Mali - Knowledge

1615: 4870:. The Malian Constitution states that it protects women's rights, however many laws exist that discriminate against women. Provisions in the laws limit women's decision-making power after marriage, in which the husband becomes superior to his wife. Women are blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are also blamed for the actions of their children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural attitude that women are inferior to men. The lack of participation of women in politics is due to the idea that politics is associated with men and that women should avoid this sector. Education is also an area in which boys dominate, since it is a better investment for the parents. As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality in Mali, conflict and lawlessness have also influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based violence. The unstable government of Mali has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve the lives of the people, mainly women and girls' rights in order to re-engage the development of the country. 4892:

to formal education. Drop-out rates for girls are 15% higher than that of boys because they have a higher responsibility at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, so boys tend to become educated. Similarly, technical and vocational education has a lower numbers of girls participating and are inadequately distributed in the country because the training centers are focused in the urban cities. Finally, higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages prevent most girls from pursuing a longer term education program like those in science. Although women do not have the same access of education, in recent decades women have been entering and representing in decision-making positions in the Public Administration sector. Out of 147 members of Parliament, 15 were women in 2010. Recent decades show that women are slowly joining important decision-making positions which is changing the attitude and status of women in Mali, which has led to the promotion of women's rights in the political sphere.

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all Malian citizens and discrimination is prohibited, which has not been followed. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme (PRSP) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme under the Malian Government seek to improve the well-being of the citizens, and changes to governance and gender in the country. The Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law. Although there exists legislation and policy for gender equality the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessary to support the importance of women's rights. Strengthening and the support of girls' and women's access to education and training is recommended to improve gender equality in Mali. The involvement of international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the efforts of the improvement of women's rights.

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household chores throughout their life. This hampers women's ability to enter the formal workforce and leads to a lack of education of girls. Gender-based violence in Mali happens both on a national and a family level. At the national level, in 2012 the conflict in the Northern part of the country increased cases of kidnappings and rapes. The conflict also reduced women's access to resources, economy, and opportunities. At the household level, Malian women face gender-based violence through domestic violence, forced marriages, and marital rape. The Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76% of women and 54% of men believed physical harm towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband.

2053: 1958: 2178:. On 2 May, the military government announced breaking its defence accords concluded in 2013 with France, constituting an additional step in the deterioration of Malian–French relations. This latest announcement has been criticized by French authorities and considered as "illegitimate". A UN panel reported that in the first three months of 2022, 543 civilians were killed and 269 wounded, warning the 2015 peace agreement between the government and pro-independence groups was threatened by a potential risk of confrontation for the first time in five years. The report also noted a sharp increase in the number of people needing humanitarian assistance over the previous year. 2571: 1739:("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies. 3411: 264: 1390: 5299: 11999: 3051: 4920: 1708: 3013: 3021: 5399: 2307: 4667: 2474: 3233: 178: 1871: 4815: 13716: 12879: 12214: 11041: 2556: 1503: 3032: 12226: 4744: 164: 4949: 2682: 3608: 2296: 1378: 5285: 5083: 3002: 1523: 11031: 987: 944: 925: 892: 873: 3401: 5175: 4792:. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62–65% of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69% to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$ 4 per capita at an average exchange rate. 2948: 2135: 2213: 2028:. President Keïta declared that "no military coup will prevail in Mali", continuing by saying that he does not think it "is on the agenda at all and cannot worry us". In February 2020, Human Rights Watch documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November. 2349:, which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country. Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent. Late April to early October is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the 1716:

lived in growing wealth. The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied. In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed some limited political liberalization in the late 1980s, but refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.

3066:. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali ( 1596:, "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–1756, when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of 5898: 253: 252: 249: 8578: 4891:

The lack of education has increased gender inequality in Mali because not many women are working outside the household are even participating in the Public Administration sector. After adjusting the entrance requirements and access to education, girls still have lower enrollment rates and less access

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26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making

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In 2017, the primary school enrolment rate was 61% (65% of males and 58% of females). In the late 1990s, the secondary school enrolment rate was 15% (20% of males and 10% of females). The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well as shortages of teachers and materials.

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Public education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and sixteen. The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at age 7, followed by six years of secondary education. Mali's actual primary school enrolment rate

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Although Mali has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on a long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population

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was elected the first president. He quickly established a one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources. In 1960, the population of Mali was reported to be about 4.1 million.

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suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. Early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to represent an instance of the independent invention of pottery in

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are major negative factors shaping the life of women in Mali. Patriarchal norms cause major gender inequalities and lead to male domination within the household. Girls learn household activities like chores, cooking, childcare, etc. at a young age and are expected to take the main responsibility of

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Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly

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which suggest that women should participate in decision-making and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women which is the foundation to women's rights promotion. At the national level, Mali's Constitution has the Decree No. 092-073P-CTSP that claims equality to

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by the conflict in Mali. The United Nations reported that the number of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019 was twice as many for the entire year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of

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was named interim president by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25 September 2020. On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, almost four months after had been promised under the

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Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and

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Mali's key industry is agriculture. Cotton is the country's largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Ivory Coast. During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003. In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice,

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I’ve discussed the growing violence with my commanders and with village chiefs from all sides. Yes, sure, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal theft, score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a

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during the drought. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.

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By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted in thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel

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The Mali Federation gained independence from France on 20 June 1960. Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, and that date is now the country's

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On 10 January 2022, Mali announced the closure of its borders and recalled several ambassadors to ECOWAS countries in response to sanctions placed on Mali for deferring elections for four years. On 4 February, France's ambassador was expelled. According to

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was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.

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Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p.

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being most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in excess of 17,400 tonnes of uranium (measured + indicated + inferred). In 2012, a further uranium mineralized north zone was identified. Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including

9890:: "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. 2530:

administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.

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Tensions between the civilian transitional government and the military ran high after the handover of power in September 2020. The tensions came to a head on 24 May 2021 after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup –

6252: 3151:, Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining industry. Gold is mined in the southern region and Mali has the third highest gold production in Africa (after South Africa and 1863:. On 30 January, the coordinated advance of the French and Malian troops claimed to have retaken the last remaining Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was also the last of three northern provincial capitals. On 2 February, French president 1775:, a retired general who had been the leader of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic uprising, was elected in 2002. During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa. 1564:

In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of the

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broke out among the tribes in the regions of present-day Mali and Burkina Faso. The last resistance was suppressed only in September 1916. During the suppression of the uprising, over 100 villages were destroyed by French colonial troops.

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Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment programme that resulted in economic growth and a reduction in financial imbalances. The programme increased social and economic conditions, and led to Mali joining the

6681:. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. 245: 3283:

In 2021, Mali's population was an estimated 21.9 million. Mali's population grew from 7.7 million in 1982 to 19.9 million in 2018. The population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and 5%–10% of Malians are

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Islam as historically practiced in Mali has been malleable and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths have generally been amicable. After the 2012 imposition of

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Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and the District of Bamako. Each region has a governor. The implementation of the two newest regions, Taoudénit (formerly part of Tombouctou Region) and Ménaka (formerly

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from 1968 to 1974, in which famine killed thousands of people. The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.

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Until 2012, Mali's foreign policy orientation had become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time. Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali's relations with the West in general and

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The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government of Mali is suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of being proxies in the war against Islamists in the

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and that it was possible to find villages in the area of this river called "old Mali". A study of Malian proverbs noted that in old Mali, there is a village called Malikoma, which means "New Mali", and that

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negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na Ambassagou "in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other community armed groups in central Mali". However, the group has been blamed for the

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In Mali, there is a railway that connects to bordering countries. There are also approximately 29 airports, of which 8 have paved runways. Urban areas are known for their large quantity of green and white

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consist of an army, which includes land forces and air force, as well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and Republican Guard, all of which are under the control of Mali's Ministry of Defense and Veterans,

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held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.

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were also captured by the group. By mid-2023, the militant group had doubled the amount of territory it controlled since the overthrow of the previous government and establishment of the junta.

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The transition government pushed back the timetable for a new election, initially to be held in February 2022, to February 2024. In exchange for the government's commitment to a 2024 election,

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Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music, Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest intellectual centers. Mali's literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with

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around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.

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The emergence of gold as Mali's leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative impact of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises. Other natural resources include

2633:. 25 people were reported to have been injured in the attack. Al Qaeda's stated reason for the attack was Chad's re-establishing diplomatic ties with Israel. The base was attacked in 14500: 8111: 7564: 7113: 1614: 9220: 7144: 7894: 4796: 8081: 1972:

held on 29 July 2018, no candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the first round. A runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent president

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after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing

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the region. Farming took place by 5000 BC and iron was used around by 500 BC. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the

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in Gao Region), has been ongoing since January 2016; a governor and transitional council has been appointed for both regions. The ten regions in turn are subdivided into 56

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Popular unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections, including outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader

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Legislation at the international and national levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote women's rights in Mali. At the international, Mali signed the

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In January 2022, due to deteriorating relations between Mali and the French government, the Mali government announced making Bambara the official language. In July 2023,

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Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the

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as the Fula move into new areas. The Dogon and the Bambara communities have formed "self-defense groups" to fight the Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed

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Electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali, or EDM, and textiles are generated by Industry Textile du Mali, or ITEMA. Mali has made efficient use of

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won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being re-elected for a second term in 1997, which was the last allowed under the constitution.

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The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating

1109:. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi). The country is bordered to the north by 13719: 5248: 10734: 6227: 5760: 12722: 12341: 2174:

executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had started withdrawing French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of

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In 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic violence in the north following the return of many

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Female genital cutting in the Demographic Health Surveys: a critical and comparative analysis. Calverton, MD: ORC Marco; 2004 (DHS Comparative Reports No. 7)

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were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed. Wagué announced the formation of the

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of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people who were killed. The coup is remembered as Mali's

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Eighty percent of Malian workers are employed in agriculture. 15% of Malian workers are employed in the service sector. Seasonal variations lead to regular

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of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral

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In June 2023 Mali removed French, the language of its former colonizer, as an official language with the approval of a new constitution by 97% of voters in

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From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as

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governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive,

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In 2007, about 48% of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older. The median age was 15.9 years. The

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Islam was introduced to West Africa in the 11th century and remains the predominant religion in much of the region. An estimated 90% of Malians are

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Energie du Mali is an electric company that provides electricity to Mali citizens. Only 55 percent of the population in cities have access to EDM.

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The varied everyday culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and geographic diversity. Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called

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were centers of both trade and Islamic learning. The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the

13117: 12901: 9648: 7088: 4963:, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are 1818: 1260: 9750: 2068:. Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10 to 13 June. In July, President Keïta dissolved the constitutional court. 12505: 11693: 10395: 9417: 8915: 2116: 1763:

Opposition parties were legalized, a transitional government was formed and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a

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in March 2012 and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched

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rule in northern parts of the country, however, Mali came to be listed high (number 7) in the Christian persecution index published by

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rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including

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but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism. Other well-known Malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita,

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is low, in large part because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend.

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believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history. Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of

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has persisted in Mali for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by

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Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30 to 46.4%, with literacy rates significantly lower among women than men. The

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On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by

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There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of

14460: 12692: 12398: 10892: 9251:(in French). Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali. 1999. Archived from 9029: 8852: 3047:. Mali is considered one of the poorest countries in the world. The average worker's annual salary is approximately US$ 1,500. 2689: 1566: 11080: 9294: 8160: 5928: 1476:-speaking people. The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the eighth century until 1078, when it was conquered by the 12924: 12515: 12497: 12361: 12324: 12058: 11161: 11000: 10981: 10948: 10801: 9569: 9540: 9515: 9473: 9411: 9123: 7342: 5626: 3148: 2188: 2131:, outside Bamako. On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goïta was sworn into office as the new interim president. 2052: 1651:

On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the Sudanese Republic) became an autonomous republic within the

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showing established knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in

9963: 8954: 8252: 7991: 7380: 6996: 6599:(New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82–83. 6197: 5826: 5793: 263: 12727: 12716: 12477: 6879: 6172: 5958: 5950: 4867: 4584:(0.5%), other African languages (0.2%), and other non-African languages (0.2%); 0.7% did not declare their first language. 3351: 2447: 1985: 11093: 9824: 7714: 7625:"Youssouf Toloba and his Dan Nan Ambassagou armed group sign a commitment towards a ceasefire in central Mali | HD Centre" 7474: 7285: 4850:. An estimated 1.9% of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in 13761: 12812: 12807: 12538: 12533: 12366: 7676: 3040: 2694: 2147: 1284: 666: 10284: 7953: 1279:

in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued.

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An Independent Technical Report on the Mineral Resources of Falea Uranium, Copper and Silver Deposit, Mali, West Africa

8139: 5682:

Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail.

2443: 1673: 1280: 929: 5190:, which is heavily based on cereal grains. Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from edible leaves, such as 2522:

is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the

14187: 11686: 11422: 11119:, considered a traditional instrument of Mali; also known as Xalam, Jeli N'goni, Hoddu, Khalam, Tehardent, or Gambare 10724: 10683: 10671: 10513: 9887: 9863: 9737: 6711: 6533: 6488: 6397: 6335: 6219: 5752: 5684:[Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.] 2988: 2439: 2047: 1969: 1887: 5043:, Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember. 2688: 2686: 1957: 13215: 12707: 12640: 12630: 12566: 12426: 12019: 11777: 10183: 7165: 2656: 2451: 1992: 11112: 9904: 7055: 6044:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 4934:

that are typical of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.

2690: 2358: 14525: 14475: 12782: 11432: 11339: 10110: 3344: 1842: 9803: 8394: 1933:

reports that the links have been "exaggerated and instrumentalized by different actors for opportunistic ends".

1917:. Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and water, factors which have been exacerbated by 14167: 13680: 13655: 12635: 12353: 11633: 11514: 11427: 11174: 10872: 8594: 7824:"Mali president dismisses coup speculation after jihadi attacks kill dozens of troops near Burkina Faso border" 5312: 3179: 2139: 1785:, ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being recaptured by their former masters. 1574: 877: 650: 9780: 2687: 2587:

in particular have improved significantly. Mali has a longstanding yet ambivalent relationship with France, a

1287:

were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by

288: 14480: 13101: 12859: 12687: 12675: 12418: 12330: 10542: 6561:"Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources" 5549: 5360: 4691: 1464:

had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities. The earliest of these empires was the

1137:. The population of Mali is 24,478,595, 47.19% of which are estimated to be under the age of 15 in 2024. Its 1081: 14416: 13360: 13045: 11923: 11285: 11280: 11260: 9339: 6140: 5990: 2596: 2481: 2041: 2037: 1826: 1744: 1573:. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the 1272: 14470: 12774: 12737: 12712: 12523: 12376: 12281: 11679: 11329: 9372: 3410: 2584: 2373: 2257: 2102:

On 12 September 2020, the CNSP agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after,

2017:. It is reported that around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children. 1047: 3627:

are by far the largest single ethnic group, making up 36.5% of the population. Collectively, the Bambara,

2364:) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a 2095:(CNSP) and promised elections in the future. A curfew was begun and the streets of Bamako were quiet. The 1355: 1351: 1347: 1211:. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa with its 14th-century emperor 13411: 12750: 12487: 12386: 12257: 11270: 11122: 11071: 9246:"Loi N°99-035/ Du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Creation des Collectivites Territoriales de Cercles et de Regions" 8458: 8334: 7707:"Central Mali: Top UN genocide prevention official sounds alarm over recent ethnically-targeted killings" 5894: 5858: 5103: 4901: 3132:, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops. Gold, livestock, and agriculture amount to 80% of Mali's exports. 3063: 2265: 577: 10132: 9003: 5259: 5118:, all based in the capital. Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags as a ball. 14515: 12797: 12602: 12309: 11468: 11334: 11205: 10700: 10301: 7229: 5270: 2289: 1025: 6791: 12755: 11529: 11390: 11154: 10914: 7801: 6850: 4855: 4683: 3737:

where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical

3725:, as well as French, Irish, Italian and Portuguese origin, live in Mali, where they are known as the 2550: 2546: 1057: 9445: 5040: 2693: 1973: 1829:, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the 1549:, and reached the height of power in the 14th century. Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of 177: 14238: 14132: 13200: 13094: 12950: 12792: 12436: 12294: 11762: 11492: 11417: 11307: 3079: 2966: 2519: 2488: 1781:

persists in Mali today with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master. In the

1778: 687: 11134: 11020: 9393: 5644:[According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)] 4866:

In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the

2681: 2570: 672: 13660: 13086: 12864: 12854: 12592: 11607: 11407: 11255: 11220: 10903: 9618: 6690: 5198:, with tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled meat (typically chicken, 3428: 3112: 2784: 2692: 2431: 2342: 2281: 2241: 1814: 1782: 1593: 976: 854: 6372: 6367:

Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials

2560: 1772: 1752: 14127: 13650: 13483: 12882: 12849: 12760: 12469: 12314: 12250: 11504: 11437: 11349: 11319: 9801:

Kayaking to Timbuktu, Original National Geographic Adventure Article discussing Slavery in Mali

6722: 6525: 5508: 3384: 3328: 2691: 2273: 2194:

On 5 August 2024 the Republic of Mali announced that it was severing diplomatic relations with

1947: 1879: 1636:

in the late 19th century. By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control as a part of

1346:. It is suggested that a sound shift led to the change, whereby in Fulani the alveolar segment 1224: 1009: 904: 848: 12893: 12179: 10791: 10348: 6387: 5063: 2124: 13220: 12615: 12587: 11782: 11034: 10938: 9315: 9290: 6965: 6478: 6073:"Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019" 4879: 3215: 3108:). Today all seven countries of BCEAO (including Mali) are connected to French Central Bank. 2435: 2365: 2249: 1389: 633: 20: 13730: 10024: 7565:"Mali: Élection présidentielle 2018 : Le premier tour aura lieu le dimanche 29 juillet" 6325: 3311:

at birth was 53.06 years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females). Mali has one of the

1768: 1561:. The Songhai had long been a major power in West Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule. 14249: 14202: 14079: 13457: 12582: 11577: 11539: 11509: 11395: 11380: 11275: 11147: 9997: 9938: 9678: 8686: 8493: 6424: 5134: 5130: 5099: 4763: 3300: 3288:. More than 90% of the population lives in the southern part of the country, especially in 3227: 3136: 2020:

During the first week of October 2019, two jihadist attacks in the towns of Boulikessi and

1764: 1507: 1394: 813: 618: 183: 9533:

The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar

4846:. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of 2578:

at the 2nd International Parliamentary Conference “Russia-Africa” in Moscow, 19 March 2023

1864: 1860: 8: 13777: 13696: 13513: 12040: 12023: 11463: 11400: 11054: 10910: 10149: 9082: 8484:

Griffiths, Ieuan (July 1986). "The Scramble for Africa: Inherited Political Boundaries".

6757: 5722: 4800: 4714: 4648: 4385: 4047: 3688: 2958: 2229: 2225: 2065: 1981: 1853: 1633: 1449: 1240: 1192: 1031: 8861: 8690: 8497: 8162:

NPR: Islamic State group almost doubled its territory in Mali in under a year, U.N. says

5848: 5642:

Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...)

5230: 4545: 4525: 4156: 3818: 2898: 2087:, began a mutiny on 18 August 2020. President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister 1622:

into 180 kg (400 lb) bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France,

14510: 14004: 13701: 13498: 12833: 12786: 11066: 9558: 9504: 9433: 9252: 9087: 8717: 8674: 8650: 8615: 8517: 7047: 6518: 6446:"A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)" 6365: 5853: 5655: 5572: 5195: 4980: 4972: 4851: 4835: 2515: 2504: 2354: 2233: 2175: 2167: 1930: 1755:

announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré.

1609: 1102: 115: 11671: 6118: 4984: 4968: 13503: 13240: 12620: 12319: 12225: 11798: 11587: 11534: 11519: 11478: 11385: 11295: 11235: 11195: 10996: 10977: 10944: 10830: 10797: 10667: 10509: 9883: 9859: 9852: 9820: 9751:"Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse" 9733: 9598: 9565: 9536: 9511: 9407: 9119: 8722: 8704: 8655: 8637: 8509: 8305:"Mali: France opposed to Assimi Goïta's junta demanding an end to defence agreements" 8219:"Thousands in Mali celebrate expulsion of French ambassador | Armed Groups News" 7039: 6707: 6529: 6484: 6393: 6331: 6072: 5071: 5016: 4964: 4931: 4738: 4581: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4506: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4430: 4370: 4280: 4220: 4205: 4171: 4032: 3942: 3882: 3867: 3852: 3640: 3204: 3050: 2850: 2500: 2350: 2335: 2237: 2207: 2076: 1951: 1922: 1883: 782: 485: 465: 460: 455: 450: 393: 373: 363: 325: 10971: 10889: 8849: 5141:) is also somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years. The game 3104:. Mali is connected with the French government by agreement since 1962 (creation of 1707: 163: 12299: 11602: 11544: 11412: 11368: 11354: 11324: 11240: 11077: 10687: 10467:"GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY" 9399: 9286: 8712: 8694: 8645: 8627: 8501: 7828: 7350: 7031: 6560: 6169: 5920: 5460: 5374: 5153: 5095: 5008: 4976: 4706:

are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practice their religion daily.

4603: 4593: 4577: 4569: 4529: 4513: 4502: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4444: 4440: 4310: 4186: 4111: 3972: 3833: 3773: 3684: 3572: 3536: 3316: 3185: 2768: 2714: 2676: 2651: 2646: 2503:". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by 2463: 2425: 2084: 1856: 1652: 1484: 1461: 1307:. It means "the place where the king lives" and carries a connotation of strength. 1276: 1165: 1146: 956: 625: 603: 490: 470: 445: 430: 403: 388: 368: 358: 348: 333: 214: 136: 100: 49: 9465: 5615: 5106:. Most towns and cities have regular games; the most popular teams nationally are 5067: 4919: 2914: 2703: 1684: 1343: 14137: 13645: 13295: 12218: 12127: 11714: 11626: 11564: 11549: 11473: 11451: 11344: 11313: 11250: 11182: 11129: 11116: 11100: 11084: 11061: 11024: 10896: 10707: 10288: 10253: 10211: 10136: 10117: 10031: 9911: 9807: 9787: 9605: 9379: 9322: 8946: 8856: 8601: 8582: 8455:"Le Mali rompt ses relations diplomatiques avec l'Ukraine à la suite d'une vidéo" 8244: 7983: 7372: 7172: 6988: 6883: 6729: 6703: 6694: 6281: 6256: 6189: 6176: 6127: 6106: 5994: 5818: 5783: 5553: 5499: 5439: 5317: 5202:, beef, or goat). Malian cuisine varies regionally. Other popular dishes include 5126: 5047: 4914: 4456: 4436: 4235: 3897: 3707: 3636: 3389: 3308: 3058:

Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the

2937: 2723: 2672: 2668: 2397: 2346: 1867:

joined Dioncounda Traoré in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.

1660: 1488: 1473: 1367: 1323: 1315: 1248: 1232: 1188: 1164:. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the 1157: 737: 694: 547: 440: 422: 411: 383: 378: 11045: 9964:"Mali's military rulers say French ambassador has 72 hours to leave the country" 6876: 5601:[Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.] 4826:

Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply.

3590: 3482: 2818: 2306: 2099:(ECOWAS) condemned the coup and demanded that Keïta be reinstated as president. 2088: 2072: 1679: 1288: 656: 14207: 13493: 12304: 12289: 12164: 12148: 11572: 11524: 11230: 11210: 9990:"4ème RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT DU MALI (RGPH-2009)" 8699: 7706: 5469: 5419: 5187: 5169: 5000: 4775: 4695: 4565: 4521: 4355: 4325: 4190: 4141: 4017: 3987: 3837: 3803: 3722: 3656: 3628: 3624: 3464: 3446: 3020: 2802: 2626: 2511: 2327: 1977: 1918: 1907: 1688: 1644: 1558: 1515: 1492: 1469: 1419: 1319: 1228: 1208: 637: 559: 531: 519: 495: 7035: 5599:

Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.

5273:

include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet users.

5024: 3710:

in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves.

3012: 2314:

At 1,242,248 square kilometres (479,635 sq mi), Mali is the world's

1902:, conflict has escalated since 2015 between agricultural communities like the 1283:

were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and

14455: 14449: 14431: 14418: 14192: 13887: 13416: 13265: 12995: 12273: 12230: 11838: 11642: 11597: 11592: 11554: 11215: 11049: 10929: 10281: 8708: 8641: 8513: 8135:

BBC Africa Today: Islamic State Sahel Province fighters seize commune in Mali

7043: 5481: 5430: 5338: 5304: 5223: 5057: 5012: 4988: 4956: 4943: 4710: 4687: 4675: 4620: 4553: 4549: 4517: 4505:, which about 80 percent of the population can communicate in. Over 40 other 4497: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4265: 4250: 4126: 3927: 3912: 3788: 3699: 3695: 3672: 3660: 3652: 3612: 3232: 2707: 2592: 2413: 2401: 2323: 2181: 2005: 1961: 1822: 1720: 1700: 1511: 1427: 1339: 1173: 1150: 1074: 630: 597: 565: 537: 480: 475: 435: 353: 343: 338: 303: 290: 64: 11658: 9704: 8632: 8555: 8133: 4666: 3400: 2473: 1833:. The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring its independence as 1592:

in the region's recorded history occurred in the 18th century. According to

1354:

and the terminal vowel denasalizes and raises, leading "Manden" to shift to

14064: 14024: 14014: 13837: 13170: 13055: 12940: 11948: 11938: 11742: 11582: 11245: 11190: 10663: 8726: 8659: 5352: 5111: 5087: 5020: 4847: 4843: 4781: 3715: 3518: 3500: 2882: 2834: 2752: 2611: 2588: 2477: 2409: 2405: 2253: 2171: 2120: 2112: 2025: 1903: 1899: 1637: 1496: 1465: 1244: 1196: 1138: 1122: 720: 553: 510: 169: 9932:"4ème Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitat du Mali (RGPH)" 7332:

French troops retake the last remaining Islamist urban stronghold in Mali.

6451:. University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. 3647:

group, constitute 50% of the population. Other significant groups are the

3632: 2697:

A clickable map of Mali exhibiting its eight regions and capital district.

2159: 14197: 13912: 13802: 13573: 13375: 13355: 13275: 13000: 12122: 11953: 11843: 11647: 11200: 10302:"Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update: Mali" 10050:. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Archived from 8428: 8395:"Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move" 5962:. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. 5290: 5207: 5115: 5004: 4996: 4703: 4512:

According to the 2009 census, the languages spoken natively in Mali were

3726: 3648: 3620: 3531: 3237: 2603: 2492: 2261: 2001: 1914: 1911: 1870: 1570: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1438: 1402: 1382: 1311: 1304: 1204: 1169: 1126: 1106: 707: 571: 525: 10546: 9992:[4th GENERAL POPULATION CENSUS AND HABITAT OF MALI (RGPH-2009)] 9403: 4814: 2330:

zone. Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by

1448:

Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled

1426:

which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC, and

14074: 14044: 13972: 13962: 13932: 13922: 13877: 13827: 13817: 13548: 13543: 13437: 13370: 13310: 13300: 13290: 13195: 13025: 12980: 12945: 12828: 12029: 11933: 11898: 11883: 11868: 11823: 11757: 11109: 8562: 7051: 7019: 6520:

Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa

5924: 5784:"Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution" 5356: 5236: 5107: 4789: 4726: 3742: 3567: 3554: 3304: 3296: 3059: 3024: 2866: 2564: 2555: 2384: 2285: 2128: 2080: 1838: 1502: 1477: 1457: 1441:(by 1397) as Barmandana, and a few geographical details in the work of 1212: 1118: 541: 12106: 9619:"Mali transportation, roads, railways and airports | - CountryReports" 8616:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 8521: 7444:""We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali" 3031: 2499:

branches of government. The system of government can be described as "

2454:

mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 51st globally out of 172 countries.

1874:

Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013

13897: 13533: 13528: 13473: 13315: 11888: 10182:. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Archived from 9800: 9730:

Feeding Desire – Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People

9506:

World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa

8916:"Mali's transition govt sets February 2024 for presidential election" 7738:"Britain 'sleepwalking' into deadly conflict in war-torn West Africa" 5987: 4992: 4831: 3585: 3167: 3163: 3101: 2970: 2637:, a village located in an especially unstable region of the country. 2392: 2388: 1442: 1423: 1264: 79: 7286:"Mali Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali" 6595:

al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans.,

4743: 3043:

handles the financial affairs of Mali and additional members of the

3006: 1550: 1263:

took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the

14491:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

14147: 14039: 13992: 13952: 13947: 13862: 13847: 13675: 13599: 13568: 13563: 13230: 13225: 13185: 13180: 13165: 12965: 11988: 11963: 11813: 11808: 11787: 11752: 11737: 11265: 11088: 8505: 7535:"Everything you need to know about Mali 2018 presidential election" 5788: 5411: 4948: 3738: 3703: 3459: 3189: 3188:, consisting of over half of Mali's electrical power. In 2002, 700 2622: 2615: 2496: 2151: 2103: 1926: 1794: 1597: 1554: 1434: 1406: 1220: 1069: 1013: 13116: 9996:(in French). Mali National Institute of Statistics. Archived from 7764:"Sharp rise in number of children killed in Mali's deadly attacks" 6363:

Sasnett, Martena Tenney; Sepmeyer, Inez Hopkins (1 January 1967).

6295:"Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes" 6170:

Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed

5541: 3644: 3607: 3477: 2295: 2220:

Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, located southwest of

1950:. The government denies this. One such militia is the Dogon group 1377: 14054: 14029: 14019: 13982: 13967: 13937: 13857: 13822: 13812: 13807: 13583: 13578: 13553: 13508: 13488: 13478: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13365: 13345: 13330: 13320: 13285: 13210: 13175: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13075: 13060: 13050: 13040: 13030: 13010: 12975: 12960: 12195: 12174: 12143: 12101: 11973: 11943: 11928: 11913: 11903: 11893: 11858: 11853: 11803: 11772: 11747: 11722: 10928:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

9335: 9158: 8104:"Mali's military leader Goita sworn in as transitional president" 7288:. International Center for Transitional Justice. 9 January 2014. 6813:

Core document forming part of the reports of states parties: Mali

6723:

La guerre coloniale du Bani-Volta, 1915-1916 (Burkina Faso, Mali)

6012: 5723:"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 5191: 5146: 4839: 4827: 4785: 4699: 3711: 3676: 3441: 3415: 3211: 3067: 2607: 2300: 2277: 2221: 2195: 2155: 2021: 2009: 1724: 1656: 1530: 1437:

in 1068, the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to

1227:, one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding 1134: 1110: 733: 613: 232: 12242: 11139: 10129: 9937:(in French). Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from 9030:"Al Qaeda Claims U.N. Peacekeeper Attack That Killed 10 in Mali" 8365:"Russian Foreign Minister visits Mali in sign of deepening ties" 8245:"Mali troops and suspected Russian fighters accused of massacre" 7956:[Understanding everything about the situation in Mali]. 7793: 7651:"UN to probe 'horrific' Mali attacks as death toll jumps to 160" 6130:, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 6. Retrieved 1 June 2009 5082: 4797:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

3001: 1522: 14142: 14069: 14059: 13927: 13917: 13892: 13882: 13842: 13558: 13538: 13523: 13518: 13452: 13447: 13421: 13350: 13325: 13260: 13255: 13245: 13190: 12990: 12923: 11998: 11983: 11978: 11918: 11873: 11833: 11727: 11706: 11225: 8866: 8425:"Mali announces severance of diplomatic relations with Ukraine" 8014:"Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP" 7508:"Au Mali, les liaisons dangereuses entre l'Etat et les milices" 5887:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mali)" 5199: 5183: 4722: 4573: 4340: 4002: 3680: 3423: 3405: 3289: 3159: 3125: 2575: 2319: 2269: 1846: 1834: 1589: 1453: 1414: 1398: 1268: 1161: 1142: 1130: 500: 282: 14466:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

8275:"Mali: Military government breaks defence accords with France" 8189:"Mali's junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc" 8044:"EU condemns 'grave and serious' kidnapping of Mali's leaders" 5174: 4807:, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe 2618:

and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional relations.

2602:

Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in

14100: 14084: 14034: 14009: 13977: 13942: 13872: 13867: 13832: 13760: 13442: 13340: 13335: 13270: 13250: 13235: 13160: 13065: 13035: 13015: 13005: 12985: 12970: 12935: 12645: 12169: 11958: 11908: 11863: 11848: 11828: 11818: 11792: 11732: 11094:

Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali

9810:". National Geographic Adventure. December 2002/January 2003. 9599:

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI — Challenges and Priorities

7887:"Thousands in Mali's capital demand that president step down" 6933:. International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Archived from 5383: 5211: 5142: 4960: 4819: 4679: 3668: 3664: 3513: 3495: 3285: 3152: 3129: 3105: 3090: 2383:

Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium,

2245: 2154:, occupying large swathes of territory in southeastern Mali. 2014: 1728: 1619: 1526: 1314:

reported that the capital of the empire was called Mali. One

1216: 1200: 1180:, (of which it is the third largest producer in Africa), and 1114: 1062: 142: 13774:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

8335:"UN experts: Malian military and 'white' soldiers killed 33" 7106:"Mali conflict puts freedom of 'slave descendants' in peril" 6386:

Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (25 April 2008).

3087:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

2008:

of the conflict. By 2020, more than 600,000 people had been

1187:

Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West

14049: 13987: 13907: 13902: 13852: 13380: 13280: 13205: 13070: 12955: 11968: 11767: 11104: 10729: 10711: 10270:

WHO | Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices

9077: 8947:"Mali coup: How junta got Ecowas economic sanctions lifted" 7794:"PUIC Secretary General condemns terrorist attacks in Mali" 5389: 5203: 4748: 2630: 2331: 2212: 2170:, Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the 1582: 1578: 1181: 1177: 1149:

is the most commonly spoken, although French is a frequent

10545:. Embassy of the Republic of Mali in Japan. Archived from 9608:. Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a. World Bank 9214:"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali" 9152:"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali" 7227: 5039:

reciting or singing histories and stories known by heart.

4854:. An estimated 85%–91% of Mali's girls and women have had 4834:-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of 4780:

Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty,

4729:, which described the persecution in the north as severe. 2134: 1422:, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including 1322:

changed himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the

9564:. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic African Institute. p. 43. 9510:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. 9078: 8613: 7343:"Mali conflict: Timbuktu hails French President Hollande" 7186:"Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours" 3549: 1086: 14501:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

9188:"Régionalisation: Deux Nouvelles régions créées au Mali" 8938: 8672: 7373:"Ibrahim Boubacar Keita wins Mali presidential election" 7175:. News24 (22 February 2012). Retrieved 23 February 2012. 6480:

African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations

6051:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

6017:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

4439:

was dropped as an official language, becoming instead a

2591:. Mali was active in regional organizations such as the 11701: 11017: 10701:"Ruiz looks to strengthen Mali roster ahead of Beijing" 10529:. Fairfax County Public Schools. Retrieved 4 June 2008. 9535:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 291. 7917:"Kidnapped Mali politician and French aid worker freed" 6597:

Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History

2430:

Five terrestrial ecoregions lie within Mali's borders:

2024:

killed more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with

10034:. State.gov (19 September 2008). Retrieved 4 May 2012. 7984:"Mali's coup is cheered at home but upsets neighbours" 7091:. USAID. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008. 6608:

ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl.

4443:. At the same time, the 13 national languages, namely 3721:

Some mixed European/African descendants of Muslims of

3214:. A significant sum of the population is dependent on 1859:

at the request of the interim government of president

1160:'s northern borders reach deep into the middle of the 10658:

Hudgens, Jim, Richard Trillo, and Nathalie Calonnec.

8742:. Telegraph (22 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013. 7335: 6284:. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013. 2487:

Until the military coup of 22 March 2012, Mali was a

2345:

and is among the hottest countries in the world. The

2031: 1243:, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of 10943:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Learner Publishing Group. 9325:. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 8740:

Video: US condemns Mali coup amid reports of looting

8607: 7595:"Incumbent President Keita wins re-election in Mali" 7312:"French Troops Retake Kidal Airport, Move into City" 7262:. Agence France-Presse. 20 June 2012. Archived from 6788:

Embassy of the Republic of Mali to the United States

6621:

al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl,

5997:

Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.

5513: 5386: 5280: 5102:, which became more prominent after Mali hosted the 4682:), approximately 5% are Christian (about two-thirds 2138:

Military situation in Mali. For a detailed map, see

72:

Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭

10396:"USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT" 10111:

Report points to 100 million persecuted Christians.

9926: 9924: 9850:Fage, J. D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland (1975). 8666: 8074:"Mali's military detains president, prime minister" 7475:"Radical Islamists Have Opened a New Front in Mali" 6752: 6750: 6744:, Jean-Claude Flament, Société des écrivains, 2014. 5380: 5377: 3016:

A proportional representation of Mali exports, 2019

1964:

voting in Bamako, 2018 Malian presidential election

10525:Crabill, Michelle and Tiso, Bruce (January 2003). 9851: 9825:"Al-Qaeda complicating anti-slavery drive in Mali" 9557: 9503: 9118:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 134. 7203:"Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali" 6517: 6364: 6270: 6268: 5492: 4717:, and the government largely respects this right. 3702:nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or 2093:National Committee for the Salvation of the People 2058:National Committee for the Salvation of the People 1801:International Criminal Court investigation in Mali 1767:to be approved by a national referendum. In 1992, 1575:establishment of sea routes by the European powers 1145:. The country has 13 official languages, of which 14256:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 12662:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 10403:United States Agency of International Development 10025:International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Mali 6477:Graft-Johnson, John Coleman De (1 January 1986). 6250:"Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" 4509:are spoken by the various ethnic groups of Mali. 3319:, with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007. 1988:, and Keïta was re-elected with 67% of the vote. 1632:Mali fell under the control of France during the 1318:tradition tells that the legendary first emperor 794:1,241,238 km (479,245 sq mi) ( 14447: 9921: 7677:"Insiders Insight: Explaining the Mali massacre" 7230:"Islamists declare full control of Mali's north" 6747: 6385: 6248:Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) 6049:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 88: 85: 12703:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 10246:Nourishing communities through holistic farming 9560:Regulating Mining in Africa: For Whose Benefit? 8126: 7137:"Mali chaos gives rise to slavery, persecution" 6362: 6265: 6190:"Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?" 6099:Mali gold reserves rise in 2011 alongside price 5158:2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup 2684: 1929:. While some Fula have joined Islamist groups, 1711:WWI Commemorative Monument to the "Armée Noire" 1452:in gold, salt, other precious commodities, and 1223:becoming a renowned place of learning with its 13118:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 10104: 9956: 9849: 9705:"Mali: Regions, Major Cities & Localities" 9459: 9457: 9455: 9336:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 9116:Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation 6038: 6036: 6034: 5228:In Mali, there are several newspapers such as 3694:In the far north, there is a division between 3192:of hydroelectric power were produced in Mali. 2629:base in Mali that killed 10 peacekeepers from 2353:. The vast northern desert part of Mali has a 2326:, which produces an extremely hot, dust-laden 1819:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 1809:Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012 127: 121: 13746: 13625:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 13102: 12909: 12258: 11687: 11663: 11155: 10714:.com (13 March 2008). Retrieved 24 June 2008. 10272:. Who.int (6 May 2011). Retrieved 4 May 2012. 10139:. Worldwatchlist.us. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 9790:". National Geographic News. 5 December 2002. 9781:Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade 9373:Zone franc sur le site de la Banque de France 8908: 8850:Mali: "Résultats définitifs des Législatives" 8604:. World-nuclear.org. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 7304: 7260:"Mali Islamists want sharia not independence" 7228:Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (28 June 2012). 6894: 6892: 6476: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5474: 5423: 3352: 2318:and is comparable in size to South Africa or 1331:could have formerly been the name of a city. 206: 106: 55: 14276: 12698:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 12073:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 9905:Mali's conflict and a 'war over skin colour' 9819: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9398:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 9382:. Banque-france.fr. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 8574:Muller, CJ and Umpire, A (22 November 2012) 8565:. Wise-uranium.org. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 7798:Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States 6443: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5782:Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). 5715: 5055: 3299:in 2014 was 45.53 births per 1,000, and the 2969:. There might be a discussion about this on 2127:, were being detained in a military base in 1998:24 March 2019 massacre of 160 Fula villagers 229: 196: 14231: 13666:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 12925:Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD) 10970:Milet, Eric & Manaud, Jean-Luc (2007). 10537: 10535: 9452: 8869:) (13 August 2007). Retrieved 24 June 2008. 7735: 6371:. University of California Press. pp. 6179:. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012. 6031: 5267:Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali 5046:The best-known novel by a Malian writer is 3292:, which has over 2 million residents. 3198: 3074:), were expected to be privatized in 2008. 2322:. Most of the country lies in the southern 1893: 1231:absorbed the empire in 1468, followed by a 769:• Declaration of the Republic of Mali 14521:States and territories established in 1960 14244:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 13753: 13739: 13620:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 13109: 13095: 12916: 12902: 12506:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 12265: 12251: 11694: 11680: 11162: 11148: 10504:Pye-Smith, Charlie & Rhéal Drisdelle. 10045:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" 9395:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 9328: 8528: 7976: 7954:"TOUT COMPRENDRE SUR LA SITUATION AU MALI" 6924: 6922: 6889: 5813: 5811: 5781: 5560: 3619:Mali's population encompasses a number of 3359: 3345: 3303:(in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman. The 2625:claimed responsibility for an attack on a 2563:and Minister-president of the Netherlands 2457: 759:• Dissolution of the Mali Federation 262: 70: 10796:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 652–53. 10356:World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) 10123: 9882:, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. 9501: 9488: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9132: 9052: 8716: 8698: 8649: 8631: 8483: 7099: 7097: 7017: 6330:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. 6007: 6005: 6003: 5872: 5610: 5608: 5545:Académie N’Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ 3615:are nomadic inhabitants of northern Mali. 3322: 3045:Economic Community of West African States 2989:Learn how and when to remove this message 2537:agreed to lift sanctions on the country. 2310:Mali map of Köppen climate classification 2097:Economic Community of West African States 1831:Economic Community of West African States 1788: 1487:in 1235, culminated in a victory for the 1257:armed conflict broke out in northern Mali 208:"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen" 10773: 10771: 10769: 10725:"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" 10654: 10652: 10650: 10616: 10614: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10532: 10020: 10018: 9709:Population Statistics in Maps and Charts 9555: 9180: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 6524:. University Press of America. pp. 6220:"Who is the richest person of all time?" 5988:Which side of the road do they drive on? 5485: 5475: 5434: 5424: 5173: 5081: 4947: 4918: 4813: 4742: 4665: 3706:people, due to the historical spread of 3606: 3231: 3111:Mali was ranked 129th out of 132 in the 3049: 3030: 3019: 3011: 3000: 2569: 2554: 2472: 2305: 2294: 2211: 2133: 2051: 1956: 1869: 1804: 1758: 1706: 1613: 1521: 1501: 1388: 1376: 57:Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ 13630:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 10789: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10500: 10498: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10094: 10092: 9880:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8748: 7532: 6919: 5913: 5808: 5342:spoken by around 80% of the population. 5152:Mali featured a men's national team in 5121:Basketball is another major sport; the 2071:Members of the military led by Colonel 1694: 1603: 1491:under the command of the exiled prince 1239:. In the late 19th century, during the 14448: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 9748: 9262: 9113: 8614:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). 7897:from the original on 13 September 2020 7856:"How Much More Blood Must Be Spilled?" 7736:Giannangeli, Marco (1 November 2020). 7687:from the original on 18 September 2020 7292:from the original on 18 September 2016 7094: 6986: 6815:. United Nations Human Rights Website. 6742:14-18 Étions-nous bien défendus ? 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6275:UN Security Council condemns Mali coup 6000: 5829:from the original on 11 September 2023 5605: 5086:Malian children playing football in a 4886: 4670:An entrance to the Djinguereber mosque 3758:Spoken Languages in Mali (2009 Census) 2662: 1843:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 1837:. However, Islamist groups, including 1372: 1310:Fourteenth-century Maghrebi traveller 13734: 13090: 12897: 12655:Specialised agencies and institutions 12246: 11675: 11662: 11143: 10957:from the original on 7 September 2015 10810:from the original on 6 September 2015 10766: 10647: 10611: 10573: 10483:from the original on 18 December 2018 10412:from the original on 5 September 2018 10180:"Université de Bamako – Bamako, Mali" 10015: 9970:from the original on 13 February 2022 9194:from the original on 22 February 2017 9168:from the original on 22 February 2017 8944: 8673:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). 8186: 7939: 7884: 7744:from the original on 26 November 2020 7502: 7500: 7472: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7413:from the original on 13 November 2021 7166:Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes 7147:from the original on 29 November 2016 6955: 6851:"Liberation Day Commemorated in Mali" 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6764:from the original on 19 November 2020 6706:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6577:from the original on 13 February 2022 6552: 6439: 6437: 6323: 6079:from the original on 21 December 2020 5648: 5410: 5123:Mali women's national basketball team 4983:, the late roots and blues guitarist 4878:Religion, the patriarchal norms, and 3149:International Development Association 1687:, a day which is now commemorated as 12404:Permanent Representatives' Committee 10841:from the original on 5 November 2016 10749: 10626: 10592: 10561: 10495: 10474:United Nations Development Programme 10330: 10309:United Nations Development Programme 10037: 9761:from the original on 8 December 2014 9629:from the original on 14 October 2023 9463: 9420:from the original on 22 October 2023 9391: 9297:from the original on 22 January 2017 9226:from the original on 29 January 2017 9040:from the original on 21 January 2019 8969: 8804: 8745: 8375:from the original on 8 February 2023 8225:from the original on 7 February 2022 8199:from the original on 10 January 2022 7836:from the original on 22 October 2019 7804:from the original on 22 October 2019 7605:from the original on 16 January 2024 7383:from the original on 20 January 2022 7322:from the original on 30 January 2013 7134: 7103: 7058:from the original on 9 February 2023 6999:from the original on 17 October 2023 6857:from the original on 2 February 2019 6696:Africans: the history of a continent 6515: 6305:from the original on 20 October 2017 5959:United Nations Development Programme 5931:from the original on 8 December 2015 5901:from the original on 17 October 2023 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 4868:United Nations Development Programme 4096:Mother Tongues in Mali (2009 Census) 3147:In 1991, with the assistance of the 3096:Mali is a part of the "Franc Zone" ( 2941: 2540: 2448:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands 1986:Union for the Republic and Democracy 1936:Added a top Mali military commander: 1397:written in Sudani script (a form of 14506:Member states of the United Nations 13762:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 12813:Single African Air Transport Market 12808:African Continental Free Trade Area 10828: 10424: 10377: 10291:. (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2013. 10258:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 10217: 10069: 9685:from the original on 7 January 2015 9354: 8926:from the original on 18 August 2023 8169:from the original on 27 August 2023 8153: 7994:from the original on 21 August 2020 7964:from the original on 26 August 2020 7774:from the original on 31 August 2019 7240:from the original on 15 August 2020 7184:Callimachi, Rukmini (3 April 2012) 7135:York, Geoffrey (11 November 2012). 7116:from the original on 5 October 2013 7024:Review of African Political Economy 6928: 6483:. Black Classic Press. p. 92. 6406:from the original on 27 August 2021 5763:from the original on 13 August 2022 5503: 5443: 4873: 3327:For a more comprehensive list, see 3307:in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000. 3041:Central Bank of West African States 2524:Alliance for Democracy and Progress 2148:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara 1821:(MNLA). In March, military officer 1817:began in northern Mali, led by the 1495:, which led to the downfall of the 1207:(for which Mali is named), and the 13: 14496:Member states of the African Union 11123:Mali 2012 Trade Summary Statistics 10937:DiPiazza, Francesca Davis (2006). 10737:from the original on 7 August 2021 10365:from the original on 8 August 2019 10318:from the original on 25 March 2019 9342:from the original on 26 March 2009 9095:from the original on 30 March 2021 9010:from the original on 25 March 2012 8957:from the original on 5 August 2023 8405:from the original on 3 August 2023 8345:from the original on 6 August 2022 7717:from the original on 29 March 2019 7657:from the original on 29 March 2019 7631:from the original on 29 March 2019 7571:. 12 February 2018. Archived from 7514:from the original on 30 March 2019 7497: 7485:from the original on 30 March 2019 7425: 7070: 6818: 6645: 6628: 6497:from the original on 16 April 2021 6458:from the original on 20 March 2017 6444:Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). 6434: 6344:from the original on 16 April 2021 6324:Wolny, Philip (15 December 2013). 6230:from the original on 16 March 2022 6200:from the original on 10 March 2019 5951:"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24" 5796:from the original on 2 August 2023 5733:from the original on 30 March 2021 5672:from the original on 8 August 2023 5632:from the original on 3 August 2023 5589:from the original on 8 August 2023 4861: 3070:) and the Cotton Ginning Company ( 3054:GDP per capita development of Mali 2680: 2480:, interim president of Mali since 2444:South Saharan steppe and woodlands 2032:2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta 1271:. The conflict was complicated by 1237:which defeated the Songhai in 1591 269:Location of Mali (green) 14: 14537: 14188:Economic Cooperation Organization 12272: 11169: 11011: 9831:from the original on 5 March 2014 9749:Fortin, Jacey (16 January 2013). 9584:African Development Bank, p. 186. 9476:from the original on 11 July 2018 8255:from the original on 6 April 2022 7545:from the original on 24 July 2018 7454:from the original on 2 April 2019 7349:. 2 February 2013. Archived from 7209:from the original on 8 April 2012 6987:Mohsin, Haroon (18 August 2022). 6558: 6013:"World Population Prospects 2022" 5757:United States Department of State 5688: 4803:, trained women's groups to make 4690:) and the remaining 5% adhere to 4495:, became official languages. The 3729:(1% of the nation's population). 2440:Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna 2376:. (Köppen climate classification 2048:List of terrorist attacks in Mali 1970:2018 Malian presidential election 1342:pronunciation of the name of the 220:"One people, one goal, one faith" 16:Landlocked country in West Africa 13715: 13714: 13216:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12878: 12877: 12728:African Union–Ethiopia relations 12409:Specialized Technical Committees 12224: 12213: 12212: 12020:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11997: 11778:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11039: 11029: 10822: 10790:Murison, Katharine, ed. (2002). 10783: 10717: 10693: 10677: 10519: 10349:"Violence against Women in Mali" 10294: 10275: 10263: 10238: 10198: 10172: 10142: 10130:OPEN DOORS World Watch list 2012 9982: 9897: 9872: 9843: 9813: 9793: 9773: 9742: 9732:. Routledge, London. pp. 16–17. 9722: 9697: 9679:"Mali Demographics Profile 2014" 9671: 9659:from the original on 18 May 2024 9641: 9611: 9587: 9578: 9549: 9524: 9385: 9366: 9309: 9238: 9206: 9144: 9107: 9022: 8996: 8896: 8884: 8872: 8839: 8827: 8792: 8780: 8768: 8733: 8588: 8568: 8549: 8477: 8447: 8417: 8387: 8357: 8327: 8297: 8267: 8237: 8142:from the original on 11 May 2023 8114:from the original on 25 May 2023 8084:from the original on 25 May 2021 8054:from the original on 25 May 2021 8024:from the original on 26 May 2021 7927:from the original on 3 June 2021 7866:from the original on 31 May 2023 7533:Mumbere, Daniel (10 July 2018). 6931:"Mali's March Revolution (1991)" 6392:. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. 6151:from the original on 2 July 2022 5373: 5297: 5283: 3602: 3409: 3399: 3100:), which means that it uses the 2946: 2452:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 1993:Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 1898:In the central Mali province of 1510:(yellow-striped) as part of the 986: 985: 943: 942: 924: 923: 891: 890: 872: 871: 749:• Independence from France 243: 176: 162: 14398:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 10976:(in French). Editions Olizane. 10857: 10793:Africa South of the Sahara 2003 10160:from the original on 7 May 2021 9854:The Cambridge History of Africa 8556:Uranium Mine Ownership – Africa 8461:. 5 August 2024. Archived from 8431:. 5 August 2024. Archived from 8315:from the original on 9 May 2022 8285:from the original on 9 May 2022 8221:. Al Jazeera. 5 February 2022. 8211: 8187:Ahmed, Baba (10 January 2022). 8180: 8096: 8066: 8036: 8006: 7909: 7878: 7848: 7816: 7786: 7756: 7729: 7699: 7669: 7643: 7617: 7587: 7557: 7526: 7466: 7395: 7365: 7278: 7252: 7221: 7195: 7178: 7159: 7128: 7082: 7011: 6980: 6956:Bussa, Edward (26 March 2009). 6949: 6900:"Nonviolent Conflict Summaries" 6869: 6843: 6806: 6776: 6735: 6716: 6684: 6615: 6602: 6589: 6542: 6509: 6470: 6418: 6379: 6356: 6317: 6287: 6242: 6212: 6182: 6163: 6133: 6112: 6091: 6065: 5981: 5969:from the original on 1 May 2024 5943: 5841: 5775: 5542:https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel 5486:𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 5451: 5366: 4709:The constitution establishes a 3368:Largest cities or towns in Mali 3221: 2419: 2368:(Köppen climate classification 1666: 1249:a brief federation with Senegal 839:11.7/km (30.3/sq mi) ( 14168:Moro National Liberation Front 13656:International Francophonie Day 10660:The Rough Guide to West Africa 9858:. Cambridge University Press. 9593:Farvacque-Vitkovic, Catherine 7473:Blake, James (29 March 2019). 7104:Tran, Mark (23 October 2012). 6327:Discovering the Empire of Mali 5745: 5534: 5345: 5330: 5313:Index of Mali-related articles 5149:variant, is a common pastime. 3671:, the Moors are also known as 3180:List of power stations in Mali 3118: 2595:until its suspension over the 2338:massif lies in the northeast. 1460:from c. 1312 – c. 1337. These 1303:is taken from the name of the 1219:, culture and knowledge, with 1: 14461:1960 establishments in Africa 12860:United States of Latin Africa 12554:Rural Economy and Agriculture 12331:Organisation of African Unity 11135:- Mali Population-Worldometer 10936: 10641: 9219:. MINUSMA. 30 December 2016. 9138: 9006:. Al Jazeera. 23 March 2012. 9004:"ion suspends Mali over coup" 7960:(in French). 19 August 2020. 7653:. Al-Jazeera. 26 March 2019. 6429:Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali 6389:Historical Dictionary of Mali 6141:"Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)" 5625:(in French). 21 August 2017. 5527: 5361:Traditional African religions 5030: 4979:the virtuoso of the electric 4692:traditional African religions 3085:Mali is also a member of the 2507:and is limited to two terms. 2468: 2359:Köppen climate classification 1623: 1569:of 1591 under the command of 1468:, which was dominated by the 1334:Another theory suggests that 12717:United States military bases 12713:United States Africa Command 10120:. Retrieved 10 January 2013. 9755:International Business Times 9502:Cavendish, Marshall (2007). 9464:Hale, Briony (13 May 1998). 9190:. Malijet. 21 January 2016. 7020:"Mali: People Topple Traoré" 6570:. Institute of Archaeology. 5269:is the state-owned service. 4732: 3748: 3741:who are trying to establish 3372:According to the 2009 Census 2574:Representatives of Mali and 2374:tropical wet and dry climate 2224:. It lies between latitudes 2201: 1655:. In January 1959, Mali and 1514:(outlined black) within the 1456:majorly during the reign of 1294: 1247:; as the Sudanese Republic, 719:• Establishment of the 198:"Un peuple, un but, une foi" 143: 122: 89: 7: 13412:French Community of Belgium 12544:HR, Sciences and Technology 11072:Central Intelligence Agency 11044:Geographic data related to 10990: 10871:(in French). Archived from 10760: 10605: 10567: 9903:Hirsch, Afua (6 July 2012) 9531:May, Jacques Meyer (1968). 9114:Martin, Phillip L. (2006). 9079:Central Intelligence Agency 8945:Melly, Paul (6 July 2022). 7885:Ahmed, Baba (5 June 2020). 7510:(in French). 24 July 2018. 7205:. France 24. 6 April 2012. 6958:"Mali's March to Democracy" 6886:". BBC News. 9 August 2005. 6145:National Geographic Society 6109:. Retrieved 17 January 2013 5895:International Monetary Fund 5859:Central Intelligence Agency 5665:(in French). 22 July 2023. 5582:(in French). 22 July 2023. 5514: 5493: 5276: 5104:2002 African Cup of Nations 4902:Beijing Platform for Action 4587: 3643:), all part of the broader 3064:International Monetary Fund 2924: 2921: 2918: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2640: 1765:new democratic constitution 10: 14542: 12798:African Economic Community 12603:Peace and Security Council 12310:African and Malagasy Union 11206:History of the Mali Empire 11110:Facebook group about Ngoni 10969: 10864: 10777: 10620: 10586: 10506:Mali: A Prospect of Peace? 9649:"Population, total | Data" 8902: 8890: 8878: 8833: 8798: 8786: 8774: 8700:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 6916:Mali March 1991 Revolution 6516:Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999). 5271:Telecommunications in Mali 5221: 5167: 5163: 5096:most popular sport in Mali 4941: 4912: 4908: 4895: 4773: 4736: 4591: 4428: 3398: 3337: 3326: 3225: 3202: 3177: 2935: 2931: 2728:and Capital District are: 2666: 2644: 2544: 2510:The president serves as a 2461: 2423: 2240:. Mali borders Algeria to 2205: 2045: 2035: 1798: 1792: 1643:In November 1915, a large 1618:Cotton being processed in 1607: 1545:later formed on the upper 1365: 1361: 128: 86: 18: 14486:Least developed countries 14394: 14341: 14269: 14224: 14176: 14156: 14116: 14109: 14093: 13795: 13786: 13769: 13710: 13689: 13638: 13612: 13592: 13466: 13430: 13405:National/regional members 13404: 13133: 13124: 12931: 12873: 12842: 12821: 12773: 12736: 12723:United States ambassadors 12683: 12674: 12654: 12601: 12575: 12539:Social Affairs and Health 12534:Infrastructure and Energy 12514: 12496: 12468: 12435: 12417: 12394: 12385: 12352: 12280: 12208: 12188: 12157: 12136: 12115: 12094: 12083: 12067: 12051: 12038: 12006: 11995: 11713: 11703:Countries and territories 11669: 11664:Links to related articles 11620: 11563: 11500: 11491: 11459: 11450: 11376: 11367: 11303: 11294: 11181: 11099:18 September 2016 at the 10915:Federal Research Division 10902: 10895:12 September 2012 at the 10232: 10098: 9806:22 September 2010 at the 9604:16 September 2012 at the 9556:Campbell, Bonnie (2004). 9360: 8990: 8821: 8762: 8543: 7076: 7036:10.1080/03056249108703927 6877:Mali's nomads face famine 6837: 6678: 6639: 6568:University College London 6120:Human Development Indices 5709: 5056: 4957:Malian musical traditions 4856:female genital mutilation 4769: 4657: 4647: 4642: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4334: 4324: 4319: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4249: 4244: 4234: 4229: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4199: 4185: 4180: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4041: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4011: 4001: 3996: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3906: 3896: 3891: 3881: 3876: 3866: 3861: 3851: 3846: 3832: 3827: 3817: 3812: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3782: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3173: 3142: 3139:of agricultural workers. 3035:Cotton processing at CMDT 2559:Former President of Mali 2547:Foreign relations of Mali 2450:. The country had a 2019 2013:attacks occurring around 1393:The pages above are from 1080: 1068: 1056: 1046: 1038: 1020: 1005: 975: 955: 936: 917: 903: 884: 865: 847: 833: 819: 812: 802: 788: 781: 777: 767: 757: 747: 730: 717: 704: 700: 693: 683: 679: 663: 647: 643: 624: 612: 586: 509: 421: 402: 319: 275: 261: 230: 224: 197: 192: 158: 135: 114: 99: 78: 71: 63: 56: 48: 30: 14239:Abuja Declaration (1989) 14133:Central African Republic 13201:Central African Republic 12951:Central African Republic 12498:African Court of Justice 12295:Decolonisation of Africa 11763:Central African Republic 11115:19 February 2022 at the 10690:. Retrieved 3 June 2008. 10154:datatopics.worldbank.org 10135:10 December 2019 at the 9966:. CNN. 31 January 2022. 9910:11 February 2017 at the 9728:Popenoe, Rebecca (2003) 9530: 9321:11 February 2013 at the 8855:29 December 2012 at the 8486:The Geographical Journal 7018:Turrittin, Jane (1991). 6882:24 February 2021 at the 6702:6 September 2015 at the 6280:28 November 2020 at the 6105:21 November 2015 at the 5323: 5217: 5077: 4937: 4747:High school students in 3199:Transport infrastructure 3080:World Trade Organization 2489:constitutional democracy 2191:conducted by the junta. 1894:Conflict in Central Mali 1852:On 11 January 2013, the 1783:Tuareg Rebellion of 2012 1745:March Revolution of 1991 1512:Saadi dynasty of Morocco 384:Songhay, Koyraboro Senni 13661:Jeux de la Francophonie 12865:East African Federation 12855:United States of Africa 12593:African Investment Bank 11035:Wikimedia Atlas of Mali 10995:. Bradt Travel Guides. 10904:"Country profile: Mali" 10684:"Malian Men Basketball" 10256:, Impatient optimists, 10210:6 December 2018 at the 10030:18 January 2020 at the 9786:10 October 2017 at the 9378:20 January 2013 at the 7192:. Retrieved 4 May 2012. 7171:10 October 2017 at the 6728:29 October 2017 at the 6126:12 January 2012 at the 5556:. Retrieved 14 May 2024 5129:, competed at the 2008 3113:Global Innovation Index 2597:2012 Malian coup d'état 2482:2021 Malian coup d'état 2458:Politics and government 2432:Sahelian Acacia savanna 2216:Satellite image of Mali 2150:saw major gains in the 2042:2021 Malian coup d'état 2038:2020 Malian coup d'état 1991:In September 2018, the 1915:Fula (or Fulani) people 1886:in the second round of 1882:was elected as the new 1518:(outlined red), c. 1591 320:Official languages 107: 87:جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي ( 14526:West African countries 14476:Former French colonies 14128:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13998:Pakistan-OIC relations 13651:UN French Language Day 13484:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12576:Financial institutions 12567:Cross-Cutting Programs 12470:Pan-African Parliament 10866:"Constitution of Mali" 10252:6 October 2018 at the 10150:"Education Statistics" 9878:Hall, Bruce S. (2011) 9623:www.countryreports.org 8581:24 August 2021 at the 6989:"Martyr's Day in Mali" 6175:5 January 2019 at the 5819:"Mali country profile" 5464: 5408:Bambara pronunciation: 5179: 5091: 4953: 4927: 4858:(2006 and 2001 data). 4823: 4751: 4671: 3735:Northern Mali conflict 3687:, one of the regional 3667:(10%). In Mali and in 3616: 3329:List of cities in Mali 3323:Largest cities in Mali 3241: 3137:temporary unemployment 3055: 3036: 3028: 3017: 3009: 2698: 2652:Mali's military forces 2585:with the United States 2579: 2567: 2484: 2311: 2303: 2217: 2146:In 2022 and 2023, the 2143: 2061: 2004:, warned of a growing 1974:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta 1965: 1948:Northern Mali conflict 1943: 1880:Ibrahim Boubacar Keita 1875: 1810: 1789:Northern Mali conflict 1712: 1629: 1538: 1519: 1410: 1386: 1281:Presidential elections 1117:, to the northwest by 1010:West African CFA franc 928:$ 21.309 billion ( 876:$ 61.625 billion ( 207: 13361:São Tomé and Príncipe 13221:Republic of the Congo 13046:São Tomé and Príncipe 12616:African Standby Force 12588:African Monetary Fund 11924:São Tomé and Príncipe 11783:Republic of the Congo 11256:2012 Tuareg rebellion 11060:30 March 2021 at the 10991:Velton, Ross (2004). 10888:A student-translated 10527:Mali Resource Website 10287:26 April 2014 at the 10205:Life Expectancy ranks 9291:U.S. State Department 8679:Nature Communications 8633:10.1093/biosci/bix014 8600:17 April 2014 at the 8309:The Africa Report.com 8018:The Africa Report.com 7403:"The Sahel in flames" 6053:, Population Division 6019:, Population Division 5993:14 April 2012 at the 5177: 5156:that competed at the 5135:Traditional wrestling 5085: 5054:, which won the 1968 5052:Le devoir de violence 4959:are derived from the 4951: 4922: 4880:gender-based violence 4817: 4746: 4669: 3610: 3313:world's highest rates 3235: 3216:public transportation 3053: 3034: 3023: 3015: 3004: 2696: 2645:Further information: 2589:former colonial ruler 2573: 2558: 2551:France–Mali relations 2476: 2436:West Sudanian savanna 2366:hot semi-arid climate 2309: 2298: 2215: 2137: 2123:and Defence Minister 2055: 1960: 1938: 1873: 1808: 1759:Multi-party democracy 1710: 1659:united to become the 1617: 1525: 1505: 1392: 1380: 1285:legislative elections 1129:, and to the west by 804:• Water (%) 673:Choguel Kokalla Maïga 634:presidential republic 326:13 national languages 21:Mali (disambiguation) 14481:Landlocked countries 14250:OIC Resolution 10/11 14203:Non-Aligned Movement 14080:United Arab Emirates 13458:United Arab Emirates 12583:African Central Bank 11330:Environmental issues 11128:7 April 2014 at the 11083:24 June 2018 at the 10878:on 20 September 2018 10706:3 March 2016 at the 10233:Mali country profile 10214:. CIA World Factbook 10116:6 April 2015 at the 10099:Mali country profile 9823:(26 November 2012). 9466:"Mali's Golden Hope" 9361:Mali country profile 8991:Mali country profile 8903:Constitution of Mali 8891:Constitution of Mali 8879:Constitution of Mali 8834:Constitution of Mali 8822:Mali country profile 8799:Constitution of Mali 8787:Constitution of Mali 8775:Constitution of Mali 8763:Mali country profile 8544:Mali country profile 7893:. Associated Press. 7862:. 10 February 2020. 7407:The New Humanitarian 7077:Mali country profile 6929:Nesbitt, Katherine. 6838:Mali country profile 6794:on 20 September 2018 6760:. Britannica. 1946. 6679:Mali country profile 6640:Mali country profile 6255:28 July 2020 at the 5710:Mali country profile 5100:association football 4764:University of Bamako 3683:. They speak mainly 3301:total fertility rate 3228:Demographics of Mali 2959:confusing or unclear 2657:headed by a civilian 2561:Amadou Toumani Touré 2316:24th-largest country 1773:Amadou Toumani Touré 1753:Amadou Toumani Touré 1723:who had migrated to 1695:Moussa Traoré regime 1645:anti-French uprising 1604:French colonial rule 1508:Pashalik of Timbuktu 1413:The rock art in the 1395:Timbuktu Manuscripts 1255:In January 2012, an 1141:and largest city is 821:• 2024 estimate 19:For other uses, see 14471:Countries in Africa 14428: / 14329:Arab–Islamic (2023) 13778:Hissein Brahim Taha 13697:Francophone economy 12180:Plazas de soberanía 12084:African territories 12024:unclear sovereignty 12009:States with limited 11271:Ebola disease event 11023:9 June 2020 at the 10911:Library of Congress 9404:10.34667/tind.46596 9036:. 20 January 2019. 8836:, Art. 59 & 61. 8789:, Art. 29 & 46. 8691:2020NatCo..11.5978G 8498:1986GeogJ.152..204G 8371:. 8 February 2023. 7575:on 12 February 2018 7450:. 7 December 2018. 7318:. 30 January 2013. 7266:on 16 December 2012 6301:. 12 January 2013. 5897:. 10 October 2023. 5825:. 19 October 2023. 5552:14 May 2022 at the 5186:are the staples of 5064:Massa Makan Diabaté 4887:Area of opportunity 4836:infectious diseases 4801:Aga Khan Foundation 4715:freedom of religion 3689:varieties of Arabic 3623:ethnic groups. The 3246: 3245:Population in Mali 2967:clarify the section 2663:Regions and cercles 2242:the north-northeast 2125:Souleymane Doucouré 2107:initial agreement. 1954:, created in 2016. 1854:French Armed Forces 1634:Scramble for Africa 1450:trans-Saharan trade 1373:Before colonization 1241:Scramble for Africa 1193:trans-Saharan trade 732:• Merger with 300: / 13702:Senghor University 13499:Dominican Republic 12834:African Border Day 12549:Trade and Industry 12524:Peace and Security 12516:ECOSOCC Committees 12450:Deputy Chairperson 12088:non-African states 11469:Telecommunications 11221:Kénédougou Kingdom 11067:The World Factbook 10899:is also available. 10057:on 24 October 2012 9944:on 11 January 2020 9821:MacInnes-Rae, Rick 9653:data.worldbank.org 9088:The World Factbook 7990:. 21 August 2020. 7923:. 6 October 2020. 7832:. 7 October 2019. 7800:. 8 October 2019. 7770:. 13 August 2019. 7601:. 16 August 2018. 7448:Human Rights Watch 7379:. 13 August 2013. 7353:on 2 February 2013 7141:The Globe and Mail 7089:USAID Africa: Mali 6758:"Independent Mali" 6732:, Autrepart, 2003. 6261:The New York Times 5854:The World Factbook 5476:ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ 5465:Mali ka Fasojamana 5180: 5092: 4967:virtuoso musician 4954: 4928: 4852:Sub-Saharan Africa 4824: 4799:(ICRISAT) and the 4752: 4672: 4501:in Mali is mainly 3716:French authorities 3675:, named after the 3617: 3244: 3242: 3056: 3037: 3029: 3018: 3010: 3005:A market scene in 2699: 2580: 2568: 2516:commander in chief 2505:universal suffrage 2485: 2355:hot desert climate 2312: 2304: 2218: 2176:Operation Barkhane 2168:Human Rights Watch 2144: 2075:and Colonel-Major 2062: 1966: 1931:Human Rights Watch 1876: 1815:a Tuareg rebellion 1811: 1769:Alpha Oumar Konaré 1713: 1630: 1610:French West Africa 1539: 1533:, king of Médina ( 1520: 1411: 1387: 1381:The extent of the 1121:, to the south by 1103:landlocked country 913:2023 estimate 861:2023 estimate 511:Ethnic groups 14516:Saharan countries 14411: 14410: 14405: 14404: 14337: 14336: 14265: 14264: 14220: 14219: 14216: 14215: 13728: 13727: 13608: 13607: 13593:Suspended members 13431:Associate members 13241:Equatorial Guinea 13084: 13083: 12891: 12890: 12769: 12768: 12693:Foreign relations 12670: 12669: 12621:Panel of the Wise 12529:Political Affairs 12399:Executive Council 12342:Secretary General 12320:Sirte Declaration 12240: 12239: 12204: 12203: 12079: 12078: 11799:Equatorial Guinea 11656: 11655: 11616: 11615: 11530:Human trafficking 11487: 11486: 11446: 11445: 11423:Political parties 11418:National Assembly 11391:Foreign relations 11363: 11362: 11236:Toucouleur Empire 11196:Pre-Imperial Mali 11002:978-1-84162-077-0 10983:978-2-88086-351-7 10950:978-0-8225-6591-8 10831:"Culture of Mali" 10803:978-1-85743-131-5 10699:Chitunda, Julio. 10003:on 19 August 2019 9597:(September 2007) 9571:978-0-7614-7571-2 9542:978-0-02-848960-5 9517:978-0-7614-7571-2 9413:978-92-805-3432-0 9161:. 28 March 2016. 9125:978-0-7391-1341-7 8595:Uranium in Africa 8561:15 April 2020 at 8401:. 4 August 2023. 8341:. 5 August 2022. 7740:. express.co.uk. 7713:. 28 March 2019. 7683:. 26 March 2019. 7681:African Arguments 6784:"Public Holidays" 6226:. December 2021. 6196:. 10 March 2019. 6147:. 14 April 2020. 5857:(2024 ed.). 5729:. 27 April 2021. 5512: 5491: 5336:Bambara serves a 5072:Fily Dabo Sissoko 5041:Amadou Hampâté Bâ 5017:Fatoumata Diawara 4784:, and inadequate 4739:Education in Mali 4713:and provides for 4662: 4661: 4507:African languages 4485:Songhay languages 4431:Languages of Mali 4425: 4424: 4087: 4086: 3599: 3598: 3281: 3280: 3205:Transport in Mali 2999: 2998: 2991: 2929: 2928: 2541:Foreign relations 2520:National Assembly 2501:semi-presidential 2408:, and inadequate 2351:Inner Niger Delta 2341:Mali lies in the 2336:Adrar des Ifoghas 2232:, and longitudes 2208:Geography of Mali 1952:Dan Na Ambassagou 1884:president of Mali 1865:François Hollande 1861:Dioncounda Traoré 1588:One of the worst 1567:Moroccan invasion 1462:Sahelian kingdoms 1113:, to the east by 1097:, officially the 1092: 1091: 969:medium inequality 938:• Per capita 886:• Per capita 773:22 September 1960 721:Sudanese Republic 688:National Assembly 254: 150: 149: 14533: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14421: 14274: 14273: 14229: 14228: 14114: 14113: 13793: 13792: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13732: 13731: 13718: 13717: 13131: 13130: 13111: 13104: 13097: 13088: 13087: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12895: 12894: 12881: 12880: 12793:Development Bank 12681: 12680: 12563:Women and Gender 12559:Economic Affairs 12488:Gallagher Estate 12392: 12391: 12300:Casablanca Group 12267: 12260: 12253: 12244: 12243: 12228: 12216: 12215: 12092: 12091: 12049: 12048: 12001: 11795:(partly in Asia) 11715:Sovereign states 11696: 11689: 11682: 11673: 11672: 11660: 11659: 11636: 11629: 11498: 11497: 11457: 11456: 11374: 11373: 11301: 11300: 11241:Wassoulou Empire 11164: 11157: 11150: 11141: 11140: 11043: 11042: 11033: 11032: 11018:Official website 11006: 10987: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10940:Mali in Pictures 10926: 10924: 10922: 10908: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10877: 10870: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10835:Best-Country.com 10829:Batvina, Iryna. 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10764: 10758: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10733:. 22 June 2021. 10721: 10715: 10697: 10691: 10688:Africabasket.com 10681: 10675: 10656: 10645: 10639: 10624: 10618: 10609: 10603: 10590: 10584: 10571: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10539: 10530: 10523: 10517: 10502: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10482: 10471: 10463: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10411: 10400: 10392: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10364: 10353: 10345: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10306: 10298: 10292: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10260:. 30 April 2013. 10242: 10236: 10230: 10215: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10146: 10140: 10127: 10121: 10108: 10102: 10096: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10056: 10049: 10041: 10035: 10022: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10002: 9995: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9943: 9936: 9928: 9919: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9857: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9817: 9811: 9797: 9791: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9746: 9740: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9615: 9609: 9591: 9585: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9563: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9509: 9499: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9461: 9450: 9449: 9443: 9439: 9437: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9389: 9383: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9332: 9326: 9316:Mali and the WTO 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9283: 9260: 9259: 9258:on 9 March 2012. 9257: 9250: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9218: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9167: 9156: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9075: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8702: 8670: 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7666: 7664: 7662: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7504: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7440: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7199: 7193: 7182: 7176: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7101: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6968:on 24 March 2012 6964:. Archived from 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6926: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6902:. Archived from 6896: 6887: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6790:. Archived from 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6754: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6720: 6714: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6643: 6637: 6626: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6576: 6565: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6523: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6432: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6291: 6285: 6272: 6263: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6186: 6180: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6137: 6131: 6116: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6048: 6040: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6009: 5998: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5955: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5883: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5577: 5569: 5558: 5538: 5521: 5517: 5515:Jumhūriyyāt Mālī 5507: 5505: 5496: 5494:Renndaandi Maali 5490:romanized: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5263: 5154:beach volleyball 5131:Beijing Olympics 5061: 5060: 5009:Amadou et Mariam 5003:artists such as 4977:Bassekou Kouyate 4952:Mali Dogon Dance 4874:Gender relations 4604:Religion in Mali 4600: 4599: 4594:Religion in Mali 4582:Malian languages 4580:) (0.3%), other 4465:Hassaniya Arabic 4441:working language 4157:Maraka / Soninké 4093: 4092: 3819:Maraka / Soninké 3763:Spoken Languages 3755: 3754: 3685:Hassaniya Arabic 3413: 3403: 3369: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3335: 3334: 3317:infant mortality 3247: 3243: 3186:hydroelectricity 3082:on 31 May 1995. 2994: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2787:Capital District 2731: 2730: 2683: 2677:Communes of Mali 2647:Military of Mali 2464:Politics of Mali 2426:Wildlife of Mali 2328:Sudanian savanna 2085:Koulikoro Region 2060:, September 2020 1878:In August 2013, 1825:seized power in 1813:In January 2012 1674:Independence Day 1653:French Community 1628: 1625: 1485:Battle of Kirina 1357: 1353: 1349: 1277:Operation Serval 1267:of a new state, 1191:that controlled 1166:Sudanian savanna 1099:Republic of Mali 1029: 996: 995: 989: 988: 982: 971: 970: 962: 946: 945: 927: 926: 910: 894: 893: 875: 874: 858: 825:21,990,607 ( 726:24 November 1958 423:Spoken languages 404:Working language 329: 315: 314: 312: 311: 310: 305: 304:12.650°N 8.000°W 301: 298: 297: 296: 293: 278:and largest city 266: 256: 255: 241: 237: 236: 218: 210: 204: 200: 199: 180: 166: 146: 131: 130: 125: 110: 95: 94: 92: 90:Jumhūriyyet Māli 74: 73: 59: 58: 46: 45: 40: 32:Republic of Mali 28: 27: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14531: 14530: 14446: 14445: 14436: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14390: 14333: 14261: 14212: 14181: 14179: 14172: 14161: 14159: 14152: 14138:Northern Cyprus 14121: 14120:and territories 14119: 14105: 14089: 13782: 13765: 13759: 13729: 13724: 13706: 13685: 13646:French language 13634: 13604: 13588: 13462: 13426: 13400: 13296:North Macedonia 13120: 13115: 13085: 13080: 12927: 12922: 12892: 12887: 12869: 12838: 12817: 12765: 12732: 12666: 12650: 12597: 12571: 12510: 12492: 12464: 12431: 12413: 12381: 12348: 12276: 12271: 12241: 12236: 12200: 12184: 12153: 12132: 12128:Pelagie Islands 12111: 12087: 12085: 12075: 12063: 12045: 12042: 12034: 12013: 12010: 12002: 11993: 11709: 11700: 11665: 11657: 11652: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11612: 11608:Public holidays 11559: 11483: 11442: 11408:Law enforcement 11359: 11290: 11251:Mali Federation 11177: 11168: 11130:Wayback Machine 11117:Wayback Machine 11101:Wayback Machine 11085:Wayback Machine 11062:Wayback Machine 11040: 11030: 11025:Wayback Machine 11014: 11009: 11003: 10984: 10960: 10958: 10951: 10920: 10918: 10906: 10897:Wayback Machine 10890:English version 10881: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10844: 10842: 10827: 10823: 10813: 10811: 10804: 10788: 10784: 10776: 10767: 10759: 10750: 10740: 10738: 10723: 10722: 10718: 10708:Wayback Machine 10698: 10694: 10682: 10678: 10657: 10648: 10640: 10627: 10619: 10612: 10604: 10593: 10585: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10552: 10550: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10524: 10520: 10503: 10496: 10486: 10484: 10480: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10425: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10358:. 7 July 2004. 10351: 10347: 10346: 10331: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10295: 10289:Wayback Machine 10280: 10276: 10268: 10264: 10254:Wayback Machine 10243: 10239: 10231: 10218: 10212:Wayback Machine 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10178: 10177: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10137:Wayback Machine 10128: 10124: 10118:Wayback Machine 10109: 10105: 10097: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10032:Wayback Machine 10023: 10016: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9971: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9922: 9912:Wayback Machine 9902: 9898: 9891: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9818: 9814: 9808:Wayback Machine 9798: 9794: 9788:Wayback Machine 9778: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9747: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9713: 9711: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9606:Wayback Machine 9592: 9588: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9500: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9462: 9453: 9441: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9423: 9421: 9414: 9390: 9386: 9380:Wayback Machine 9371: 9367: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9334: 9333: 9329: 9323:Wayback Machine 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9285: 9284: 9263: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9239: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9186: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9076: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9013: 9011: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8927: 8922:. 1 July 2022. 8914: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8857:Wayback Machine 8845: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8671: 8667: 8612: 8608: 8602:Wayback Machine 8593: 8589: 8583:Wayback Machine 8573: 8569: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8529: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8408: 8406: 8399:Washington Post 8393: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8288: 8286: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8185: 8181: 8172: 8170: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8145: 8143: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8050:. 25 May 2021. 8042: 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8012: 8011: 8007: 7997: 7995: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7952: 7951: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7883: 7879: 7869: 7867: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7442: 7441: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7409:. 31 May 2019. 7401: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7325: 7323: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7183: 7179: 7173:Wayback Machine 7164: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6937:on 16 June 2011 6927: 6920: 6909: 6907: 6906:on 16 June 2011 6898: 6897: 6890: 6884:Wayback Machine 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6756: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6730:Wayback Machine 6721: 6717: 6704:Wayback Machine 6689: 6685: 6677: 6646: 6638: 6629: 6620: 6616: 6607: 6603: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6563: 6559:Arazi, Noemie. 6557: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6435: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6400: 6384: 6380: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6282:Wayback Machine 6273: 6266: 6257:Wayback Machine 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6177:Wayback Machine 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6128:Wayback Machine 6117: 6113: 6107:Wayback Machine 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6001: 5995:Wayback Machine 5986: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5885: 5884: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5689: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5561: 5554:Wayback Machine 5539: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5468: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5415: 5412:[ma.li] 5407: 5398: 5397: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5350: 5346: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5318:Outline of Mali 5303: 5298: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5257: 5226: 5220: 5172: 5166: 5127:Hamchetou Maiga 5080: 5048:Yambo Ouologuem 5033: 4985:Ali Farka Touré 4969:Toumani Diabaté 4946: 4940: 4924:Konoguel Mosque 4917: 4915:Culture of Mali 4911: 4898: 4889: 4876: 4864: 4862:Gender equality 4818:Village in the 4778: 4772: 4741: 4735: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4640: 4627: 4596: 4590: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4405: 4392: 4377: 4362: 4347: 4332: 4317: 4302: 4287: 4272: 4257: 4242: 4227: 4212: 4197: 4178: 4163: 4148: 4133: 4118: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4067: 4054: 4039: 4024: 4009: 3994: 3979: 3964: 3949: 3934: 3919: 3904: 3889: 3874: 3859: 3844: 3825: 3810: 3795: 3780: 3751: 3605: 3600: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3340: 3332: 3325: 3309:Life expectancy 3230: 3224: 3207: 3201: 3182: 3176: 3145: 3121: 2995: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2938:Economy of Mali 2934: 2786: 2746: 2741: 2695: 2679: 2673:Cercles of Mali 2669:Regions of Mali 2667:Main articles: 2665: 2649: 2643: 2621:In early 2019, 2553: 2545:Main articles: 2543: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2428: 2422: 2398:desertification 2347:thermal equator 2210: 2204: 2056:Members of the 2050: 2044: 2036:Main articles: 2034: 1896: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1761: 1697: 1669: 1661:Mali Federation 1626: 1612: 1606: 1375: 1370: 1368:History of Mali 1364: 1324:Sankarani River 1297: 1273:a military coup 1203:is named), the 1189:African empires 1158:sovereign state 1024: 993: 992: 991: 980: 968: 967: 966: 960: 939: 920: 908: 887: 868: 852: 836: 822: 805: 791: 770: 760: 750: 740: 738:Mali Federation 723: 710: 669: 653: 608: 590: 582: 505: 417: 398: 323: 308: 306: 302: 299: 294: 291: 289: 287: 286: 285: 279: 271: 270: 257: 244: 239: 219: 212: 205: 202: 188: 187: 186: 181: 173: 172: 167: 154: 153: 108:Mali Tɔgɔbadugu 42: 41: 38: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14539: 14529: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14388: 14383: 14381:Largest cities 14378: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14359:GDP per capita 14356: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14338: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14280: 14278: 14271: 14267: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14253: 14247: 14241: 14235: 14233: 14226: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14210: 14208:United Nations 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14184: 14182: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14170: 14164: 14162: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14124: 14122: 14117: 14111: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13790: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13758: 13757: 13750: 13743: 13735: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13722: 13711: 13708: 13707: 13705: 13704: 13699: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13642: 13640: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13494:Czech Republic 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13470: 13468: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13137: 13135: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13114: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13091: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12921: 12920: 12913: 12906: 12898: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12823: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12779: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12742: 12740: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12684: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12658: 12656: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12607: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12579: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12520: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12502: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12474: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12395: 12389: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12367:Extreme points 12364: 12358: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12305:Monrovia Group 12302: 12297: 12292: 12290:Pan-Africanism 12286: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12270: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12247: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12222: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12165:Canary Islands 12161: 12159: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12151: 12149:Savage Islands 12146: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12119: 12117: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12098: 12096: 12089: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12071: 12069: 12068:United Kingdom 12065: 12064: 12062: 12061: 12055: 12053: 12046: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12016: 12014: 12007: 12004: 12003: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11699: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11638: 11637: 11630: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11505:Child marriage 11501: 11495: 11489: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11460: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11438:Vice President 11435: 11433:Prime Minister 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11340:National parks 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11310: 11304: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11231:Massina Empire 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11211:Songhai Empire 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11167: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11120: 11107: 11091: 11075: 11052: 11037: 11027: 11013: 11012:External links 11010: 11008: 11007: 11001: 10988: 10982: 10967: 10949: 10934: 10917:. January 2005 10900: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10821: 10802: 10782: 10765: 10748: 10716: 10692: 10676: 10646: 10625: 10610: 10591: 10572: 10560: 10549:on 8 July 2013 10531: 10518: 10508:Oxfam (1997). 10494: 10423: 10376: 10329: 10293: 10274: 10262: 10237: 10216: 10197: 10186:on 13 May 2013 10171: 10141: 10122: 10103: 10068: 10036: 10014: 9981: 9955: 9920: 9896: 9871: 9864: 9842: 9812: 9792: 9772: 9741: 9721: 9696: 9670: 9640: 9610: 9586: 9577: 9570: 9548: 9541: 9523: 9516: 9487: 9451: 9442:|website= 9412: 9384: 9365: 9353: 9327: 9308: 9261: 9237: 9205: 9179: 9143: 9131: 9124: 9106: 9051: 9021: 8995: 8968: 8937: 8907: 8895: 8883: 8871: 8838: 8826: 8803: 8791: 8779: 8767: 8744: 8732: 8665: 8626:(6): 534–545. 8606: 8587: 8567: 8548: 8527: 8506:10.2307/634762 8492:(2): 204–216. 8476: 8446: 8416: 8386: 8356: 8326: 8311:. 9 May 2022. 8296: 8266: 8236: 8210: 8179: 8152: 8125: 8095: 8065: 8035: 8005: 7975: 7938: 7908: 7877: 7847: 7815: 7785: 7755: 7728: 7698: 7668: 7642: 7616: 7586: 7556: 7539:Africanews.com 7525: 7496: 7479:Foreign Policy 7465: 7424: 7394: 7364: 7334: 7303: 7277: 7251: 7220: 7194: 7190:Globe and Mail 7177: 7158: 7127: 7093: 7081: 7069: 7030:(52): 97–103. 7010: 6993:National Today 6979: 6962:Threadster.com 6948: 6918: 6888: 6868: 6842: 6817: 6805: 6775: 6746: 6734: 6715: 6683: 6644: 6627: 6614: 6601: 6588: 6551: 6541: 6534: 6508: 6489: 6469: 6433: 6425:Niane, Djibril 6417: 6398: 6378: 6355: 6336: 6316: 6286: 6264: 6241: 6211: 6181: 6162: 6132: 6111: 6090: 6064: 6030: 5999: 5980: 5942: 5912: 5871: 5840: 5807: 5774: 5744: 5714: 5687: 5647: 5604: 5559: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5497: 5479: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5416: 5365: 5344: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5294: 5278: 5275: 5255:Le Républicain 5249:Nouvel Horizon 5222:Main article: 5219: 5216: 5188:Malian cuisine 5170:Malian cuisine 5168:Main article: 5165: 5162: 5079: 5076: 5032: 5029: 4999:, and several 4942:Main article: 4939: 4936: 4913:Main article: 4910: 4907: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4875: 4872: 4863: 4860: 4776:Health in Mali 4774:Main article: 4771: 4768: 4737:Main article: 4734: 4731: 4696:Dogon religion 4686:and one-third 4684:Roman Catholic 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4592:Main article: 4589: 4586: 4429:Main article: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4101:Mother Tongues 4098: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3679:region of the 3604: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3324: 3321: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3240:girl in Bamako 3226:Main article: 3223: 3220: 3203:Main article: 3200: 3197: 3175: 3172: 3144: 3141: 3120: 3117: 2997: 2996: 2954: 2952: 2945: 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2664: 2661: 2642: 2639: 2627:United Nations 2542: 2539: 2512:chief of state 2470: 2467: 2462:Main article: 2459: 2456: 2421: 2418: 2290:the north-west 2274:the south-west 2258:the south-east 2206:Main article: 2203: 2200: 2066:Soumaïla Cissé 2033: 2030: 1982:Soumaïla Cissé 1978:Rally for Mali 1919:climate change 1895: 1892: 1793:Main article: 1790: 1787: 1760: 1757: 1737:les évenements 1696: 1693: 1689:Liberation Day 1668: 1665: 1605: 1602: 1559:Songhai Empire 1516:Songhai Empire 1493:Sundiata Keita 1420:Soninke people 1374: 1371: 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1320:Sundiata Keita 1296: 1293: 1229:Songhai Empire 1209:Songhai Empire 1090: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1003: 1002: 983: 973: 972: 963: 953: 952: 940: 937: 934: 933: 921: 918: 915: 914: 911: 901: 900: 888: 885: 882: 881: 869: 866: 863: 862: 859: 845: 844: 837: 835:• Density 834: 831: 830: 823: 820: 817: 816: 810: 809: 806: 803: 800: 799: 792: 789: 786: 785: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 764: 763:20 August 1960 761: 758: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 744: 741: 736:to create the 731: 728: 727: 724: 718: 715: 714: 711: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 691: 690: 685: 681: 680: 677: 676: 670: 667:Prime Minister 664: 661: 660: 654: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 638:military junta 628: 622: 621: 616: 610: 609: 607: 606: 600: 593: 591: 588: 584: 583: 581: 580: 574: 568: 562: 556: 550: 544: 534: 528: 522: 515: 513: 507: 506: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 427: 425: 419: 418: 416: 415: 408: 406: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Senufo, Senara 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 349:Dogon, Toro So 346: 341: 336: 330: 321: 317: 316: 309:12.650; -8.000 280: 277: 273: 272: 268: 267: 259: 258: 242: 222: 221: 190: 189: 182: 175: 174: 168: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 140: 133: 132: 129:ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ 123:Tagduda n Mali 119: 112: 111: 104: 97: 96: 83: 76: 75: 68: 61: 60: 53: 39:Official names 37: 36: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14538: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14444: 14441: 14397: 14396: 14393: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14344: 14340: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14281: 14279: 14277:Extraordinary 14275: 14272: 14268: 14257: 14254: 14251: 14248: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14223: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14193:African Union 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14180:organizations 14178:International 14175: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13888:Guinea-Bissau 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13788:Member states 13785: 13779: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13763: 13756: 13751: 13749: 13744: 13742: 13737: 13736: 13733: 13721: 13713: 13712: 13709: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13688: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13611: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13417:New Brunswick 13415: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13403: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13266:Guinea-Bissau 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13112: 13107: 13105: 13100: 13098: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996:Guinea-Bissau 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12919: 12914: 12912: 12907: 12905: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12884: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12788: 12787:Gold standard 12784: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12467: 12461: 12460:2025 election 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12434: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12384: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12372:Member states 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12351: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12274:African Union 12268: 12263: 12261: 12256: 12254: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12233: 12232: 12231:Africa portal 12227: 12223: 12221: 12220: 12211: 12210: 12207: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12086:fully part of 12082: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12037: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12005: 12000: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11839:Guinea-Bissau 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11668: 11661: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11515:Ethnic groups 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11276:2020 protests 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11216:Bamana Empire 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11165: 11160: 11158: 11153: 11151: 11146: 11145: 11142: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050:OpenStreetMap 11047: 11038: 11036: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11015: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10975: 10974: 10968: 10956: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10930:public domain 10916: 10912: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10874: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10786: 10779: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10762: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10720: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10673: 10672:1-84353-118-6 10669: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10643: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10622: 10617: 10615: 10607: 10602: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10588: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10569: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10528: 10522: 10515: 10514:0-85598-334-5 10511: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10479: 10475: 10468: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10408: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10361: 10357: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10297: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10278: 10271: 10266: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10241: 10234: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10201: 10185: 10181: 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9280: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9222: 9215: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8905:, Art. 83–94. 8904: 8899: 8892: 8887: 8880: 8875: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8848:Koné, Denis. 8842: 8835: 8830: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8741: 8736: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8591: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8571: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8457:(in French). 8456: 8450: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8284: 8280: 8279:AlJazeera.com 8276: 8270: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8168: 8165:, NPR, 2023, 8164: 8163: 8156: 8141: 8138:, BBC, 2023, 8137: 8136: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8108:AlJazeera.com 8105: 8099: 8083: 8079: 8078:AlJazeera.com 8075: 8069: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7382: 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5458: 5454: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5401: 5394: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5340: 5339:lingua franca 5333: 5329: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5305:Africa portal 5295: 5292: 5281: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5224:Media of Mali 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5068:Moussa Konaté 5065: 5059: 5058:Prix Renaudot 5053: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5013:Oumou Sangare 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4944:Music of Mali 4935: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711:secular state 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4498:lingua franca 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4400:Other Foreign 4398: 4389: 4387: 4386:Other African 4383: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062:Other foreign 4060: 4051: 4049: 4048:Other African 4045: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673:Azawagh Arabs 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639:(also called 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3603:Ethnic groups 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3008: 3003: 2993: 2990: 2982: 2972: 2971:the talk page 2968: 2962: 2960: 2955:This section 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2704:Ménaka Cercle 2678: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2593:African Union 2590: 2586: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2414:potable water 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:deforestation 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Sahara Desert 2321: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2299:Landscape in 2297: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2182:Sergey Lavrov 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2006:ethnicization 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1962:Modibo Sidibe 1959: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:a coup d'état 1824: 1823:Amadou Sanogo 1820: 1816: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685:Moussa Traoré 1681: 1677: 1675: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537:, Mali), 1890 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428:Djenne-Djenno 1425: 1421: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1359: 1345: 1344:Mande peoples 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:Tuareg rebels 1258: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Sahara Desert 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151:lingua franca 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1070:ISO 3166 code 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 984: 978: 974: 964: 958: 954: 950: 941: 935: 931: 922: 916: 912: 906: 902: 898: 895:$ 2,639 ( 889: 883: 879: 870: 864: 860: 856: 850: 846: 842: 838: 832: 828: 824: 818: 815: 811: 807: 801: 797: 793: 787: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 762: 756: 752: 746: 742: 739: 735: 729: 725: 722: 716: 712: 709: 703: 699: 696: 692: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 671: 668: 662: 658: 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12941:Burkina Faso 12329: 12315:Abuja Treaty 12229: 12217: 12059:Îles Éparses 11949:South Africa 11939:Sierra Leone 11878: 11743:Burkina Faso 11540:Prostitution 11510:Demographics 11396:Human rights 11381:Constitution 11312: 11246:French Sudan 11191:Ghana Empire 11170: 11078:Mali profile 11065: 10992: 10972: 10959:. 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Retrieved 5579: 5547: 5544: 5536: 5504:جمهورية مالي 5453: 5368: 5353:Christianity 5347: 5337: 5332: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5181: 5151: 5138: 5120: 5112:Stade Malien 5093: 5051: 5045: 5036: 5034: 5021:Rokia Traore 4955: 4929: 4899: 4890: 4877: 4865: 4848:immunization 4844:tuberculosis 4825: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4782:malnutrition 4779: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4719: 4708: 4694:such as the 4673: 4635:Christianity 4554:Tieyaxo Bozo 4511: 4496: 4434: 4371:Other Malian 4033:Other Malian 3731: 3720: 3693: 3618: 3294: 3282: 3222:Demographics 3208: 3194: 3183: 3157: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3097: 3095: 3084: 3076: 3057: 3038: 2985: 2976: 2965:Please help 2956: 2747:Census 2009 2724: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2650: 2620: 2612:Sierra Leone 2601: 2581: 2532: 2528: 2509: 2486: 2478:Assimi Goita 2429: 2420:Biodiversity 2406:soil erosion 2382: 2377: 2369: 2361: 2340: 2313: 2254:Burkina Faso 2219: 2193: 2189:a referendum 2186: 2180: 2172:Wagner Group 2164: 2145: 2121:Moctar Ouane 2113:Sadio Camara 2109: 2101: 2089:Boubou Cissé 2077:Ismaël Wagué 2073:Assimi Goïta 2070: 2063: 2026:Burkina Faso 2019: 1990: 1967: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1897: 1888:the election 1877: 1851: 1812: 1777: 1762: 1749: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1718: 1714: 1698: 1680:Modibo Keïta 1678: 1670: 1667:Independence 1650: 1642: 1638:French Sudan 1631: 1587: 1563: 1540: 1497:Sosso Empire 1482: 1466:Ghana Empire 1447: 1432: 1412: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1289:Assimi Goïta 1254: 1245:French Sudan 1197:Ghana Empire 1186: 1168:and has the 1155: 1123:Burkina Faso 1098: 1094: 1093: 1082:Internet TLD 1058:Calling code 919:• Total 867:• Total 790:• Total 753:20 June 1960 743:4 April 1959 657:Assimi Goïta 324: 225: 194:Motto: 193: 184:Coat of arms 25: 14435: / 14198:Arab League 14160:communities 13913:Ivory Coast 13803:Afghanistan 13681:LGBT rights 13574:South Korea 13376:Switzerland 13356:Saint Lucia 13276:Ivory Coast 13001:Ivory Coast 12708:Enlargement 12483:Secretariat 12445:Chairperson 12427:Chairperson 12337:Chairperson 12325:Lome Summit 12123:Pantelleria 12043:territories 12011:recognition 11954:South Sudan 11844:Ivory Coast 11464:Foreign aid 11401:LGBT rights 11201:Mali Empire 10487:24 November 10416:24 November 10369:24 November 10322:24 November 10164:19 November 10007:14 December 9974:14 February 9714:5 September 9689:14 December 9230:21 February 9198:21 February 9172:21 February 8846:(in French) 8685:(1): 5978. 8229:13 February 7778:1 September 7748:30 November 7151:4 September 7143:. Toronto. 7120:24 November 6691:John Iliffe 6224:The Week UK 5663:sgg-mali.ml 5623:sgg-mali.ml 5580:sgg-mali.ml 5470:N'Ko script 5420:N'Ko script 5357:No religion 5291:Mali portal 5258: [ 5208:jollof rice 5116:Real Bamako 5025:Habib Koité 5005:Salif Keita 4997:Khaira Arby 4704:agnosticism 3727:Arma people 3698:-descended 3621:sub-Saharan 3532:Kalabancoro 3119:Agriculture 2742:Census 1998 2734:Region name 2604:Ivory Coast 2493:legislative 2391:, salt and 2343:torrid zone 2262:Ivory Coast 2117:Modibo Kone 2002:Adama Dieng 1627: 1950 1594:John Iliffe 1571:Judar Pasha 1547:Niger River 1543:Mali Empire 1535:Fula people 1506:Map of the 1439:Ibn Khaldun 1403:Mali Empire 1401:) from the 1383:Mali Empire 1312:Ibn Battuta 1305:Mali Empire 1259:, in which 1205:Mali Empire 1199:(for which 1127:Ivory Coast 1107:West Africa 1039:Date format 990: 0.410 947:$ 912 ( 708:Mali Empire 684:Legislature 307: / 144:Mali Laamaa 14450:Categories 14376:Population 14075:Uzbekistan 14045:Tajikistan 13973:Mozambique 13963:Mauritania 13933:Kyrgyzstan 13923:Kazakhstan 13828:Bangladesh 13818:Azerbaijan 13549:Mozambique 13544:Montenegro 13371:Seychelles 13311:Mauritania 13301:Madagascar 13291:Luxembourg 13196:Cape Verde 13026:Mauritania 12946:Cape Verde 12829:Africa Day 12783:Currencies 12437:Commission 12030:Somaliland 11934:Seychelles 11899:Mozambique 11884:Mauritania 11869:Madagascar 11824:The Gambia 11758:Cape Verde 11588:Literature 9948:25 January 9765:16 January 9424:29 October 9099:12 January 9044:21 January 8920:AfricaNews 8893:, Art. 81. 8881:, Art. 65. 8801:, Art. 38. 8777:, Art. 30. 8620:BioScience 8585:. Minxcon. 8563:Archive-It 8409:9 February 8379:9 February 8339:Yahoo News 8203:10 January 7840:22 October 7808:22 October 7609:15 October 7387:15 October 7357:4 February 7326:30 January 7112:. London. 7062:9 February 6861:1 February 6768:21 January 6581:4 November 6309:13 January 5925:World Bank 5905:16 October 5833:17 October 5636:21 October 5528:References 5435:𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 5243:Info Matin 5178:Malian tea 5108:Djoliba AC 5031:Literature 5007:, the duo 4981:jeli ngoni 4830:and other 4790:sanitation 4727:Open Doors 4688:Protestant 4649:Indigenous 4516:by 51.5%, 4413:Not Stated 4075:Not Stated 3743:sharia law 3659:(6%), and 3433:1,810,366 3305:death rate 3297:birth rate 3178:See also: 3098:Zone Franc 3060:World Bank 3025:Kalabougou 2961:to readers 2851:Tombouctou 2845:2,036,209 2829:2,338,349 2813:2,643,179 2797:1,810,366 2779:2,422,108 2763:1,993,615 2745:Population 2740:Population 2565:Mark Rutte 2469:Government 2424:See also: 2385:phosphates 2286:Mauritania 2046:See also: 1925:linked to 1910:, and the 1857:intervened 1839:Ansar Dine 1799:See also: 1608:See also: 1478:Almoravids 1458:Mansa Musa 1350:shifts to 1225:university 1213:Mansa Musa 1119:Mauritania 1042:dd/mm/yyyy 814:Population 626:Government 614:Demonym(s) 414:(de facto) 14511:Republics 14386:Education 14118:Countries 14110:Observers 14094:Suspended 14005:Palestine 13898:Indonesia 13534:Louisiana 13529:Lithuania 13474:Argentina 13467:Observers 13316:Mauritius 12354:Geography 12041:Dependent 11889:Mauritius 11535:Languages 11520:Education 11479:Transport 11428:President 11386:Elections 11335:Mountains 11296:Geography 11286:2021 coup 11281:2020 coup 11261:2012 coup 11103:from the 11087:from the 10780:, p. 146. 10674:, p. 320. 10623:, p. 151. 10589:, p. 128. 9444:ignored ( 9434:cite book 8961:18 August 8930:18 August 8862:Les Echos 8709:2041-1723 8642:0006-3568 8514:0016-7398 8173:27 August 7998:21 August 7968:21 August 7901:21 August 7599:France 24 7316:USA Today 7296:25 August 7044:0305-6244 6625:, p. 108. 6612:, p. 333. 6501:24 August 6410:24 August 6348:24 August 5767:8 October 5509:romanized 5351:Includes 5231:Les Echos 5182:Rice and 5125:, led by 4993:Tinariwen 4832:arthropod 4733:Education 4578:Hassaniya 3749:Languages 3739:Islamists 3633:Khassonké 3573:Koulikoro 3537:Koulikoro 3168:limestone 3164:phosphate 3115:in 2023. 3102:CFA franc 2979:July 2021 2899:Taoudénit 2842:1,484,601 2826:1,675,357 2810:1,782,157 2794:1,016,296 2776:1,570,507 2769:Koulikoro 2760:1,374,316 2737:Area (km) 2635:Anguelhok 2393:limestone 2389:kaolinite 2266:the south 2202:Geography 2160:Tidermène 2104:Bah N'daw 2010:displaced 1923:Islamists 1849:in Mali. 1443:al-Idrisi 1299:The name 1295:Etymology 1265:secession 1048:Drives on 1021:Time zone 909:(nominal) 695:Formation 675:(interim) 659:(interim) 651:President 587:Religion 359:Hassaniya 80:Hassaniya 14432:17°N 4°W 14270:Sessions 14148:Thailand 14040:Suriname 13993:Pakistan 13953:Maldives 13948:Malaysia 13863:Djibouti 13848:Cameroon 13720:Category 13676:TV5Monde 13600:Thailand 13569:Slovenia 13564:Slovakia 13231:Dominica 13226:Djibouti 13186:Cameroon 13181:Cambodia 13166:Bulgaria 12966:Djibouti 12883:Category 12761:Passport 12676:Politics 12419:Assembly 12219:Category 12137:Portugal 11989:Zimbabwe 11964:Tanzania 11814:Ethiopia 11809:Eswatini 11788:Djibouti 11753:Cameroon 11738:Botswana 11643:Category 11603:Polygamy 11545:Religion 11413:Military 11369:Politics 11355:Wildlife 11325:Communes 11266:Mali War 11175:articles 11126:Archived 11113:Archived 11097:Archived 11089:BBC News 11081:Archived 11058:Archived 11021:Archived 10955:Archived 10893:Archived 10839:Archived 10808:Archived 10763:, p. 30. 10741:7 August 10735:Archived 10704:Archived 10666:(2003). 10644:, p. 55. 10642:DiPiazza 10608:, p. 28. 10570:, p. 29. 10516:, p. 13. 10478:Archived 10476:. 2012. 10407:Archived 10360:Archived 10313:Archived 10285:Archived 10250:Archived 10208:Archived 10158:Archived 10133:Archived 10114:Archived 10028:Archived 9968:Archived 9908:Archived 9835:25 April 9829:Archived 9804:Archived 9784:Archived 9759:Archived 9683:Archived 9657:Archived 9655:. 2022. 9627:Archived 9602:Archived 9474:Archived 9470:BBC News 9418:Archived 9376:Archived 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4542:Tamasheq 4540:(3.8%), 4538:Minianka 4536:(5.2%), 4534:Mandinka 4532:(5.3%), 4528:(5.7%), 4520:(8.3%), 4493:Tamasheq 4477:Minyanka 4469:Kassonke 4281:Kassonké 4221:Tamasheq 4206:Minianka 4172:Mandinka 3943:Kassonké 3883:Tamasheq 3868:Minyanka 3853:Mandinka 3704:Tamasheq 3641:Mandinka 3523:120,786 3505:126,319 3487:133,501 3469:141,444 3460:Koutiala 3451:226,618 3253:Million 3212:taxicabs 3162:, salt, 3062:and the 2877:542,304 2861:674,793 2716:communes 2713:and 703 2641:Military 2623:Al Qaeda 2616:banditry 2497:judicial 2410:supplies 2282:the west 2250:the east 2152:Mali War 1927:al-Qaeda 1912:pastoral 1906:and the 1795:Mali War 1598:Timbuktu 1555:Timbuktu 1489:Mandinka 1435:al-Bakri 1407:Timbuktu 1316:Mandinka 1221:Timbuktu 1006:Currency 636:under a 486:Kassonke 466:Tamasheq 461:Minyanka 456:Mandinka 394:Tamasheq 374:Minyanka 364:Kassonke 240:(French) 203:(French) 116:Tamasheq 14369:Imports 14364:Exports 14349:Economy 14314:Seventh 14225:History 14055:Tunisia 14030:Somalia 14020:Senegal 13983:Nigeria 13968:Morocco 13938:Lebanon 13858:Comoros 13823:Bahrain 13813:Algeria 13808:Albania 13796:Members 13690:Related 13639:Culture 13584:Uruguay 13579:Ukraine 13554:Ontario 13514:Ireland 13509:Hungary 13504:Georgia 13489:Croatia 13479:Austria 13396:Vietnam 13391:Vanuatu 13386:Tunisia 13366:Senegal 13346:Romania 13331:Morocco 13321:Moldova 13286:Lebanon 13211:Comoros 13176:Burundi 13156:Belgium 13151:Armenia 13146:Andorra 13141:Albania 13134:Members 13126:Members 13076:Tunisia 13061:Somalia 13051:Senegal 13041:Nigeria 13031:Morocco 13011:Liberia 12976:Eritrea 12961:Comoros 12822:Culture 12775:Economy 12738:Symbols 12377:Regions 12362:Borders 12282:History 12196:Socotra 12175:Melilla 12144:Madeira 12107:Réunion 12102:Mayotte 11974:Tunisia 11944:Somalia 11929:Senegal 11914:Nigeria 11904:Namibia 11894:Morocco 11859:Liberia 11854:Lesotho 11804:Eritrea 11773:Comoros 11748:Burundi 11723:Algeria 11627:Outline 11573:Cuisine 11565:Culture 11550:Slavery 11493:Society 11474:Tourism 11452:Economy 11345:Regions 11314:Cercles 11308:Borders 11183:History 10961:20 June 10921:30 July 10882:2 April 10814:20 June 10543:"Music" 10235:, p. 8. 10101:, p. 7. 9363:, p. 9. 9159:MINUSMA 8718:7723057 8687:Bibcode 8651:5451287 8546:, p. 5. 8494:Bibcode 8259:6 April 8118:6 April 7711:UN News 7549:28 July 7417:23 June 7270:28 July 7244:28 July 7234:Reuters 7213:28 July 7079:, p. 4. 7052:4005962 6972:1 March 6941:1 March 6910:1 March 6840:, p. 3. 6693:(2007) 6642:, p. 1. 6057:17 July 6023:17 July 5935:2 March 5891:IMF.org 5864:22 June 5727:CIA.gov 5712:, p. 6. 5676:26 July 5593:26 July 5511:: 5461:Bambara 5237:L'Essor 5192:spinach 5164:Cuisine 5147:mancala 5090:village 4932:boubous 4909:Culture 4896:Efforts 4840:cholera 4828:Malaria 4805:equinut 4786:hygiene 4700:Atheism 4654: 4639: 4626: 4615:Percent 4546:Sénoufo 4530:Songhai 4526:Soninké 4524:(6.6%) 4514:Bambara 4503:Bambara 4489:Soninke 4473:Maninke 4445:Bambara 4417: 4404: 4391: 4376: 4361: 4346: 4331: 4316: 4301: 4286: 4271: 4256: 4241: 4226: 4211: 4196: 4187:Songhai 4177: 4162: 4147: 4132: 4117: 4112:Bambara 4106:percent 4079: 4066: 4053: 4038: 4023: 4008: 3993: 3978: 3963: 3948: 3933: 3918: 3903: 3888: 3873: 3858: 3843: 3834:Songhai 3824: 3809: 3794: 3779: 3774:Bambara 3768:percent 3723:Spanish 3712:Slavery 3708:slavery 3677:Azawagh 3657:Songhai 3655:(12%), 3653:Voltaic 3651:(17%), 3637:Malinké 3629:Soninké 3625:Bambara 3595:66,967 3577:84,500 3559:86,353 3541:96,173 3465:Sikasso 3447:Sikasso 3442:Sikasso 3416:Sikasso 3286:nomadic 3068:SOTELMA 3027:potters 2957:may be 2932:Economy 2925:54,456 2909:18,160 2903:440,176 2893:67,739 2887:151,430 2874:341,542 2858:442,619 2803:Sikasso 2757:119,743 2725:régions 2608:Liberia 2301:Hombori 2278:Senegal 2222:Algeria 2196:Ukraine 2156:Ansongo 2022:Mondoro 1984:of the 1976:of the 1968:In the 1908:Bambara 1779:Slavery 1725:Algeria 1721:Tuaregs 1701:drought 1657:Senegal 1590:famines 1531:Sambala 1470:Soninke 1385:'s peak 1362:History 1233:Saadian 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