383:), since the weight of atmospheric pressure pushing the water up is counterbalanced by the column of water in the siphon pushing down (until one reaches the maximal height of a barometer/siphon, at which point the liquid cannot be pushed higher) – the hydrostatic pressure at the top of the tube is then lower than atmospheric pressure by an amount proportional to the height of the tube. Doing the same analysis on the tube rising from the lower reservoir yields the pressure at the top of that (vertical) tube; this pressure is lower because the tube is longer (there is more water pushing down), and requires that the lower reservoir is lower than the upper reservoir, or more generally that the discharge outlet simply be lower than the surface of the upper reservoir. Considering now the horizontal tube connecting them, one sees that the pressure at the top of the tube from the top reservoir is higher (since less water is being lifted), while the pressure at the top of the tube from the bottom reservoir is lower (since more water is being lifted), and since liquids move from high pressure to low pressure, the liquid flows across the horizontal tube from the top basin to the bottom basin. The liquid is under positive pressure (compression) throughout the tube, not tension.
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The siphon itself will exacerbate the problem because as the liquid is raised through the siphon, the pressure drops, causing dissolved gases within the liquid to come out of solution. Higher temperature accelerates the release of gas from liquids so maintaining a constant, low temperature helps. The longer the liquid is in the siphon, the more gas is released, so a shorter siphon overall helps. Local high points will trap gas so the intake and outlet legs should have continuous slopes without intermediate high points. The flow of the liquid moves bubbles thus the intake leg can have a shallow slope as the flow will push the gas bubbles to the crest. Conversely, the outlet leg needs to have a steep slope to allow the bubbles to move against the liquid flow; though other designs call for a shallow slope in the outlet leg as well to allow the bubbles to be carried out of the siphon. At the crest the gas can be trapped in a chamber above the crest. The chamber needs to be occasionally primed again with liquid to remove the gas.
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if there is an intervening force that counters some or all of one of the forces. In the siphon, the atmospheric pressure at the entrance and exit are both lessened by the force of gravity pulling down the liquid in each tube, but the pressure on the down side is lessened more by the taller column of liquid on the down side. In effect, the atmospheric pressure coming up the down side does not entirely "make it" to the top to cancel all of the atmospheric pressure pushing up the up side. This effect can be seen more easily in the example of two carts being pushed up opposite sides of a hill. As shown in the diagram, even though the person on the left seems to have his push canceled entirely by the equal and opposite push from the person on the right, the person on the left's seemingly canceled push is still the source of the force to push the left cart up.
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allowed to fall, the liquid in the upper reservoir will then typically sweep the air bubble down and out of the tube. The apparatus will then continue to operate as a normal siphon. As there is no contact between the liquid on either side of the siphon at the beginning of this experiment, there can be no cohesion between the liquid molecules to pull the liquid over the rise. It has been suggested by advocates of the liquid tensile strength theory, that the air start siphon only demonstrates the effect as the siphon starts, but that the situation changes after the bubble is swept out and the siphon achieves steady flow. But a similar effect can be seen in the flying-droplet siphon (see above). The flying-droplet siphon works continuously without liquid tensile strength pulling the liquid up.
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crest which serve to break the vacuum. If the vacuum is reduced too much, the siphon effect can be lost. Reducing the size of pipe used closer to requirements appears to reduce this effect and creates a more functional siphon that does not require constant re-priming and restarting. In this respect, where the requirement is to match a flow into a container with a flow out of said container (to maintain a constant level in a pond fed by a stream, for example) it would be preferable to utilize two or three smaller separate parallel pipes that can be started as required rather than attempting to use a single large pipe and attempting to throttle it.
1051:. In these situations the unwanted flow is not actually the result of a siphon but suction due to reduced pressure on the water supply side. Should the pressure within the water supply system fall, the external water may be returned by back pressure into the drinking water system through the faucet. Another possible contamination point is the water intake in the toilet tank. An anti-siphon valve is also required here to prevent pressure drops in the water supply line from suctioning water out of the toilet tank (which may contain additives such as "toilet blue") and contaminating the water system. Anti-siphon valves function as a one-direction
1140:. A continuous U-shaped tube of the same diameter throughout is sealed on one end and filled with mercury. When placed into the upright, "U", position, mercury will flow away from the sealed end, forming a partial vacuum, until balanced by atmospheric pressure on the other end. The term "siphon" derives from the belief that air pressure is involved in the operation of a siphon. The difference in height of the fluid between the two arms of the U-shaped tube is the same as the maximum intermediate height of a siphon. When used to measure pressures other than atmospheric pressure, a siphon barometer is sometimes called a
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on the difference in atmospheric pressure; a siphon will work in a vacuum) and upon the cohesive forces that prevent the columns of liquid in the legs of the siphon from breaking under their own weight. At sea level, water can be lifted a little more than 10 metres (33 feet) by a siphon. In civil engineering, pipelines called inverted siphons are used to carry sewage or stormwater under streams, highway cuts, or other depressions in the ground. In an inverted siphon the liquid completely fills the pipe and flows under pressure, as opposed to the open-channel gravity flow that occurs in most sanitary or storm sewers.
3301:, 0.76 m (760 mm; 30 in) for mercury. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water and mercury (at a given temperature). As long as this condition is satisfied (pressure greater than zero), the flow at the output of the siphon is still only governed by the height difference between the source surface and the outlet. Volume of fluid in the apparatus is not relevant as long as the pressure head remains above zero in every section. Because pressure drops when velocity is increased, a static siphon (or manometer) can have a slightly higher height than a flowing siphon.
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of the chain piled on a higher surface than the other. Since the length of chain on the shorter side is lighter than the length of chain on the taller side, the heavier chain on the taller side will move down and pull up the chain on the lighter side. Similar to a siphon, the chain model is obviously just powered by gravity acting on the heavier side, and there is clearly no violation of conservation of energy, because the chain is ultimately just moving from a higher to a lower location, as the liquid does in a siphon.
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outside pumping energy being added. It can accomplish this despite what initially appears to be a violation of conservation of energy because it can take advantage of the energy of a large volume of liquid dropping some distance, to raise and discharge a small volume of liquid above the source reservoir. Thus it might be said to "require" a large quantity of falling liquid to power the dispensing of a small quantity. Such a system typically operates in a cyclical or start/stop but ongoing and self-powered manner.
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371:. Water and other liquids may seem to have no tensile strength because when a handful is scooped up and pulled on, the liquids narrow and pull apart effortlessly. But liquid tensile strength in a siphon is possible when the liquid adheres to the tube walls and thereby resists narrowing. Any contamination on the tube walls, such as grease or air bubbles, or other minor influences such as turbulence or vibration, can cause the liquid to detach from the walls and lose all tensile strength.
487:; for siphons in vacuum he concluded: "The gravitational force on the column of liquid in the downtake tube less the gravitational force in the uptake tube causes the liquid to move. The liquid is therefore in tension and sustains a longitudinal strain which, in the absence of disturbing factors, is insufficient to break the column of liquid". But for siphons of small uptake height working at atmospheric pressure, he wrote: "... the tension of the liquid column is neutralized and
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517:. He used siphons at air pressure and his conclusion was: "The flow of water out of the bottom of a siphon depends on the difference in height between the inflow and outflow, and therefore cannot be dependent on atmospheric pressure…" Hughes did further work on siphons at air pressure in 2011 and concluded: "The experiments described above demonstrate that ordinary siphons at atmospheric pressure operate through gravity and not atmospheric pressure".
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water tank overhead. When the container is filled, all the stored liquid is released, emerging as a large surge volume that then resets and fills again. One way to do this intermittent action involves complex machinery such as floats, chains, levers, and valves, but these can corrode, wear out, or jam over time. An alternate method is with rigid pipes and chambers, using only the water itself in a siphon as the operating mechanism.
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siphon spillway is considered to be "pipe flow" or "closed-duct flow". A normal spillway flow is pressurized by the height of the reservoir above the spillway, whereas a siphon flow rate is governed by the difference in height of the inlet and outlet. Some designs make use of an automatic system that uses the flow of water in a spiral vortex to remove the air above to prime the siphon. Such a design includes the volute siphon.
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1334:. But further research in 2004 found that, "There is no hydrostatic gradient and since the 'fall' of fluid does not assist the ascending arm, there is no siphon. The giraffe’s high arterial pressure, which is sufficient to raise the blood 2 m from heart to head with sufficient remaining pressure to perfuse the brain, supports this concept." However, a paper written in 2005 urged more research on the hypothesis:
307:), and siphons in vacuum rely on such cohesion, common siphons can easily be demonstrated to need no liquid tensile strength at all to function. Furthermore, since common siphons operate at positive pressures throughout the siphon, there is no contribution from liquid tensile strength, because the molecules are actually repelling each other in order to resist the pressure, rather than pulling on each other.
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292:. For example, if the tube from the upper reservoir to the top of the siphon has a much larger diameter than the taller section of tube from the lower reservoir to the top of the siphon, the shorter upper section of the siphon may have a much larger weight of liquid in it, and yet the lighter volume of liquid in the down tube can pull liquid up the fatter up tube, and the siphon can function normally.
1330:. However, in the 'closed loop' of circulation this was discounted; "In contrast, in 'closed' systems, like the circulation, gravity does not hinder uphill flow nor does it cause downhill flow, because gravity acts equally on the ascending and descending limbs of the circuit", but for "historical reasons", the term is used. One hypothesis (in 1989) was that a siphon existed in the circulation of the
532:) examined the siphon and concluded that molecular cohesion is not required for the operation of a siphon but relies upon gravity and a pressure differential, writing: "As the fluid initially primed on the long leg of the siphon rushes down due to gravity, it leaves behind a partial vacuum that allows pressure on the entrance point of the higher container to push fluid up the leg on that side".
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543:, also in 2011. They wrote: "It is widely believed that the siphon is principally driven by the force of atmospheric pressure. An experiment is described that shows that a siphon can function even under high-vacuum conditions. Molecular cohesion and gravity are shown to be contributing factors in the operation of a siphon; the presence of a positive atmospheric pressure is not required".
467:, which operates by the same principle. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water and mercury (at a given temperature), since the column of water (resp. mercury) is balancing with the column of air yielding atmospheric pressure, and indeed maximal height is (neglecting vapor pressure and velocity of liquid) inversely proportional to density of liquid.
825:. The flush is triggered by a lever or handle that operates a simple diaphragm-like piston pump that lifts enough water to the crest of the siphon to start the flow of water which then completely empties the contents of the cistern into the toilet bowl. The advantage of this system was that no water would leak from the cistern excepting when flushed. These were mandatory in the
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short side. This creates a pressure drop throughout the siphon tube, in the same sense that 'sucking' on a straw reduces the pressure along its length all the way to the intake point. The ambient atmospheric pressure at the intake point responds to the reduced pressure by forcing the fluid upwards, sustaining the flow, just as in a steadily sucked straw in a milkshake."
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excess pressure, the shunt may act as a siphon, completely draining cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. The valve in the shunt may be designed to prevent this siphon action so that negative pressure on the drain of the shunt does not result in excess drainage. Only excess positive pressure from within the brain should result in drainage.
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long-bodied animals, which take into account phylogenetic relatedness, will be important. In addition experimental studies that combined measurements of arterial and venous blood pressures, with cerebral blood flow, under a variety of gravitational stresses (different head positions), will ultimately resolve this controversy.
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A second problem is that the trapped air pockets will shrink over time if the siphon is not operating due to no inflow. The air in pockets is absorbed by the liquid, which pulls liquid up into the piping until the air pocket disappears, and can cause activation of water flow outside the normal range
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under air pressure in 2011 and concluded that molecular cohesion is not required for the operation of a siphon, but: "The basic explanation of siphon action is that, once the tube is filled, the flow is initiated by the greater pull of gravity on the fluid on the longer side compared with that on the
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Another common misconception about siphons is that because the atmospheric pressure is virtually identical at the entrance and exit, the atmospheric pressure cancels, and therefore atmospheric pressure cannot be pushing the liquid up the siphon. But equal and opposite forces may not completely cancel
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Siphon, also spelled syphon, instrument, usually in the form of a tube bent to form two legs of unequal length, for conveying liquid over the edge of a vessel and delivering it at a lower level. Siphons may be of any size. The action depends upon the influence of gravity (not, as sometimes thought,
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If the upper reservoir is such that the liquid there can rise above the height of the siphon crest, the rising liquid in the reservoir can "self-prime" the siphon and the whole apparatus be described as a "self-siphon". Once primed, such a siphon will continue to operate until the level of the upper
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Despite the name, siphonic roof drainage does not work as a siphon; the technology makes use of gravity induced vacuum pumping to carry water horizontally from multiple roof drains to a single downpipe and to increase flow velocity. Metal baffles at the roof drain inlets reduce the injection of air
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While if both ends of a siphon are at atmospheric pressure, liquid flows from high to low, if the bottom end of a siphon is pressurized, liquid can flow from low to high. If pressure is removed from the bottom end, the liquid flow will reverse, illustrating that it is pressure driving the siphon. An
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may be applied at the crest to prime the siphon. Alternatively the siphon may be primed by a pump at either the intake or outlet. Gas in the liquid is a concern in large siphons. The gas tends to accumulate at the crest and if enough accumulates to break the flow of liquid, the siphon stops working.
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A third problem is where the lower end of the liquid seal is simply a U-trap bend in an outflow pipe. During vigorous emptying, the kinetic motion of the liquid out the outflow can propel too much liquid out, causing a loss of the sealing volume in the outflow trap and loss of the trapped air bubble
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The siphon in the video demonstration operated steadily for more than 28 minutes until the upper reservoir was empty. Another simple demonstration that liquid tensile strength is not needed in the siphon is to simply introduce a bubble into the siphon during operation. The bubble can be large enough
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Another difference is that under most practical circumstances, dissolved gases, vapor pressure, and (sometimes) lack of adhesion with tube walls, conspire to render the tensile strength within the liquid ineffective for siphoning. Thus, unlike a chain, which has significant tensile strength, liquids
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The chain model is a useful but not completely accurate conceptual model of a siphon. The chain model helps to understand how a siphon can cause liquid to flow uphill, powered only by the downward force of gravity. A siphon can sometimes be thought of like a chain hanging over a pulley, with one end
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when the liquid is not moving). This reduced pressure at the top means gravity pulling down on the shorter column of liquid is not sufficient to keep the liquid stationary against the atmospheric pressure pushing it up into the reduced-pressure zone at the top of the siphon. So the liquid flows from
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The principle of the siphon is not species specific and should be a fundamental principle of closed circulatory systems. Therefore, the controversy surrounding the role of the siphon principle may best be resolved by a comparative approach. Analyses of blood pressure on a variety of long-necked and
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In practice, the top vessel is filled with coffee grounds, and the heat is removed from the bottom vessel when the coffee has finished brewing. What vapor pressure means concretely is that the boiling water converts high-density water (a liquid) into low-density steam (a gas), which thus expands to
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The most common failure is for the liquid to dribble out slowly, matching the rate that the container is filling, and the siphon enters an undesired steady-state condition. Preventing dribbling typically involves pneumatic principles to trap one or more large air bubbles in various pipes, which are
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In some applications it can be helpful to use siphon tubing that is not much larger than necessary. Using piping of too great a diameter and then throttling the flow using valves or constrictive piping appears to increase the effect of previously cited concerns over gases or vapor collecting in the
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varies through a static siphon, considering in turn the vertical tube from the top reservoir, the vertical tube from the bottom reservoir, and the horizontal tube connecting them (assuming a U-shape). At liquid level in the top reservoir, the liquid is under atmospheric pressure, and as one goes up
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An example of equal and opposite forces that would seem to cancel each other, yet the seemingly cancelled force from the left, still pushes the object up, similar to how the equal and opposite atmospheric pressure at each end of a siphon, that would seem to cancel, leaves atmospheric pressure still
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criticized this in a 2010 article which was widely reported in the media. The OED editors stated, "there is continuing debate among scientists as to which view is correct. ... We would expect to reflect this debate in the fully updated entry for siphon, due to be published later this year." Hughes
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in construction compared to traditional roof drainage. Another benefit is the elimination of pipe pitch or gradient required for conventional roof drainage piping. However this system of gravity pumping is mainly suitable for large buildings and is not usually suitable for residential properties.
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to examine pressure differentials and fluid flow within a siphon. Their conclusion was: "It follows from the above analysis that there must be a direct cohesive connection between water molecules flowing in and out of a siphon. This is true at all atmospheric pressures in which the pressure in the
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is the (hanging) reservoir of paint attached to a spray gun, it is not a siphon as a vacuum pump extracts the paint. This name is to distinguish it from gravity-fed reservoirs. An archaic use of the term is a cup of oil in which the oil is transported out of the cup via a cotton wick or tube to a
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A siphon drainage method is being implemented in several expressways as of 2022. Recent studies found that it can reduce groundwater level behind expressway retaining walls, and there was no indication of clogging. This new drainage system is being pioneered as a long-term method to limit leakage
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Siphons are sometimes employed as automatic machines, in situations where it is desirable to turn a continuous trickling flow or an irregular small surge flow into a large surge volume. A common example of this is a public restroom with urinals regularly flushed by an automatic siphon in a small
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In the flying-droplet siphon, surface tension pulls the stream of liquid into separate droplets inside of a sealed air-filled chamber, preventing the liquid going down from having contact with the liquid going up, and thereby preventing liquid tensile strength from pulling the liquid up. It also
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is used in a number of ways. Liquids that are composed of long polymers can "self-siphon" and these liquids do not depend on atmospheric pressure. Self-siphoning polymer liquids work the same as the siphon-chain model where the lower part of the chain pulls the rest of the chain up and over the
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Where a potable water supply is connected to a boiler, tank, cooling jacket, lawn sprinkler system or other device where a non-potable fluid may be under pressure that is above atmospheric or the water outlet may be submerged in the non-potable fluid, the water supply shall be protected against
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from the brain. All shunts have a valve to relieve excess pressure in the brain. The shunt may lead into the abdominal cavity such that the shunt outlet is significantly lower than the shunt intake when the patient is standing. Thus a siphon effect may take place and instead of simply relieving
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in a dam is usually not technically a siphon, as it is generally used to drain elevated water levels. However, a siphon spillway operates as an actual siphon if it raises the flow higher than the surface of the source reservoir, as sometimes is the case when used in irrigation. In operation, a
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A fourth problem involves seep holes in the mechanism, intended to slowly refill these various sealing chambers when the siphon is dry. The seep holes can be plugged by debris and corrosion, requiring manual cleaning and intervention. To prevent this, the siphon may be restricted to pure liquid
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to keep the liquid flowing up and out of the reservoir. The siphon will draw liquid out of the reservoir until the level falls below the intake, allowing air or other surrounding gas to break the siphon, or until the outlet of the siphon equals the level of the reservoir, whichever comes first.
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While a simple siphon cannot output liquid at a level higher than the source reservoir, a more complicated device utilizing an airtight metering chamber at the crest and a system of automatic valves, may discharge liquid on an ongoing basis, at a level higher than the source reservoir, without
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To demonstrate, the longer lower leg of a common siphon can be plugged at the bottom and filled almost to the crest with liquid as in the figure, leaving the top and the shorter upper leg completely dry and containing only air. When the plug is removed and the liquid in the longer lower leg is
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Self-constructed siphons, made of pipes or tubes, can be used to evacuate water from cellars after floodings. Between the flooded cellar and a deeper place outside a connection is built, using a tube or some pipes. They are filled with water through an intake valve (at the highest end of the
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it into the lungs, which can cause death or lung damage.) If the tube is flooded with liquid before part of the tube is raised over the intermediate high point and care is taken to keep the tube flooded while it is being raised, no pump is required. Devices sold as siphons often come with a
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from coming back out of sewers and sometimes making dense objects like rings and electronic components retrievable after falling into a drain. Liquid flowing in one end simply forces liquid up and out the other end, but solids like sand will accumulate. This is especially important in
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Siphon coffee brewer: when warmed by a heat source (A), vapor pressure increases in the lower chamber (B), forcing the water downwards (C) and through the central pipe into the upper chamber (D) where it is mixed with the coffee grounds. When the heat is removed, the water flows back
1294:"Self-siphon" is also often used in sales literature by siphon manufacturers to describe portable siphons that contain a pump. With the pump, no external suction (e.g. from a person's mouth/lungs) is required to start the siphon and thus the product is described as a "self-siphon".
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Maximum height of the intermediate high point occurs when it is so high that the pressure at the intermediate high point is zero; in typical scenarios this will cause the liquid to form bubbles and if the bubbles enlarge to fill the pipe then the siphon will "break". Setting
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revisited siphons in 1971. They re-examined the theories of the siphon and ran experiments on siphons in air pressure. They concluded: "By now it should be clear that, despite a wealth of tradition, the basic mechanism of a siphon does not depend upon atmospheric pressure."
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There are two leading theories about how siphons cause liquid to flow uphill, against gravity, without being pumped, and powered only by gravity. The traditional theory for centuries was that gravity pulling the liquid down on the exit side of the siphon resulted in reduced
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bubbles; in the absence of impurities or rough surfaces to act as easy nucleation sites for bubbles, siphons can temporarily exceed their standard maximal height during the extended time it takes bubbles to nucleate. One siphon of degassed water was demonstrated to
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A river siphon occurs when part of the water flow passes under a submerged object like a rock or tree trunk. The water flowing under the obstruction can be very powerful, and as such can be very dangerous for kayaking, canyoning, and other river-based watersports.
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the siphon (in home use this is often done by a person inhaling through the tube until enough of it has filled with liquid; this may pose danger to the user, depending on the liquid that is being siphoned). This is sometimes done with any leak-free hose to siphon
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is considered in the scientific literature to be a fair approximation to the operation of the siphon. In non-ideal fluids, compressibility, tensile strength and other characteristics of the working fluid (or multiple fluids) complicate
Bernoulli's equation.
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and the intermediate high point does limit the maximum velocity. The drain point cannot be lowered indefinitely to increase the velocity. Equation 3 will limit the velocity to retain a positive pressure at the intermediate high point to prevent
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take up more volume (in other words, the pressure increases). This pressure from the expanding steam then forces the liquid up the siphon; when the steam then condenses down to water the pressure decreases and the liquid flows back down.
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of the liquid. When the pressure within the liquid drops to below the liquid's vapor pressure, tiny vapor bubbles can begin to form at the high point, and the siphon effect will end. This effect depends on how efficiently the liquid can
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to entirely disconnect the liquids in the tube before and after the bubble, defeating any liquid tensile strength, and yet if the bubble is not too big, the siphon will continue to operate with little change as it sweeps the bubble out.
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and industry. Their size requires control via valves at the intake, outlet and crest of the siphon. The siphon may be primed by closing the intake and outlets and filling the siphon at the crest. If intakes and outlets are submerged, a
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The term "siphon" is used for a number of structures in human and animal anatomy, either because flowing liquids are involved or because the structure is shaped like a siphon, but in which no actual siphon effect is occurring: see
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the higher-pressure area of the upper reservoir up to the lower-pressure zone at the top of the siphon, over the top, and then, with the help of gravity and a taller column of liquid, down to the higher-pressure zone at the exit.
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when the heat is removed from the bottom vessel, the vapor pressure decreases, and can no longer support the column of water – gravity (acting on the water) and atmospheric pressure then push the water back into the bottom
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Although siphons can exceed the barometric height of the liquid in special circumstances, e.g. when the liquid is degassed and the tube is clean and smooth, in general the practical maximum height can be found as follows.
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There are a number of problems with the chain model of a siphon, and understanding these differences helps to explain the actual workings of siphons. First, unlike in the chain model of the siphon, it is not actually the
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1144:; these are not siphons but follow a standard U-shaped design leading to the term. Siphon barometers are still produced as precision instruments. Siphon barometers should not be confused with a siphon rain gauge.,
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sealed by water traps. This method can fail if it cannot start working intermittently without water already present in parts of the mechanism, and which will not be filled if the mechanism starts from a dry state.
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and to heights exceeding the barometric height of the liquid. Consequently, the cohesion tension theory of siphon operation has been advocated, where the liquid is pulled over the siphon in a way similar to the
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Where a hose bibb is installed outside a building, inside a garage, or where there is an identifiable risk of contamination, the potable water system shall be protected against backflow by a backflow preventer.
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A tube used to convey liquid upwards from a reservoir and then down to a lower level of its own accord. Once the liquid has been forced into the tube, typically by suction or immersion, flow continues unaided.
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of the water increases (it increasingly evaporates); when the water boils the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, and as the temperature increases above boiling the pressure in the bottom vessel then
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A practical siphon, operating at typical atmospheric pressures and tube heights, works because gravity pulling down on the taller column of liquid leaves reduced pressure at the top of the siphon (formally,
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Apply
Bernoulli's equation to the surface of the upper reservoir. The surface is technically falling as the upper reservoir is being drained. However, for this example we will assume the reservoir to be
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Air-start siphon. When the column of liquid is allowed to fall from C down to D, liquid in the upper reservoir will flow up to B and over the top. No liquid tensile strength is needed to pull the liquid
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Many automatic siphons have been invented going back to at least the 1850s, for automatic siphon mechanisms that attempt to overcome these problems using various pneumatic and hydrodynamic principles.
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that can record rainfall over an extended period. A siphon is used to automatically empty the gauge. It is often simply called a "siphon gauge" and is not to be confused with a siphon pressure gauge.
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he examined pressure initialisation, flow, and pressure propagation within a siphon. He concluded: "Pressure, gravity and molecular cohesion can all be driving forces in the operation of siphons".
2816:, of the initial entry point of the siphon in the upper reservoir, does not affect the velocity of the siphon. No limit to the depth of the siphon start point is implied by Equation 2 as pressure
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gas siphons, siphons working despite bubbles, and the flying droplet siphon, where gases do not exert significant pulling forces, and liquids not in contact cannot exert a cohesive tension force.
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is atmospheric pressure. If the end of the siphon is below the surface, the height to the end of the siphon cannot be used; rather the height difference between the reservoirs should be used.
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in that there are ways the siphon can fail to function which require manual intervention to return to normal surge flow operation. A video demonstration of a self-starting siphon can be found
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incorporated a siphon in the cistern which would flush automatically on a regular cycle because there was a constant trickle of clean water being fed to the cistern by a slightly open valve.
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Tokoro, Kazuhiko; Chiba, Yasuhiro; Abe, Hiroyuki; Tanaka, Nobumasa; Yamataki, Akira; Kanno, Hiroshi (1994). "Importance of anti-siphon devices in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus".
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also exist. The two are unrelated in application. Siphoning can be used to remove fuel from tanks. With the cost of fuel increasing, it has been linked in several countries to the rise in
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usually have little tensile strength under typical siphon conditions, and therefore the liquid on the rising side cannot be pulled up in the way the chain is pulled up on the rising side.
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5012:"Arizona Administrative Code, Title 18. Environmental Quality, Chapter 9. Department Of Environmental Quality, Article 3. Aquifer Protection Permits, Part E. Type 4 General Permits"
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The velocity of the siphon is thus driven solely by the height difference between the surface of the upper reservoir and the drain point. The height of the intermediate high point,
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at the top of the siphon. Then atmospheric pressure was able to push the liquid from the upper reservoir, up into the reduced pressure at the top of the siphon, like in a
5229:
144:
Pascal's siphon, showing two beakers of mercury inside a container of water, demonstrating that a siphon works by atmospheric pressure, not that "nature abhors a vacuum"
4712:
2716:
121:
with gravity theory cannot explain siphons in vacuum, where there is no significant atmospheric pressure. But the cohesion tension with gravity theory cannot explain CO
4935:
1694:
2169:
1667:
1636:
1610:
1583:
80:
through tubes. In a narrower sense, the word refers particularly to a tube in an inverted "U" shape, which causes a liquid to flow upward, above the surface of a
774:
hazard in the retaining wall. Siphon drainage is also used in draining unstable slopes, and siphon roof-water drainage systems have been in use since the 1960s.
263:
The chain model, where the section marked "B" pulls down because it is heavier than the section "A", is a flawed but useful analogy to the operation of a siphon.
5413:
1174:) is a pressurized bottle with a vent and a valve. It is not a siphon as pressure within the bottle drives the liquid up and out a tube. A special form was the
359: – and in these situations the chain model can be instructive. Further, in other settings water transport does occur due to tension, most significantly in
5101:
1716:
572:
In 2014, Hughes and Gurung (at the
Queensland University of Technology) ran a water siphon under varying air pressures ranging from sea level to 11.9 km (
303:
of the liquid to pull the liquid up and over the rise. While water has been found to have a significant tensile strength in some experiments (such as with the
1094:
Every potable water system that supplies a fixture or tank that is not subject to pressures above atmospheric shall be protected against back-siphonage by a
1405:
In speleology, a siphon or a sump is that part of a cave passage that lies under water and through which cavers have to dive to progress further into the
1035:
are required in such designs. The reason is that external faucets may be attached to hoses which may be immersed in an external body of water, such as a
6058:
4503:
2022:
1074:
The anti-siphon valve in medical shunts is preventing excess forward flow of liquid. In plumbing systems, the anti-siphon valve is preventing backflow.
5011:
642:
A siphon used in an automatic unattended device needs to be able to function reliably without failure. This is different from the common demonstration
1708:
and the velocity of the surface may be set to zero. Furthermore, the pressure at both the surface and the exit point C is atmospheric pressure. Thus:
996:. Back siphonage is rare as it depends on submerged inlets at the outlet (home) end and these are uncommon. Back siphonage is not to be confused with
117:. It need not be one theory or the other that is correct, but rather both theories may be correct in different circumstances of ambient pressure. The
891:
a small amount of still hot water and steam remain in the bottom vessel and are kept heated, with this pressure keeping the water in the upper vessel
5702:
Gisolf, J.; Gisolf, A.; van
Lieshout, J. J.; Karemaker, J. M. (2005). "The siphon controversy: an integration of concepts and the brain as baffle".
3297:
This is the maximum height that a siphon will work. Substituting values will give approximately 10 m (33 feet) for water and, by definition of
1872:
6043:
3119:
3014:
5444:
614:
from a motor vehicle's gasoline tank to an external tank. (Siphoning gasoline by mouth often results in the accidental swallowing of gasoline, or
950:
across valleys, for irrigation or gold mining. The Romans used inverted siphons of lead pipes to cross valleys that were too big to construct an
2827:. Both these facts imply the operator of the siphon may bottom skim or top skim the upper reservoir without impacting the siphon's performance.
1124:. Trucks, with their large fuel tanks, are most vulnerable. The anti-siphon device prevents thieves from inserting a tube into the fuel tank.
3371:
ASSE 1002/ASME A112.1002/CSA B125.12 on
Performance Requirements for Anti-Siphon Fill Valves (Ballcocks) for Gravity Water Closet Flush Tanks
3223:
1481:
5284:
4664:
275:
Even the falling lighter lower leg from C to D can cause the liquid of the heavier upper leg to flow up and over into the lower reservoir
5545:
984:
is a plumbing term applied to the reversal of normal water flow in a plumbing system due to sharply reduced or negative pressure on the
5948:
3946:
2299:
As the siphon is a single system, the constant in all four equations is the same. Setting equations 1 and 4 equal to each other gives:
5486:
3467:
Ramette, Joshua J.; Ramette, Richard W. (July 2011). "Siphonic concepts examined: a carbon dioxide gas siphon and siphons in vacuum".
3212:
This means that the height of the intermediate high point is limited by pressure along the streamline being always greater than zero.
5616:
5327:
580:) altitude. They noted: "Flow remained more or less constant during ascension indicating that siphon flow is independent of ambient
4736:
3592:
43:
demonstrates that the effect of atmospheric pressure at the entrance is not canceled by the equal atmospheric pressure at the exit.
1000:; which is the reversed flow of water from the outlet end to the supply end caused by pressure occurring at the outlet end. Also,
725:
Siphoning is common in irrigated fields to transfer a controlled amount of water from a ditch, over the ditch wall, into furrows.
7394:
5051:
2441:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }={v_{C}^{2} \over 2}-gh_{C}+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }}
1212:
machine but will stop when the air in the priming pump is depleted. In a slightly differently configuration, it is also known as
5745:
Hicks, JW; Badeer, HS (February 1989). "Siphon mechanism in collapsible tubes: application to circulation of the giraffe head".
5517:
3988:
3897:
3771:
565:, A. McGuire, examined flow in siphons in 2012. Using the advanced general-purpose multiphysics simulation software package
7226:
5675:
4939:
3339:
continued to defend his view of the siphon in a late
September post at the Oxford blog. The 2015 definition by the OED is:
5780:
Seymour, RS; Johansen, K (1987). "Blood flow uphill and downhill: does a siphon facilitate circulation above the heart?".
4961:
6027:
3335:
1079:
514:
876:
another glass vessel is placed on top, open to the atmosphere – the top vessel is empty, the bottom is filled with water
6221:
5130:
913:
do not work in this way. These metering pumps are true siphon pumping devices which use siphons as their power source.
5376:
6546:
5421:
3925:
1260:
when the fluid is air, this is an example of the misconception that air pressure is the operating force for siphons.
355:
In some situations siphons do function in the absence of atmospheric pressure and due to tensile strength – see
2990:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }={v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}+{P_{B} \over \rho }}
2681:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }={v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}+{P_{B} \over \rho }}
664:
of operating when the storage tank is not full, leading to loss of the liquid seal in lower parts of the mechanism.
7276:
3980:
5815:
Hicks, James W.; Munis, James R. (2005). "The siphon controversy counterpoint: the brain need not be "baffling"".
782:
5044:"What is back-siphonage and its causes? - Water FAQ Backflow Prevention - Water / Wastewater - Operations Centre"
351:
able to push the liquid up. (The cars are not bound to each other, so they do not pull on each other, only push.)
5253:"Seven-year clinical experience with the Codman Hakim programmable valve: a retrospective study of 583 patients"
702:
and floaties) from being transferred out of one container into a new container. Siphoning is thus useful in the
3624:
4838:
4510:
4057:
2471:
939:
is not a siphon but a term applied to pipes that must dip below an obstruction to form a U-shaped flow path.
452:
59:
5018:
1256:. The low pressure at the throat of the venturi is called a siphon when a second fluid is introduced, or an
7379:
6837:
6176:
3887:
7000:
6802:
3381:
973:
which must be routed under rivers or other deep obstructions where the better term is "depressed sewer".
873:
a glass vessel is filled with water, then corked (so air-tight) with a siphon sticking vertically upwards
380:
4775:
6782:
6627:
6612:
3917:
3846:
3828:
3811:
1095:
1028:
710:
construction). When the ends are opened, the water flows through the pipe into the sewer or the river.
4550:
4004:
3349:
6887:
5647:
5073:
3367:
The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) publishes the following Tri-Harmonized Standard:
3322:
562:
185:
129:
6125:
4351:
4294:
4094:"Negative Pressure Generated by Octopus Suckers: A Study of the Tensile Strength of Water in Nature"
3503:
6617:
6256:
6181:
5387:
4309:
1835:
Apply
Bernoulli's equation to point A at the start of the siphon tube in the upper reservoir where
869:
brewer, which works as follows (designs vary; this is a standard design, omitting coffee grounds):
536:
183:
brothers of 9th-century
Baghdad invented a double-concentric siphon, which they described in their
2802:{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {max} }={\sqrt {2\left({P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }-gh_{B}\right)}}}
1208:
is not a siphon as it works as a gravity driven pressure pump, at first glance it appears to be a
706:
of wine and beer for this reason, since it can keep unwanted impurities out of the new container.
7384:
6822:
6817:
6526:
6468:
6448:
6171:
6103:
5934:
4863:
1426:
1317:
795:
585:
551:
495:
386:
24:
5288:
4551:"Experimental study on the anti-clogging ability of siphon drainage and engineering application"
3317:
between molecules, provided that the liquids are pure and degassed and surfaces are very clean.
1269:
which increases the efficiency of the system. One benefit to this drainage technique is reduced
7343:
7286:
7015:
6985:
6316:
6214:
5493:
4656:
2271:{\displaystyle {v_{C}^{2} \over 2}-gh_{C}+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1447:
Let point A be the start point of siphon, immersed within the higher reservoir and at a depth −
231:
215:
52:
4247:
4078:
4035:
3913:
1982:
Apply
Bernoulli's equation to point B at the intermediate high point of the siphon tube where
7328:
7281:
7037:
6980:
6965:
6437:
5966:
Ganci, S; Yegorenkov, V (2008). "Historical and pedagogical aspects of a humble instrument".
5878:
5549:
4686:
4631:
3976:
3395:
1678:
1298:
reservoir falls below the intake of the siphon. Such self-priming siphons are useful in some
718:
593:
apex of the siphon is above the vapour pressure of water, an exception being ionic liquids".
284:
on the taller side compared to the shorter side that matters. Rather it is the difference in
5952:
3735:
7027:
6596:
6504:
6406:
5975:
5156:
4562:
4457:
4416:
4377:
4324:
4273:
4200:
4143:
4093:
3673:
3546:
3476:
3425:
3331:
3310:
615:
529:
510:
402:
375:
360:
252:
118:
6147:
5624:
5331:
3531:
92:, then discharging at a level lower than the surface of the reservoir from which it came.
8:
7358:
7216:
6857:
6453:
3440:
2528:, does not affect the velocity of the siphon. However, as the siphon is a single system,
1812:{\displaystyle {0^{2} \over 2}+g(0)+{P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1651:
1620:
1594:
1567:
1429:
may be applied to a siphon to derive its ideal flow rate and theoretical maximum height.
1348:
Some species are named after siphons because they resemble siphons in whole or in part.
1213:
1067:
997:
703:
694:
When certain liquids needs to be purified, siphoning can help prevent either the bottom (
589:
581:
5979:
5654:
5591:
4914:
4751:
4566:
4461:
4420:
4381:
4328:
4277:
4204:
4147:
3677:
3550:
3480:
491:
by the compressive effect of the atmosphere on the opposite ends of the liquid column."
7312:
7211:
7133:
6970:
6935:
6832:
6812:
6707:
6682:
6483:
6376:
6246:
5991:
5570:
5463:
5207:
4588:
4527:
4480:
4445:
4340:
4221:
4186:
4167:
3702:
3661:
3643:
3492:
1327:
652:
169:
5603:
346:
7348:
7271:
6960:
6807:
6792:
6712:
6692:
6657:
6510:
6473:
6371:
6207:
5995:
5987:
5858:
5840:
5832:
5797:
5793:
5762:
5727:
5719:
5681:
5671:
5199:
4986:
4888:
4592:
4580:
4485:
4344:
4336:
4226:
4171:
4159:
4155:
3984:
3921:
3893:
3707:
3689:
3496:
3488:
3400:
3298:
1381:
951:
833:
688:
463:), which is the definition of standard pressure. This equals the maximal height of a
456:
288:
from the reservoir surfaces to the top of the siphon, that determines the balance of
151:
reliefs from 1500 BC depict siphons used to extract liquids from large storage jars.
5758:
5521:
5211:
4607:
4286:
4261:
3859:
888:
atmospheric pressure, and pushes the water up the siphon tube into the upper vessel.
88:, but powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of
7353:
7118:
6927:
6877:
6702:
6622:
6581:
6541:
6301:
6266:
5983:
5824:
5789:
5754:
5711:
5663:
5264:
5191:
4570:
4549:
Yan, Xin; Zhan, Wei; Hu, Zhi; Wang, Lei; Yu, Yiqiang; Xiao, Danqiang (2022-12-01).
4475:
4465:
4424:
4385:
4332:
4281:
4216:
4208:
4191:
4151:
4105:
3697:
3681:
3639:
3554:
3484:
3314:
1613:
1360:
1357:
1257:
1229:
1209:
1194:
746:
555:
410:
300:
189:. The edition edited by Hill includes an analysis of the double-concentric siphon.
5817:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
5704:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
4817:
3729:
2116:{\displaystyle {v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}+{P_{B} \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
7181:
7057:
7047:
6747:
6697:
6687:
6667:
6647:
6571:
6463:
6386:
6361:
4796:
3786:
3420:
3389:
3385:
1372:
1063:
1048:
922:
422:
418:
209:
155:
108:, and then over. However, it has been demonstrated that siphons can operate in a
4575:
2830:
This equation for the velocity is the same as that of any object falling height
310:
7389:
7221:
7191:
7186:
7138:
7072:
6902:
6897:
6722:
6717:
6561:
6499:
6443:
6391:
6326:
6271:
5828:
5715:
1237:
1225:
1009:
880:
821:
Some toilets also use the siphon principle to obtain the actual flush from the
791:
521:
484:
368:
159:
114:
105:
5930:
5903:
5685:
5449:
Proceedings of the 2014 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference
4446:"Exploring the boundary between a siphon and barometer in a hypobaric chamber"
3840:
3822:
3805:
3567:
1959:{\displaystyle {v_{A}^{2} \over 2}-gd+{P_{A} \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1023:
often contain specific sections on back siphonage and especially for external
647:
259:
7373:
7338:
7302:
7171:
7108:
6777:
6677:
6586:
6478:
6458:
6286:
6281:
5904:"Water Flowing Up 24 meters Not Magic, Just Science! Gravity of Life (Part3)"
5836:
5723:
4584:
4163:
3693:
3410:
3202:{\displaystyle h_{B}={P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho g}-{v_{B}^{2} \over 2g}.}
3089:{\displaystyle {P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over {\rho }}={v_{B}^{2} \over 2}+gh_{B}}
2161:. Furthermore, the pressure at the exit point is atmospheric pressure. Thus:
1253:
1059:
1040:
1020:
1001:
989:
866:
850:
547:
476:
439:) for an extended period of time and other controlled experiments to 10
271:
239:
235:
148:
5697:
5695:
5269:
5252:
5134:
334:
Demonstration of siphoning tropical fruit punch with a flying-droplet siphon
7231:
7148:
7088:
7067:
7062:
6975:
6950:
6892:
6872:
6862:
6847:
6787:
6772:
6742:
6727:
6662:
6642:
6591:
6536:
6401:
6381:
6311:
5844:
5731:
5302:
4489:
4230:
3807:
Water Flowing Up 24 meters Not Magic, Just Science! Gravity of Life (Part3)
3711:
3405:
1270:
985:
815:
480:
464:
193:
6194:
5801:
5766:
5667:
5468:
5228:(Press release). Spina Bifida Association of America. 2009. Archived from
5203:
4109:
3860:"Winemaking in Ancient Egypt : 2000 Years Before the Birth of Christ"
927:
7176:
7153:
7128:
7113:
7005:
6882:
6867:
6852:
6797:
6767:
6762:
6752:
6737:
6732:
6652:
6637:
6411:
6351:
5692:
4962:"How To Retrieve An Item Dropped Down A Sink Drain - A Concord Carpenter"
2547:. The maximum velocity may be calculated by combining equations 1 and 3:
1454:
Let point B be the intermediate high point on the siphon tube at height +
1406:
1400:
1377:
1367:
1233:
1166:
1052:
1036:
1005:
734:
695:
520:
The father and son researchers Ramette and Ramette successfully siphoned
444:
436:
197:
20:
1323:
There has been a debate if whether the siphon mechanism plays a role in
554:
stated that both a pressure differential within the siphon tube and the
132:
as a decent approximation to idealized, friction-free siphon operation.
7236:
7123:
7103:
6990:
6955:
6917:
6912:
6757:
6632:
6396:
6356:
5445:"Mini hydro-electric power plant with re-circulated water power source"
5195:
2544:
1299:
1249:
1121:
762:
729:
7267:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
6095:
4470:
4429:
4404:
4389:
4212:
3685:
3559:
3287:{\displaystyle h_{B\mathrm {,max} }={P_{\mathrm {atm} } \over \rho g}}
2139:
Apply Bernoulli's equation to point C where the siphon empties. Where
1556:{\displaystyle {v^{2} \over 2}+gy+{P \over \rho }=\mathrm {constant} }
1008:
where the water supply enters a building to prevent backflow into the
931:
Water seal under a sink. Inverted siphoning occurs below the line "A".
713:
455:, the maximal siphon height is approximately 10 m (33 feet); for
38:
7241:
7098:
7093:
7032:
6566:
6531:
6494:
6366:
6331:
6296:
6291:
6261:
3968:
3824:
Amazing Slow Motion Bead Chain Experiment | Slow Mo | Earth Unplugged
3415:
1639:
1349:
1137:
1078:
Sample building code regulations regarding "back siphonage" from the
961:
787:
221:
205:
180:
101:
81:
65:
5606:, Christopher W. MacMinn & Gareth H. McKinley, 26 September 2004
879:
the bottom vessel is then heated; as the temperature increases, the
192:
Siphons were studied further in the 17th century, in the context of
140:
7307:
6995:
6341:
6321:
6276:
6251:
6230:
4131:
1705:
1670:
1586:
1176:
1044:
966:
910:
803:
611:
506:
470:
427:
299:
An occasional misunderstanding of siphons is that they rely on the
204:
of pumps (and siphons) and the apparent vacuum at the top of early
163:
97:
6078:"Physicist spots 99-year-old mistake in Oxford English Dictionary"
4363:
4361:
1444:
Let the surface of the upper reservoir be the reference elevation.
535:
The research team of Boatwright, Puttick, and Licence, all at the
7246:
7143:
7052:
6940:
6842:
6672:
6576:
6556:
6432:
5908:
5701:
5656:
Postural changes in humans: effects of gravity on the circulation
5451:. Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers. pp. 2145ff.
4839:"Aqua Clopedia, a picture dictionary of Roman aqueducts: Siphons"
3309:
Experiments have shown that siphons can operate in a vacuum, via
1697:
1643:
1331:
1245:
1193:
surface to be lubricated, this is not a siphon but an example of
1152:
1083:
993:
970:
942:
Large inverted siphons are used to convey water being carried in
855:
822:
566:
502:
406:
89:
77:
6040:"AOL News, For 99 Years, Oxford English Dictionary Got It Wrong"
5462:
Kezerashvili, R. Ya.; Sapozhnikov, A. (2003). "Magic Fountain".
5352:
3570:(Press release). University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo. 19 January 2011.
230:, but this was subsequently disproved by later workers, notably
19:
This article is about the device. For the carbonation tool, see
7333:
7042:
7010:
6516:
6489:
6336:
4358:
4036:"Maximum height to which water can be raised by a suction pump"
3734:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. p.
1437:
1364:
1024:
540:
394:
304:
109:
76:) is any of a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of
4864:"Inverted syphon of the roman aqueducts - Naked Science Forum"
6945:
6907:
6551:
6521:
4368:
Boatwright, Adrian L. (2011). "Can a Siphon Work In Vacuo?".
4058:"QUT physicist corrects Oxford English Dictionary (w/ Video)"
1432:
1353:
1324:
1241:
947:
943:
448:
440:
432:
364:
5937:
from the original on 2021-12-12 – via www.youtube.com.
683:
7022:
6827:
6416:
6306:
6199:
6189:
4504:"Material Safety Data Sheet for MidGrade Unleaded Gasoline"
1388:
960:
are commonly called traps for their function in preventing
699:
622:
602:
460:
154:
Physical evidence for the use of siphons by Greeks are the
85:
5226:"Hydrocephalus and Shunts in the Person with Spina Bifida"
5518:"Syphonic Drainage by Fullflow : Syphonic Explained"
4185:
Boatwright, A.; Hughes, S.; Barry, J. (2 December 2015).
1421:
1136:
is the term sometimes applied to the simplest of mercury
741:
1464:
Let point C be the drain point of the siphon at height −
30:
5461:
4987:"Inverted Siphon. Depressed Sewer. Design Calculations"
4657:"Siphon spillway – automatically starting siphons"
3625:"Would a Siphon Flow in a Vacuum! Experimental Answers"
3362:
826:
128:
All known published theories in modern times recognize
1062:, or excess fluid in the brain, may be treated with a
379:
the siphon, the hydrostatic pressure decreases (under
4810:
4184:
3659:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3226:
3122:
3017:
2865:
2856:
Setting equations 1 and 3 equal to each other gives:
2719:
2556:
2474:
2308:
2172:
2025:
1875:
1719:
1681:
1654:
1623:
1597:
1570:
1484:
5181:
3660:
Boatwright, A.; Hughes, S.; Barry, J. (2015-12-02).
3384:
for details of an accident where a plumbing method (
839:
558:
of the liquid are required for a siphon to operate.
4079:"The Pulley Analogy Does Not Work For Every Siphon"
3330:, published in 1911, states that a siphon works by
818:often have some siphon effect as the bowl empties.
5662:(Thesis). University of Amsterdam. pp. 7–12.
5594:. Chem.soton.ac.uk. Retrieved on 11 November 2010.
5540:
5538:
5481:
5479:
5443:Agbanlog, Rogelio Cabang; Chen, Guangming (2014).
5131:"Toiletology ... Anti-siphon needs an explanation"
3622:
3510:
3286:
3201:
3088:
2989:
2801:
2680:
2510:
2440:
2270:
2115:
1958:
1811:
1688:
1661:
1630:
1604:
1577:
1555:
605:has to be applied to start the liquid flowing and
601:A plain tube can be used as a siphon. An external
16:Device involving the flow of liquids through tubes
6028:QUT physicist corrects Oxford English Dictionary
5303:"Pressure gauge syphon - 910.15 - WIKA Australia"
3801:
3799:
1436:Example of a siphon with annotations to describe
200:), particularly with an eye to understanding the
7371:
6059:"Dictionary mistake goes unnoticed for 99 years"
5823:(2). American Physiological Society: R629–R632.
5710:(2). American Physiological Society: R627–R629.
5096:
5094:
4789:
3655:
3653:
633:
513:were the focus of work in 2010 by Hughes at the
471:Modern research into the operation of the siphon
172:wrote extensively about siphons in the treatise
5965:
5931:"Siphon in a Vacuum - Periodic Table of Videos"
5779:
5535:
5476:
4444:Hughes, Stephen; Gurung, Som (April 22, 2014).
4027:
4025:
3392:) was partially responsible for gas explosions.
1356:. There are species of alga belonging to the
1111:
678:
5923:
4936:"Drain Traps Are Protection Against Sewer Gas"
4889:"Siphons in Roman (and Hellenistic) aqueducts"
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
3973:The book of ingenious devices (Kitāb al-ḥiyal)
3816:
3796:
3530:Richert, Alex; Binder, P.-M. (February 2011).
3466:
393:Once started, a siphon requires no additional
6215:
5091:
5074:"Drinking Water - Backflow and Backsiphonage"
4548:
4260:Potter, A.; Barnes, F.H. (1 September 1971).
3881:
3879:
3851:
3650:
3591:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
3529:
1027:(See the sample building code quote, below).
988:side, such as high demand on water supply by
5442:
5250:
4443:
4259:
4237:
4073:
4071:
4022:
4005:"History Of Science And Technology In Islam"
1058:Anti-siphon valves are also used medically.
158:in Samos in the 6th century BC and usage by
6008:
5941:
5744:
5639:
5604:Tubeless Siphon and Die Swell Demonstration
4915:"Sewer Odors in Bathroom - Ask the Builder"
4116:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
3723:
3721:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
225:
220:("nature abhors a vacuum"), which dates to
213:
6222:
6208:
6056:
5814:
5388:"Gravity or Siphon? - Don's Airbrush Tips"
4744:Journal of the Indian Institute of Science
4367:
3876:
1685:
1658:
1627:
1601:
1574:
528:Again in 2011, Richert and Binder (at the
6126:"On The Definition of "Siphon" - OUPblog"
5546:"Siphonic roof drainage comes out on top"
5467:
5268:
4776:"Siphon vs valve flush - Information Hub"
4574:
4528:"Siphons for Geosiphon Treatment Systems"
4479:
4469:
4428:
4285:
4220:
4132:"A practical example of a siphon at work"
4068:
3967:
3701:
3579:
3577:
3558:
3462:
3460:
1471:below the surface of the upper reservoir.
1461:above the surface of the upper reservoir.
1451:below the surface of the upper reservoir.
1263:
596:
5487:"Siphonic Solutions design and contract"
5102:"Information about Public Water Systems"
4041:
3914:Water management in ancient Greek cities
3857:
3718:
3609:
3304:
1431:
1287:crest. This phenomenon is also called a
1244:(e.g. air), to produce low pressures to
1151:
926:
854:
781:
740:
712:
682:
672:sources, free of solids or precipitate.
374:In more detail, one can look at how the
345:
322:
309:
270:
258:
139:
37:
29:
7277:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
5648:"Effects of gravity on the circulation"
4818:"Siphon pump having a metering chamber"
4243:
4031:
3961:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3727:
3583:
3438:
2511:{\displaystyle v_{C}={\sqrt {2gh_{C}}}}
728:Large siphons may be used in municipal
421:in practical siphons is limited by the
7372:
6075:
6009:Nokes M. C. (1948). "Vacuum siphons".
5645:
5411:
5251:Zemack, Göran; Romner, Bertil (1999).
4912:
4402:
4307:
4129:
3939:"THE PNEUMATICS OF HERO OF ALEXANDRIA"
3886:Usher, Abbott Payson (15 April 2018).
3574:
3457:
1422:Explanation using Bernoulli's equation
1248:other fluids; a common example is the
992:; it is not an actual siphon as it is
6203:
5133:. www.toiletology.com. Archived from
4654:
4605:
4091:
3885:
3769:
865:everyday illustration of this is the
479:investigated siphons working in both
7227:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
5646:Gisolf, Janneke (25 February 2005).
4632:"Siphon roof water drainage systems"
3752:
3568:"Yanking the chain on siphon claims"
3363:Standards in engineering or industry
2163:
2016:
1866:
1710:
1614:gravitational acceleration downwards
1015:
752:
668:to maintain intermittent operation.
6057:Calligeros, Marissa (10 May 2010).
4734:
3892:. Courier Corporation. p. 93.
3834:
3336:Queensland University of Technology
1127:
539:, succeeded in running a siphon in
515:Queensland University of Technology
414:
356:
201:
162:engineers in the 3rd century BC at
13:
5859:"Flora da Bahia: Siphonocladaceae"
4655:Smith, W. B. (29 July 2005).
4509:. 28 November 2006. Archived from
4009:www.history-science-technology.com
3889:A History of Mechanical Inventions
3644:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1914.tb16014.x
3268:
3265:
3262:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3032:
3029:
3026:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1409:, but it is not an actual siphon.
1376:is a tropical plant in the family
916:
777:
768:
208:. This was initially explained by
14:
7406:
6547:Push-to-pull compression fittings
6164:
4130:Hughes, Stephen W. (March 2010).
3858:Schieber, Frank (28 March 2011).
3439:Calvert, James B. (11 May 2000).
3353:currently describes a siphon as:
2847:
1370:which have tube-like structures.
1219:
1200:
1102:backflow by a backflow preventer.
976:
840:Devices that are not true siphons
72: 'pipe, tube'; also spelled
5571:"Physics Demonstrations - Light"
5447:. In Guan, Y.; Liao, H. (eds.).
5163:. CLEANERS SUPERMARKET® Pty, Ltd
4735:Rao, Govinda N. S. (2008).
4350:
4293:
3565:Press release for this article:
3502:
1232:, is not a siphon but a form of
1147:
844:
224:, and which Galileo restated as
6140:
6118:
6096:"On The Definition of "Siphon""
6088:
6069:
6050:
6032:
6021:
6002:
5959:
5896:
5871:
5851:
5808:
5773:
5759:10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.2.R567
5738:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5563:
5510:
5455:
5436:
5405:
5380:
5370:
5345:
5320:
5295:
5277:
5244:
5218:
5175:
5149:
5123:
5066:
5041:
5035:
5004:
4979:
4954:
4928:
4913:Carter, Tim (26 January 2017).
4906:
4881:
4856:
4831:
4768:
4728:
4705:
4679:
4667:from the original on 2015-06-02
4648:
4624:
4606:Admin, WJ Group (7 July 2015).
4599:
4542:
4520:
4496:
4437:
4396:
4308:Hughes, Stephen W. (May 2011).
4301:
4253:
4178:
4098:Journal of Experimental Biology
4085:
3997:
3931:
3906:
3584:McGuire, Adam (2 August 2012).
1277:
1116:Along with anti-siphon valves,
810:
717:Siphon irrigation of cotton at
687:Siphoning beer after the first
7395:16th-century BC establishments
6076:Malkin, Bonnie (11 May 2010).
4187:"The height limit of a siphon"
4142:(2). IOP Publishing: 162–166.
3745:– via Internet Archive.
3662:"The height limit of a siphon"
3632:School Science and Mathematics
2895:
2889:
2586:
2580:
2338:
2332:
1749:
1743:
903:
1:
5883:florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br
4797:"Improvement in siphon-pumps"
4687:"Lake Bonney refill underway"
4370:Journal of Chemical Education
3431:
1183:
634:Automatic intermittent siphon
626:to start the siphon process.
453:standard atmospheric pressure
7287:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
6838:Reduced pressure zone device
6229:
6177:The Periodic Table of Videos
6082:The Daily Telegraph (London)
5794:10.1016/0300-9629(87)90465-8
5157:"Toilet Blue Loo - Sweet Lu"
4750:(3): 915–930. Archived from
1305:
1112:Other anti-siphoning devices
786:Siphon spillways draining a
679:Applications and terminology
196:(and the recently developed
7:
7282:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
7001:Instant hot water dispenser
6803:Piping and plumbing fitting
5968:European Journal of Physics
5285:"Part 4: Structural Design"
4576:10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101221
4405:"Siphoning—a weighty topic"
3842:Pouring and Siphoning a Gas
3623:Minor, Ralph Smith (1914).
3586:"On the Physics of Siphons"
3382:1992 Guadalajara explosions
3375:
2710:Maximum velocity of siphon:
2294:
2284:
2129:
1972:
1825:
1029:Backflow prevention devices
381:vertical pressure variation
10:
7411:
6628:Backflow prevention device
6613:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
5988:10.1088/0143-0807/29/3/003
5879:"Flora brasiliensis, CRIA"
5829:10.1152/ajpregu.00810.2004
5716:10.1152/ajpregu.00709.2004
5412:Greenslade, Thomas B. Jr.
5353:"THE SIPHONING RAIN GAUGE"
4868:www.thenakedscientists.com
4337:10.1088/0031-9120/46/3/007
4156:10.1088/0031-9120/45/2/006
3918:Oxford University Press US
3770:Nokes, M. C. (1948).
3489:10.1088/0031-9120/46/4/006
1398:
1394:
1380:that is also known by the
1343:
1310:
920:
848:
135:
58:
18:
7321:
7295:
7255:
7200:
7162:
7081:
6926:
6888:Thermostatic mixing valve
6605:
6425:
6237:
5573:. sprott.physics.wisc.edu
4966:www.aconcordcarpenter.com
4737:"Design of Volute Siphon"
4287:10.1088/0031-9120/6/5/005
4092:Smith, Andrew M. (1991).
3323:Oxford English Dictionary
3217:Maximum height of siphon:
3111:General height of siphon:
1412:
1228:siphon, also known as an
563:Humboldt State University
494:Potter and Barnes at the
245:
186:Book of Ingenious Devices
156:Justice cup of Pythagoras
6618:Automatic bleeding valve
6257:Compatibility (chemical)
6182:University of Nottingham
3912:Dora P. Crouch (1993). "
2837:. This equation assumes
550:in 2011, J. Dooley from
537:University of Nottingham
6823:Pressure-balanced valve
6818:Pressure vacuum breaker
6527:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
6469:Drain-waste-vent system
6449:Chemical drain cleaners
6104:Oxford University Press
5270:10.3171/foc.1999.7.4.11
5161:www.cleaningshop.com.au
4893:www.romanaqueducts.info
4843:www.romanaqueducts.info
4403:Dooley, John W (2011).
3350:Encyclopædia Britannica
1689:{\displaystyle \rho \;}
1386:Siphonacanthus villosus
1318:Siphon (disambiguation)
1091:7.6.2.3.Back Siphonage
796:Traverse City, Michigan
552:Millersville University
496:University of Edinburgh
25:Siphon (disambiguation)
7344:Template:Public health
7016:water recycling shower
6986:Hot water storage tank
6317:Onsite sewage facility
6172:"A siphon in a vacuum"
5782:Comp Biochem Physiol A
5184:Child's Nervous System
3728:Michels, John (1902).
3360:
3345:
3288:
3203:
3090:
2991:
2803:
2682:
2512:
2442:
2272:
2117:
1960:
1813:
1690:
1663:
1632:
1606:
1579:
1557:
1475:Bernoulli's equation:
1440:
1341:
1264:Siphonic roof drainage
1157:
1118:anti-siphoning devices
932:
861:
799:
749:
722:
691:
597:Practical requirements
352:
335:
316:
276:
264:
232:Evangelista Torricelli
226:
214:
145:
44:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
7329:Fire sprinkler system
7038:Tankless water heater
6981:Garbage disposal unit
6966:Electric water boiler
6438:British Standard Pipe
6148:"Siphon - instrument"
4661:www.vl-irrigation.org
4555:Soils and Foundations
4110:10.1242/jeb.157.1.257
3977:Donald Routledge Hill
3785:: 233. Archived from
3779:School Science Review
3396:Communicating vessels
3355:
3341:
3305:Operation in a vacuum
3289:
3204:
3091:
2992:
2823:increases with depth
2804:
2683:
2513:
2443:
2273:
2118:
1961:
1814:
1691:
1664:
1633:
1607:
1580:
1558:
1435:
1336:
1155:
930:
858:
785:
744:
719:St George, Queensland
716:
686:
644:self-starting siphons
459:it is 76 cm (30
349:
333:
313:
274:
262:
143:
41:
33:
7028:Storage water heater
6597:Water heat recycling
6505:National Pipe Thread
6407:Water supply network
3532:"Siphons, Revisited"
3426:Water level (device)
3334:. Stephen Hughes of
3332:atmospheric pressure
3224:
3120:
3015:
2863:
2717:
2698:= 0 and solving for
2554:
2472:
2306:
2170:
2023:
1873:
1717:
1679:
1673:along the streamline
1652:
1621:
1595:
1589:along the streamline
1568:
1482:
1438:Bernoulli's equation
1427:Bernoulli's equation
586:Bernoulli's equation
530:University of Hawaii
403:atmospheric pressure
387:Bernoulli's equation
376:hydrostatic pressure
361:transpirational pull
253:hydrostatic pressure
227:resintenza del vacuo
130:Bernoulli’s equation
119:atmospheric pressure
7380:Egyptian inventions
7359:Template:Wastewater
7217:Hydrostatic testing
6858:Rooftop water tower
6454:Compression fitting
5980:2008EJPh...29..421G
5753:(2 Pt 2): R567–71.
5592:School of Chemistry
5257:Neurosurgical Focus
5111:. 21 September 2015
4942:on 23 November 2016
4567:2022SoFou..6201221Y
4462:2014NatSR...4E4741H
4421:2011PhT....64h..10D
4382:2011JChEd..88.1547B
4329:2011PhyEd..46..298H
4310:"The secret siphon"
4278:1971PhyEd...6..362P
4205:2015NatSR...516790B
4148:2010PhyEd..45..162H
3678:2015NatSR...516790B
3551:2011PhTea..49...78R
3539:The Physics Teacher
3481:2011PhyEd..46..412R
3388:, also known as an
3185:
3064:
2945:
2636:
2463:Velocity of siphon:
2388:
2189:
2042:
1892:
1662:{\displaystyle P\;}
1631:{\displaystyle y\;}
1605:{\displaystyle g\;}
1578:{\displaystyle v\;}
1170:or, archaically, a
1068:cerebrospinal fluid
590:Poiseuille equation
582:barometric pressure
409:of the liquid, and
7313:Waterborne disease
7212:Hydronic balancing
6971:Evaporative cooler
6936:Accessible bathtub
6833:Radiator (heating)
6813:Pressure regulator
6708:Double check valve
6683:Concentric reducer
6484:Garden Hose Thread
6377:Thermal insulation
6247:Air gap (plumbing)
5424:on 21 January 2020
5418:physics.kenyon.edu
5328:"Siphon barometer"
5196:10.1007/BF00301160
4693:. 26 November 2008
4450:Scientific Reports
3949:on 7 February 2020
3747:duane siphon 1902.
3666:Scientific Reports
3284:
3199:
3171:
3086:
3050:
2987:
2931:
2799:
2678:
2622:
2508:
2438:
2374:
2268:
2175:
2113:
2028:
1956:
1878:
1809:
1686:
1659:
1628:
1602:
1575:
1553:
1441:
1158:
1096:backflow preventer
1033:anti-siphon valves
933:
862:
800:
750:
745:A siphon used for
723:
692:
653:The Curiosity Show
353:
336:
317:
277:
265:
240:barometer: history
212:via the theory of
170:Hero of Alexandria
146:
45:
36:
7367:
7366:
7349:Template:Sewerage
7296:Health and safety
7272:NSF International
7082:Specialized tools
6961:Drinking fountain
6928:Plumbing fixtures
6808:Plug (sanitation)
6793:Nipple (plumbing)
6713:Eccentric reducer
6693:Coupling (piping)
6658:Chemigation valve
6511:Nominal Pipe Size
6474:Ductile iron pipe
6372:Thermal expansion
5949:"Siphon Concepts"
5469:physics/0310039v1
5414:"Hero's Fountain"
4608:"Siphon Draining"
4471:10.1038/srep04741
4430:10.1063/PT.3.1199
4390:10.1021/ed2001818
4376:(11): 1547–1550.
4317:Physics Education
4266:Physics Education
4213:10.1038/srep16790
4136:Physics Education
3990:978-90-277-0833-5
3899:978-0-4862-5593-4
3686:10.1038/srep16790
3560:10.1119/1.3543576
3469:Physics Education
3401:Concentric siphon
3299:standard pressure
3282:
3194:
3164:
3068:
3043:
2985:
2949:
2924:
2881:
2797:
2774:
2676:
2640:
2615:
2572:
2506:
2436:
2392:
2367:
2324:
2292:
2291:
2237:
2193:
2137:
2136:
2082:
2046:
1980:
1979:
1925:
1896:
1833:
1832:
1778:
1735:
1522:
1500:
1382:botanical synonym
1080:Canadian province
1016:Anti-siphon valve
1004:usually demand a
759:siphon rain gauge
753:Siphon rain gauge
331:
7402:
7354:Template:Toilets
7119:Flare-nut wrench
6878:Submersible pump
6703:Dielectric union
6623:Automatic faucet
6582:Thread seal tape
6542:Plastic pipework
6302:Hydrostatic loop
6267:Drain (plumbing)
6224:
6217:
6210:
6201:
6200:
6185:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6042:. Archived from
6036:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5951:. Archived from
5945:
5939:
5938:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5677:978-90-901905-70
5661:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5623:. Archived from
5621:Grow.arizona.edu
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5548:. Archived from
5542:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5520:. Archived from
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5498:
5492:. Archived from
5491:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5420:. Archived from
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5392:sites.google.com
5384:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5330:. Archived from
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5291:on May 28, 2004.
5287:. Archived from
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5106:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5050:. Archived from
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5017:. Archived from
5016:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4938:. Archived from
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4741:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4578:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4314:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4257:
4251:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4127:
4114:
4113:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4054:
4039:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3975:. Translated by
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3945:. Archived from
3935:
3929:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3772:"Vacuum siphons"
3767:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3629:
3620:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3536:
3527:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3464:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3315:tensile strength
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3019:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2902:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2593:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2345:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2174:
2164:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2017:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1877:
1867:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1756:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1523:
1515:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1361:Siphonocladaceae
1240:of fast flowing
1214:Heron's fountain
1210:perpetual motion
1195:capillary action
1134:siphon barometer
1128:Siphon barometer
958:Inverted siphons
747:homebrewing beer
579:
577:
561:A researcher at
556:tensile strength
332:
301:tensile strength
229:
219:
69:
62:
34:Siphon principle
7410:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7317:
7291:
7259:
7257:
7251:
7204:
7202:
7196:
7182:Pressure sensor
7164:
7158:
7134:Plumber's snake
7077:
7058:Water dispenser
7048:Washing machine
6922:
6748:Flushing trough
6698:Diaphragm valve
6688:Condensate pump
6668:Circulator pump
6648:Butterfly valve
6601:
6572:Solvent welding
6464:Crimp (joining)
6421:
6387:Trap (plumbing)
6362:Surface tension
6239:
6233:
6228:
6170:
6167:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6074:
6070:
6055:
6051:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6022:
6007:
6003:
5964:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5813:
5809:
5778:
5774:
5743:
5739:
5700:
5693:
5678:
5659:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5527:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5460:
5456:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5307:www.wika.com.au
5301:
5300:
5296:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5232:on 28 July 2011
5224:
5223:
5219:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5040:
5036:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4991:www.lmnoeng.com
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4649:
4640:
4638:
4636:www.ntotank.com
4630:
4629:
4625:
4616:
4614:
4604:
4600:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4442:
4438:
4401:
4397:
4366:
4359:
4349:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4258:
4254:
4242:
4238:
4183:
4179:
4128:
4117:
4090:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4056:
4055:
4042:
4030:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3884:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3753:
3740:
3738:
3726:
3719:
3658:
3651:
3627:
3621:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3534:
3528:
3511:
3501:
3465:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3421:Pythagorean cup
3390:inverted siphon
3378:
3365:
3326:(OED) entry on
3307:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2957:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2822:
2786:
2782:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2697:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2457:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2242:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2149:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1930:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1856:
1845:
1783:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1527:
1514:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1424:
1415:
1403:
1397:
1373:Ruellia villosa
1346:
1313:
1308:
1289:tubeless siphon
1280:
1266:
1222:
1203:
1186:
1164:(also called a
1150:
1130:
1114:
1049:washing machine
1018:
979:
937:inverted siphon
925:
923:Trap (plumbing)
919:
917:Inverted siphon
906:
853:
847:
842:
813:
780:
778:Siphon spillway
771:
769:Siphon drainage
755:
681:
636:
599:
575:
573:
473:
423:vapour pressure
401:In addition to
369:vascular plants
323:
248:
210:Galileo Galilei
138:
124:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7408:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7385:Fluid dynamics
7382:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7258:organizations
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7222:Leak detection
7219:
7214:
7208:
7206:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7192:Water metering
7189:
7187:Water detector
7184:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7139:Plumber wrench
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7073:Water softener
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6903:Vacuum ejector
6900:
6898:Vacuum breaker
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6723:Faucet aerator
6720:
6718:Expansion tank
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6562:Sewage pumping
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6500:Leak detection
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6444:Cast iron pipe
6441:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6392:Venturi effect
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Sanitary sewer
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6272:Drinking water
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6186:
6166:
6165:External links
6163:
6161:
6160:
6139:
6117:
6087:
6068:
6063:Brisbane Times
6049:
6046:on 2010-05-14.
6031:
6020:
6001:
5974:(3): 421–430.
5958:
5955:on 2012-10-09.
5940:
5922:
5895:
5870:
5850:
5807:
5772:
5747:Am. J. Physiol
5737:
5691:
5676:
5668:11245/1.239323
5638:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5562:
5534:
5509:
5475:
5454:
5435:
5404:
5379:
5369:
5357:www.axinum.com
5344:
5319:
5294:
5276:
5243:
5217:
5174:
5148:
5137:on 10 May 2010
5122:
5090:
5065:
5048:www.grimsby.ca
5034:
5003:
4978:
4953:
4927:
4905:
4880:
4855:
4830:
4809:
4788:
4767:
4727:
4704:
4691:www.abc.net.au
4678:
4647:
4623:
4598:
4541:
4519:
4516:on 2008-05-28.
4495:
4436:
4395:
4357:
4323:(3): 298–302.
4300:
4272:(5): 362–366.
4252:
4244:Calvert (2000)
4236:
4177:
4115:
4104:(1): 257–271.
4084:
4067:
4040:
4032:Calvert (2000)
4021:
3996:
3989:
3983:. p. 21.
3960:
3930:
3905:
3898:
3875:
3850:
3833:
3815:
3795:
3792:on 2013-07-29.
3751:
3717:
3649:
3638:(2): 152–155.
3608:
3573:
3509:
3475:(4): 412–416.
3455:
3453:
3452:
3441:"Hydrostatics"
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3306:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3280:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2849:
2848:Maximum height
2846:
2841:
2834:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2712:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2158:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1854:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1701:
1700:
1684:
1674:
1657:
1647:
1626:
1616:
1600:
1590:
1573:
1563:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1399:Main article:
1396:
1393:
1345:
1342:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1262:
1238:Venturi effect
1221:
1220:Venturi siphon
1218:
1206:Heron's siphon
1202:
1201:Heron's siphon
1199:
1185:
1182:
1156:Siphon bottles
1149:
1146:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1021:Building codes
1017:
1014:
1010:drinking water
1002:building codes
982:Back siphonage
978:
977:Back siphonage
975:
918:
915:
905:
902:
897:
896:
892:
889:
881:vapor pressure
877:
874:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
841:
838:
812:
809:
792:Boardman River
779:
776:
770:
767:
754:
751:
698:) or the top (
680:
677:
650:, courtesy of
635:
632:
598:
595:
522:carbon dioxide
509:and molecular
485:partial vacuum
472:
469:
415:maximal height
357:vacuum siphons
247:
244:
202:maximum height
137:
134:
122:
115:chain fountain
106:drinking straw
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7407:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7339:Template:HVAC
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7303:Plumbing code
7301:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:and standards
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7199:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7172:Control valve
7170:
7169:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:Drain cleaner
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:Hose coupling
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Closet flange
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:Threaded pipe
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Flare fitting
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Copper tubing
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6287:Grade (slope)
6285:
6283:
6282:Friction loss
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6149:
6143:
6128:. 21 May 2010
6127:
6121:
6106:. 21 May 2010
6105:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5860:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5788:(2): 167–70.
5787:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5627:on 2004-06-02
5626:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5572:
5566:
5552:on 2014-09-10
5551:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5524:on 2015-01-05
5523:
5519:
5513:
5499:on 2015-02-27
5495:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5334:on 2015-01-05
5333:
5329:
5323:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5054:on 2018-04-15
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5024:on 2014-09-13
5020:
5013:
5007:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4916:
4909:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4819:
4813:
4798:
4792:
4777:
4771:
4757:on 2013-12-20
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4714:
4713:"Hm16036e.vp"
4708:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:(6): 101221.
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4530:. sti.srs.gov
4529:
4523:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4409:Physics Today
4406:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3926:0-19-507280-4
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:on 2014-05-05
3594:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Jiggle syphon
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3278:
3275:
3257:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2433:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2239:
2234:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1780:
1775:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1571:
1564:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1271:capital costs
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:pressure head
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:siphon bottle
1154:
1148:Siphon bottle
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:which drains
1065:
1061:
1060:Hydrocephalus
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:swimming pool
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:fire-fighting
987:
983:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
929:
924:
914:
912:
901:
893:
890:
887:
882:
878:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
867:siphon coffee
857:
852:
851:Siphon coffee
845:Siphon coffee
837:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:Flush toilets
808:
805:
797:
793:
789:
784:
775:
766:
764:
760:
748:
743:
739:
736:
731:
726:
720:
715:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
690:
685:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
655:
654:
649:
645:
640:
631:
627:
625:
624:
617:
613:
608:
604:
594:
591:
587:
584:". They used
583:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
548:Physics Today
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
526:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Malcolm Nokes
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
391:
388:
384:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
344:
340:
321:
312:
308:
306:
302:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
273:
269:
261:
257:
254:
243:
241:
237:
236:Blaise Pascal
233:
228:
223:
218:
217:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:suction pumps
190:
188:
187:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
142:
133:
131:
126:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
61:
57:
54:
53:Ancient Greek
50:
40:
32:
26:
22:
7232:Pipe marking
7205:and services
7201:Professions,
7149:Strap wrench
7089:Basin wrench
7068:Water heater
7063:Water filter
6976:Flush toilet
6951:Dehumidifier
6893:Trench drain
6873:Street elbow
6863:Safety valve
6848:Relief valve
6788:Needle valve
6773:Grinder pump
6743:Flow limiter
6728:Float switch
6663:Chopper pump
6643:Booster pump
6592:Tube bending
6537:Pipe support
6402:Water hammer
6382:Thermosiphon
6346:
6312:Neutral axis
6188:
6175:
6151:. Retrieved
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6120:
6108:. Retrieved
6099:
6090:
6081:
6071:
6062:
6052:
6044:the original
6034:
6023:
6014:
6010:
6004:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5953:the original
5943:
5925:
5913:. Retrieved
5907:
5898:
5886:. Retrieved
5882:
5873:
5862:. Retrieved
5853:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5707:
5703:
5655:
5641:
5629:. Retrieved
5625:the original
5620:
5611:
5599:
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5565:
5554:. Retrieved
5550:the original
5526:. Retrieved
5522:the original
5512:
5501:. Retrieved
5494:the original
5457:
5448:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5422:the original
5417:
5407:
5395:. Retrieved
5391:
5382:
5372:
5360:. Retrieved
5356:
5347:
5336:. Retrieved
5332:the original
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:
5297:
5289:the original
5279:
5263:(4): 941–8.
5260:
5256:
5246:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:the original
5220:
5190:(4): 236–8.
5187:
5183:
5177:
5165:. Retrieved
5160:
5151:
5139:. Retrieved
5135:the original
5125:
5113:. Retrieved
5108:
5081:. Retrieved
5078:water.ky.gov
5077:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5052:the original
5047:
5037:
5026:. Retrieved
5019:the original
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4965:
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4940:the original
4930:
4918:. Retrieved
4908:
4896:. Retrieved
4892:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4867:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4842:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4770:
4759:. Retrieved
4752:the original
4747:
4743:
4730:
4719:. Retrieved
4707:
4695:. Retrieved
4690:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4660:
4650:
4639:. Retrieved
4635:
4626:
4615:. Retrieved
4611:
4601:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4522:
4511:the original
4498:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4373:
4369:
4320:
4316:
4303:
4269:
4265:
4262:"The siphon"
4255:
4248:"The siphon"
4239:
4196:
4190:
4180:
4139:
4135:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4061:
4012:. Retrieved
4008:
3999:
3972:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3947:the original
3942:
3933:
3908:
3888:
3866:. Retrieved
3853:
3836:
3818:
3787:the original
3782:
3778:
3746:
3739:. Retrieved
3730:
3672:(1): 16790.
3669:
3665:
3635:
3631:
3600:. Retrieved
3593:the original
3542:
3538:
3472:
3468:
3444:. Retrieved
3406:Gravity feed
3366:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3308:
3296:
3216:
3211:
3110:
3100:
3099:Solving for
3098:
3002:
2999:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2812:The depth, −
2811:
2709:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2462:
2452:
2451:Solving for
2450:
2298:
2282:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1823:
1702:
1474:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1425:
1416:
1404:
1385:
1371:
1347:
1337:
1322:
1314:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:Self-siphons
1267:
1223:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1142:siphon gauge
1141:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1115:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1057:
1032:
1019:
986:water supply
981:
980:
957:
956:
941:
936:
934:
907:
898:
885:
863:
831:
829:until 2011.
820:
814:
811:Flush toilet
801:
772:
758:
756:
727:
724:
708:
704:fermentation
693:
689:fermentation
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
643:
641:
637:
628:
620:
606:
600:
571:
560:
545:
534:
527:
519:
501:
493:
488:
481:air pressure
474:
465:suction pump
400:
392:
385:
373:
354:
341:
337:
318:
298:
294:
289:
285:
281:
278:
266:
249:
238: – see
216:horror vacui
198:vacuum pumps
191:
184:
178:
173:
168:
153:
147:
127:
94:
73:
66:
63:
56:
48:
46:
7177:Flow sensor
7165:and control
7163:Measurement
7154:Tap and die
7129:Pipe wrench
7114:Driving cap
7006:Laundry tub
6883:Tap (valve)
6868:Sewage pump
6853:Riser clamp
6798:Pinch valve
6768:Grease trap
6763:Globe valve
6753:Flushometer
6738:Floor drain
6733:Float valve
6653:Check valve
6638:Bleed screw
6412:Water table
6352:Storm sewer
6238:Fundamental
6011:Am. J. Phys
5631:11 November
5042:Poo, Wing.
4456:(1): 4741.
1407:cave system
1401:sump (cave)
1378:Acanthaceae
1368:Chlorophyta
1328:circulation
1300:rain gauges
1284:self-siphon
1234:vacuum pump
1167:soda syphon
1053:check valve
1037:garden pond
1006:check valve
969:systems or
962:sewer gases
904:Siphon pump
735:vacuum pump
546:Writing in
541:high vacuum
21:soda siphon
7374:Categories
7237:Pipefitter
7124:Pipecutter
7104:Core drill
6991:Humidifier
6956:Dishwasher
6918:Zone valve
6913:Water tank
6758:Gate valve
6633:Ball valve
6606:Components
6426:Technology
6397:Wastewater
6357:Stormwater
5864:2021-11-19
5686:6893398534
5556:2015-01-05
5528:2015-01-05
5503:2015-01-05
5338:2015-01-05
5236:9 November
5028:2015-01-05
4761:2013-12-19
4721:2021-11-19
4641:2023-02-10
4617:2023-02-10
3943:himedo.net
3920:. p. 119.
3602:2014-05-05
3432:References
2545:cavitation
1350:Geosiphons
1302:and dams.
1250:carburetor
1236:using the
1190:siphon cup
1184:Siphon cup
1138:barometers
1122:fuel theft
921:See also:
790:along the
763:rain gauge
730:waterworks
616:aspirating
206:barometers
174:Pneumatica
84:, with no
51:(from
7256:Industry
7242:Pipelayer
7099:Borescope
7094:Blowtorch
7033:Sump pump
6567:Soldering
6532:Pipe dope
6495:Hydronics
6367:Tap water
6332:Sewer gas
6297:Heat trap
6292:Greywater
6262:Corrosion
5996:119563871
5837:0363-6119
5724:0363-6119
4593:252793321
4585:0038-0806
4415:(8): 10.
4345:122754077
4199:: 16790.
4172:122367587
4164:0031-9120
3969:Banu Musa
3694:2045-2322
3545:(2): 78.
3497:120194913
3446:8 October
3416:Marot jar
3276:ρ
3167:−
3158:ρ
3040:ρ
2983:ρ
2922:ρ
2777:−
2772:ρ
2674:ρ
2613:ρ
2434:ρ
2395:−
2365:ρ
2235:ρ
2196:−
2080:ρ
1923:ρ
1899:−
1776:ρ
1683:ρ
1640:elevation
1520:ρ
1306:In nature
1282:The term
1258:aspirator
911:Ram pumps
802:A siphon
798:, in 2017
788:reservoir
483:and in a
475:In 1948,
222:Aristotle
181:Banu Musa
102:barometer
82:reservoir
7322:See also
7308:Scalding
6996:Icemaker
6783:Manifold
6342:Sewerage
6322:Pressure
6277:Fuel gas
6252:Backflow
6240:concepts
6231:Plumbing
6153:15 April
6132:15 April
5935:Archived
5888:15 April
5845:16014454
5732:16014453
5617:"Siphon"
5428:15 April
5397:15 April
5362:15 April
5312:15 April
5212:25326092
5167:15 April
5115:15 April
5083:15 April
5058:15 April
4996:15 April
4971:15 April
4946:15 April
4920:15 April
4898:15 April
4873:15 April
4848:15 April
4823:15 April
4802:15 April
4781:15 April
4697:15 April
4671:15 April
4665:Archived
4612:WJ Group
4490:24751967
4231:26628323
4062:phys.org
4014:15 April
3981:Springer
3971:(1979).
3953:15 April
3741:15 April
3712:26628323
3376:See also
3311:cohesion
2691:Setting
2295:Velocity
1706:infinite
1696:= fluid
1671:pressure
1587:velocity
1585:= fluid
1177:gasogene
1045:aquarium
1031:such as
1012:system.
998:backflow
971:culverts
967:sewerage
952:aqueduct
804:spillway
612:gasoline
588:and the
578: ft
511:cohesion
507:pressure
489:reversed
431:24
428:nucleate
290:pressure
164:Pergamon
149:Egyptian
98:pressure
7247:Plumber
7203:trades,
7144:Plunger
7053:Washlet
6941:Bathtub
6843:Reducer
6673:Cistern
6577:Swaging
6557:Sealant
6433:Brazing
6193:on the
6100:OUPblog
5976:Bibcode
5909:YouTube
5802:2890463
5767:2916707
5204:7923233
4563:Bibcode
4481:3994459
4458:Bibcode
4417:Bibcode
4378:Bibcode
4325:Bibcode
4274:Bibcode
4222:4667279
4201:Bibcode
4144:Bibcode
3868:6 March
3847:YouTube
3829:YouTube
3812:YouTube
3731:Science
3703:4667279
3674:Bibcode
3547:Bibcode
3477:Bibcode
1698:density
1644:gravity
1395:Geology
1363:in the
1344:Species
1332:giraffe
1311:Anatomy
1246:suction
1230:eductor
1226:venturi
1172:siphoid
1084:Ontario
1025:faucets
994:suction
895:vessel.
886:exceeds
834:urinals
823:cistern
621:siphon
567:LS-DYNA
503:Gravity
457:mercury
447:). For
417:of the
411:gravity
407:density
363:in the
136:History
90:gravity
78:liquids
7334:Piping
7043:Urinal
7011:Shower
6517:O-ring
6490:Gasket
6347:Siphon
6337:Sewage
6195:siphon
6110:23 May
6017:: 254.
5994:
5915:30 Nov
5843:
5835:
5800:
5765:
5730:
5722:
5684:
5674:
5577:11 May
5210:
5202:
5141:11 May
5109:US EPA
4591:
4583:
4534:11 May
4488:
4478:
4343:
4229:
4219:
4192:Nature
4170:
4162:
3987:
3924:
3896:
3710:
3700:
3692:
3495:
3328:siphon
1413:Rivers
1365:phylum
1358:family
1252:. See
1242:fluids
948:flumes
944:canals
832:Early
461:inches
413:, the
405:, the
395:energy
305:z-tube
286:height
282:weight
246:Theory
110:vacuum
74:syphon
67:síphōn
49:siphon
7390:Tools
6946:Bidet
6908:Valve
6552:Putty
6522:Oakum
6513:(NPS)
6507:(NPT)
6486:(GHT)
6440:(BSP)
5992:S2CID
5660:(PDF)
5651:(PDF)
5497:(PDF)
5490:(PDF)
5464:arXiv
5208:S2CID
5105:(PDF)
5022:(PDF)
5015:(PDF)
4755:(PDF)
4740:(PDF)
4716:(PDF)
4589:S2CID
4514:(PDF)
4507:(PDF)
4341:S2CID
4313:(PDF)
4168:S2CID
3863:(PDF)
3790:(PDF)
3775:(PDF)
3628:(PDF)
3596:(PDF)
3589:(PDF)
3535:(PDF)
3493:S2CID
3008:= 0:
1646:field
1354:fungi
1325:blood
1064:shunt
860:down.
794:near
761:is a
696:dregs
607:prime
449:water
419:crest
365:xylem
160:Greek
60:σίφων
55:
7023:Sink
6828:Pump
6417:Well
6307:Leak
6190:xkcd
6155:2018
6134:2018
6112:2010
5917:2014
5890:2018
5841:PMID
5833:ISSN
5798:PMID
5763:PMID
5728:PMID
5720:ISSN
5682:OCLC
5672:ISBN
5633:2010
5579:2010
5430:2018
5399:2018
5364:2018
5314:2018
5238:2010
5200:PMID
5169:2018
5143:2010
5117:2018
5085:2018
5060:2018
4998:2018
4973:2018
4948:2018
4922:2018
4900:2018
4875:2018
4850:2018
4825:2018
4804:2018
4783:2018
4699:2018
4673:2018
4581:ISSN
4536:2010
4486:PMID
4227:PMID
4160:ISSN
4016:2018
3985:ISBN
3955:2018
3922:ISBN
3894:ISBN
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