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275:, that the air did not have weight; that is, that the kilometers of air above the surface of the Earth did not exert any weight on the bodies below it. Even Galileo had accepted the weightlessness of air as a simple truth. Torricelli proposed that rather than an attractive force of the vacuum sucking up water, air did indeed have weight, which pushed on the water, holding up a column of it. He argued that the level that the water stayed at—c. 10.3 m above the water surface below—was reflective of the force of the air's weight pushing on the water in the basin, setting a limit for how far down the water level could sink in a tall, closed, water-filled tube. He viewed the barometer as a balance—an instrument for measurement—as opposed to merely an instrument for creating a vacuum, and since he was the first to view it this way, he is traditionally considered the inventor of the barometer, in the sense in which we now use the term.
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324:, who himself had been shown the experiment by Torricelli toward the end of 1644. Pascal further devised an experiment to test the Aristotelian proposition that it was vapours from the liquid that filled the space in a barometer. His experiment compared water with wine, and since the latter was considered more "spiritous", the Aristotelians expected the wine to stand lower (since more vapours would mean more pushing down on the liquid column). Pascal performed the experiment publicly, inviting the Aristotelians to predict the outcome beforehand. The Aristotelians predicted the wine would stand lower. It did not.
31:
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646:. The evacuated capsule (or usually several capsules, stacked to add up their movements) is prevented from collapsing by a strong spring. Small changes in external air pressure cause the cell to expand or contract. This expansion and contraction drives mechanical levers such that the tiny movements of the capsule are amplified and displayed on the face of the aneroid barometer. Many models include a manually set needle which is used to mark the current measurement so a change can be seen. This type of barometer is common in homes and in
359:, asking him to perform a crucial experiment. Perier was to take a barometer up the Puy de Dôme and make measurements along the way of the height of the column of mercury. He was then to compare it to measurements taken at the foot of the mountain to see if those measurements taken higher up were in fact smaller. In September 1648, Perier carefully and meticulously carried out the experiment, and found that Pascal's predictions had been correct. The column of mercury stood lower as the barometer was carried to a higher altitude.
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High atmospheric pressure places more force on the reservoir, forcing mercury higher in the column. Low pressure allows the mercury to drop to a lower level in the column by lowering the force placed on the reservoir. Since higher temperature levels around the instrument will reduce the density of the mercury, the scale for reading the height of the mercury is adjusted to compensate for this effect. The tube has to be at least as long as the amount dipping in the mercury + head space + the maximum length of the column.
166:, led over a hill about 21 m high, failed to work. When the end of the siphon was opened in a reservoir, the water level in that limb would sink to about 10 m above the reservoir. Galileo responded with an explanation of the phenomenon: he proposed that it was the power of a vacuum that held the water up, and at a certain height the amount of water simply became too much and the force could not hold any more, like a cord that can support only so much weight. This was a restatement of the theory of
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out, and the level of the water inside the tube stayed at an exact level, which happened to be 10.3 m (34 ft), the same height limit
Baliani had observed in the siphon. What was most important about this experiment was that the lowering water had left a space above it in the tube which had no intermediate contact with air to fill it up. This seemed to suggest the possibility of a vacuum existing in the space above the water.
1092:, filled with mercury from the bottom at Point B to the top at Point C. The pressure at the bottom of the barometer, Point B, is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The pressure at the very top, Point C, can be taken as zero because there is only mercury vapour above this point and its pressure is very low relative to the atmospheric pressure. Therefore, one can find the atmospheric pressure using the barometer and this equation:
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resistance can be derived which is felt if we try to make a vacuum, it seems to me foolish to try to attribute to vacuum those operations which follow evidently from some other cause; and so by making some very easy calculations, I found that the cause assigned by me (that is, the weight of the atmosphere) ought by itself alone to offer a greater resistance than it does when we try to produce a vacuum.
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900:) is displayed. No calculation is needed, as the source barometer reading has already been converted to equivalent sea-level pressure, and this is transferred to the barometer being set—regardless of its altitude. Though somewhat rare, a few aneroid barometers intended for monitoring the weather are calibrated to manually adjust for altitude. In this case, knowing
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to an altitude of 1,000 feet (305 m), about 1 inch of mercury (~35 hPa) must be added on to the reading. The barometer readings at the two locations should be the same if there are negligible changes in time, horizontal distance, and temperature. If this were not done, there would be a false indication of an approaching storm at the higher elevation.
810:, lines of equal pressure, when drawn on such a map, give a contour map showing areas of high and low pressure. Localized high atmospheric pressure acts as a barrier to approaching weather systems, diverting their course. Atmospheric lift caused by low-level wind convergence into the surface brings clouds and sometimes
582:(usually protected in another tube). The wheel turns the point on the front of the barometer. As atmospheric pressure increases mercury moves from the short to the long limb, the float falls and the pointer moves. When pressure falls the mercury moves back, lifting the float and turning the dial the other way.
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above sea level (and increases below sea level) the uncorrected reading of the barometer will depend on its location. The reading is then adjusted to an equivalent sea-level pressure for purposes of reporting. For example, if a barometer located at sea level and under fair weather conditions is moved
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The principle of the barograph is same as that of the aneroid barometer. Whereas the barometer displays the pressure on a dial, the barograph uses the small movements of the box to transmit by a system of levers to a recording arm that has at its extreme end either a scribe or a pen. A scribe records
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was originally defined as 1 mmHg. The pressure is quoted as the level of the mercury's height in the vertical column. Typically, atmospheric pressure is measured between 26.5 inches (670 mm) and 31.5 inches (800 mm) of Hg. One atmosphere (1 atm) is equivalent to 29.92 inches (760 mm)
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where ρ is the density of mercury, g is the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height of the mercury column above the free surface area. The physical dimensions (length of tube and cross-sectional area of the tube) of the barometer itself have no effect on the height of the fluid column in the
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The weather ball barometer consists of a glass container with a sealed body, half filled with water. A narrow spout connects to the body below the water level and rises above the water level. The narrow spout is open to the atmosphere. When the air pressure is lower than it was at the time the body
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is usually mounted on the instrument. Temperature compensation of an aneroid barometer is accomplished by including a bi-metal element in the mechanical linkages. Aneroid barometers sold for domestic use typically have no compensation under the assumption that they will be used within a controlled
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barometers use a variable displacement mercury cistern, usually constructed with a thumbscrew pressing on a leather diaphragm bottom (V in the diagram). This compensates for displacement of mercury in the column with varying pressure. To use a Fortin barometer, the level of mercury is set to zero
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However, Pascal went even further to test the mechanical theory. If, as suspected by mechanical philosophers like
Torricelli and Pascal, air had weight, the pressure would be less at higher altitudes. Therefore, Pascal wrote to his brother-in-law, Florin Perier, who lived near a mountain called the
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Because of rumors circulating in
Torricelli's gossipy Italian neighbourhood, which included that he was engaged in some form of sorcery or witchcraft, Torricelli realized he had to keep his experiment secret to avoid the risk of being arrested. He needed to use a liquid that was heavier than water,
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Many have said that a vacuum does not exist, others that it does exist in spite of the repugnance of nature and with difficulty; I know of no one who has said that it exists without difficulty and without a resistance from nature. I argued thus: If there can be found a manifest cause from which the
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at different heights. He calculated the height at each of his experiments by measuring how long it took an alcohol burner to boil an amount of water, and by these means he determined the height of the mountain to be 4775 metres. (This later turned out to be 32 metres less than the actual height of
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Using vacuum pump oil as the working fluid in a barometer has led to the creation of the new "World's
Tallest Barometer" in February 2013. The barometer at Portland State University (PSU) uses doubly distilled vacuum pump oil and has a nominal height of about 12.4 m for the oil column height;
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In brief, Berti's experiment consisted of filling with water a long tube that had both ends plugged, then standing the tube in a basin of water. The bottom end of the tube was opened, and water that had been inside of it poured out into the basin. However, only part of the water in the tube flowed
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Barometric pressure and the pressure tendency (the change of pressure over time) have been used in weather forecasting since the late 19th century. When used in combination with wind observations, reasonably accurate short-term forecasts can be made. Simultaneous barometric readings from across a
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Around 1810 the wheel barometer, which could be read from a great distance, became the first practical and commercial instrument favoured by farmers and the educated classes in the UK. The face of the barometer was circular with a simple dial pointing to an easily readable scale: "Rain - Change -
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barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure in a certain location and has a vertical glass tube closed at the top sitting in an open mercury-filled basin at the bottom. Mercury in the tube adjusts until the weight of it balances the atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir.
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A wheel barometer uses a "J" tube sealed at the top of the longer limb. The shorter limb is open to the atmosphere and floating on top of the mercury there is a small glass float. A fine silken thread is attached to the float which passes up over a wheel and then back down to a counterweight
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There are many other more unusual types of barometer. From variations on the storm barometer, such as the
Collins Patent Table Barometer, to more traditional-looking designs such as Hooke's Otheometer and the Ross Sympiesometer. Some, such as the Shark Oil barometer, work only in a certain
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on smoked foil while a pen records on paper using ink, held in a nib. The recording material is mounted on a cylindrical drum which is rotated slowly by a clock. Commonly, the drum makes one revolution per day, per week, or per month and the rotation rate can often be selected by the user.
77:, while a barometer is kept at the same level and measures subtle pressure changes caused by weather and elements of weather. The average atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface varies between 940 and 1040 hPa (mbar). The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013 hPa (mbar).
757:
were unable to confirm additional GPS accuracy or lock speed due to barometric readings. The researchers suggest that the inclusion of barometers in smartphones may provide a solution for determining a user's elevation, but also suggest that several pitfalls must first be overcome.
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directive was enacted to restrict the use of mercury in new measuring instruments intended for the general public, effectively ending the production of new mercury barometers in Europe. The repair and trade of antiques (produced before late 1957) remained unrestricted.
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expected excursions are in the range of ±0.4 m over the course of a year. Vacuum pump oil has very low vapour pressure and it is available in a range of densities; the lowest density vacuum oil was chosen for the PSU barometer to maximize the oil column height.
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was sealed, the water level in the spout will rise above the water level in the body; when the air pressure is higher, the water level in the spout will drop below the water level in the body. A variation of this type of barometer can be easily made at home.
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were excited by these ideas, and decided to seek a better way to attempt to produce a vacuum other than with a siphon. Magiotti devised such an experiment. Four accounts of the experiment exist, all written some years later. No exact date was given, but since
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Aneroid barometers have a mechanical adjustment that allows the equivalent sea level pressure to be read directly and without further adjustment if the instrument is not moved to a different altitude. Setting an aneroid barometer is similar to resetting an
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so that the mercury just touches the sightline at Z. Some models also employ a valve for closing the cistern, enabling the mercury column to be forced to the top of the column for transport. This prevents water-hammer damage to the column in transit.
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is used to keep track of the contents of the diver's air tank. Another gauge is used to measure the hydrostatic pressure, usually expressed as a depth of sea water. Either or both gauges may be replaced with electronic variants or a dive computer.
134:, an Italian mathematician and astronomer, also built a rudimentary water barometer sometime between 1640 and 1644, but it was not a true barometer as it was not intended to move and record variable air pressure. French scientist and philosopher
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Evangelista
Torricelli, a friend and student of Galileo, interpreted the results of the experiments in a novel way. He proposed that the weight of the atmosphere, not an attracting force of the vacuum, held the water in the tube. In a letter to
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is usually credited with inventing the barometer in 1643, although the historian W. E. Knowles
Middleton suggests the more likely date is 1644 (when Torricelli first reported his experiments; the 1643 date was only suggested after his death).
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Natalo Aiano is recognised as one of the finest makers of wheel barometers, an early pioneer in a wave of artisanal
Italian instrument and barometer makers that were encouraged to emigrate to the UK. He listed as working in Holborn, London
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that is needed to calculate the expansion or contraction of the fluid in the barometer. The other is the barometer, consisting of a J-shaped tube open at the lower end and closed at the top, with small reservoirs at both ends of the tube.
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Dry" with the "Change" at the top centre of the dial. Later models added a barometric scale with finer graduations "Stormy (28 inches of mercury), Much Rain (28.5), Rain (29), Change (29.5), Fair (30), Set fair (30.5), very dry(31)".
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Design changes to make the instrument more sensitive, simpler to read, and easier to transport resulted in variations such as the basin, siphon, wheel, cistern, Fortin, multiple folded, stereometric, and balance barometers.
1108:
In thermodynamic calculations, a commonly used pressure unit is the "standard atmosphere". This is the pressure resulting from a column of mercury of 760 mm in height at 0 °C. For the density of mercury, use
597:–1805. From 1770 onwards a large number of Italians came to England because they were accomplished glass blowers or instrument makers. By 1840 it was fair to say that the Italians dominated the industry in England.
69:(the most basic and common type of altimeter) are essentially the same instrument, but used for different purposes. An altimeter is intended to be used at different levels matching the corresponding
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reached Rome in
December 1638, and Berti died before January 2, 1644, science historian W. E. Knowles Middleton places the event to sometime between 1639 and 1643. Present were Berti, Magiotti,
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of 1882 the mines inspector drew attention to the records and in the report stated "the conditions of atmosphere and temperature may be taken to have reached a dangerous point".
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814:. The larger the change in pressure, especially if more than 3.5 hPa (0.1 inHg), the greater the change in weather that can be expected. If the pressure drop is rapid, a
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The density of mercury will change with increase or decrease in temperature, so a reading must be adjusted for the temperature of the instrument. For this purpose a mercury
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is a compact and lightweight barometer that was widely used on ships in the early 19th century. The sensitivity of this barometer was also used to measure altitude.
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by using the thumbscrew to make an ivory pointer (O in the diagram) just touch the surface of the mercury. The pressure is then read on the column by adjusting the
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When atmospheric pressure is measured by a barometer, the pressure is also referred to as the "barometric pressure". Assume a barometer with a cross-sectional area
138:
described the design of an experiment to determine atmospheric pressure as early as 1631, but there is no evidence that he built a working barometer at that time.
448:. He wrote: "We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of elementary air, which is known by incontestable experiments to have weight". Inspired by Torricelli,
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Torricelli documented that the height of the mercury in a barometer changed slightly each day and concluded that this was due to the changing pressure in the
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2563:, G. A. Titterington, Jr, "Diaphragm pressure gauge having temperature compensating means", issued 1940-03-26, assigned to Bendix Aviat Corp
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that is not at the correct time. Its dial is rotated so that the current atmospheric pressure from a known accurate and nearby barometer (such as the local
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If water were used (instead of mercury) to meet the standard atmospheric pressure, a water column of roughly 10.3 m (33.8 ft) would be needed.
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296:, a shorter tube could be used. With mercury, which is about 14 times denser than water, a tube only 80 cm was now needed, not 10.5 m.
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in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within
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915:. Note the corrected barometer readings are identical, and based on equivalent sea-level pressure. (Assume a temperature of 15 °C.)
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With falling air pressure, gases trapped within the coal in deep mines can escape more freely. Thus low pressure increases the risk of
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715:(or MEMS) barometers are extremely small devices between 1 and 100 micrometres in size (0.001 to 0.1 mm). They are created via
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barometers combine the standard mercury barometer with a thermometer, as well as a guide of how to interpret pressure changes.
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384:, provides the theoretical basis for a weather prediction device called a "weather glass" or a "Goethe barometer" (named for
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could be developed as a specific application of the barometer. In the mid-19th century, this method was used by explorers.
404:, is used by some English speakers. This name reflects the origins of many early weather glasses – the glass blowers of
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1069:. His calculated boiling temperature of water at the top of the mountain was fairly accurate, only off by 0.1 kelvin.
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A barograph is a recording aneroid barometer where the changes in atmospheric pressure are recorded on a paper chart.
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634:, the aneroid barometer uses a small, flexible metal box called an aneroid cell (capsule), which is made from an
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on 5 December 1660 found that air pressure was unusually low and predicted a storm, which occurred the next day.
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1958:
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4807 metres). For these experiments De
Saussure brought specific scientific equipment, such as a barometer and
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network of weather stations allow maps of air pressure to be produced, which were the first form of the modern
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Muralidharan, Kartik; Khan, Azeem Javed; Misra, Archan; Balan, Rajesh Krishna; Agarwal, Sharad (2014-02-26).
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723:. Typical applications include miniaturized weather stations, electronic barometers and altimeters.
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2016:
English barometers 1680-1860 : a history of domestic barometers and their makers and retailers
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the altitude or the current atmospheric pressure would be sufficient for future accurate readings.
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technologies. Inclusion of barometers on smartphones was originally intended to provide a faster
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Report on the Explosion which occurred at the Trimdon Grange Colliery on the 16th February 1882
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who developed a simple but effective weather ball barometer using the principles developed by
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1917:"Ban on sale of mercury measuring instruments - MEPs agree two year exemption for barometers"
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The Barometer Handbook: A Modern Look at Barometers and Applications of Barometric Pressure
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Berberan-Santos, M. N.; Bodunov, E. N.; Pogliani, L. (1997). "On the barometric formula".
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Designing Experiments & Games of Chance: The Unconventional Science of Blaise Pascal
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The concept that decreasing atmospheric pressure predicts stormy weather, postulated by
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The mercury barometer's design gives rise to the expression of atmospheric pressure in
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and from his previous association and suggestions by Galileo, he deduced that by using
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accumulating. Collieries therefore keep track of the pressure. In the case of the
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Large barometer at Portland State University could be the tallest in the world
1113:= 13,595 kg/m and for gravitational acceleration use g = 9.807 m/s.
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Timex Expedition WS4 in Barometric chart mode with weather forecast function
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Motion amplifying mechanism for pressure responsive instrument movement
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Blaise Pascal § First atmospheric pressure vs. altitude experiment
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This Is the Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Google's New Official Android Phone
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A digital barometer with altimeter setting (for correction) displayed
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The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
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2124:"Behind the glass: a detailed tour inside the Samsung Galaxy Nexus"
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1587:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 83–84.
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The table below shows examples for three locations in the city of
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used for measuring air pressure as a method that does not involve
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A barometer can also be found in smartphones such as the Samsung
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Philosophies of Technology: Francis Bacon and His Contemporaries
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Galaxy Nexus barometer explained, Sam Champion not out of a job
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Schematic drawing of a simple mercury barometer with vertical
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Learning Lesson: Measure the Pressure – The "Wet" Barometer.
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undertook research and executed physical experiments on the
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Scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
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is approaching, and there is a greater chance of rain.
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2530:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. New edition (2002),
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1949:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
2112:. Gizmodo.com (2011-10-18). Retrieved on 2011-11-15.
2018:(Rev. and enl. ed.). Antique Collectors' Club.
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Sympiesometers have two parts. One is a traditional
42:is a scientific instrument that is used to measure
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1942:
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328:First atmospheric pressure vs. altitude experiment
2212:"Barometric Phone Sensors – More Hype Than Hope!"
2200:. Engadget (2011-10-20). Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
278:
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1627:
775:temperature range, achieved in warmer climates.
271:It was traditionally thought, especially by the
162:explaining an experiment he had made in which a
2682:Observations upon the Marine Barometer ...
1976:"Barometers : History, working and styles"
2471:Cengal, Yunus A. and Boles, Michael A. (2014)
2389:Professional Association of Diving Instructors
2272:Using winds and a barometer to make forecasts.
1634:. Science History Publications. pp. 21–.
262:in 1644 concerning the experiments, he wrote:
198:Gasparo Berti § Berti's vacuum experiment
141:
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2162:"BMP180: Digital, barometric pressure sensor"
1892:"EU bans mercury in barometers, thermometers"
1709:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press. p. 10.
730:, Samsung Galaxy S3-S6, Motorola Xoom, Apple
287:Torricelli's mercury in glass tube experiment
212:), reached Rome in December 1638. Physicists
2992:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
2720:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
1945:The Great United States Exploring Expedition
600:
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2346:Applying The Barometer To Weather Watching.
1757:"Torricelli's letter to Michelangelo Ricci"
1052:In 1787, during a scientific expedition on
172:("nature abhors a vacuum"), which dates to
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2306:
1883:
1861:. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 92.
1581:Drake, Stillman (1970). "Berti, Gasparo".
761:
684:using five stacked aneroid barometer cells
2515:. Seattle: Starpath Publications (2009),
1864:
1806:Nineteenth Century Scientific Instruments
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2149:Barometric pressure sensor: BOSCH BMP180
2013:
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21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2473:Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
2383:The Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
2052:Figuier, Louis; Gautier, Émile (1867).
2003:. C. Aiano & Sons Ltd. 22 May 2017.
1940:
1934:
1731:. Princeton University Press. pp.
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630:. Invented in 1844 by French scientist
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2038:Tomlinson, Stuart (February 10, 2013)
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1808:, Sotheby Publications, 1983, p 236,
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609:
419:
2507:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
2055:L'Année scientifique et industrielle
1973:
1784:from the original on 14 January 2010
1698:
1696:
1694:
1606:
1604:
1576:
1574:
1526:Heidorn, Keith C. (1 January 2002).
491:
1870:
1838:
1680:from the original on 6 January 2010
1556:. Barometerfair.com. Archived from
576:
504:
367:
13:
2627:Fluid displacement pressure gauges
2526:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
2489:
2295:from the original on 28 April 2007
2078:Sensors & Transducers E-Digest
2045:
1703:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
1611:Middleton, W. E. Knowles. (1964).
1584:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
806:when created in the 19th century.
695:
538:Sympiesometer inscribed at bottom
202:Galileo's ideas, presented in his
14:
3013:
2669:
2287:Hopkins, Edward J. (1996-06-10).
2074:"MEMS Barometric Pressure Sensor"
1859:Measuring the Natural Environment
1691:
1676:. Strange-loops.com. 2002-01-21.
1617:. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 9.
1601:
1571:
1444:Automated airport weather station
883:As the air pressure decreases at
388:, the renowned German writer and
2675:
2289:"Surface Weather Analysis Chart"
1778:"Brief History of the Barometer"
1528:"The Invention of the Barometer"
852:
835:Trimdon Grange colliery disaster
658:and as a pressure instrument in
547:, 53 Marischal Street, Aberdeen.
529:
350:Florin Périer on the Puy de Dôme
299:
176:, and which Galileo restated as
2465:
2430:
2409:
2373:
2351:
2339:
2313:Pearce, Robert Penrose (2002).
2280:
2265:
2248:
2229:
2203:
2191:
2154:
2140:from the original on 2014-12-05
2115:
2096:
2066:
2058:. L. Hachette et cie. pp.
2032:
2007:
1989:
1967:
1909:
1851:
1770:
1530:. Islandnet.com. Archived from
840:Aneroid barometers are used in
778:
747:piezoresistive pressure-sensing
513:Reservoir of a Fortin barometer
2319:. Academic Press. p. 66.
1974:Hood, Jean (5 December 2017).
1873:"The Re-Designed Solar System"
1749:
1713:
857:
713:Microelectromechanical systems
279:Torricelli's mercury barometer
1:
2639:Pressure measuring instrument
2316:Meteorology at the Millennium
1505:
1420:, the highest point on earth
665:
591:
2528:The History of the Barometer
1706:The history of the barometer
1614:The history of the barometer
1123:as a function of elevation:
549:Owned by descendants of the
440:column and reservoir at base
80:
7:
2551:Table of Pneumaticks, 1728
2439:American Journal of Physics
2291:. University of Wisconsin.
2255:Understanding air pressure.
2014:Nicholas, Goodison (1977).
1721:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
1426:
1079:
1072:Based on his findings, the
870:
822:, such as in the wake of a
622:An aneroid barometer is an
142:Baliani's siphon experiment
10:
3018:
2663:Weather forecasting device
2542:
2122:Molen, Brad (2011-10-20).
1828:, BRILL 2008, pp 115, 116
1674:"History of the Barometer"
1554:"History of the Barometer"
846:submersible pressure gauge
797:Digital graphing barometer
782:
669:
386:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
331:
195:
192:Gasparo Berti's experiment
121:
107:
95:
20:
2726:
2475:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1941:Stanton, William (1975).
1890:Jones H. (10 July 2007).
1628:Shea, William R. (2003).
1415:
601:Vacuum pump oil barometer
184:Berti's vacuum experiment
156:Giovanni Battista Baliani
106:), meaning "weight", and
1875:. For Your Information.
1871:Ley, Willy (June 1966).
1848:Retrieved on 2019-01-21.
1474:Surface weather analysis
867:room temperature range.
785:Surface weather analysis
708:has a built-in barometer
362:
48:surface weather analysis
2977:17th-century inventions
2801:Ice accretion indicator
2504:Encyclopædia Britannica
2417:"Kelvin scale in depth"
762:More unusual barometers
755:third party researchers
734:and newer iPhones, and
721:photochemical machining
233:, and Jesuit physicist
2841:Present weather sensor
2601:: D. C. W. T. Sharp: "
2555:
2387:. Santa Ana, CA, USA:
2241:July 20, 2011, at the
1877:Galaxy Science Fiction
1479:Tempest prognosticator
1062:boiling point of water
880:
798:
771:
709:
685:
619:
558:
540:Improved sympiesometer
514:
471:of mercury (mmHg). A
460:
441:
377:
351:
343:
309:
288:
269:
254:
253:Evangelista Torricelli
245:Evangelista Torricelli
193:
151:
127:Evangelista Torricelli
118:), meaning "measure".
35:
2658:U.S. patent 4,327,583
2646:U.S. patent 4,238,958
2634:U.S. patent 4,106,342
2622:U.S. patent 3,643,510
2610:U.S. patent 3,397,578
2598:U.S. patent 3,273,398
2586:U.S. patent 2,691,305
2579:Barometric instrument
2574:U.S. patent 2,472,735
2550:
1130:= 133.3 Pa = 0.03937
878:
796:
769:
703:
679:
650:. It is also used in
617:
537:
512:
458:
435:
402:le baromètre Liègeois
375:
349:
341:
307:
286:
264:
252:
191:
149:
50:to help find surface
33:
3002:Atmospheric pressure
2766:Dark adaptor goggles
2591:Barometric altimeter
1804:Gerard L'E. Turner,
1499:Zambretti Forecaster
1459:Bert Bolle Barometer
1121:atmospheric pressure
820:Rapid pressure rises
736:Timex Expedition WS4
178:resistenza del vacuo
91:is derived from the
71:atmospheric pressure
23:Pressure measurement
2637:: O. S. Sormunen: "
2451:1997AmJPh..65..404B
2236:Shark Oil Barometer
1921:European Parliament
1494:Weather forecasting
816:low pressure system
789:Weather forecasting
680:Analogue recording
570:mercury thermometer
67:pressure altimeters
2987:Italian inventions
2982:Glass applications
2811:Lightning detector
2556:
2108:2012-08-10 at the
1879:. pp. 94–106.
1857:Strangeways, Ian.
1454:Barometer question
881:
799:
772:
710:
686:
648:recreational boats
620:
610:Aneroid barometers
559:
515:
461:
442:
420:Mercury barometers
378:
352:
344:
310:
289:
260:Michelangelo Ricci
255:
231:Athanasius Kircher
218:Raffaello Magiotti
194:
158:wrote a letter to
152:
60:frontal boundaries
36:
2959:
2958:
2901:Thermo-hygrograph
2891:Sunshine recorder
2756:Ceiling projector
2680:Works related to
2603:Aneroid barometer
2577:: C. J. Ulrich: "
2521:978-0-914025-12-2
2498:"Barometer"
2402:978-1-878663-02-3
2391:. 1990. pp.
2326:978-0-12-548035-2
1759:. Web.lemoyne.edu
1641:978-0-88135-376-1
1594:978-0-684-10114-9
1484:Units of pressure
1424:
1423:
1050:
1049:
618:Aneroid barometer
492:Fitzroy barometer
450:Otto von Guericke
154:On 27 July 1630,
3009:
2941:Whole sky camera
2886:Stevenson screen
2791:Heat flux sensor
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2661:: T. Fijimoto: "
2660:
2649:: H. Dostmann: "
2648:
2636:
2624:
2613:: H. A. Klumb: "
2612:
2600:
2589:: H. J. Frank: "
2588:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2511:Burch, David F.
2508:
2500:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2407:
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2377:
2371:
2370:
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2355:
2349:
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2334:
2333:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:Barometer World.
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2173:. Archived from
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2119:
2113:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:. oregonlive.com
2036:
2030:
2029:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1822:
1816:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1780:. Barometer.ws.
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1523:
1136:
1135:
918:
917:
717:photolithography
596:
593:
577:Wheel barometers
505:Fortin barometer
459:Fortin barometer
368:Water barometers
223:Two New Sciences
209:Two New Sciences
117:
111:
105:
99:
56:pressure systems
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2997:Pressure gauges
2972:1643 in science
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2921:Weather balloon
2916:Transmissometer
2881:Sounding rocket
2826:Pan evaporation
2751:Ceiling balloon
2722:
2716:
2672:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2566:
2545:
2495:
2492:
2490:Further reading
2487:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2459:10.1119/1.18555
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2348:Weather Doctor.
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2253:
2249:
2243:Wayback Machine
2234:
2230:
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2204:
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2192:
2183:
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2177:
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2110:Wayback Machine
2101:
2097:
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2085:
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2071:
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2046:
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2026:
2012:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
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1563:
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1552:
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1508:
1503:
1489:Pressure sensor
1429:
1416:* Elevation of
1161:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1112:
1099:
1082:
964:
963:
956:
955:
948:
941:
940:
933:
932:
925:
898:weather station
873:
860:
855:
791:
781:
764:
753:lock. However,
698:
696:MEMS barometers
674:
668:
612:
603:
594:
579:
532:
507:
494:
422:
376:Goethe's device
370:
365:
336:
330:
302:
281:
247:
200:
186:
160:Galileo Galilei
144:
124:
83:
65:Barometers and
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
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2715:
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2707:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2671:
2670:External links
2668:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2625:: F. Lissau: "
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2524:
2509:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:978-0073398174
2464:
2445:(5): 404–412.
2429:
2408:
2401:
2372:
2350:
2338:
2325:
2305:
2279:
2277:(17 May 2005).
2264:
2247:
2228:
2202:
2190:
2153:
2114:
2095:
2065:
2044:
2031:
2025:978-0902028524
2024:
2006:
1997:"Natalo Aiano"
1988:
1966:
1959:
1933:
1923:. 10 July 2007
1908:
1882:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:Claus Zittle,
1817:
1794:
1769:
1748:
1741:
1712:
1690:
1654:
1640:
1620:
1600:
1593:
1570:
1545:
1534:on 14 May 2011
1510:
1509:
1507:
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1471:
1466:
1464:Microbarometer
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235:Niccolò Zucchi
196:Main article:
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2684:at Wikisource
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1814:0-85667-170-3
1811:
1807:
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1744:
1742:0-691-02350-6
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1560:on 2009-09-25
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1418:Mount Everest
1414:
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1407:
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1397:
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1199:
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1174:
1172:
1170:(Sea Level) 0
1169:
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1159:
1152:
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1138:
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991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
977:
975:(Sea Level) 0
974:
972:
969:
968:
959:
952:Uncorrected P
951:
946:
944:
936:
929:Uncorrected P
928:
923:
920:
919:
916:
914:
910:
909:San Francisco
905:
903:
899:
895:
889:
886:
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868:
865:
853:Compensations
850:
847:
843:
838:
836:
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827:
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812:precipitation
809:
805:
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566:
564:
563:sympiesometer
556:
553:shipbuilding
552:
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541:
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530:Sympiesometer
527:
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523:vernier scale
519:
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348:
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319:
315:
314:Blaise Pascal
308:Blaise Pascal
306:
300:Blaise Pascal
297:
295:
285:
276:
274:
273:Aristotelians
268:
263:
261:
251:
242:
238:
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228:
224:
219:
215:
214:Gasparo Berti
211:
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199:
190:
181:
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175:
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165:
161:
157:
148:
139:
137:
133:
132:Gasparo Berti
128:
119:
116:
110:
104:
98:
94:
93:Ancient Greek
90:
89:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2936:Weather vane
2926:Weather buoy
2816:Nephelometer
2745:
2718:Earth-based
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2552:
2527:
2512:
2502:
2472:
2467:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2411:
2382:
2375:
2364:, retrieved
2359:
2353:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2315:
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2282:
2274:
2267:
2257:
2250:
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2215:
2205:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2168:
2156:
2148:
2142:. Retrieved
2127:
2117:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2081:
2077:
2068:
2054:
2047:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1969:
1944:
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1901:12 September
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1844:Jet Stream.
1840:
1825:
1820:
1805:
1786:. Retrieved
1772:
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1645:. Retrieved
1630:
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1562:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1401:
1391:
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1320:
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1258:
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1125:
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1103:
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1083:
1071:
1051:
1025:Mt. Davidson
1024:
997:
970:
906:
901:
894:analog clock
890:
882:
861:
842:scuba diving
839:
828:
800:
779:Applications
773:
728:Galaxy Nexus
725:
711:
706:Galaxy Nexus
690:
687:
654:, mostly in
621:
604:
588:
584:
580:
567:
560:
543:
539:
516:
497:
495:
482:
478:
476:of mercury.
462:
443:
423:
414:
401:
379:
353:
318:Pierre Petit
311:
290:
270:
265:
256:
239:
222:
207:
203:
201:
177:
169:horror vacui
167:
153:
125:
114:
102:
86:
84:
64:
44:air pressure
39:
37:
27:
18:
2906:Thermometer
2896:Tethersonde
2876:Solarimeter
2866:Snow pillow
2831:Pyranometer
2776:Disdrometer
2553:Cyclopaedia
2422:12 February
1469:Storm glass
1088:, a height
1067:thermometer
1058:De Saussure
971:City Marina
960:Corrected P
942:(inches Hg)
937:Corrected P
934:(inches Hg)
864:thermometer
858:Temperature
804:weather map
741:, based on
660:radiosondes
652:meteorology
632:Lucien Vidi
595: 1785
542:and at top
483:In 2007, a
469:millimeters
382:Lucien Vidi
357:Puy de Dôme
342:Puy de Dôme
316:along with
216:and father
2966:Categories
2911:Tide gauge
2856:Snow gauge
2851:Rain gauge
2846:Radiosonde
2821:Nephoscope
2796:Hygrometer
2786:Field mill
2761:Ceilometer
2731:Anemometer
2561:US 2194624
2332:2009-01-02
2299:2007-05-10
2222:2015-06-23
2184:2015-06-23
2144:2015-06-23
1960:0520025571
1927:2021-05-11
1788:2010-02-04
1763:2010-02-04
1684:2010-02-04
1647:10 October
1564:2010-02-04
1538:4 February
1506:References
1439:Anemoscope
1054:Mont Blanc
913:California
824:cold front
783:See also:
739:smartwatch
666:Barographs
656:barographs
624:instrument
545:A R Easton
446:atmosphere
394:Torricelli
2861:Snowboard
2781:Dropsonde
2746:Barometer
2741:Barograph
2736:Atmometer
2651:Barometer
2393:3–96–3–99
2275:USA Today
2259:USA Today
2084:(4). 2008
1449:Barograph
1434:Altimeter
1160:Altitude
1146:Altitude
1119:Standard
1074:altimeter
1046:1013 hPa
1019:1013 hPa
992:1013 hPa
885:altitudes
682:barograph
672:Barograph
640:beryllium
312:In 1646,
229:polymath
174:Aristotle
88:barometer
85:The word
81:Etymology
40:barometer
34:Barometer
2951:Windsock
2293:Archived
2239:Archived
2138:Archived
2134:Engadget
2129:Engadget
2106:Archived
1782:Archived
1723:(1960).
1678:Archived
1427:See also
1357:29,029*
1126:Note: 1
1080:Equation
1016:1001 hPa
998:Nob Hill
989:1013 hPa
949:(metres)
947:Altitude
924:Altitude
921:Location
871:Altitude
831:firedamp
732:iPhone 6
551:Aberdeen
396:). The
390:polymath
204:Discorsi
75:altitude
2771:Dewcell
2543:Patents
2447:Bibcode
2366:23 July
2088:13 June
1981:21 June
1896:Reuters
1411:65,617
1375:32,808
1304:16,404
1167:101.325
1043:980 hPa
808:Isobars
557:family.
498:Fitzroy
438:mercury
426:mercury
410:Belgium
294:mercury
122:History
73:to the
52:troughs
2567:
2534:
2519:
2479:
2399:
2323:
2022:
1957:
1832:
1812:
1739:
1733:99–100
1638:
1591:
1402:20,000
1392:50,000
1383:15,240
1366:10,000
1339:25,000
1321:20,000
1285:10,000
1268:6,562
1232:3,281
1157:/ inHg
1105:tube.
965:(hPa)
926:(feet)
902:either
644:copper
628:liquid
518:Fortin
465:inches
400:name,
398:French
227:Jesuit
164:siphon
150:Siphon
115:métron
109:μέτρον
2871:SODAR
2806:Lidar
2178:(PDF)
2170:Bosch
2165:(PDF)
2062:–486.
1380:11.65
1362:26.44
1348:8,848
1345:32.77
1335:11.12
1330:7,620
1327:37.65
1317:13.75
1312:6,096
1309:46.56
1301:15.96
1295:5,000
1291:54.05
1281:20.58
1276:3,048
1273:69.68
1265:23.48
1259:2,000
1255:79.50
1249:5,000
1245:24.90
1240:1,524
1237:84.31
1229:26.55
1223:1,000
1219:89.88
1213:2,000
1209:27.82
1201:94.21
1195:1,000
1191:28.86
1183:97.71
1175:29.92
1162:(ft)
1143:/ kPa
1100:= ρgh
1035:29.92
1032:28.94
1008:29.92
1005:29.55
981:29.92
978:29.92
957:(hPa)
636:alloy
406:Liège
363:Types
103:báros
97:βάρος
2532:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2424:2020
2397:ISBN
2368:2015
2321:ISBN
2090:2014
2020:ISBN
1983:2020
1955:ISBN
1903:2017
1830:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1649:2012
1636:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1540:2010
1408:1.63
1398:5.53
1388:3.44
1372:7.81
1354:9.68
1132:inHg
1128:torr
844:. A
787:and
745:and
743:MEMS
704:The
642:and
555:Hall
473:torr
58:and
2455:doi
2218:: 2
2060:485
1951:126
1204:610
1186:305
1155:atm
1148:(m)
1141:atm
1098:atm
1040:283
1029:928
1013:106
1002:348
962:atm
954:atm
939:atm
931:atm
751:GPS
719:or
638:of
467:or
2968::
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2443:65
2441:.
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2082:92
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1999:.
1953:.
1919:.
1894:.
1797:^
1735:.
1693:^
1657:^
1603:^
1573:^
1514:^
1111:Hg
1056:,
911:,
662:.
592:c.
561:A
424:A
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408:,
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180:.
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38:A
2711:e
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2225:.
2187:.
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2028:.
1985:.
1963:.
1930:.
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1791:.
1766:.
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1567:.
1542:.
1351:*
1153:P
1139:P
1109:ρ
1096:P
1090:h
1086:A
986:0
206:(
112:(
100:(
25:.
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