725:
2836:
738:
1823:
is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see
1894:
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is
Established through Personal Reflection). This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's
986:
suggests that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium are uniformly accelerated. Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in
Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a
953:
derives the times-squared law for uniformly accelerated change. Oresme, however, regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena, and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of accelerating
1906:
Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
1853:
Pines has also seen
Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces.
79:
1089:. The book is also the first modern treatise in which a physical problem (the accelerated motion of a falling body) is idealized by a set of parameters and then analyzed mathematically.
103:
2582:
2646:
2319:
972:
2681:
2363:
2613:
2108:
769:
2397:
2272:
1129:
2285:
358:
477:
2346:
917:
2656:
2570:
1388:
1138:
450:
2791:
2717:
1803:
1586:
35:
2712:
2244:
V. I. Arnold, Mathematical
Methods of Classical Mechanics, Graduate Texts in Mathematics (Springer, New York, 1978), Vol. 60.
1761:
1374:
1285:
1764 - Leonhard Euler examines the partial differential equation for the vibration of a circular drum and finds one of the
1005:
2724:
2469:
2436:
1895:
fundamental dynamic law ," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics ."
1420:
1217:
1734 - Daniel
Bernoulli solves the ordinary differential equation for the vibrations of an elastic bar clamped at one end
1000:
1589 - Galileo
Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that different weights fall with the same acceleration
882:
2814:
2781:
892:
says that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed. He therefore tests the
432:
1341:
987:
strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity
2587:
1867:
2484:
2459:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2041:
2003:
1986:
1912:
1876:
1736:
1225:
1183:
762:
1352:
2664:
2375:
2265:
724:
2620:
2558:
2358:
1062:
reach the lowest point of the cycloid in the same time and thereby experimentally shows that the cycloid is the
2865:
2489:
2387:
353:
93:
2796:
2577:
2543:
2496:
1536:
finds the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium
1434:
2565:
2538:
2516:
2474:
2370:
2154:
1612:
1378:
1257:
913:
develops the concept of a fatigue, which according to Shlomo Pines is precursor to
Leibnizian idea of force
755:
742:
503:
426:
348:
191:
2839:
2809:
2592:
2553:
2501:
2258:
1633:
1622:
422:
223:
1665:"Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph"
1282:
1759 - Leonhard Euler solves the partial differential equation for the vibration of a rectangular drum
1200:
of a stretched vibrating string in terms of its tension and mass per unit length by solving an ordinary
201:
2860:
2669:
2531:
2421:
2341:
1945:
1245:
1134:
1086:
1041:
642:
531:
457:
317:
250:
2020:
2776:
2745:
2625:
2521:
2416:
1433:
scientist, writes a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training leads to a
1408:
396:
2801:
2674:
2630:
2548:
2526:
2380:
1808:
1798:
1455:
1394:
1081:
1045:
1028:
828:
672:
516:
1998:
Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early
Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
2707:
2409:
2351:
2329:
1426:
1018:
622:
386:
2075:(1710). "Extrait d'une lettre de M. Herman Ă M. Bernoulli datĂ©e de PadoĂŒe le 12. Juillet 1710".
662:
1548:
1445:
1370:
1344:
vol.1 and lasts vol.5 in 1825. In this, he summarized and extended the work of his predecessors
1101:
667:
484:
1981:
Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive
Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1925:
2702:
2697:
2651:
2508:
2307:
1726:
1441:
1414:
1366:
supports the idea of the conservation of energy in his paper "On the measure of moving force"
1323:
1277:
1201:
1197:
1111:
893:
677:
652:
338:
156:
1958:
2302:
2219:
1676:
1664:
1593:
1558:
1459:
1384:
1337:
1327:
924:
is proportional to acceleration rather than speed, a fundamental law in classical mechanics
810:
803:
697:
657:
565:
561:
553:
543:
333:
326:
82:
2170:
1034:
692:
8:
2755:
1794:
966:
785:
472:
413:
391:
136:
131:
126:
26:
2223:
1680:
2750:
2431:
2281:
2187:
1885:(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory",
1844:(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory",
1767:
1700:
1569:
1505:
1494:
1267:
1253:
1239:
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1055:
944:
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602:
343:
218:
186:
146:
2821:
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2037:
1999:
1982:
1908:
1872:
1775:
1757:
1732:
1704:
1692:
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1527:
1473:
1165:
1093:
1010:
934:
874:
612:
569:
526:
521:
462:
238:
228:
121:
1490:
1024:
2760:
2227:
2182:
2166:
2120:
1684:
1643:
1618:
1501:
1398:
1207:
1155:
857:
707:
687:
632:
627:
573:
548:
403:
261:
206:
181:
1756:(2nd ed.). Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 47.
1465:
1608:
1565:
1544:
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1297:
1286:
1263:
1235:
1172:
1144:
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991:
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647:
597:
592:
511:
2250:
2786:
2448:
1639:
1484:
1356:
1309:
1273:
1221:
1107:
729:
637:
538:
255:
2854:
2178:
2134:
2072:
2057:
1937:
F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context",
1779:
1597:
1404:
1348:
1187:
1179:
950:
617:
444:
2231:
1688:
2196:
1835:
1696:
1601:
1554:
1293:
1193:
1124:
930:
682:
607:
296:
176:
1626:
1533:
1363:
1069:
1063:
958:
1771:
1171:
1696 - Johann Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the
2125:
1519:
1058:
experimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted
1014:
976:
910:
903:
849:
820:
467:
141:
1355:(this result was previously known only in the case of conservation of
1164:
1691 - James Bernoulli shows that the catenary curve has the lowest
1229:
899:
799:
489:
1469:
1305:
1211:
1159:
1097:
1037:
argues that "gravity" weakens as the inverse square of the distance
995:
878:
408:
291:
266:
1871:. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26â28.
1523:
1430:
1148:
1059:
962:
381:
234:
151:
2031:
1865:
Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-BarakÄt al-BaghdÄdÄ«, Hibat Allah".
1158:
shows that a chain freely suspended from two points will form a
1575:
1451:
1214:
of a hanging chain by solving an ordinary differential equation
440:
286:
196:
921:
824:
276:
271:
213:
281:
244:
979:
experimentally contradict Aristotelian view on free fall.
74:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
1815:"One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is
1824:
as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates."
1493:
discovers the sensibility of initial conditions in the
38:
1754:
Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science
1819:which he is thought to have written around 1021.
73:
2280:
1792:
2852:
2210:Parker, E.N. (1954). "Tensor Virial Equations".
1224:solves the ordinary differential equation for a
1959:"Timeline of Classical Mechanics and Free Fall"
1085:. Huygens describes in this work the first two
1731:. Princeton University Press. pp. 65â66.
1399:uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids
1186:is conserved for a case of the inverse-square
2266:
1240:uniformly rotating self-gravitating spheroids
763:
1752:Sorabji, Richard (2010). "John Philoponus".
1662:
1130:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
1072:suggests the law of conservation of momentum
2152:
1312:, and supporting the conservation of energy
1266:publish first approximate solutions to the
1017:) where he develops, amongst other things,
2273:
2259:
2077:Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
2036:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
1561:, from which conservation laws are deduced
1296:publishes a paper on experiments relating
1151:is the solution to the tautochrone problem
770:
756:
2186:
2124:
2095:Theorie Nouvelle de la Rotation des Corps
2032:Rob Iliffe & George E. Smith (2016).
1724:
2106:
1415:Hamilton's canonical equations of motion
1252:, in which he introduces the concept of
994:notices the timekeeping property of the
2071:
2056:
1838:(1964), "La dynamique dâIbn Bajja", in
1804:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1786:
1751:
1512:
1468:shows the Earth's rotation with a huge
1316:
1168:of any chain hung from two fixed points
813:calculate Jupiter's position using the
2853:
2209:
1210:derives the fundamental frequency and
1117:
918:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
906:coordinates to describe point in space
841:(on means to lift heavy objects), and
2254:
2153:Oestreicher, Christian (2007-09-30).
2148:
2146:
2144:
1864:
1663:Ossendrijver, Mathieu (29 Jan 2016).
1389:Gauss's principle of least constraint
1139:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1027:suggests an early form of the law of
1006:Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
452:Newton's law of universal gravitation
2725:Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era
1931:
1728:The Physical World of Late Antiquity
2171:10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.3/coestreicher
1585:publishes the first version of the
1110:puts forward a primitive notion of
943:and French collaborators prove the
433:Mechanics of planar particle motion
41:
13:
2159:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
2141:
1868:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1419:1838 - Liouville begins work on
1375:Hamilton's characteristic function
863:
806:, which is later largely disproved
14:
2877:
2034:The Cambridge Companion to Newton
1632:1992 - Udwadia and Kalaba create
1450:first half of the 19th century -
1413:1835 - William Hamilton states
1003:1638 - Galileo Galilei publishes
961:develops the theory of "circular
845:(on machines working on pressure)
2835:
2834:
2019:⊠(Paris, France: Piget, 1645),
737:
736:
723:
56:
2238:
2203:
2100:
2087:
2050:
2025:
2009:
1992:
1975:
1951:
1887:Journal of the History of Ideas
1846:Journal of the History of Ideas
1587:KolmogorovâArnoldâMoser theorem
1543:first mathematically describes
877:and The theory was modified by
823:works out the principle of the
2062:Giornale de Letterati d'Italia
1918:
1900:
1858:
1829:
1745:
1718:
1656:
1328:Lagrange's equations of motion
1:
2107:Poincaré, H. (January 1900).
2006:(pp. II 384, II 400, III 272)
1649:
1600:and establishes the field of
1353:angular momentum conservation
359:Koopmanâvon Neumann mechanics
792:
427:Non-inertial reference frame
7:
2647:Cosmic microwave background
2155:"A history of chaos theory"
1623:modified Newtonian dynamics
1444:formally states the law of
1342:Traité de mécanique céleste
829:connects buoyancy to weight
354:Appell's equation of motion
224:Inertial frame of reference
10:
2882:
1946:Cambridge University Press
1725:Sambursky, Samuel (2014).
1578:form of the virial theorem
1226:forced harmonic oscillator
1042:Giovanni Battista Riccioli
873:introduces the concept of
2830:
2769:
2733:
2690:
2639:
2603:
2447:
2293:
2060:(1710). "Unknown title".
1625:as an alternative to the
1574:1952 - Parker develops a
1409:intermediate axis theorem
1407:notes an instance of the
1184:LaplaceâRungeâLenz vector
1133:, in which he formulates
883:Abu'l-BarakÄt al-BaghdÄdÄ«
1840:Mélanges Alexandre Koyré
1809:University of St Andrews
1613:LiouvilleâArnold theorem
1379:HamiltonâJacobi equation
1262:1747 - D'Alembert and
1096:develops the concept of
1082:Horologium Oscillatorium
1046:Francesco Maria Grimaldi
1029:conservation of momentum
881:in the 11th century and
517:Rotating reference frame
349:HamiltonâJacobi equation
2782:ChandrasekharâEddington
2708:Golden age of cosmology
2640:On specific discoveries
2588:Lorentz transformations
2232:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1686
1689:10.1126/science.aad8085
1634:UdwadiaâKalaba equation
1611:states precise form of
1522:introduces the idea of
1427:Julius Robert von Mayer
1373:begins his analysis of
1246:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
1135:Newton's laws of motion
1019:Galilean transformation
458:Newton's laws of motion
318:Newton's laws of motion
2713:Medieval Islamic world
2456:Computational physics
2398:Variational principles
2325:Electrical engineering
1842:, I, 442-468 , Paris.
1826:
1549:relativistic mechanics
1446:conservation of energy
1258:D'Alembert's principle
1102:conservation of energy
1100:, a limited theory of
811:Babylonian astronomers
802:invents the system of
485:Simple harmonic motion
398:Euler's laws of motion
192:D'Alembert's principle
75:
2866:Mathematics timelines
2703:Golden age of physics
2698:Copernican Revolution
2017:Astronomia Philolaica
1813:
1456:his momentum equation
1442:Hermann von Helmholtz
1332:MĂ©chanique Analytique
1324:Joseph Louis Lagrange
1278:Coriolis acceleration
1276:derives equation for
1202:differential equation
1198:fundamental frequency
894:equivalence principle
339:Hamiltonian mechanics
157:Statistical mechanics
76:
2806:Relativity priority
2661:Subatomic particles
2621:Loop quantum gravity
2610:Quantum information
2559:Quantum field theory
2359:Gravitational theory
1795:Robertson, Edmund F.
1594:Edward Norton Lorenz
1513:Moderns developments
1385:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1338:Pierre-Simon Laplace
1317:Analytical mechanics
804:Aristotelian physics
562:Angular acceleration
554:Rotational frequency
334:Lagrangian mechanics
327:Analytical mechanics
83:Second law of motion
36:
2770:Scientific disputes
2756:Via Panisperna boys
2657:Gravitational waves
2604:Recent developments
2335:Maxwell's equations
2224:1954PhRv...96.1686P
2015:Ismail Bullialdus,
1944:(1-2), p. 145â163.
1851:(4), p. 521-546 : "
1793:O'Connor, John J.;
1681:2016Sci...351..482O
1421:Liouville's theorem
1250:Traite de Dynamique
1118:Newtonian mechanics
885:in the 12th century
786:classical mechanics
782:The following is a
414:Harmonic oscillator
392:Equations of motion
27:Classical mechanics
21:Part of a series on
2815:General relativity
2810:Special relativity
2751:Oxford Calculators
2578:Special relativity
2497:General relativity
2282:History of physics
2126:10.1007/BF02392506
2097:, Bachelier, Paris
1939:Science in Context
1892:(4), p. 521-546 :
1570:general relativity
1506:Hadamard billiards
1495:three-body problem
1268:three-body problem
1254:generalized forces
1112:Newton's first law
1077:Christiaan Huygens
1056:Christiaan Huygens
945:mean speed theorem
941:Oxford Calculators
839:Metrica, Mechanics
835:Hero of Alexandria
815:mean speed theorem
730:Physics portal
344:Routhian mechanics
219:Frame of reference
71:
2861:Physics timelines
2848:
2847:
2822:Transfermium Wars
2741:Harvard Computers
2566:Subatomic physics
2539:Quantum mechanics
2475:Superconductivity
2466:Condensed matter
2295:Classical physics
1763:978-1-905-67018-5
1675:(6272): 482â484.
1583:Andrey Kolmogorov
1559:Noether's theorem
1528:quantum mechanics
1474:Foucault pendulum
1460:his stress tensor
1351:develops idea of
1166:center of gravity
1094:Gottfried Leibniz
1035:Ismaël Bullialdus
1011:materials science
935:theory of impetus
809:4th century BC -
798:4th century BC -
780:
779:
527:Centrifugal force
522:Centripetal force
478:Euler's equations
463:Relative velocity
239:Moment of inertia
69:
43:
2873:
2838:
2837:
2761:Women in physics
2513:Nuclear physics
2437:Perpetual motion
2371:Material science
2315:Electromagnetism
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2218:(6): 1686â1689.
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2113:Acta Mathematica
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:www.scientus.org
1955:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1833:
1827:
1811:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1660:
1619:Mordehai Milgrom
1502:Jacques Hadamard
1435:priority dispute
1371:William Hamilton
1228:and notices the
1208:Daniel Bernoulli
1156:Johann Bernoulli
967:Earth's rotation
858:kinetic friction
772:
765:
758:
745:
740:
739:
732:
728:
727:
633:Johann Bernoulli
628:Daniel Bernoulli
549:Tangential speed
453:
429:
404:Fictitious force
399:
251:Mechanical power
241:
182:Angular momentum
80:
78:
77:
72:
70:
68:
60:
59:
50:
45:
44:
18:
17:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2826:
2797:Jouleâvon Mayer
2765:
2729:
2686:
2635:
2599:
2490:Big Bang theory
2443:
2342:Fluid mechanics
2289:
2279:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2212:Physical Review
2208:
2204:
2151:
2142:
2105:
2101:
2093:Poinsot (1834)
2092:
2088:
2070:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1905:
1901:
1884:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1791:
1787:
1764:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1609:Vladimir Arnold
1566:Albert Einstein
1547:and introduces
1545:Brownian motion
1541:Albert Einstein
1515:
1481:Rudolf Clausius
1319:
1287:Bessel function
1264:Alexis Clairaut
1236:Colin Maclaurin
1173:brachistochrone
1147:shows that the
1145:James Bernoulli
1120:
1050:Coriolis effect
992:Galileo Galilei
984:Domingo de Soto
982:16th century -
973:Francesco Beato
971:16th century -
949:14th century -
939:14th century -
920:discovers that
890:John Philoponus
871:John Philoponus
866:
864:Early mechanics
856:is larger than
854:static friction
795:
776:
735:
722:
721:
714:
713:
712:
587:
579:
578:
558:
512:Circular motion
506:
496:
495:
494:
451:
421:
418:
397:
376:
368:
367:
364:
363:
321:
311:
303:
302:
301:
260:
256:Mechanical work
249:
233:
171:
163:
162:
161:
116:
108:
85:
61:
55:
51:
49:
40:
39:
37:
34:
33:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2802:ShapleyâCurtis
2799:
2794:
2792:LeibnizâNewton
2789:
2787:Galileo affair
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2682:Speed of light
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:Nanotechnology
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2449:Modern physics
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2417:Thermodynamics
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2202:
2165:(3): 279â289.
2140:
2109:"Introduction"
2099:
2086:
2049:
2042:
2024:
2008:
1991:
1974:
1950:
1930:
1917:
1899:
1877:
1857:
1828:
1785:
1762:
1744:
1737:
1717:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1640:John D. Norton
1636:
1630:
1615:
1605:
1598:Lorenz systems
1590:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1551:
1537:
1530:
1526:, introducing
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:discusses the
1498:
1491:Henri Poincaré
1487:
1485:virial theorem
1477:
1462:
1448:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1397:discovers his
1391:
1381:
1367:
1360:
1357:areal velocity
1345:
1340:publishes his
1334:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:kinetic energy
1290:
1283:
1280:
1274:Leonhard Euler
1270:
1260:
1248:publishes his
1242:
1238:discovers his
1232:
1222:Leonhard Euler
1218:
1215:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1141:
1127:publishes his
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:Baruch Spinoza
1104:
1090:
1087:laws of motion
1079:publishes his
1073:
1066:
1052:
1038:
1031:
1025:René Descartes
1021:
1001:
998:
988:
980:
969:
955:
947:
937:
926:
925:
914:
907:
896:
888:6th century -
886:
869:6th century -
865:
862:
861:
860:
846:
831:
817:
807:
794:
791:
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
733:
716:
715:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
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645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Coriolis force
536:
535:
534:
524:
519:
514:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
492:
487:
482:
481:
480:
475:
465:
460:
455:
448:
437:
436:
435:
430:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
394:
389:
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
324:
322:
315:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
253:
247:
242:
231:
226:
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211:
210:
209:
204:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
81:
67:
64:
58:
54:
48:
30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:BohrâEinstein
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2631:String theory
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:Metamaterials
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2043:9781107015463
2039:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
2004:0-86078-964-0
2001:
1995:
1988:
1987:0-521-56671-1
1984:
1978:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1924:Grant, 1996,
1921:
1914:
1913:0-299-04880-2
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1880:
1878:0-684-10114-9
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1738:9781400858989
1734:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1644:Norton's dome
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:LĂ©on Foucault
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:Louis Poinsot
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:Louis Poinsot
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:central force
1185:
1181:
1180:Jakob Hermann
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:discover the
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
968:
965:" to explain
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:Nicole Oresme
948:
946:
942:
938:
936:
933:develops the
932:
928:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
859:
855:
852:states, that
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
796:
790:
788:
787:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
744:
734:
731:
726:
720:
719:
718:
717:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
583:
582:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
500:
499:
491:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
420:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
372:
371:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
320:
319:
314:
313:
307:
306:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
259:
257:
254:
252:
248:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
167:
166:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
112:
111:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
84:
65:
62:
52:
46:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2746:The Martians
2410:Spectroscopy
2392:
2352:Aerodynamics
2330:Field theory
2240:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2162:
2158:
2119:(1â2): 5â7.
2116:
2112:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2033:
2027:
2016:
2011:
1994:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1920:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:Shlomo Pines
1831:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1802:
1788:
1753:
1747:
1727:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1672:
1668:
1658:
1602:chaos theory
1555:Emmy Noether
1331:
1294:John Smeaton
1249:
1196:derives the
1194:Brook Taylor
1128:
1125:Isaac Newton
1092:1676-1689 -
1080:
1009:(which were
1004:
957:1500-1528 -
931:Jean Buridan
929:1340-1358 -
916:1100-1165 -
909:1100-1138 -
842:
838:
784:timeline of
783:
781:
572: /
568: /
566:displacement
564: /
425: /
387:Displacement
325:
316:
310:Formulations
297:Virtual work
237: /
177:Acceleration
170:Fundamentals
98:
15:
2670:Higgs boson
1799:"Al-Biruni"
1642:introduces
1627:dark matter
1568:introduces
1534:James Jeans
1395:Carl Jacobi
1387:introduces
1364:Peter Ewart
1182:shows that
1070:John Wallis
1064:tautochrone
959:Al-Birjandi
902:uses three
708:von Neumann
375:Core topics
2855:Categories
2691:By periods
2509:Geophysics
2481:Cosmology
2083:: 519â521.
2073:Hermann, J
2068:: 447â467.
2058:Hermann, J
1968:2019-01-26
1710:29 January
1650:References
1629:hypothesis
1596:discovers
1520:Max Planck
1015:kinematics
977:Luca Ghini
904:orthogonal
850:Themistius
843:Pneumatics
821:Archimedes
643:d'Alembert
623:Maupertuis
586:Scientists
468:Rigid body
142:Kinematics
2734:By groups
2718:Astronomy
2554:Molecules
2388:Mechanics
2303:Astronomy
2179:1958-5969
2135:0001-5962
1780:878730683
1705:206644971
1621:proposes
1479:1870 -
1464:1851 -
1454:develops
1440:1847 -
1425:1841 -
1403:1834 -
1393:1834 -
1383:1829 -
1369:1821 -
1362:1813 -
1347:1803 -
1336:1798 -
1326:presents
1322:1788 -
1292:1776 -
1289:solutions
1272:1749 -
1244:1743 -
1234:1742 -
1230:resonance
1220:1739 -
1212:harmonics
1206:1733 -
1192:1714 -
1178:1710 -
1154:1691 -
1143:1690 -
1123:1687 -
900:Al-Biruni
819:260 BC -
800:Aristotle
793:Antiquity
688:Liouville
570:frequency
490:Vibration
207:potential
132:Continuum
127:Celestial
104:Textbooks
2840:Category
2665:timeline
2652:Graphene
2614:timeline
2583:timeline
2571:timeline
2544:timeline
2485:timeline
2470:timeline
2460:timeline
2422:timeline
2393:timeline
2376:timeline
2364:timeline
2347:timeline
2320:timeline
2308:timeline
2286:timeline
2197:17969865
2021:page 23.
1989:, p. 198
1772:44216227
1697:26823423
1532:1902 -
1483:deduces
1470:pendulum
1306:momentum
1160:catenary
1098:vis viva
996:pendulum
911:Avempace
879:Avicenna
743:Category
668:Hamilton
653:Lagrange
648:Clairaut
613:Horrocks
574:velocity
544:Pendulum
532:reactive
504:Rotation
473:dynamics
423:Inertial
409:Friction
292:Velocity
267:Momentum
147:Kinetics
137:Dynamics
115:Branches
99:Timeline
2675:Neutron
2532:Weapons
2517:Fission
2432:Entropy
2220:Bibcode
2188:3202497
1821:Shadows
1817:Shadows
1677:Bibcode
1669:Science
1638:2003 -
1617:1983 -
1607:1978 -
1592:1961 -
1581:1954 -
1564:1915 -
1557:proves
1553:1915 -
1539:1905 -
1518:1900 -
1500:1898 -
1489:1890 -
1431:amateur
1330:in the
1175:problem
1149:cycloid
1106:1677 -
1075:1673 -
1068:1668 -
1060:cycloid
1054:1658 -
1040:1651 -
1033:1645 -
1023:1644 -
990:1581 -
963:inertia
898:1021 -
875:impetus
837:writes
703:Koopman
663:Poisson
658:Laplace
603:Huygens
598:Galileo
443: (
382:Damping
235:Inertia
229:Impulse
202:kinetic
152:Statics
122:Applied
94:History
2522:Fusion
2427:Energy
2405:Optics
2195:
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678:Cauchy
673:Jacobi
618:Halley
608:Newton
593:Kepler
445:linear
441:Motion
287:Torque
262:Moment
197:Energy
187:Couple
2593:tests
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1768:JSTOR
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