42:
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That all bodies having a simple motion, will continue to move in a straight line, unless continually deflected from it by some extraneous force, causing them to describe a circle, an ellipse, or some other curve. 3. That this attraction is so much the greater as the bodies are nearer. As to the proportion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance, I own I have not discovered it....
2288:. As in Newton's first law of motion, Einstein believed that a force applied to an object would cause it to deviate from a geodesic. For instance, people standing on the surface of the Earth are prevented from following a geodesic path because the mechanical resistance of the Earth exerts an upward force on them. This explains why moving along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial.
4185:, First Day Salviati speaks: "If this were what Aristotle meant you would burden him with another error which would amount to a falsehood; because, since there is no such sheer height available on earth, it is clear that Aristotle could not have made the experiment; yet he wishes to give us the impression of his having performed it when he speaks of such an effect as one which we see."
8017:
2689:. This contradiction is especially vexing to physicists because the other three fundamental forces (strong force, weak force and electromagnetism) were reconciled with a quantum framework decades ago. As a result, modern researchers have begun to search for a theory that could unite both gravity and quantum mechanics under a more general framework.
2766:. Eddington measured starlight deflections twice those predicted by Newtonian corpuscular theory, in accordance with the predictions of general relativity. Although Eddington's analysis was later disputed, this experiment made Einstein famous almost overnight and caused general relativity to become widely accepted in the scientific community.
5697:. Quote, p. 332: "Thus the results of the expeditions to Sobral and Principe can leave little doubt that a deflection of light takes place in the neighbourhood of the sun and that it is of the amount demanded by Einstein's generalised theory of relativity, as attributable to the sun's gravitational field."
1350:). In this book, Newton described gravitation as a universal force, and claimed that "the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve." This statement was later condensed into the following inverse-square law:
2968:
detectors. The gravitational waves emitted during the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth were measured. This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of
Einstein and others that such waves exist. It also opens the way for practical observation and understanding of
2551:
to the
Einstein field equations. Solving these equations amounts to calculating a precise value for the metric tensor (which defines the curvature and geometry of spacetime) under certain physical conditions. There is no formal definition for what constitutes such solutions, but most scientists agree
1301:
I will explain a system of the world very different from any yet received. It is founded on the following positions. 1. That all the heavenly bodies have not only a gravitation of their parts to their own proper centre, but that they also mutually attract each other within their spheres of action. 2.
1297:, in which he hypothesised that the Moon must have its own gravity. In 1666, he added two further principles: that all bodies move in straight lines until deflected by some force and that the attractive force is stronger for closer bodies. In a communication to the Royal Society in 1666, Hooke wrote
1084:
believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the
Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight, a conclusion that was later shown to be false. While Aristotle's
2904:
The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence. The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude, surface features such as mountains and ridges, and perhaps unusually high
2995:
during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. This means that if the Sun suddenly disappeared, the Earth would keep orbiting the vacant point normally for 8 minutes, which is the time light takes to travel that distance. The team's findings
1100:
of a triangle. He postulated that if two equal weights did not have the same center of gravity, the center of gravity of the two weights together would be in the middle of the line that joins their centers of gravity. Two centuries later, the Roman engineer and architect
Vitruvius contended in his
2920:
The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces: (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is
2892:
Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with
Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is
2737:
Testing the predictions of general relativity has historically been difficult, because they are almost identical to the predictions of
Newtonian gravity for small energies and masses. Still, since its development, an ongoing series of experimental results have provided support for the theory:
1105:
that gravity is not dependent on a substance's weight but rather on its "nature". In the 6th century CE, the
Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus proposed the theory of impetus, which modifies Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force" by
2291:
Einstein's description of gravity was quickly accepted by the majority of physicists, as it was able to explain a wide variety of previously baffling experimental results. In the coming years, a wide range of experiments provided additional support for the idea of general relativity. Today,
2956:
in 1973. This system consists of a pulsar and neutron star in orbit around one another. Its orbital period has decreased since its initial discovery due to a loss of energy, which is consistent for the amount of energy loss due to gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the
2273:, a discovery which he later described as "the happiest thought of my life." In this theory, free fall is considered to be equivalent to inertial motion, meaning that free-falling inertial objects are accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on the ground. In contrast to
1480:, which was shown to differ significantly from the planet's actual trajectory. In order to explain this discrepancy, many astronomers speculated that there might be a large object beyond the orbit of Uranus which was disrupting its orbit. In 1846, the astronomers
1467:
was well received by the scientific community, and his law of gravitation quickly spread across the
European world. More than a century later, in 1821, his theory of gravitation rose to even greater prominence when it was used to predict the existence of
6981:
Lectiones
Cutlerianae, or A collection of lectures, physical, mechanical, geographical & astronomical : made before the Royal Society on several occasions at Gresham Colledge [i.e. College] : to which are added divers miscellaneous
1045:, also known as gravitational attraction, is the mutual attraction between all masses in the universe. Gravity is the gravitational attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body; gravity may also include, in addition to gravitation, the
3009:
and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction. This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light.
5657:
2591:, which analyzes a non-rotating spherically symmetric object with charge and was independently discovered by several different researchers between 1916 and 1921. In some cases, this solution can predict the existence of black holes with double
2925:
caused by the Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth. The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m/s at the
Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles.
2253:
per century. The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy was an as-yet-undiscovered celestial body, such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury, but all efforts to find such a body turned out to be fruitless. In 1915,
5479:
895:
in the oceans. The corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants through the process of
6275:
4488:
2602:, which generalizes the Schwarzchild solution to rotating massive objects. Because of the difficulty of factoring in the effects of rotation into the Einstein field equations, this solution was not discovered until 1963.
923:
which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects get farther away.
2881:
An initially-stationary object that is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance that is proportional to the square of the elapsed time. This image spans half a second and was captured at 20 flashes per
2655:-body problem"), and some scientists suspect that the Einstein field equations will never be solved in this context. However, it is still possible to construct an approximate solution to the field equations in the
1585:
2397:
6616:
2292:
Einstein's theory of relativity is used for all gravitational calculations where absolute precision is desired, although Newton's inverse-square law is accurate enough for virtually all ordinary calculations.
2685:. This is because general relativity describes gravity as a smooth, continuous distortion of spacetime, while quantum mechanics holds that all forces arise from the exchange of discrete particles known as
5374:
114:
4267:
4735:
2952:
General relativity predicts that energy can be transported out of a system through gravitational radiation. The first indirect evidence for gravitational radiation was through measurements of the
5803:
5932:
2530:
1415:
1119:
5471:
7107:
6267:
3629:§ 2.1: "The total force acting on a body at rest on the earth's surface is the resultant of gravitational force and the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation and is called gravity.
2819:. This discovery confirmed yet another prediction of general relativity, because Einstein's equations implied that light could not escape from a sufficiently large and compact object.
6466:
4484:
2584:. At points far away from the central mass, the accelerations predicted by the Schwarzschild solution are practically identical to those predicted by Newton's theory of gravity.
4765:
138:
2609:
for charged, rotating massive objects. This solution was derived in 1964, using the same technique of complex coordinate transformation that was used for the Kerr solution.
1282:
6608:
7498:
4636:
4155:
3235:
3025:
There are some observations that are not adequately accounted for, which may point to the need for better theories of gravity or perhaps be explained in other ways.
2616:
1955:
5730:. Quote, p. 192: "About a dozen stars in all were studied, and yielded values 1.98 ± 0.11" and 1.61 ± 0.31", in substantial agreement with Einstein's prediction Ξ
5622:
4930:
2478:
2458:
4964:
5366:
3568:"Black Holes May Hide a Mind-Bending Secret About Our Universe - Take gravity, add quantum mechanics, stir. What do you get? Just maybe, a holographic cosmos"
6322:
3653:
5992:
3577:
2822:
General relativity states that gravity acts on light and matter equally, meaning that a sufficiently massive object could warp light around it and create a
2331:
2793:
as it moves towards a source of gravity. The observed redshift also supported the idea that time runs more slowly in the presence of a gravitational field.
2228:
4727:
6490:
6163:
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5924:
5195:
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If an object with comparable mass to that of the Earth were to fall towards it, then the corresponding acceleration of the Earth would be observable.
3832:]. Herbert Langford Warren, Nelson Robinson (illus), Morris Hicky Morgan. Harvard University, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 215.
1607:
5271:
5098:
5872:
3280:
2647:, which concerns the geometry of spacetime around two mutually interacting massive objects, such as the Sun and the Earth, or the two stars in a
6348:
6051:
2284:
is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called
7635:
4866:
4348:
3833:
1340:. Halley was impressed by the manuscript and urged Newton to expand on it, and a few years later Newton published a groundbreaking book called
5128:
1342:
1520:
804:
4705:
2663:. In general, the extreme nonlinearity of the Einstein field equations makes it difficult to solve them in all but the most specific cases.
5902:
3495:
2910:
1812:
5653:"A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919"
5343:
3939:
3056:
where stars on the outskirts are moving faster than they should according to the observed distributions of normal matter. Galaxies within
6586:
6458:
6115:
4410:
3756:
393:
4065:
3795:
1231:
observed that two cannonballs of differing sizes and weights fell at the same rate when dropped from a tower. In the late 16th century,
7441:
2165:
512:
6556:
6203:
3717:
2305:
1975:
1817:
1355:
4757:
3528:
2639:, and Einstein later conceded that he had been wrong to design his field equations to account for a Universe that was not expanding.
7363:
5212:
Newman, E. T.; Couch, E.; Chinnapared, K.; Exton, A.; Prakash, A.; Torrence, R. (June 1965). "Metric of a Rotating, Charged Mass".
4608:
2977:
formation also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017.
2643:
Today, there remain many important situations in which the Einstein field equations have not been solved. Chief among these is the
2221:
1930:
1278:
956:
485:
4377:
1488:
independently used Newton's law to predict Neptune's location in the night sky, and the planet was discovered there within a day.
7939:
7759:
7612:
3432:
3146:
2893:
proportional to the planetary body's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body.
7918:
7867:
7426:
7183:
2789:. By sending the rays down a 74-foot tower and measuring their frequency at the bottom, the scientists confirmed that light is
1843:
1677:
70:
7944:
7411:
7326:
7096:
7074:
7055:
7034:
6939:
6109:
5965:
5595:
5568:
5543:
4823:
4312:
4059:
3971:
3789:
3750:
3622:
3471:
2681:
Despite its success in predicting the effects of gravity at large scales, general relativity is ultimately incompatible with
2548:
1882:
6076:
4996:
4318:
3910:
3872:
41:
7689:
7620:
7596:
7569:
4139:
3267:
3158:
1337:
7743:
4510:
3143:
13, 145, (1908) pp. 267â271, WeberâGauss electrodynamics applied to gravitation. Classical advancement of perihelia.
2942:
Hanford Observatory located in Washington, United States, where gravitational waves were first observed in September 2015
2214:
467:
6254:
for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
7924:
7472:
7455:
7396:
5614:
4922:
3126:
3110:
2418:
2277:, Einstein believed that it was possible for this acceleration to occur without any force being applied to the object.
1594:
1497:
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7577:
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7007:
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5723:
5514:
4953:
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4149:
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3258:
2855:, the existence of which had been predicted by general relativity. Scientists believe that the waves emanated from a
2487:
2312:
that form the basis of general relativity and continue to test the theory, finding excellent agreement in all cases.
1620:
1239:
allowed him to firmly establish that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects. Galileo postulated that
797:
1007:
7319:
4675:
3642:
3401:
3064:, which would interact through gravitation but not electromagnetically, would account for the discrepancy. Various
2651:. The situation gets even more complicated when considering the interactions of three or more massive bodies (the "
7992:
6298:
2588:
2183:
1900:
1513:
759:
7378:
6677:
Turyshev, Slava G.; Toth, Viktor T.; Kinsella, Gary; Lee, Siu-Chun; Lok, Shing M.; Ellis, Jordan (12 June 2012).
5984:
3567:
3100:
has been shown to be explained by thermal recoil due to the distant sun radiation on one side of the space craft.
2304:, general relativity remains the framework for the understanding of gravity. Physicists continue to work to find
1807:
1066:
1026:, in a currently unknown manner. Scientists are currently working to develop a theory of gravity consistent with
133:
33:
7684:
7606:
7373:
5684:
3121:
2827:
837:. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10 times weaker than the
388:
128:
6487:
6178:
7877:
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7143:
6371:
5022:
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held the same position as Aristotle that all matter in the Universe is attracted to the center of the Earth.
964:
7151:
6818:
Horndeski, G.W. (September 1974). "Second-Order ScalarâTensor Field Equations in a Four-Dimensional Space".
5146:
1940:
6143:
3356:
3309:
2991:
In December 2012, a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of
1960:
790:
777:
538:
461:
383:
226:
29:
6379:
6014:
3238:
theory of gravity (1982) by G.A. Barber in which the BransâDicke theory is modified to allow mass creation
1219:, objects made of the same material but with different masses would fall at the same speed. With the 1586
7662:
7556:
7546:
7421:
7156:
7138:
6638:
Anderson, John D.; Campbell, James K.; Ekelund, John E.; Ellis, Jordan; Jordan, James F. (3 March 2008).
3883:, 1888, p. 642: "λÎÎłÏ ÎŽáœŽ áœ
ÏÎč áŒÎœÎÏγΔÎčÎŹ ÏÎčÏ áŒÏÏΌαÏÎżÏ ÎșÎčΜηÏÎčÎșᜎ áŒÎœÎŽÎŻÎŽÎżÏαÎč áœÏ᜞ ÏοῊ áż„ÎčÏÏÎżáżŠÎœÏÎżÏ Ïáż· áż„ÎčÏÏÎżÏ
ÎŒÎÎœáżł ."
3672:"Motion to the Center or Motion to the Whole? Plutarch's Views on Gravity and Their Influence on Galileo"
3220:
3065:
2786:
2732:
2201:
1692:
1612:
1030:, a quantum gravity theory, which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a
457:
258:
5264:
2328:
which describe how matter affects the curvature of spacetime. The system is often expressed in the form
1117:
proposed the idea that gravity is an attractive force that draws objects to the Earth and used the term
236:
7983:
7862:
7504:
7416:
7368:
5746:"The 1919 eclipse results that verified general relativity and their later detractors: a story re-told"
5506:
5090:
4199:
4195:
3856:
3395:
3374:
3057:
2830:
in Arizona, which saw two mirror images of the same quasar whose light had been bent around the galaxy
2778:
2105:
1653:
1262:
677:
566:
492:
352:
285:
6040:
5826:
4281:
4087:
Drabkin, I. E. (1963). "Two Versions of G. B. Benedetti's Demonstratio Proportionum Motuum Localium".
7656:
7651:
6979:
6344:
3077:
2628:
2581:
1905:
1717:
1331:
1250:
In 1604, Galileo correctly hypothesized that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the
995:
870:
431:
6719:
5121:
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1138:
believed that the force of gravity was not unique to the Earth, and he correctly assumed that other
7872:
7753:
7582:
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2429:
2309:
2140:
2130:
1980:
1797:
1258:
707:
551:
20:
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uniformly accelerate. De Soto may have been influenced by earlier experiments conducted by other
888:
830:
657:
421:
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3463:
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The first direct evidence for gravitational radiation was measured on 14 September 2015 by the
2958:
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2565:
2540:
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1925:
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3740:
2826:. This phenomenon was first confirmed by observation in 1979 using the 2.1 meter telescope at
1157:, where according to legend Galileo performed an experiment about the speed of falling objects
8083:
7836:
7815:
7808:
7748:
7295:
4402:
4045:
3779:
3386:
3320:
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3130:
3129:(1784) also called LeSage gravity but originally proposed by Fatio and further elaborated by
3072:
3053:
2840:, the idea that a rotating massive object should twist spacetime around it, was confirmed by
2823:
2437:
2270:
2070:
1638:
1167:
1154:
916:
842:
712:
687:
373:
191:
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7794:
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6827:
6790:
6548:
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6211:
5848:
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5413:
5319:
5221:
5171:
5034:
4576:
4441:
3671:
3523:
3241:
3189:
2693:
2553:
2543:, which describes spacetime around a spherical, uncharged, and nonrotating object with mass
1890:
1173:
1031:
732:
692:
600:
596:
588:
578:
368:
361:
117:
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The nature and mechanism of gravity were explored by a wide range of ancient scholars. In
727:
8:
8057:
7285:
7112:
5450:
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2852:
2797:
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61:
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Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics
6903:
6843:
6780:
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6507:
TANG, Ke Yun; HUA ChangCai; WEN Wu; CHI ShunLiang; YOU QingYu; YU Dan (February 2013).
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2135:
2020:
1945:
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1505:
1266:
928:
901:
850:
838:
637:
378:
253:
221:
181:
7168:
5046:
3312:, gravity arising as an emergent phenomenon from the thermodynamic concept of entropy.
2749:
provided one of the first opportunities to test the predictions of general relativity.
1085:
view was widely accepted throughout Ancient Greece, there were other thinkers such as
7949:
7857:
7601:
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3785:
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2856:
2682:
2569:
1965:
1740:
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1313:
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imply that the earliest instance of gravity in the universe, possibly in the form of
854:
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604:
561:
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156:
7002:. By Newton, Isaac. Translated by I. Bernard Cohen. University of California Press.
4604:
2015:
1089:
who correctly predicted that the attraction of gravity was not unique to the Earth.
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4259:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh; London: Constable & Co; Cadell & Davies. p.
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983:
972:
876:
846:
742:
722:
667:
662:
608:
583:
438:
296:
241:
216:
6380:"GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral"
4989:
3869:
Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Physicorum Libros Quinque Posteriores Commentaria
3854:
Philoponus' term for impetus is "áŒÎœÎÏγΔÎčα áŒÏÏΌαÏÎżÏ ÎșÎčΜηÏÎčÎșÎź" ("incorporeal motive
2110:
1172:
In the mid-16th century, various European scientists experimentally disproved the
7630:
7551:
7511:
7477:
6902:
Haugan, Mark P; LĂ€mmerzahl, C (2011). "Einstein gravity from conformal gravity".
6494:
6068:
5955:
5707:
5331:
4302:
4014:
Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). "Statics". In RushdÄ«, RÄshid (ed.).
3990:
Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
3876:
3867:
3362:
3347: â Idea of creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity
3330:
3181:
3177:
3133:, based on a fluid-based explanation where a light gas fills the entire Universe.
3097:
3019:
2841:
2720:
2712:
2676:
2636:
2407:
2255:
2145:
2120:
2005:
2000:
1864:
1745:
1707:
1232:
1193:
1185:
1092:
Although he did not understand gravity as a force, the ancient Greek philosopher
987:
932:
884:
737:
682:
632:
627:
546:
7127:
4340:
4141:
Ripples in Spacetime: Einstein, Gravitational Waves, and the Future of Astronomy
3092:: Various spacecraft have experienced greater acceleration than expected during
2576:
uncharged massive object. For compact enough objects, this solution generated a
1915:
1149:
7997:
7830:
6887:
6862:
6803:
6768:
4514:
4432:
Nobil, Anna M. (March 1986). "The real value of Mercury's perihelion advance".
4250:
3563:
3407:
3284:
3253:
3093:
2837:
2481:
2301:
2188:
2155:
2150:
1838:
1702:
1473:
1240:
1236:
1181:
1019:
920:
822:
764:
672:
573:
290:
6745:
6533:
6509:"Observational evidences for the speed of the gravity based on the Earth tide"
6508:
6310:
3742:
The Archimedes Codex: Revealing The Secrets of the World's Greatest Palimpsest
943:, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along
853:. However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the
8067:
7767:
7436:
7227:
7017:
6949:
6753:
6663:
6640:"Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth"
6268:"Gravitational waves: scientists announce 'we did it!' – live"
5529:
5435:
5241:
4840:"Einstein's general relativity theory is questioned but still stands for now"
4790:
From Atoms to Galaxies: A conceptual physics approach to scientific awareness
4596:
4461:
4108:
3705:
3458:
Scientific Development and Misconceptions Through the Ages: A Reference Guide
3245:
3195:
3088:
2716:
2592:
2115:
2030:
2010:
1935:
1833:
1712:
1326:
952:
652:
479:
6932:
Out of the shadow of a giant: Hooke, Halley and the birth of British science
4728:"How the 1919 Solar Eclipse Made Einstein the World's Most Famous Scientist"
2269:
instead of a force. Einstein began to toy with this idea in the form of the
2265:
In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime
2075:
8021:
7725:
7534:
6927:
6428:
6138:
5772:
5745:
5679:
4485:"Without Einstein it would have taken decades longer to understand gravity"
4226:
Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics
3344:
3213:
3201:
2970:
2770:
2632:
2241:
Eventually, astronomers noticed an eccentricity in the orbit of the planet
2060:
2040:
1318:
1293:
1288:
1244:
1228:
1015:
991:
897:
717:
642:
331:
211:
7311:
5827:"Gravitational time delay of light for various models of modified gravity"
5472:"Gravity Probe B â Special & General Relativity Questions and Answers"
4588:
2896:
2631:, which was confirmed seven years later after a series of measurements by
951:, from which nothingânot even lightâcan escape once past the black hole's
7694:
7267:
6961:
3542:
3081:
3061:
3041:
2969:
the nature of gravity and events in the Universe including the Big Bang.
2934:
2860:
2599:
1950:
1920:
1127:
1114:
963:
causing any two bodies to be attracted toward each other, with magnitude
5796:"General Astronomy Addendum 10: Graviational Redshift and time dilation"
4663:
2741:
911:
The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the
7908:
7128:
The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 7: The Theory of Gravitation
7084:
6839:
4298:
4294:
3696:
3546:
3429:"dict.cc dictionary :: gravitas :: English-Latin translation"
3333:, a theory where gravitons and gravitational waves have a non-zero mass
3324:
3249:
2992:
2974:
2816:
2807:
In 1971, scientists discovered the first-ever black hole in the galaxy
2774:
2704:, where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of
2577:
2250:
2246:
2160:
1722:
1648:
1580:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
1201:
1143:
1093:
948:
502:
176:
7024:
6785:
5750:
Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
5233:
4116:
3896:
Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them
2905:
or low sub-surface densities. For purposes of weights and measures, a
2715:. However, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the
2535:
2392:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },}
28:"Gravitation" and "Law of Gravity" redirect here. For other uses, see
7913:
7895:
7699:
7676:
6459:"Nobel prize in physics awarded for discovery of gravitational waves"
4453:
4051:
4047:
Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo: Essays on Intellectual History
3290:
2782:
2281:
2266:
1731:
1189:
1177:
1135:
1081:
940:
936:
833:
primarily observed as mutual attraction between all things that have
524:
6069:"Gravitational Waves Detected 100 Years After Einstein's Prediction"
5652:
5367:"This Is Why Scientists Will Never Exactly Solve General Relativity"
5091:"Surprise: the Big Bang isn't the beginning of the universe anymore"
4201:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
3028:
1254:
of the time elapsed. This was later confirmed by Italian scientists
947:
lines. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a
7970:
7780:
7773:
7300:
6506:
6401:
5762:
5426:
5397:
5314:
5298:"Einstein's 1917 Static Model of the Universe: A Centennial Review"
4867:"Einstein's greatest theory just passed its most rigorous test yet"
4100:
3687:
3550:
2831:
2808:
2790:
2708:
2672:
2573:
2100:
1910:
1750:
1224:
1131:
1086:
1011:
976:
944:
912:
443:
326:
301:
7000:
The Principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy
6908:
6736:
6695:
6609:"What is Dark Energy? Inside our accelerating, expanding Universe"
6098:
Cantor, G.N.; Christie, J.R.R.; Hodge, M.J.S.; Olby, R.C. (2006).
6015:"NASA's Gravity Probe B Confirms Two Einstein Space-Time Theories"
5843:
5530:
Feynman, R.P.; Morinigo, F.B.; Wagner, W.G.; Hatfield, B. (1995).
5166:
955:. However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by
7203:
4176:
2686:
2635:. It even showed that general relativity was incompatible with a
1469:
1255:
1208:
which contradicted Aristotle's teachings on the fall of bodies.
416:
269:
186:
2811:. The black hole was detected because it was emitting bursts of
2560:. Some of the most notable solutions of the equations include:
1310:, explained that gravitation applied to "all celestial bodies"
4758:"At Long Last, Gravity Probe B Satellite Proves Einstein Right"
2877:
2812:
2701:
2700:. The electromagnetic force arises from an exchange of virtual
1477:
1077:
880:
866:
858:
849:. As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of
475:
321:
231:
46:
4923:"How to understand Einstein's equation for general relativity"
4538:"Lecture 20: Black Holes â The Einstein Equivalence Principle"
1142:
should exert a gravitational attraction as well. In contrast,
7562:
7211:
5501:
Huggett, Nick; Matsubara, Keizo; WĂŒthrich, Christian (2020).
2696:, which has been successful to accurately describe the other
1265:
between 1640 and 1650. They also calculated the magnitude of
1110:
999:
960:
311:
306:
248:
6637:
6579:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 : Adam G. Riess Facts"
5587:
Warped Passages: Unraveling the Universe's Hidden Dimensions
4231:
3462:(illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
3389: â study of the effects gravity has on living organisms
3377: â Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation
1283:
Newton-Hooke priority controversy for the inverse square law
1034:) with the other three fundamental interactions of physics.
1014:
of the universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a
935:
in 1915, which describes gravity not as a force, but as the
6998:
I. Bernard Cohen (1999) . "A Guide to Newton's Principia".
6148:
5211:
3006:
2965:
2939:
2848:
1106:
incorporating a causative force that diminishes over time.
1003:
892:
862:
834:
316:
279:
8016:
7025:
Halliday, David; Robert Resnick; Kenneth S. Krane (2001).
3371: â Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space
2815:
as it consumed a smaller star, and it came to be known as
2800:
passing close to a massive object was first identified by
5023:"Examples of Newtonian limits of relativistic spacetimes"
4954:"Exact Solutions to Einstein's Equations in Astrophysics"
3353: â Use of circular rotational force to mimic gravity
1476:
used this theory to create a table modeling the orbit of
109:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
7108:"Everything you thought you knew about gravity is wrong"
6958:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms
5744:
Gilmore, Gerard; Tausch-Pebody, Gudrun (20 March 2022).
5500:
3777:
3738:
3149:(1912, 1913), an early competitor of general relativity.
2711:. This description reproduces general relativity in the
7198:
6679:"Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly"
6676:
6297:
Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (11 February 2016).
6097:
4345:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3670:
Bakker, Frederik; Palmerino, Carla Rita (1 June 2020).
3612:
3359: â Mathematical description of a body in free fall
3270:(TeVeS) (2004), a relativistic modification of MOND by
3161:(1922), another early competitor of general relativity.
3040:). The discrepancy between the curves is attributed to
2532:
is referred to as the Einstein gravitational constant.
1243:
is the reason that objects with a low density and high
7087:; Misner, Charles W.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973).
6345:"WHAT ARE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND WHY DO THEY MATTER?"
5643:
5295:
4341:"2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation"
4228:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 180.
3032:
Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (
2723:(or a new approach to quantum mechanics) is required.
1443:
is the distance between the centers of the masses and
7981:
7043:
6488:
Chinese scientists find evidence for speed of gravity
2627:. This solution was revolutionary for predicting the
2490:
2466:
2446:
2334:
2245:
which could not be explained by Newton's theory: the
1523:
1358:
73:
6137:
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (15 December 2014).
5743:
5503:
Beyond Spacetime: The Foundations of Quantum Gravity
3488:"HubbleSite: Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull"
3391:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2692:
One path is to describe gravity in the framework of
2262:
which was able to accurately model Mercury's orbit.
6854:
6811:
6760:
4018:. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. pp. 614â642.
4013:
5957:Physics and Astrophysics: Glimpses of the Progress
5711:
5577:
5531:
5296:OâRaifeartaigh, Cormac; OâKeeffe, Michael (2017).
4278:An Attempt to prove the Annual Motion of the Earth
3455:
3115:
2524:
2472:
2452:
2391:
1579:
1409:
1308:An Attempt to prove the Annual Motion of the Earth
108:
6296:
6177:. Arlington, Texas: S.A.W.E., Inc. Archived from
1272:
8065:
6997:
6956:
6901:
5960:(illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 106.
3781:Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture
3598:
2666:
6817:
6136:
4893:"Einstein Field Equations (General Relativity)"
4832:
4039:
4037:
4035:
3669:
2525:{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}}
1410:{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},}
7636:Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories
6926:
6720:"Gravitational anomalies in the solar system?"
6299:"Einstein's gravitational waves found at last"
6290:
5451:"Hermeneutics of Classical General Relativity"
4638:Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics
4483:Webb, Joh; Dougan, Darren (23 November 2015).
4237:
3739:Reviel Neitz; William Noel (13 October 2011).
3398: â Laws in physics about force and motion
3165:
3013:
2726:
1336:, which provided a physical justification for
1235:'s careful measurements of balls rolling down
7327:
7184:
5583:
4816:Exact Solutions to Einstein's Field Equations
4016:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
3510:
3383: â Fundamental study of potential theory
2804:in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals.
2547:A major area of research is the discovery of
2460:is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and
2222:
1348:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1269:by measuring the oscillations of a pendulum.
798:
7044:Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004).
6820:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
5609:
5607:
4256:Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind
4204:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3â6.
4032:
3319:the gravity and curved spacetime arise as a
2911:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2617:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker solution
1130:, gravity was a topic of fierce debate. The
927:Gravity is most accurately described by the
7341:
6860:
6766:
6363:
4535:
4333:
4293:
3993:. Princeton University Press. p. 260.
3556:
2315:
2249:of the orbit was increasing by about 42.98
1439:are the masses of the objects interacting,
1343:PhilosophiĂŠ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
7334:
7320:
7191:
7177:
6259:
6101:Companion to the History of Modern Science
4990:"The Schwarzchild Metric and Applications"
4482:
4307:. New York: Random House. pp. 52â58.
4287:
3613:Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.; Moritz, H. (2006).
3410: â Zero apparent weight, microgravity
2929:
2568:, which describes spacetime surrounding a
2229:
2215:
805:
791:
49:in the photo are distorted due to gravity.
6907:
6886:
6802:
6784:
6735:
6724:International Journal of Modern Physics D
6694:
6532:
6418:
6400:
5953:
5925:"Black Holes Science Mission Directorate"
5842:
5771:
5761:
5678:
5604:
5425:
5313:
5165:
5144:
5054:
4818:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
4194:
4137:
3816:
3695:
1317:English physicist and mathematician, Sir
6863:"The MOND paradigm of modified dynamics"
5706:
4813:
4144:. Harvard University Press. p. 26.
3892:
3027:
2933:
2895:
2876:
2740:
2659:-body problem by using the technique of
2534:
1312:
1161:
1148:
1052:
40:
7940:Gravitational interaction of antimatter
6226:
6161:
6155:
5558:
5448:
4786:
4780:
4661:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4249:
4086:
4080:
4043:
3562:
3104:
1334:('On the motion of bodies in an orbit')
1215:published papers claiming that, due to
1211:The mid-16th century Italian physicist
8066:
7064:
6456:
6369:
5395:
5119:
5020:
4131:
3643:"The concept of gravity before Newton"
3404: â Concept in celestial mechanics
3365: â Concept in celestial mechanics
2921:weakest at the equator because of the
2552:that they should be expressable using
1472:. In that year, the French astronomer
7945:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
7868:(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
7364:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7315:
7172:
7105:
6977:
6717:
6325:from the original on 12 February 2016
6265:
6041:""Frame-Dragging" in Local Spacetime"
5824:
4562:
4544:from the original on 8 September 2013
4431:
4371:"The Reception of Newton's Principia"
4273:
4158:from the original on 16 December 2021
3986:
3608:
3606:
3580:from the original on 16 November 2022
3531:from the original on 28 November 2018
3498:from the original on 26 December 2018
3453:
1491:
1325:In 1684, Newton sent a manuscript to
1279:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1196:priests in Italy, including those by
1180:at a faster rate. In particular, the
1049:resulting from the planet's rotation
957:Newton's law of universal gravitation
487:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7690:Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
7047:Physics for Scientists and Engineers
6559:from the original on 17 October 2017
6351:from the original on 3 February 2016
6118:from the original on 17 January 2020
6057:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5402:-body problem in general relativity"
5201:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5134:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5071:from the original on 6 December 2022
4634:
4623:
3931:
3913:from the original on 18 January 2017
3893:Pickover, Clifford (16 April 2008).
3836:from the original on 13 October 2016
3798:from the original on 17 January 2020
3659:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3323:mode of non-relativistic background
2754:In 1919, the British astrophysicist
7029:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
6469:from the original on 3 October 2017
6244:from the original on 10 August 2018
5277:from the original on 9 October 2022
5262:
5002:from the original on 9 October 2022
4970:from the original on 9 October 2022
4864:
4858:
4383:from the original on 9 October 2022
3961:
3942:from the original on 13 August 2021
3759:from the original on 7 January 2020
3435:from the original on 13 August 2021
3066:modifications to Newtonian dynamics
2980:
2320:The Einstein field equations are a
1247:fall more slowly in an atmosphere.
967:to the product of their masses and
468:Mechanics of planar particle motion
76:
13:
7442:GibbonsâHawkingâYork boundary term
6991:
6619:from the original on 19 March 2024
6438:from the original on 8 August 2018
6266:Clark, Stuart (11 February 2016).
5895:"The Fate of the First Black Hole"
5561:Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell
5364:
4708:from the original on 18 April 2017
4138:Schilling, Govert (31 July 2017).
3603:
3111:Alternatives to general relativity
3084:has been proposed to explain this.
2872:
2758:was able to confirm the predicted
2719:, where a more complete theory of
2351:
2295:
1540:
1498:Introduction to general relativity
857:, and it determines the motion of
14:
8100:
7557:Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND
7473:Classical theories of gravitation
7121:
6278:from the original on 22 June 2018
6234:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993"
5935:from the original on 8 April 2023
5120:Norebo, Jonatan (16 March 2016).
4951:
4865:Lea, Robert (15 September 2022).
4611:from the original on 8 April 2023
4513:. black-holes.org. Archived from
4321:from the original on 15 June 2021
4068:from the original on 16 June 2021
3778:CJ Tuplin, Lewis Wolpert (2002).
3640:
3516:
3259:Nonsymmetric gravitational theory
3231:of motion for small accelerations
3159:Whitehead's theory of gravitation
3147:Nordström's theory of gravitation
1338:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
8051:
8039:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7106:Panek, Richard (2 August 2019).
6589:from the original on 28 May 2020
6457:Devlin, Hanna (3 October 2017).
6079:from the original on 27 May 2019
6021:from the original on 22 May 2013
5995:from the original on 25 May 2022
5985:"Hubble, Hubble, Seeing Double!"
5905:from the original on 31 May 2022
5875:from the original on 29 May 2022
5806:from the original on 14 May 2022
5687:from the original on 15 May 2020
5625:from the original on 16 May 2022
5482:from the original on 6 June 2022
5377:from the original on 27 May 2022
5346:from the original on 29 May 2022
5101:from the original on 26 May 2022
4933:from the original on 26 May 2022
4903:from the original on 25 May 2022
4768:from the original on 22 May 2022
4738:from the original on 22 May 2022
4678:from the original on 25 May 2022
4491:from the original on 21 May 2022
3402:Standard gravitational parameter
2196:
2195:
2182:
1512:
1071:
772:
771:
758:
91:
7379:History of gravitational theory
6895:
6711:
6670:
6631:
6601:
6571:
6541:
6500:
6481:
6450:
6347:. popsci.com. 13 January 2016.
6337:
6196:
6130:
6091:
6061:
6033:
6007:
5977:
5947:
5917:
5887:
5825:Asada, Hideki (20 March 2008).
5818:
5788:
5737:
5700:
5637:
5552:
5534:Feynman lectures on gravitation
5523:
5494:
5464:
5449:Sleator, Daniel (6 June 1996).
5442:
5389:
5358:
5302:The European Physical Journal H
5289:
5256:
5214:Journal of Mathematical Physics
5205:
5145:Teukolsky, Saul (1 June 2015).
5138:
5122:"The Reissner-Nordström metric"
5113:
5083:
5014:
4982:
4945:
4915:
4885:
4807:
4750:
4720:
4690:
4662:Lindley, David (12 July 2005).
4655:
4563:Brush, S. G. (1 January 1999).
4556:
4529:
4503:
4476:
4425:
4413:from the original on 6 May 2022
4403:"This Month in Physics History"
4395:
4363:
4243:
4218:
4188:
4170:
4007:
3980:
3954:
3925:
3886:
3848:
3810:
3771:
3732:
3720:from the original on 2 May 2022
3127:Le Sage's theory of gravitation
3116:Historical alternative theories
1109:In the seventh century CE, the
1067:History of gravitational theory
959:, which describes gravity as a
34:Law of Gravity (disambiguation)
16:Attraction of masses and energy
7685:Causal dynamical triangulation
7374:Poisson's equation for gravity
7069:(5th ed.). W.H. Freeman.
6705:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101
6656:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102
6420:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101
5861:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.02.006
5563:. Princeton University Press.
5184:10.1088/0264-9381/32/12/124006
5056:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-5AC5-F
4873:. Springer Nature America, Inc
4565:"Why was Relativity Accepted?"
4511:"Gravity and Warped Spacetime"
3663:
3634:
3592:
3480:
3447:
3421:
3122:Aristotelian theory of gravity
2828:Kitt Peak National Observatory
2623:and then confirmed in 1927 by
2326:partial differential equations
1306:Hooke's 1674 Gresham lecture,
1273:Newton's theory of gravitation
1037:
1:
7050:(6th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
6372:LIGO Scientific Collaboration
5154:Classical and Quantum Gravity
4961:University of Texas at Dallas
4846:. Science Daily. 25 July 2019
4702:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
4044:Wallace, William A. (2018) .
3824:. In Alfred A. Howard (ed.).
3415:
3052:: Stars in galaxies follow a
2915:International System of Units
2785:to confirm the prediction of
2769:In 1959, American physicists
2667:Gravity and quantum mechanics
2558:linear differential equations
1188:wrote in 1551 that bodies in
1113:mathematician and astronomer
845:and 10 times weaker than the
394:Koopmanâvon Neumann mechanics
6370:Abbott, B. P.; et al. (
6144:Astronomy Picture of the Day
6139:"The Potsdam Gravity Potato"
5615:"Testing General Relativity"
4238:Gribbin & Gribbin (2017)
3987:Starr, S. Frederick (2015).
3745:. Hachette UK. p. 125.
3357:Equations for a falling body
3310:Gravity as an entropic force
3268:Tensorâvectorâscalar gravity
3137:Ritz's theory of gravitation
2867:
1176:notion that heavier objects
1010:(up to 10 seconds after the
929:general theory of relativity
891:is responsible for sublunar
462:Non-inertial reference frame
30:Gravitation (disambiguation)
7:
7547:Infinite derivative gravity
7157:Encyclopedia of Mathematics
7139:Encyclopedia of Mathematics
6934:. London: William Collins.
6769:"JordanâBransâDicke Theory"
6718:Iorio, Lorenzo (May 2015).
6497:, astrowatch.com, 12/28/12.
6166:Precise Measurement of Mass
5047:10.1088/0264-9381/14/1A/010
4698:"Hafele-Keating Experiment"
4196:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
3932:Bose, Mainak Kumar (1988).
3899:. Oxford University Press.
3826:De Architectura libri decem
3784:. Hachette UK. p. xi.
3337:
3227:proposes a modification of
3221:modified Newtonian dynamics
3166:Modern alternative theories
3014:Anomalies and discrepancies
2851:observatory detected faint
2787:gravitational time dilation
2733:Tests of general relativity
2727:Tests of general relativity
2589:ReissnerâNordström solution
1693:Gravitational time dilation
1050:
841:, 10 times weaker than the
389:Appell's equation of motion
259:Inertial frame of reference
10:
8105:
7735:Unified-field-theoric and
6960:(4th ed.), New York:
6919:
6888:10.4249/scholarpedia.31410
6804:10.4249/scholarpedia.31358
6767:Brans, C.H. (March 2014).
6204:"Curious About Astronomy?"
6104:. Routledge. p. 448.
5929:webarchive.library.unt.edu
5800:homepage.physics.uiowa.edu
5507:Cambridge University Press
5332:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80002-5
4793:. CRC Press. p. 131.
4635:Will, Clifford M. (2018).
3966:. Allen Lane. p. 29.
3617:(2nd ed.). Springer.
3108:
3054:distribution of velocities
3017:
2984:
2945:
2885:
2859:that occurred 1.5 billion
2730:
2670:
1813:MathissonâPapapetrouâDixon
1654:Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
1495:
1276:
1165:
1064:
1060:
45:The shapes of two massive
27:
18:
7958:
7890:
7878:JackiwâTeitelboim gravity
7848:
7734:
7713:
7657:Canonical quantum gravity
7652:Euclidean quantum gravity
7644:
7491:
7465:
7454:
7387:
7356:
7349:
7281:
7260:
7210:
6861:Milgrom, M. (June 2014).
6746:10.1142/S0218271815300153
6534:10.1007/s11434-012-5603-3
6311:10.1038/nature.2016.19361
6162:Boynton, Richard (2001).
5718:. John Wiley & Sons.
5714:Gravitation and cosmology
5651:; Davidson, C.R. (1920).
5406:The Astrophysical Journal
5396:Spyrou, N. (1 May 1975).
5027:Classical Quantum Gravity
4641:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
4540:. University of Alberta.
3938:. A. Mukherjee & Co.
3830:Ten Books on Architecture
3454:Krebs, Robert E. (1999).
3080:seems to be speeding up.
3078:expansion of the universe
2764:that year's solar eclipse
2629:expansion of the Universe
1332:De motu corporum in gyrum
996:gravitational singularity
8079:Fundamental interactions
7754:Superfluid vacuum theory
7578:Nonsymmetric gravitation
7427:Post-Newtonian formalism
7200:Fundamental interactions
7152:"Gravitation, theory of"
6930:; Gribbin, Mary (2017).
6549:"GW170817 Press Release"
6513:Chinese Science Bulletin
5658:Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A
5265:"RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY"
4054:. pp. 119, 121â22.
3964:The Argumentative Indian
3875:22 December 2023 at the
3818:Vitruvius, Marcus Pollio
3317:superfluid vacuum theory
3068:have also been proposed.
3060:show a similar pattern.
3018:Not to be confused with
2909:value is defined by the
2698:fundamental interactions
2661:post-Newtonian expansion
2619:, discovered in 1922 by
2316:Einstein field equations
2310:Einstein field equations
1818:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein
1798:Einstein field equations
1621:Mathematical formulation
552:Rotating reference frame
384:HamiltonâJacobi equation
21:Gravity (disambiguation)
7919:Mechanical explanations
7788:Heterotic string theory
7744:Noncommutative geometry
7663:WheelerâDeWitt equation
7389:General relativity (GR)
7369:Gauss's law for gravity
7343:Theories of gravitation
7235:Electroweak interaction
6683:Physical Review Letters
6644:Physical Review Letters
6388:Physical Review Letters
5021:Ehlers, Jurgen (1997).
4814:Stephani, Hans (2003).
4787:Hassani, Sadri (2010).
3599:McGraw-Hill Dict (1989)
3519:"Birth of the Universe"
3396:Newton's laws of motion
3381:Gravitational potential
3375:Gauss's law for gravity
3236:self-creation cosmology
2930:Gravitational radiation
2539:An illustration of the
2280:Einstein proposed that
1006:, developed during the
906:multicellular organisms
831:fundamental interaction
493:Newton's laws of motion
353:Newton's laws of motion
7760:Logarithmic BEC vacuum
7705:Rainbow gravity theory
7583:Scalarâtensor theories
7357:Newtonian gravity (NG)
6978:Hooke, Robert (1679).
6493:8 January 2013 at the
5773:10.1098/rsnr.2020.0040
5680:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009
5584:Randall, Lisa (2005).
4569:Physics in Perspective
3190:quantum field theories
3180:(1967), a proposal by
3045:
2959:Nobel Prize in Physics
2943:
2901:
2883:
2750:
2566:Schwarzschild solution
2544:
2526:
2474:
2454:
2393:
2258:developed a theory of
1688:Gravitational redshift
1581:
1451:gravitational constant
1411:
1322:
1304:
1221:Delft tower experiment
1213:Giambattista Benedetti
1158:
1053:§ Earth's gravity
998:, along with ordinary
969:inversely proportional
520:Simple harmonic motion
433:Euler's laws of motion
227:D'Alembert's principle
110:
50:
7837:Twistor string theory
7816:Type II string theory
7809:Bosonic string theory
7749:Semiclassical gravity
7714:Unified-field-theoric
7499:Poincaré gauge theory
7296:Philosophy of physics
7065:Tipler, Paul (2004).
5476:einstein.stanford.edu
4929:. 15 September 2021.
4897:University of Warwick
4664:"The Weight of Light"
4589:10.1007/s000160050015
3962:Sen, Amartya (2005).
3387:Gravitational biology
3321:collective excitation
3131:Georges-Louis Le Sage
3073:Accelerated expansion
3031:
3005:In October 2017, the
2937:
2899:
2880:
2760:gravitational lensing
2744:
2570:spherically symmetric
2538:
2527:
2475:
2455:
2438:cosmological constant
2394:
2271:equivalence principle
1976:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
1931:KerrâNewmanâde Sitter
1751:EinsteinâRosen bridge
1683:Gravitational lensing
1639:Equivalence principle
1582:
1412:
1316:
1299:
1168:Scientific revolution
1162:Scientific revolution
1155:Leaning Tower of Pisa
1152:
843:electromagnetic force
829: 'weight') is a
374:Hamiltonian mechanics
192:Statistical mechanics
111:
44:
7904:Aristotelian physics
7873:GaussâBonnet gravity
7823:Little string theory
7802:Type 0 string theory
7795:Type I string theory
7670:Loop quantum gravity
7597:Scalarâtensorâvector
7570:Tensorâvectorâscalar
7525:Gauge theory gravity
7483:Theory of everything
5665:(571â581): 291â333.
3935:Late classical India
3524:University of Oregon
3242:Loop quantum gravity
3105:Alternative theories
2694:quantum field theory
2607:KerrâNewman solution
2554:elementary functions
2541:Schwarzschild metric
2488:
2464:
2444:
2430:stressâenergy tensor
2332:
1906:EinsteinâRosen waves
1632:Fundamental concepts
1521:
1356:
1032:theory of everything
900:and influencing the
597:Angular acceleration
589:Rotational frequency
369:Lagrangian mechanics
362:Analytical mechanics
118:Second law of motion
71:
19:For other uses, see
7721:KaluzaâKlein theory
7286:Glossary of physics
7261:Hypothetical forces
7113:The Washington Post
6879:2014SchpJ...931410M
6832:1974IJTP...10..363H
6795:2014Schpj...931358B
6525:2013ChSBu..58..474T
6411:2017PhRvL.119p1101A
6376:Virgo Collaboration
6240:. 13 October 1993.
6184:on 27 February 2007
6175:Sawe Paper No. 3147
6048:Stanford University
5991:. 24 January 2014.
5973:Extract of page 106
5853:2008PhLB..661...78A
5671:1920RSPTA.220..291D
5418:1975ApJ...197..725S
5324:2017EPJH...42..431O
5226:1965JMP.....6..918N
5176:2015CQGra..32l4006T
5097:. 13 October 2021.
5039:1997CQGra..14A.119E
4871:Scientific American
4581:1999PhP.....1..184B
4446:1986Natur.320...39N
3566:(10 October 2022).
3229:Newton's second law
3184:according to which
3153:KaluzaâKlein theory
2954:HulseâTaylor binary
2853:gravitational waves
2798:time delay of light
2781:in which they used
2747:total solar eclipse
2621:Alexander Friedmann
1860:KaluzaâKlein theory
1746:Minkowski spacetime
1698:Gravitational waves
1267:the Earth's gravity
1200:, Francesco Beato,
851:subatomic particles
449:Harmonic oscillator
427:Equations of motion
62:Classical mechanics
56:Part of a series on
7966:Gravitational wave
7849:Generalisations /
7737:quantum-mechanical
7645:Quantum-mechanical
7458:general relativity
7432:Linearized gravity
7220:Strong interaction
6840:10.1007/BF01807638
6553:LIGO Lab â Caltech
6378:) (October 2017).
6208:Cornell University
5954:Subal Kar (2022).
5538:. Addison-Wesley.
3650:Culture and Cosmos
3573:The New York Times
3369:Atmospheric escape
3351:Artificial gravity
3186:general relativity
3172:BransâDicke theory
3046:
3002:in February 2013.
2948:Gravitational wave
2944:
2902:
2884:
2824:gravitational lens
2751:
2649:binary star system
2545:
2522:
2470:
2450:
2389:
2260:general relativity
2189:Physics portal
1961:OppenheimerâSnyder
1901:ReissnerâNordström
1793:Linearized gravity
1741:Spacetime diagrams
1644:Special relativity
1577:
1506:General relativity
1492:General relativity
1407:
1323:
1159:
982:Current models of
839:strong interaction
765:Physics portal
379:Routhian mechanics
254:Frame of reference
106:
51:
7979:
7978:
7950:Theory of impetus
7886:
7885:
7858:Liouville gravity
7602:Conformal gravity
7530:Composite gravity
7520:Bimetric theories
7450:
7449:
7309:
7308:
7098:978-0-7167-0344-0
7076:978-0-7167-0809-4
7057:978-0-534-40842-8
7036:978-0-471-32057-9
6941:978-0-00-822059-4
6111:978-1-134-97751-2
5967:978-1-000-55926-2
5831:Physics Letters B
5597:978-0-06-053108-9
5570:978-0-691-01019-9
5545:978-0-201-62734-3
5234:10.1063/1.1704351
5147:"The Kerr metric"
4825:978-0-521-46136-8
4732:Discover Magazine
4536:Dmitri Pogosyan.
4314:978-0-3078-0105-0
4061:978-1-351-15959-3
3973:978-0-7139-9687-6
3881:Walter de Gruyter
3791:978-0-19-815248-4
3752:978-1-78022-198-4
3624:978-3-211-33544-4
3473:978-0-313-30226-8
3305:Conformal gravity
3295:Olivier Minazzoli
3188:might arise from
3174:of gravity (1961)
2996:were released in
2923:centrifugal force
2857:black hole merger
2683:quantum mechanics
2520:
2473:{\displaystyle c}
2453:{\displaystyle G}
2275:Newtonian physics
2239:
2238:
1872:
1871:
1758:
1757:
1486:Urbain Le Verrier
1402:
1184:Dominican priest
1098:center of gravity
1047:centrifugal force
1028:quantum mechanics
855:macroscopic scale
815:
814:
562:Centrifugal force
557:Centripetal force
513:Euler's equations
498:Relative velocity
274:Moment of inertia
104:
78:
8096:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8020:
8019:
8008:
8007:
8006:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7934:
7932:Entropic gravity
7927:
7851:extensions of GR
7839:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7762:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7626:Geometrodynamics
7615:
7591:
7572:
7565:
7514:
7507:
7463:
7462:
7354:
7353:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7313:
7312:
7291:Particle physics
7245:electromagnetism
7240:weak interaction
7193:
7186:
7179:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7147:
7117:
7102:
7091:. W.H. Freeman.
7080:
7061:
7040:
7021:
6986:
6974:
6953:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6788:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6739:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6613:science.nasa.gov
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6519:(4â5): 474â477.
6504:
6498:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6422:
6404:
6384:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6249:
6238:Nobel Foundation
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6210:. Archived from
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6183:
6172:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6073:LIGO Lab Caltech
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6045:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5846:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5717:
5708:Weinberg, Steven
5704:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5682:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5611:
5602:
5601:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5559:Zee, A. (2003).
5556:
5550:
5549:
5537:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5429:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5317:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5169:
5151:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5058:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4958:
4952:Ishak, Mustafa.
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4632:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4454:10.1038/320039a0
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4291:
4285:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4192:
4186:
4182:Two New Sciences
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4050:. Abingdon, UK:
4041:
4030:
4029:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3890:
3884:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3699:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3641:Cappi, Alberto.
3638:
3632:
3631:
3615:Physical Geodesy
3610:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3560:
3554:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3392:
3291:Pressuron theory
3277:Chameleon theory
3272:Jacob Bekenstein
3261:(NGT) (1994) by
3225:Mordehai Milgrom
3208:Horndeski theory
3141:Ann. Chem. Phys.
3050:Extra-fast stars
3036:) and observed (
2999:Science Bulletin
2987:Speed of gravity
2981:Speed of gravity
2907:standard gravity
2888:Gravity of Earth
2844:results in 2011.
2802:Irwin I. Shapiro
2762:of light during
2756:Arthur Eddington
2645:two-body problem
2625:Georges LemaĂźtre
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2498:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2435:
2427:
2416:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2346:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2186:
1971:van Stockum dust
1956:RobertsonâWalker
1782:
1781:
1672:
1671:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1535:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1482:John Couch Adams
1459:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1217:specific gravity
1198:Benedetto Varchi
1123:to describe it.
1056:
1024:virtual particle
984:particle physics
885:physical objects
879:, gravity gives
847:weak interaction
807:
800:
793:
780:
775:
774:
767:
763:
762:
668:Johann Bernoulli
663:Daniel Bernoulli
584:Tangential speed
488:
464:
439:Fictitious force
434:
286:Mechanical power
276:
217:Angular momentum
115:
113:
112:
107:
105:
103:
95:
94:
85:
80:
79:
53:
52:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8040:
8038:
8028:
8026:
8014:
8004:
8002:
7990:
7982:
7980:
7975:
7954:
7930:
7923:
7894:
7892:
7882:
7863:Lovelock theory
7850:
7844:
7835:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7758:
7736:
7730:
7709:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7640:
7631:Induced gravity
7611:
7607:Scalar theories
7587:
7568:
7561:
7552:Massive gravity
7512:Teleparallelism
7510:
7505:EinsteinâCartan
7503:
7487:
7478:Quantum gravity
7457:
7456:Alternatives to
7446:
7412:Exact solutions
7383:
7345:
7340:
7310:
7305:
7277:
7256:
7212:Physical forces
7206:
7197:
7150:
7132:
7124:
7099:
7077:
7058:
7037:
7010:
6994:
6992:Further reading
6989:
6972:
6942:
6922:
6917:
6900:
6896:
6859:
6855:
6826:(10): 363â384.
6816:
6812:
6765:
6761:
6716:
6712:
6675:
6671:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6505:
6501:
6495:Wayback Machine
6486:
6482:
6472:
6470:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6382:
6368:
6364:
6354:
6352:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6326:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6264:
6260:
6247:
6245:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6214:on 28 July 2013
6202:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6170:
6160:
6156:
6135:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6080:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5899:www.science.org
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5807:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5705:
5701:
5690:
5688:
5649:Eddington, A.S.
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5365:Siegel, Ethan.
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5033:(1A): 122â123.
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4863:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4762:www.science.org
4756:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4517:on 21 June 2011
4509:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4481:
4477:
4440:(6057): 39â41.
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4315:
4292:
4288:
4272:
4268:
4251:Stewart, Dugald
4248:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4224:J.L. Heilbron,
4223:
4219:
4212:
4193:
4189:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4042:
4033:
4026:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3891:
3887:
3877:Wayback Machine
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3792:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3564:Overbye, Dennis
3561:
3557:
3553:of the Universe
3534:
3532:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3390:
3363:Escape velocity
3340:
3331:Massive gravity
3223:(MOND) (1981),
3182:Andrei Sakharov
3178:Induced gravity
3168:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3098:Pioneer anomaly
3096:maneuvers. The
3058:galaxy clusters
3023:
3020:Gravity anomaly
3016:
2989:
2983:
2950:
2932:
2890:
2875:
2873:Earth's gravity
2870:
2842:Gravity Probe B
2735:
2729:
2721:quantum gravity
2713:classical limit
2679:
2677:Quantum gravity
2671:Main articles:
2669:
2637:static universe
2580:with a central
2549:exact solutions
2514:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:. The constant
2465:
2462:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2408:Einstein tensor
2404:
2400:
2377:
2373:
2358:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2298:
2296:Modern research
2256:Albert Einstein
2235:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1941:LemaĂźtreâTolman
1886:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1865:Quantum gravity
1852:Advanced theory
1779:
1778:
1777:
1760:
1759:
1708:Geodetic effect
1669:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1587:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1494:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1285:
1277:Main articles:
1275:
1233:Galileo Galilei
1186:Domingo de Soto
1170:
1164:
1140:heavenly bodies
1126:In the ancient
1103:De architectura
1096:discovered the
1074:
1069:
1063:
1044:
1040:
988:quantum gravity
933:Albert Einstein
811:
770:
757:
756:
749:
748:
747:
622:
614:
613:
593:
547:Circular motion
541:
531:
530:
529:
486:
456:
453:
432:
411:
403:
402:
399:
398:
356:
346:
338:
337:
336:
295:
291:Mechanical work
284:
268:
206:
198:
197:
196:
151:
143:
120:
96:
90:
86:
84:
75:
74:
72:
69:
68:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8102:
8092:
8091:
8089:Empirical laws
8086:
8081:
8076:
8061:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8024:
8012:
8000:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7959:Related topics
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7928:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7900:
7898:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7831:Twistor theory
7828:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7751:
7746:
7740:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7654:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7580:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7508:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7460:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7339:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7316:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7216:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7196:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7148:
7130:
7123:
7122:External links
7120:
7119:
7118:
7103:
7097:
7085:Thorne, Kip S.
7081:
7075:
7062:
7056:
7041:
7035:
7022:
7008:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6975:
6970:
6954:
6940:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6894:
6853:
6810:
6759:
6730:(6): 1530015.
6710:
6689:(24): 241101.
6669:
6630:
6600:
6583:NobelPrize.org
6570:
6540:
6499:
6480:
6449:
6395:(16): 161101.
6362:
6336:
6289:
6258:
6225:
6195:
6154:
6129:
6110:
6090:
6060:
6032:
6006:
5976:
5966:
5946:
5916:
5886:
5837:(2â3): 78â81.
5817:
5787:
5756:(1): 155â180.
5736:
5731:
5724:
5699:
5636:
5619:NASA Blueshift
5603:
5596:
5576:
5569:
5551:
5544:
5522:
5515:
5493:
5463:
5441:
5427:10.1086/153562
5388:
5357:
5288:
5255:
5220:(6): 918â919.
5204:
5160:(12): 124006.
5137:
5112:
5082:
5013:
4995:. p. 36.
4981:
4944:
4914:
4884:
4857:
4831:
4824:
4806:
4799:
4779:
4749:
4719:
4689:
4654:
4647:
4622:
4575:(2): 184â214.
4555:
4528:
4502:
4475:
4424:
4394:
4362:
4332:
4313:
4286:
4266:
4242:
4230:
4217:
4210:
4187:
4169:
4150:
4130:
4101:10.1086/349706
4095:(2): 259â262.
4079:
4060:
4031:
4024:
4006:
3999:
3979:
3972:
3953:
3924:
3905:
3885:
3847:
3809:
3790:
3770:
3751:
3731:
3688:10.1086/709138
3682:(2): 217â238.
3662:
3633:
3623:
3602:
3591:
3555:
3551:very beginning
3509:
3492:hubblesite.org
3479:
3472:
3446:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3408:Weightlessness
3405:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3288:
3285:Amanda Weltman
3274:
3265:
3256:
3254:Abhay Ashtekar
3239:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3175:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3109:Main article:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3094:gravity assist
3085:
3069:
3015:
3012:
2985:Main article:
2982:
2979:
2946:Main article:
2931:
2928:
2886:Main article:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2845:
2838:Frame dragging
2835:
2820:
2805:
2794:
2767:
2731:Main article:
2728:
2725:
2668:
2665:
2641:
2640:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2593:event horizons
2585:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2482:speed of light
2469:
2449:
2424:
2413:
2402:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2317:
2314:
2302:modern physics
2297:
2294:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:Post-Newtonian
1841:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Frame-dragging
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Kepler problem
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1493:
1490:
1474:Alexis Bouvard
1458:10 mâ
kgâ
s
1435:
1426:
1421:is the force,
1406:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1291:published his
1274:
1271:
1241:air resistance
1206:Giovan Bellaso
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1073:
1070:
1065:Main article:
1062:
1059:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1020:quantum vacuum
979:between them.
931:, proposed by
889:Moon's gravity
813:
812:
810:
809:
802:
795:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
768:
751:
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
574:Coriolis force
571:
570:
569:
559:
554:
549:
543:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
522:
517:
516:
515:
510:
500:
495:
490:
483:
472:
471:
470:
465:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
429:
424:
419:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
359:
357:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
288:
282:
277:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
245:
244:
239:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
131:
125:
122:
121:
116:
102:
99:
93:
89:
83:
65:
64:
58:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8101:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8059:
8049:
8047:
8037:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8011:
8001:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7925:FatioâLe Sage
7922:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7891:Pre-Newtonian
7889:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7847:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7796:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7768:String theory
7766:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7660:
7659:
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7655:
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7650:
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7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7614:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7605:
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7600:
7598:
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7590:
7586:
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7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
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7567:
7564:
7560:
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7548:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7437:ADM formalism
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
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7394:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
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7370:
7367:
7365:
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7361:
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7352:
7348:
7344:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7325:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7194:
7189:
7187:
7182:
7180:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7134:"Gravitation"
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7009:9780520088160
7005:
7001:
6996:
6995:
6984:
6983:
6976:
6973:
6971:0-07-045270-9
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6928:Gribbin, John
6925:
6924:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6805:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6786:gr-qc/0207039
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6650:(9): 091102.
6649:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6492:
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6460:
6453:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6421:
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6412:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6020:
6016:
6010:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
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5801:
5797:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5727:
5725:9780471925675
5721:
5716:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5526:
5518:
5516:9781108655705
5512:
5509:. p. 6.
5508:
5504:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5392:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
4998:
4991:
4985:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4800:9781439808504
4796:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4648:9781107117440
4644:
4640:
4639:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4240:, p. 57.
4239:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4211:0-691-02350-6
4207:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4151:9780674971660
4147:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4025:9780415124119
4021:
4017:
4010:
4002:
4000:9780691165851
3996:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3906:9780199792689
3902:
3898:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3541:â discusses "
3530:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:Aurélien Hees
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3281:Justin Khoury
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:Carlo Rovelli
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:String theory
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3089:Flyby anomaly
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:In 2015, the
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:an experiment
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:Planck length
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:Kerr solution
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2483:
2467:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2420:
2419:metric tensor
2409:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Chandrasekhar
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Schwarzschild
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1981:HartleâThorne
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:Schwarzschild
1889:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Event horizon
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1434:
1425:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:Edmond Halley
1320:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
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1145:
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1137:
1134:intellectual
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1121:
1120:gurutvÄkaráčŁaáč
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1072:Ancient world
1068:
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953:event horizon
950:
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915:caused it to
914:
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904:of fluids in
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55:
54:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:
8084:Acceleration
8058:Solar System
7893:theories and
7726:Supergravity
7539:
7535:
7397:Introduction
7342:
7273:Quintessence
7251:
7155:
7137:
7111:
7088:
7066:
7046:
7027:Physics v. 1
7026:
6999:
6980:
6957:
6931:
6897:
6873:(6): 31410.
6870:
6867:Scholarpedia
6866:
6856:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6779:(4): 31358.
6776:
6773:Scholarpedia
6772:
6762:
6727:
6723:
6713:
6686:
6682:
6672:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6621:. Retrieved
6612:
6603:
6591:. Retrieved
6582:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6552:
6543:
6516:
6512:
6502:
6483:
6471:. Retrieved
6463:the Guardian
6462:
6452:
6442:28 September
6440:. Retrieved
6392:
6386:
6365:
6353:. Retrieved
6339:
6327:. Retrieved
6302:
6292:
6280:. Retrieved
6272:the Guardian
6271:
6261:
6253:
6246:. Retrieved
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6212:the original
6207:
6198:
6186:. Retrieved
6179:the original
6174:
6165:
6157:
6142:
6132:
6120:. Retrieved
6100:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6072:
6063:
6047:
6035:
6023:. Retrieved
6017:. Nasa.gov.
6009:
5997:. Retrieved
5988:
5979:
5956:
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5928:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5898:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5834:
5830:
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5799:
5790:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5713:
5702:
5689:. Retrieved
5662:
5656:
5639:
5627:. Retrieved
5618:
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5579:
5560:
5554:
5533:
5525:
5502:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5475:
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5444:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5391:
5379:. Retrieved
5370:
5360:
5348:. Retrieved
5305:
5301:
5291:
5279:. Retrieved
5263:Pettini, M.
5258:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5157:
5153:
5140:
5115:
5103:. Retrieved
5094:
5085:
5073:. Retrieved
5030:
5026:
5016:
5004:. Retrieved
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4960:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4926:
4917:
4905:. Retrieved
4896:
4887:
4875:. Retrieved
4870:
4860:
4848:. Retrieved
4844:Science News
4843:
4834:
4815:
4809:
4789:
4782:
4770:. Retrieved
4761:
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4731:
4722:
4710:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4671:
4667:
4657:
4637:
4613:. Retrieved
4572:
4568:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:the original
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4478:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4406:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4344:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4303:
4289:
4277:
4274:Hooke (1679)
4269:
4255:
4245:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4140:
4133:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4046:
4015:
4009:
3989:
3982:
3963:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3934:
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3895:
3888:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3829:
3825:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3780:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3741:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3679:
3675:
3665:
3649:
3636:
3628:
3614:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3571:
3558:
3535:24 September
3533:. Retrieved
3522:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3457:
3449:
3439:11 September
3437:. Retrieved
3423:
3345:Anti-gravity
3214:Supergravity
3202:Æ(R) gravity
3198:(late 1960s)
3140:
3087:
3071:
3049:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2971:Neutron star
2963:
2951:
2919:
2913:, under the
2903:
2891:
2771:Robert Pound
2736:
2691:
2680:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2633:Edwin Hubble
2614:cosmological
2546:
2319:
2299:
2290:
2279:
2264:
2240:
2166:
2126:Raychaudhuri
1595:Introduction
1464:
1462:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1319:Isaac Newton
1307:
1305:
1300:
1294:Micrographia
1292:
1289:Robert Hooke
1286:
1249:
1245:surface area
1229:Simon Stevin
1210:
1174:Aristotelian
1171:
1125:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1075:
1041:
1016:false vacuum
1008:Planck epoch
992:supergravity
981:
965:proportional
926:
910:
898:gravitropism
875:
826:
818:
817:In physics,
816:
607: /
603: /
601:displacement
599: /
460: /
422:Displacement
360:
351:
345:Formulations
332:Virtual work
272: /
212:Acceleration
205:Fundamentals
38:
25:
8046:Outer space
8034:Spaceflight
7695:Causal sets
7589:BransâDicke
7407:Mathematics
7268:Fifth force
7252:Gravitation
7224:fundamental
7089:Gravitation
6962:McGraw-Hill
6355:12 February
6329:11 February
6303:Nature News
6282:11 February
6248:22 December
6218:22 December
6188:22 December
5645:Dyson, F.W.
5412:: 725â743.
4407:www.aps.org
4299:Druyan, Ann
4295:Sagan, Carl
4162:16 December
3697:2066/219256
3543:Planck time
3263:John Moffat
3082:Dark energy
3062:Dark matter
3042:dark matter
2993:Earth tides
2861:light-years
2582:singularity
2141:van Stockum
2071:Oppenheimer
1926:KerrâNewman
1718:Singularity
1321:(1642â1727)
1128:Middle East
1115:Brahmagupta
1043:Gravitation
1038:Definitions
902:circulation
869:, and even
743:von Neumann
410:Core topics
8068:Categories
7909:CGHS model
7896:toy models
6982:discourses
6563:24 October
6402:1710.05832
6122:22 October
5763:2010.13744
5315:1701.07261
4548:14 October
4521:16 October
4351:. May 2024
3584:10 October
3547:Planck era
3416:References
3325:superfluid
3293:(2013) by
3279:(2004) by
3250:Lee Smolin
3244:(1988) by
2975:black hole
2817:Cygnus X-1
2791:redshifted
2783:gamma rays
2777:performed
2775:Glen Rebka
2578:black hole
2251:arcseconds
2247:perihelion
1994:Scientists
1826:Formalisms
1774:Formalisms
1723:Black hole
1649:World line
1496:See also:
1227:physicist
1202:Luca Ghini
1144:Al-Khazini
1094:Archimedes
949:black hole
921:form stars
887:, and the
821:(from
678:d'Alembert
658:Maupertuis
621:Scientists
503:Rigid body
177:Kinematics
8010:Astronomy
7914:RST model
7700:DGP model
7677:Spin foam
7621:Whitehead
7613:Nordström
7542:) gravity
7492:Classical
7466:Paradigms
7417:Resources
7162:EMS Press
7144:EMS Press
7018:313895715
6950:966239842
6909:1105.5632
6848:122346086
6754:0218-2718
6737:1412.7673
6696:1204.2507
6664:0031-9007
6473:3 October
6319:182916902
5869:118365884
5844:0710.0477
5782:225075861
5734:= 1.75"."
5436:0004-637X
5340:119461771
5308:(3): 41.
5250:122962090
5242:0022-2488
5192:119219499
5167:1410.2130
5095:Big Think
5065:250804865
4927:Big Think
4877:11 August
4850:11 August
4597:1422-6944
4462:0028-0836
4282:page 2, 3
4125:144883728
4109:0021-1753
4052:Routledge
3917:29 August
3714:219925047
3706:0021-1753
3549:" at the
3502:7 October
3192:of matter
2961:in 1993.
2868:Specifics
2745:The 1919
2709:gravitons
2504:π
2492:κ
2382:ν
2379:μ
2371:κ
2363:ν
2360:μ
2352:Λ
2344:ν
2341:μ
2306:solutions
2286:geodesics
2282:spacetime
2267:curvature
2086:Robertson
2051:Friedmann
2046:Eddington
2036:Nordström
2026:de Sitter
1883:Solutions
1808:Geodesics
1803:Friedmann
1785:Equations
1771:Equations
1732:Spacetime
1667:Phenomena
1573:ν
1570:μ
1561:κ
1552:ν
1549:μ
1541:Λ
1533:ν
1530:μ
1465:Principia
1463:Newton's
1287:In 1657,
1194:Dominican
1190:free fall
1136:Al-Biruni
1082:Aristotle
941:spacetime
937:curvature
723:Liouville
605:frequency
525:Vibration
242:potential
167:Continuum
162:Celestial
139:Textbooks
7971:Graviton
7781:F-theory
7774:M-theory
7350:Standard
7301:Universe
7228:residual
6964:, 1989,
6623:19 March
6617:Archived
6593:19 March
6587:Archived
6557:Archived
6491:Archived
6467:Archived
6433:Archived
6429:29099225
6349:Archived
6323:Archived
6276:Archived
6242:Archived
6116:Archived
6077:Archived
6052:Archived
6019:Archived
5993:Archived
5933:Archived
5903:Archived
5873:Archived
5804:Archived
5710:(1972).
5685:Archived
5623:Archived
5590:. Ecco.
5486:1 August
5480:Archived
5375:Archived
5344:Archived
5272:Archived
5196:Archived
5129:Archived
5099:Archived
5069:Archived
4997:Archived
4965:Archived
4931:Archived
4901:Archived
4766:Archived
4736:Archived
4706:Archived
4676:Archived
4609:Archived
4605:51825180
4542:Archived
4489:Archived
4411:Archived
4378:Archived
4325:5 August
4319:Archived
4301:(1997).
4253:(1816).
4198:(1960).
4179:(1638),
4156:Archived
4072:4 August
4066:Archived
3940:Archived
3911:Archived
3873:Archived
3860:"); see
3857:enérgeia
3840:10 April
3834:Archived
3820:(1914).
3802:10 April
3796:Archived
3763:10 April
3757:Archived
3718:Archived
3654:Archived
3578:Archived
3529:Archived
3496:Archived
3433:Archived
3338:See also
2832:YGKOW G1
2673:Graviton
2574:rotating
2202:Category
2066:LemaĂźtre
2031:Reissner
2016:Poincaré
2001:Einstein
1946:TaubâNUT
1911:Wormhole
1895:interior
1608:Timeline
1263:Riccioli
1259:Grimaldi
1237:inclines
1087:Plutarch
977:distance
945:geodesic
917:coalesce
913:universe
877:On Earth
867:galaxies
827:gravitas
778:Category
703:Hamilton
688:Lagrange
683:Clairaut
648:Horrocks
609:velocity
579:Pendulum
567:reactive
539:Rotation
508:dynamics
458:Inertial
444:Friction
327:Velocity
302:Momentum
182:Kinetics
172:Dynamics
150:Branches
134:Timeline
47:galaxies
8074:Gravity
7998:Physics
7984:Portals
7402:History
7204:physics
7164:, 2001
7146:, 2001
6920:Sources
6875:Bibcode
6828:Bibcode
6791:Bibcode
6521:Bibcode
6407:Bibcode
6025:23 July
5849:Bibcode
5667:Bibcode
5414:Bibcode
5320:Bibcode
5222:Bibcode
5172:Bibcode
5035:Bibcode
4668:Physics
4577:Bibcode
4470:4325839
4442:Bibcode
4177:Galileo
3946:28 July
3545:" and "
3517:Staff.
3315:In the
3219:In the
2882:second.
2706:virtual
2702:photons
2480:is the
2436:is the
2428:is the
2417:is the
2406:is the
2308:to the
2243:Mercury
2121:Hawking
2116:Penrose
2091:Bardeen
2081:Wheeler
2011:Hilbert
2006:Lorentz
1966:pp-wave
1603:History
1470:Neptune
1449:is the
1329:titled
1256:Jesuits
1225:Flemish
1182:Spanish
1132:Persian
1061:History
975:of the
971:to the
859:planets
819:gravity
738:Koopman
698:Poisson
693:Laplace
638:Huygens
633:Galileo
478: (
417:Damping
270:Inertia
264:Impulse
237:kinetic
187:Statics
157:Applied
129:History
7095:
7073:
7054:
7033:
7016:
7006:
6968:
6948:
6938:
6846:
6752:
6662:
6427:
6374:&
6317:
6108:
6083:30 May
5999:31 May
5964:
5939:30 May
5909:30 May
5879:29 May
5867:
5810:29 May
5780:
5722:
5691:1 July
5629:29 May
5594:
5567:
5542:
5513:
5456:23 May
5434:
5381:27 May
5371:Forbes
5350:29 May
5338:
5281:27 May
5248:
5240:
5190:
5105:26 May
5075:27 May
5063:
5006:26 May
4974:25 May
4937:24 May
4907:24 May
4822:
4797:
4772:22 May
4742:22 May
4712:22 May
4682:22 May
4645:
4615:22 May
4603:
4595:
4495:21 May
4468:
4460:
4434:Nature
4355:18 May
4311:
4297:&
4208:
4148:
4123:
4117:228543
4115:
4107:
4058:
4022:
3997:
3970:
3903:
3866:XVII,
3788:
3749:
3712:
3704:
3621:
3470:
3252:, and
3216:(1976)
3210:(1974)
3204:(1970)
3155:(1921)
3076:: The
2917:(SI).
2813:x-rays
2809:Cygnus
2687:quanta
2399:where
2324:of 10
2322:system
2200:
2167:others
2161:Thorne
2151:Newman
2131:Taylor
2111:Ehlers
2096:Walker
2061:Zwicky
1936:Kasner
1478:Uranus
1417:where
1252:square
1223:, the
1204:, and
1111:Indian
1078:Greece
973:square
881:weight
776:
728:Appell
713:Cauchy
708:Jacobi
653:Halley
643:Newton
628:Kepler
480:linear
476:Motion
322:Torque
297:Moment
232:Energy
222:Couple
8022:Stars
7563:AQUAL
7422:Tests
6904:arXiv
6844:S2CID
6781:arXiv
6732:arXiv
6691:arXiv
6436:(PDF)
6397:arXiv
6383:(PDF)
6315:S2CID
6182:(PDF)
6171:(PDF)
6055:(PDF)
6044:(PDF)
5865:S2CID
5839:arXiv
5778:S2CID
5758:arXiv
5398:"The
5336:S2CID
5310:arXiv
5275:(PDF)
5268:(PDF)
5246:S2CID
5199:(PDF)
5188:S2CID
5162:arXiv
5150:(PDF)
5132:(PDF)
5125:(PDF)
5061:S2CID
5000:(PDF)
4993:(PDF)
4968:(PDF)
4957:(PDF)
4601:S2CID
4466:S2CID
4417:6 May
4387:6 May
4381:(PDF)
4374:(PDF)
4304:Comet
4121:S2CID
4113:JSTOR
3828:[
3724:2 May
3710:S2CID
3657:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
2863:away.
2136:Hulse
2076:Gödel
2056:Milne
1951:Milne
1916:Gödel
1613:Tests
1454:6.674
1051:(see
1012:birth
1000:space
994:or a
961:force
893:tides
871:light
863:stars
825:
823:Latin
733:Gibbs
718:Routh
673:Euler
312:Speed
307:Space
249:Force
7093:ISBN
7071:ISBN
7052:ISBN
7031:ISBN
7014:OCLC
7004:ISBN
6966:ISBN
6946:OCLC
6936:ISBN
6750:ISSN
6660:ISSN
6625:2024
6595:2024
6565:2017
6475:2017
6444:2019
6425:PMID
6357:2016
6331:2016
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