: 16347:, p. 53. 16346: 16341: 16334: 16329: 16327: 16319: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16300: 16295: 16288: 16283: 16276: 16271: 16264: 16259: 16257: 16255: 16248:, p. 62. 16247: 16242: 16235: 16234:Al-Masri 2015 16230: 16223: 16218: 16216: 16208: 16203: 16196: 16191: 16184: 16179: 16173:, p. 28. 16172: 16167: 16160: 16155: 16153: 16151: 16143: 16138: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16130: 16122: 16117: 16110: 16105: 16103: 16096:, p. 45. 16095: 16094:Al-Masri 2015 16090: 16083: 16082:Al-Masri 2015 16078: 16071: 16066: 16059: 16054: 16048:, p. 79. 16047: 16042: 16035: 16034:Al-Masri 2015 16030: 16023: 16022:Al-Masri 2015 16018: 16011: 16006: 15999: 15994: 15987: 15982: 15976:, p. 82. 15975: 15974:Al-Masri 2015 15970: 15968: 15966: 15958: 15953: 15951: 15943: 15938: 15936: 15928: 15923: 15921: 15914:, p. 18. 15913: 15908: 15902:, p. 24. 15901: 15900:Al-Masri 2015 15896: 15890:, p. 19. 15889: 15884: 15877: 15872: 15870: 15863:, p. 19. 15862: 15857: 15850: 15845: 15843: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15829: 15824: 15817: 15812: 15805: 15800: 15798: 15796: 15794: 15786: 15785:Al-Masri 2015 15781: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15755: 15749: 15742: 15737: 15735: 15727: 15726:Al-Masri 2015 15722: 15715: 15710: 15704:, pp. –. 15703: 15698: 15696: 15694: 15692: 15684: 15679: 15677: 15675: 15667: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15656: 15648: 15643: 15641: 15639: 15631: 15626: 15619: 15614: 15606: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15588: 15580: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15548: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15514: 15510: 15509: 15501: 15494: 15489: 15483:, p. 27. 15482: 15477: 15470: 15465: 15463: 15461: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15439: 15431: 15424: 15419: 15412: 15407: 15401:, p. 19. 15400: 15395: 15388: 15383: 15381: 15373: 15368: 15366: 15358: 15353: 15346: 15341: 15334: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15317: 15312: 15310: 15302: 15301:Al-Masri 2015 15297: 15295: 15287: 15282: 15274: 15270: 15266: 15259: 15257: 15249: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15220: 15216: 15210: 15206: 15199: 15192: 15186:, p. 80. 15185: 15184:Shachmon 2017 15180: 15174:, p. 76. 15173: 15172:Shachmon 2017 15168: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15127: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15099: 15098: 15090: 15084:, p. 68. 15083: 15082:Shachmon 2017 15078: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15056: 15052: 15045: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15023: 15019: 15012: 15004: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14971: 14963: 14959: 14955: 14949: 14945: 14938: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14916: 14912: 14905: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14883: 14879: 14872: 14853: 14849: 14842: 14835: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14806: 14798: 14791: 14786: 14784: 14776: 14775:Shachmon 2017 14771: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14749: 14745: 14738: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14716: 14712: 14705: 14703: 14701: 14684: 14681:(in Hebrew). 14680: 14679:Minerva Books 14676: 14670: 14654: 14650: 14649:Minerva Books 14646: 14640: 14633: 14628: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14611:إنجيل مار متى 14606: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14550: 14543: 14538: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14512: 14505: 14498: 14493: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14434: 14426: 14422: 14418: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14394: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14358: 14351: 14349: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14299: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14258: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14185: 14169: 14166:(in Arabic). 14165: 14161: 14154: 14145: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14109: 14104: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14073: 14071: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14040: 14032: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14006: 13999: 13992: 13987: 13971: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13955: 13947: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13909: 13903: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13850: 13846: 13839: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13817: 13813: 13806: 13804: 13796: 13791: 13784: 13779: 13772: 13767: 13761:, p. 23. 13760: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13743: 13738: 13731: 13726: 13724: 13716: 13711: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13685: 13678: 13671: 13666: 13659: 13654: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13631: 13629: 13621: 13616: 13608: 13602: 13598: 13597: 13589: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13563: 13556: 13548: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13493: 13486: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13471: 13469: 13461: 13456: 13449: 13444: 13442: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13385: 13384: 13376: 13374: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13330: 13325: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13291: 13287: 13286: 13278: 13271: 13266: 13259: 13254: 13247: 13242: 13235: 13230: 13221: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13197: 13195: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13165: 13157: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13034: 13032: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13008: 13006: 12997: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12956: 12949: 12944: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12900: 12899: 12891: 12884: 12879: 12877: 12869: 12864: 12857: 12852: 12850: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12812: 12806:, p. 20. 12805: 12800: 12793: 12788: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12692:, p. 65. 12691: 12686: 12679: 12674: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12602: 12601: 12593: 12586: 12581: 12579: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12531:, p. 31. 12530: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12513: 12508: 12501: 12496: 12490:, p. 12. 12489: 12484: 12477: 12472: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12423: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12369: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12340: 12335: 12333: 12325: 12320: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12250: 12234: 12230: 12229: 12224: 12218: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12191: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12157: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12105: 12098: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12038: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11992: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11975: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11858: 11851: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11793: 11777: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11760: 11744: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11728: 11709: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11689: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11659: 11657: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11619: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11582: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11492: 11490: 11482: 11477: 11475: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11419: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11346: 11344: 11336: 11331: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11266: 11264: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11181: 11179: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11063: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11045:90-04-14130-8 11041: 11037: 11036: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10916: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10876: 10871: 10869: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10850:0-19-929082-2 10846: 10842: 10835: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10800: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10768: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10734: 10726: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10709: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10647: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10609: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10575: 10568: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10524: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10469: 10461: 10456: 10448: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10403: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10348: 10341: 10336: 10330:, p. 18. 10329: 10324: 10317: 10312: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10127:977-424-372-2 10123: 10119: 10112: 10110: 10102: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10079: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10030: 10025: 10023: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9936: 9929: 9924: 9905: 9901: 9900: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9874: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9848: 9840: 9835: 9829:, p. ii. 9828: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9789: 9772: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9755: 9753: 9746:, p. 89. 9745: 9744:Shachmon 2017 9740: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9688: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9649: 9641: 9636: 9634: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9590: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9449: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9432: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9413: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9397: 9381: 9376: 9370: 9360: 9351: 9342: 9333: 9324: 9315: 9306: 9297: 9288: 9279: 9270: 9261: 9259: 9249: 9242: 9236: 9227: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9184: 9160: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9115:Greater Syria 9110: 9106: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8958: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8859: 8856: 8852: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8810:الأمير الصغير 8806: 8803: 8799: 8794:الأمير الصغير 8790: 8787: 8783: 8778:الأمير الزغير 8774: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8677:, and Latin. 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8597: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8515: 8509: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8440: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8365: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8249: 8246: 8240: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8220: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8198: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8178: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166:to be caught 8165: 8162: 8156: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8099: 8093: 8087:Passive voice 8079: 8076: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8056: 8053: 8052:kān ḥa-yiʕmel 8042: 8033: 8031:Future tense 8030: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8013: 8011:he was doing 8010: 8007: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7841: 7835: 7814: 7813: 7804: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7704: 7701: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7657: 7654: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7612: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7489: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7437: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7390: 7369: 7367: 7359: 7351: 7349: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7315: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7289: 7287: 7279: 7270: 7268: 7260: 7252: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7201: 7193: 7185: 7183: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7109: 7107: 7099: 7090: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7070: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6936: 6930: 6921: 6915: 6907: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6821: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6772: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6737: 6727: 6726:jab-lo yyā-ha 6718: 6711: 6701: 6695:جابله الجريدة 6692: 6685: 6675: 6666: 6659: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6625: 6619: 6611: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6582: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6546: 6540: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6473: 6470: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6422: 6416: 6408: 6402: 6397: 6394: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6359: 6356: 6350: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6323: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6281: 6262: 6256: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6075: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6012: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5989: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5937: 5923: 5913: 5907:هادا مش منيح. 5904: 5897: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5765: 5755: 5746:, 'good' vs. 5744: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5662: 5658: 5646: 5636: 5627: 5620: 5610: 5601: 5594: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5547: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5510: 5504: 5491: 5485: 5475: 5469:مدينة نيويورك 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5429: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5302:ح خ ع غ ق ه ء 5297: 5286: 5270: 5269:comes first. 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5187: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5169:, but shorter 5168: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4734: 4725:before/after 4724: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568:as in English 4566: 4564: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4544:as in English 4541: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500:as in English 4498: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483:as in English 4481: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4427:as in English 4425: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4323:as in English 4320: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4277:as in English 4275: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4242:as in English 4240: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225:as in English 4223: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4182:as in English 4180: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4124:7' or 5 or kh 4123: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4052:as in English 4050: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4031:3' or 8 or gh 4030: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997:as in English 3995: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3942:as in English 3940: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925:as in English 3923: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3730:Romanization 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649:SMS messaging 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3478: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3295: 3285: 3284:vowel quality 3264: 3263: 3252: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2971:Arabic letter 2970: 2969: 2963: 2953: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2462:Kahlil Gibran 2459: 2453: 2448: 2447:Odeh Bisharat 2442: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2348: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2280:Written media 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2235:) and in the 2234: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Arab Israelis 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1940:Western ideas 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:modern period 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1671: 1669: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524:United States 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Modern Hebrew 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:Lebanese Jews 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099:Sunni Muslims 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1073:(urban). The 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:Mount Lebanon 1021: 1013: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 863: 859: 858:macrolanguage 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 835:Syrian Arabic 832: 829:can refer to 827: 821: 815: 809: 787: 781: 776: 772: 752: 747: 741: 734: 732: 728: 724: 723:Syrian Desert 720: 716: 712: 711:Greater Syria 707: 703: 688: 682: 678: 677:Greater Syria 673: 668: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:modern period 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 592: 590: 583: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 531:spoken Arabic 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 488: 482: 477: 473: 469: 461: 457: 411: 395: 391: 389: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 358: 352: 345: 340: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 304: 303: 298: 294: 290: 287: 282: 277: 270: 267: 264: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 241: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 200: 196: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 146: 142: 136: 130: 125: 122: 118: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98: 97: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 52: 48: 43: 32: 27: 22: 19: 20368:Mesopotamian 20346: 20159: 20099:Windows-1256 20058:Taliq script 19998:Jeli Thuluth 19978:Ajami script 19942: 19846:Pidgin madam 19833: 19811: 19775:Judeo-Yemeni 19717:Judeo-Arabic 19699:Sociological 19686: 19648:Judeo-Yemeni 19471:Mesopotamian 19394: 19346:Libyan koiné 19130: 19123: 19116:Pre-Hilalian 19064: 19057: 19050: 19043: 19038:Proto-Arabic 19036: 18671:Zabūr script 18624:Romanization 18547: 18431:Semitic root 18394: 18353:. Retrieved 18348: 18336: 18321:. Retrieved 18317: 18302:. Retrieved 18296: 18261: 18229: 18212: 18208: 18173: 18133: 18105: 18088: 18067: 18035: 17986: 17965: 17938: 17921: 17894: 17867: 17850: 17833: 17798: 17768: 17737: 17694: 17657: 17653: 17642: 17595: 17560: 17543: 17539: 17508: 17480: 17452: 17425: 17390: 17363: 17336: 17309: 17287: 17243: 17196: 17157: 17122: 17079: 17044: 17032:. Retrieved 17022: 16994: 16967: 16955:. Retrieved 16927: 16903:. Retrieved 16894: 16885: 16873:. Retrieved 16864: 16840:. Retrieved 16831: 16807:. Retrieved 16798: 16753: 16749: 16739: 16727:. Retrieved 16692: 16682: 16673: 16668:23 September 16666:. Retrieved 16655: 16646: 16629: 16623: 16606: 16600: 16588: 16569: 16565: 16555: 16538: 16534: 16511: 16499: 16487: 16480:Aldrich 2021 16475: 16468:Aldrich 2017 16448: 16441:Aldrich 2017 16436: 16424: 16412: 16405:Aldrich 2017 16400: 16393:Aldrich 2017 16388: 16381:Aldrich 2017 16376: 16369:Aldrich 2017 16364: 16352: 16340: 16318:Aldrich 2017 16299:Aldrich 2017 16294: 16282: 16270: 16265:, p. i. 16241: 16229: 16207:Elihai 2011b 16202: 16190: 16183:Aldrich 2017 16178: 16166: 16142:Aldrich 2017 16116: 16089: 16077: 16065: 16058:Elihai 2011a 16053: 16041: 16029: 16017: 16012:, p. 3. 16010:Elihai 2011a 16005: 15993: 15981: 15942:Elihai 2011b 15907: 15895: 15883: 15856: 15823: 15811: 15780: 15768:. Retrieved 15757: 15748: 15721: 15716:, p. 1. 15709: 15647:Aldrich 2017 15625: 15613: 15586: 15579: 15567:. Retrieved 15556: 15547: 15535:. Retrieved 15507: 15500: 15488: 15476: 15442: 15436: 15430: 15418: 15406: 15394: 15352: 15340: 15281: 15264: 15226:. Retrieved 15204: 15191: 15179: 15167: 15132: 15126: 15114:. Retrieved 15096: 15089: 15077: 15050: 15044: 15017: 15011: 14984: 14980: 14970: 14943: 14937: 14910: 14904: 14877: 14871: 14859:. Retrieved 14847: 14834: 14809: 14803: 14797: 14770: 14743: 14737: 14710: 14687:. Retrieved 14678: 14669: 14657:. Retrieved 14648: 14639: 14627: 14610: 14605: 14593:. Retrieved 14584: 14575: 14554: 14549: 14537: 14510: 14504: 14492: 14447: 14443: 14433: 14416: 14356: 14312: 14308: 14298: 14286:. Retrieved 14267: 14257: 14245:. Retrieved 14194: 14184: 14172:. Retrieved 14163: 14153: 14134: 14130: 14103: 14091:. Retrieved 14082: 14057:. Retrieved 14048: 14039: 14012: 14008: 13998: 13986: 13974:. Retrieved 13963: 13954: 13911: 13902: 13890:. Retrieved 13881: 13871: 13844: 13838: 13811: 13790: 13783:Shalaby 2020 13778: 13771:Schmitt 2020 13766: 13742:Shalaby 2020 13737: 13730:Shalaby 2020 13710: 13683: 13677: 13665: 13658:Shalaby 2020 13653: 13636: 13615: 13595: 13588: 13561: 13555: 13518: 13514: 13504: 13492: 13460:Schmitt 2020 13455: 13428:. Retrieved 13382: 13360:. Retrieved 13351: 13329:Schmitt 2020 13324: 13312:. Retrieved 13284: 13277: 13265: 13253: 13241: 13229: 13210: 13206: 13181:. Retrieved 13163: 13156: 13144:. Retrieved 13101: 13091: 13039: 13013: 12977: 12973: 12967: 12955: 12943: 12931:. Retrieved 12897: 12890: 12863: 12823: 12817: 12811: 12799: 12787: 12752: 12729:. Retrieved 12716: 12712: 12685: 12673: 12661:. Retrieved 12643: 12617:. Retrieved 12599: 12592: 12585:Magidow 2013 12542: 12536: 12512:Magidow 2013 12507: 12495: 12483: 12471: 12428: 12422: 12410:. Retrieved 12399: 12372:. Retrieved 12361: 12339:Magidow 2013 12319: 12307:. Retrieved 12289: 12282: 12255: 12249: 12237:. Retrieved 12226: 12217: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12178:. Retrieved 12154: 12147: 12115: 12104: 12070: 12064: 12047: 12044:Al-'Arabiyya 12043: 12037: 12020: 11995:. Retrieved 11984: 11974: 11962:. Retrieved 11953: 11943: 11916:. Retrieved 11897: 11893: 11883: 11871:. Retrieved 11860: 11850: 11838:. Retrieved 11829: 11819: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11780:. Retrieved 11769: 11759: 11747:. Retrieved 11736: 11727: 11715:. Retrieved 11703: 11670: 11664: 11638: 11613: 11601:. Retrieved 11590: 11587:"Samaritans" 11581: 11556: 11546: 11534:. Retrieved 11505: 11501: 11461:. Retrieved 11444: 11440: 11430: 11418: 11401: 11351: 11330: 11305: 11299: 11271: 11245: 11239: 11227:. Retrieved 11191: 11165:. Retrieved 11156: 11152: 11142: 11130:. Retrieved 11102: 11095: 11068: 11062: 11034: 11027: 11010: 11004: 10987: 10957: 10923: 10897: 10840: 10834: 10817: 10811: 10799: 10787:. Retrieved 10776: 10767: 10755:. Retrieved 10744: 10680:. Retrieved 10669: 10660: 10653:Schmitt 2020 10633:. Retrieved 10624: 10620: 10580: 10574: 10562: 10550: 10538:. Retrieved 10532: 10523: 10488: 10482: 10477:, p. 8. 10455: 10428: 10424: 10414: 10402: 10390:. Retrieved 10354: 10347: 10335: 10323: 10311: 10284: 10278: 10266: 10239: 10233: 10228:, p. I. 10221: 10204: 10198: 10163: 10159: 10117: 10049: 9996: 9992: 9982: 9970:. Retrieved 9942: 9935: 9923: 9911:. Retrieved 9899:Linguasphere 9897: 9863: 9859: 9834: 9827:Aldrich 2017 9800: 9796: 9775:. Retrieved 9764: 9711: 9707: 9660: 9605: 9601: 9563: 9559: 9534:. Retrieved 9496: 9369: 9364:smartphone." 9359: 9350: 9341: 9332: 9323: 9314: 9305: 9296: 9287: 9278: 9269: 9248: 9235: 9226: 9209: 9187: 9183: 9139: 9122: 9109: 8962: 8745:: Chapter 6 8740: 8722: 8703: 8679: 8621:verbal nouns 8614: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8526: 8495: 8491: 8455: 8451: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8376: 8345: 8341: 8260: 8230:to surprise 8090: 8080:he would do 8016:بكون عم يعمل 7996:Progressive 7986:bikūn yiʕmel 7961:Subjunctive 7941:he had done 7906:he had done 7874:Followed by 7830: 7660:bi- (South) 7658:byi- (North) 7652:ba- (South) 7637:-at (South) 7572:Dual/Plural 7552: 7493: 7453: 7419: 7415: 7386: 7365: 7347: 7321: 7303: 7285: 7266: 7248: 7217: 7199: 7181: 7165: 7139: 7123: 7105: 7086: 7068: 7052: 6993: 6762:1st person ( 6632: 6302:after vowel 6218: 6208: 6182: 6166: 6148: 6120: 6095: 6071: 6038: 6018: 6000: 5979:1st person ( 5947: 5936:hād mū mnīḥ. 5931:هاد مو منيح. 5824: 5729: 5654: 5604:البيت الكبير 5566:definiteness 5563: 5492: 5453: 5449: 5423:كتاب الإستاذ 5399: 5393: 5353: 5317: 5313:case marking 5296:tāʼ marbūṭah 5276: 5249: 5228: 5206: 5166: 5122: 5087: 5070: 5030: 5002: 4998: 4980: 4947: 4919: 4915: 4876: 4870:in the north 4853: 4836: 4802: 4767: 4752: 4697: 4680: 4604:th or z or d 4594: 4567: 4549: 4543: 4536:d or z or th 4499: 4482: 4454: 4426: 4408: 4391: 4356: 4328: 4322: 4302: 4276: 4241: 4224: 4206: 4200: 4181: 4163: 4159: 4130: 4113: 4078: 4051: 4020: 3996: 3968: 3941: 3924: 3906: 3864: 3839: 3681: 3661: 3641:romanization 3614: 3609: 3594: 3548: 3519:phonotactics 3513: 3296: 3262:tāʼ marbūṭah 3220:Vowel length 3218: 2933: 2480: 2458:Elias Khoury 2436:Riyad Baydas 2416: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2373: 2367: 2361:needle's eye 2330: 2325: 2319: 2298: 2283: 2251: 2244: 2230: 2211: 2194:Arab schools 2191: 2183:Constitution 2143: 2109: 2080: 2072: 2021: 1999:Urbanization 1988: 1949: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1887: 1883:glottal stop 1871:dental stops 1844: 1822:Petra papyri 1815: 1799:bilingualism 1791:Abd al-Malik 1774: 1765:Beqaa Valley 1714: 1687: 1452:Saudi Arabia 1301: 1267: 1176:and by most 1155: 1147:Koineization 1103:Shia Muslims 1088: 1070: 1069:(rural) and 1065: 1049:Linguasphere 1017: 985:Druze Arabic 978: 959: 951:Najdi Arabic 912: 875: 867:Proto-Arabic 847: 800:the eloquent 735: 699: 640: 586: 570: 556:Arabic only 539: 471: 467: 466: 455: 387: 385: 354: 317:Linguasphere 300: 255:Latin script 178: 159:West Semitic 149:Afro-Asiatic 18: 19993:Jawi script 19965:Calligraphy 19894:Linguistics 19819:Gulf Pidgin 19735:Judeo-Iraqi 19676:Kashkadarya 19532:Judeo-Iraqi 19457:Palestinian 19368:Nile Valley 19030:Pre-Islamic 18742:Dagger alif 18507:Palestinian 16593:Lentin 2018 16504:Lentin 2018 16345:Cowell 1964 16275:Cowell 1964 16070:Cowell 1964 15986:Cowell 1964 15714:Cowell 1964 15702:Elihay 2012 15469:Elihay 2012 15413:, p. . 15411:Elihay 2012 15399:Cowell 1964 15357:Lentin 2018 14790:Płonka 2006 14632:Płonka 2006 14542:Płonka 2006 14497:Płonka 2006 14467:2434/944370 14247:17 December 14211:10576/26105 14174:23 November 13991:Al-Wer 2006 13538:10023/12443 13258:Płonka 2006 13246:Płonka 2006 13234:Płonka 2006 12960:Lentin 2018 12948:Lentin 2018 12883:Lentin 2018 12868:Lentin 2018 12856:Lentin 2018 12731:22 December 12663:19 December 12619:19 December 12500:Lentin 2018 12476:Lentin 2018 12097:Al-Wer 2006 11717:17 December 11618:Al-Wer 2006 10316:Płonka 2006 10078:Al-Wer 2006 9839:Al-Wer 2006 9640:Płonka 2006 9536:28 November 9532:. 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6466:‎ 6450:(South) 6444:‎ 6432:‎ 6418:‎ 6404:‎ 6390:‎ 6366:‎ 6352:‎ 6333:‎ 6319:‎ 6258:‎ 6230:‎ 6204:‎ 6188:(North) 6178:‎ 6162:‎ 6144:‎ 6116:‎ 6091:‎ 6067:‎ 6034:‎ 6014:‎ 5996:‎ 5954:pronouns 5944:Pronouns 5843:‎ 5831:‎ 5800:‎ 5788:‎ 5776:‎ 5740:‎ 5692:‎ 5680:‎ 5583:bēt kbīr 5578:بيت كبير 5415:addition 5396:genitive 5381:‎ 5369:‎ 4914:as in pr 4624:Aldrich 4291: th 3749:Aldrich 3657:Nazareth 3602:Lebanese 3598:Latinize 3469:Open/Low 3224:phonemic 2555:emphatic 2412:Al-Ayyam 2384:such as 2369:Al-Ayyam 2342:خرم إبرة 2310:and the 2270:Al-Manar 2204:in MSA. 1727:, where 1672:100,000 1654:100,000 1636:100,000 1618:200,000 1600:200,000 1582:300,000 1564:300,000 1546:400,000 1528:700,000 1510:700,000 1492:700,000 1474:900,000 1456:900,000 1282:Lebanese 1274:diaspora 1135:‎ 1123:‎ 1115:exponent 1107:Alawites 1029:Çukurova 962:Damascus 909:Dialects 886:Maghrebi 882:Egyptian 839:Said Akl 823:‎ 814:ʿarabiyy 811:‎ 786:al-fuṣḥā 783:‎ 777:(‏ 743:‎ 725:and the 585:‎ 558:acquired 554:literary 523:Egyptian 484:‎ 375:Help:IPA 309:nort3139 219:Lebanese 209:Aleppine 204:Cilician 198:Dialects 120:Speakers 20465:Russian 20450:Chinese 20430:Italian 20420:Spanish 20415:Punjabi 20405:English 20307:Aramaic 20295:Turkish 20283:Kurdish 20268:Chechen 20160:Italics 20068:Thuluth 19933:Grammar 19804:pidgins 19799:Creoles 19788:Sanʽani 19673:Bukhara 19633:Sanʽani 19596:Kuwaiti 19591:Emirati 19576:Dhofari 19561:Bahrani 19527:Cypriot 19515:(Qeltu) 19342:Sulaym 19329:Western 19324:Eastern 19202:Sfaxian 19198:(Sahel) 19153:Gozitan 19138:Maltese 18758:Letters 18732:Shaddah 18721:Harakat 18716:Tashkil 18644:Scripts 18617:History 18426:Grammar 18355:17 July 18323:17 July 18304:19 July 18196:2577627 18011:1355607 17540:Arabica 17513:Assimil 17034:16 July 16957:17 July 16918:Sources 16905:17 July 16875:17 July 16842:17 July 16809:17 July 16729:7 March 15770:17 July 15569:13 July 15537:28 June 15228:17 July 14861:15 July 14689:18 July 14659:18 July 14093:3 April 14083:Haaretz 14059:26 July 13976:18 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