2326:
types of perfections are not specifically drawn out, Leibniz highlights the one thing that, to him, does certify imperfections and proves that God is perfect: "that one acts imperfectly if he acts with less perfection than he is capable of", and since God is a perfect being, he cannot act imperfectly (III). Because God cannot act imperfectly, the decisions he makes pertaining to the world must be perfect. Leibniz also comforts readers, stating that because he has done everything to the most perfect degree; those who love him cannot be injured. However, to love God is a subject of difficulty as
Leibniz believes that we are "not disposed to wish for that which God desires" because we have the ability to alter our disposition (IV). In accordance with this, many act as rebels, but Leibniz says that the only way we can truly love God is by being content "with all that comes to us according to his will" (IV).
6488:
and his followers have also a very odd opinion concerning the work of God. According to their doctrine, God
Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time; otherwise it would cease to move." (Leibniz 1715, 675) Leibniz argues that any scientific theory that relies on God to perform miracles after He had first made the universe indicates that God lacked sufficient foresight or power to establish adequate natural laws in the first place. In defense of Newton's theism, Clarke is unapologetic: "'tis not a diminution but the true glory of his workmanship that nothing is done without his continual government and inspection"' (Leibniz 1715, 676â677). Clarke is believed to have consulted closely with Newton on how to respond to Leibniz. He asserts that Leibniz's deism leads to "the notion of materialism and fate" (1715, 677), because it excludes God from the daily workings of nature.
2330:
God and his will. Leibniz states that, in lieu of God's will, we have to understand that God "is the best of all masters" and he will know when his good succeeds, so we, therefore, must act in conformity to his good willâor as much of it as we understand (IV). In our view of God, Leibniz declares that we cannot admire the work solely because of the maker, lest we mar the glory and love God in doing so. Instead, we must admire the maker for the work he has done (II). Effectively, Leibniz states that if we say the earth is good because of the will of God, and not good according to some standards of goodness, then how can we praise God for what he has done if contrary actions are also praiseworthy by this definition (II). Leibniz then asserts that different principles and geometry cannot simply be from the will of God, but must follow from his understanding.
3533:) in a way that also applied for himâviewpoints that "supplement one another, while also being able to appear as opposites that only resolve themselves when considered more deeply." Much of Leibniz's work went on to have a great impact on the field of psychology. Leibniz thought that there are many petites perceptions, or small perceptions of which we perceive but of which we are unaware. He believed that by the principle that phenomena found in nature were continuous by default, it was likely that the transition between conscious and unconscious states had intermediary steps. For this to be true, there must also be a portion of the mind of which we are unaware at any given time. His theory regarding consciousness in relation to the principle of continuity can be seen as an early theory regarding the
51:
1812:, under the terms of the 1701 Act of Settlement. Even though Leibniz had done much to bring about this happy event, it was not to be his hour of glory. Despite the intercession of the Princess of Wales, Caroline of Ansbach, George I forbade Leibniz to join him in London until he completed at least one volume of the history of the Brunswick family his father had commissioned nearly 30 years earlier. Moreover, for George I to include Leibniz in his London court would have been deemed insulting to Newton, who was seen as having won the calculus priority dispute and whose standing in British official circles could not have been higher. Finally, his dear friend and defender, the Dowager Electress Sophia, died in 1714. In 1716, while traveling in northern Europe, the Russian
4170:
3773:
but it was a clumsy attempt. At this library, Leibniz focused more on advancing the library than on the cataloging. For instance, within a month of taking the new position, he developed a comprehensive plan to expand the library. He was one of the first to consider developing a core collection for a library and felt "that a library for display and ostentation is a luxury and indeed superfluous, but a well-stocked and organized library is important and useful for all areas of human endeavor and is to be regarded on the same level as schools and churches". Leibniz lacked the funds to develop the library in this manner. After working at this library, by the end of 1690 Leibniz was appointed as privy-councilor and librarian of the
5075:
3223:. We also see that when Leibniz wrote, in a metaphysical vein, that "the straight line is a curve, any part of which is similar to the whole", he was anticipating topology by more than two centuries. As for "packing", Leibniz told his friend and correspondent Des Bosses to imagine a circle, then to inscribe within it three congruent circles with maximum radius; the latter smaller circles could be filled with three even smaller circles by the same procedure. This process can be continued infinitely, from which arises a good idea of self-similarity. Leibniz's improvement of Euclid's axiom contains the same concept.
2187:. Using the principle of reasoning, Leibniz concluded that the first reason of all things is God. All that we see and experience is subject to change, and the fact that this world is contingent can be explained by the possibility of the world being arranged differently in space and time. The contingent world must have some necessary reason for its existence. Leibniz uses a geometry book as an example to explain his reasoning. If this book was copied from an infinite chain of copies, there must be some reason for the content of the book. Leibniz concluded that there must be the "
5354:
20964:
5150:
1742:
3706:, who independently developed the binary system, as he was familiar with their works on the binary system. Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz worked extensively on logarithms including logarithms with base 2. Thomas Harriot's manuscripts contained a table of binary numbers and their notation, which demonstrated that any number could be written on a base 2 system. Regardless, Leibniz simplified the binary system and articulated logical properties such as conjunction, disjunction, negation, identity, inclusion, and the empty set. He anticipated
4713:
4351:
5373:
1502:. Von Boyneburg hired Leibniz as an assistant, and shortly thereafter reconciled with the Elector and introduced Leibniz to him. Leibniz then dedicated an essay on law to the Elector in the hope of obtaining employment. The stratagem worked; the Elector asked Leibniz to assist with the redrafting of the legal code for the Electorate. In 1669, Leibniz was appointed assessor in the Court of Appeal. Although von Boyneburg died late in 1672, Leibniz remained under the employment of his widow until she dismissed him in 1674.
1471:
21012:
5206:
1573:
20988:
5178:
17498:
13393:
12060:
10815:
766:
17488:
3937:, that one ought to obey as a rule, the evil of revolution being greater beyond comparison than the evils causing it. Yet I recognize that a prince can go to such excess, and place the well-being of the state in such danger, that the obligation to endure ceases. This is most rare, however, and the theologian who authorizes violence under this pretext should take care against excess; excess being infinitely more dangerous than deficiency.
4249:
4008:
3563:
3529:, introduced by Leibniz, into an experimental psychologically based apperception psychology that included neuropsychological modelling â an excellent example of how a concept created by a great philosopher could stimulate a psychological research program. One principle in the thinking of Leibniz played a fundamental role: "the principle of equality of separate but corresponding viewpoints." Wundt characterized this style of thought (
1632:
2275:, in the rational and enlightened nature of the Christian religion. It was also shaped by Leibniz's belief in the perfectibility of human nature (if humanity relied on correct philosophy and religion as a guide), and by his belief that metaphysical necessity must have a rational or logical foundation, even if this metaphysical causality seemed inexplicable in terms of physical necessity (the natural laws identified by science).
21000:
5192:
10275:
2102:
2262:. It must be the best possible and most balanced world, because it was created by an all powerful and all knowing God, who would not choose to create an imperfect world if a better world could be known to him or possible to exist. In effect, apparent flaws that can be identified in this world must exist in every possible world, because otherwise God would have chosen to create the world that excluded those flaws.
3994:
justice. As
Leibniz's so-called Elementa Juris Naturalis advanced, he built in modal notions of right (possibility) and obligation (necessity) in which we see perhaps the earliest elaboration of his possible worlds doctrine within a deontic frame. While ultimately the Elementa remained unpublished, Leibniz continued to work on his drafts and promote their ideas to correspondents up until his death.
6459:
forever, and hence we carry on after our deaths, but then everythingâevery individual substanceâcarries on forever. Nonetheless, Leibniz is a theist. His system is generated from, and needs, the postulate of a creative god. In fact, though, despite
Leibniz's protestations, his God is more the architect and engineer of the vast complex world-system than the embodiment of love of Christian orthodoxy.
12165:
3764:. In 1679, while mulling over his binary arithmetic, Leibniz imagined a machine in which binary numbers were represented by marbles, governed by a rudimentary sort of punched cards. Modern electronic digital computers replace Leibniz's marbles moving by gravity with shift registers, voltage gradients, and pulses of electrons, but otherwise they run roughly as Leibniz envisioned in 1679.
20976:
14479:
13404:
5164:
20952:
5136:
3506:)âwas made clear: "Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu, nisi intellectu ipse." â "Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses, except the intellect itself." Principles that are not present in sensory impressions can be recognised in human perception and consciousness: logical inferences, categories of thought, the principle of
1761:
annoyed at
Leibniz's apparent dilatoriness. Leibniz never finished the project, in part because of his huge output on many other fronts, but also because he insisted on writing a meticulously researched and erudite book based on archival sources, when his patrons would have been quite happy with a short popular book, one perhaps little more than a
2203:, each monad follows a pre-programmed set of "instructions" peculiar to itself, so that a monad "knows" what to do at each moment. By virtue of these intrinsic instructions, each monad is like a little mirror of the universe. Monads need not be "small"; e.g., each human being constitutes a monad, in which case
2157:, and motion are completely relative: "As for my own opinion, I have said more than once, that I hold space to be something merely relative, as time is, that I hold it to be an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions." Einstein, who called himself a "Leibnizian", wrote in the introduction to
4464:'s writings. Nevertheless, the secondary literature on Leibniz did not really blossom until after World War II. This is especially true of English speaking countries; in Gregory Brown's bibliography fewer than 30 of the English language entries were published before 1946. American Leibniz studies owe much to
1952:. The paper is undated; that he wrote it while in Vienna in 1689 was determined only in 1999, when the ongoing critical edition finally published Leibniz's philosophical writings for the period 1677â1690. Couturat's reading of this paper influenced much 20th-century thinking about Leibniz, especially among
2295:? The answer (according to Leibniz) is that, while God is indeed unlimited in wisdom and power, his human creations, as creations, are limited both in their wisdom and in their will (power to act). This predisposes humans to false beliefs, wrong decisions, and ineffective actions in the exercise of their
3205: ..., which is an attempt to tighten Euclid's axioms, he states ...: "I have diverse definitions for the straight line. The straight line is a curve, any part of which is similar to the whole, and it alone has this property, not only among curves but among sets." This claim can be proved today.
6487:
In advancing his system of mechanics, Newton claimed that collisions of celestial objects would cause a loss of energy that would require God to intervene from time to time to maintain order in the solar system (Vailati 1997, 37â42). In criticizing this implication, Leibniz remarks: "Sir Isaac Newton
4758:
become clear: about 15,000 letters to more than 1000 recipients plus more than 40,000 other items. Moreover, quite a few of these letters are of essay length. Much of his vast correspondence, especially the letters dated after 1700, remains unpublished, and much of what is published has appeared only
4398:
and used some of his ideas. In any event, philosophical fashion was moving away from the rationalism and system building of the 17th century, of which
Leibniz had been such an ardent proponent. His work on law, diplomacy, and history was seen as of ephemeral interest. The vastness and richness of his
4219:
from 000000 to 111111, and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major
Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired. Leibniz communicated his ideas of the binary system representing Christianity to the Emperor of China, hoping it would convert him. Leibniz was one
2325:
For
Leibniz, "God is an absolutely perfect being". He describes this perfection later in section VI as the simplest form of something with the most substantial outcome (VI). Along these lines, he declares that every type of perfection "pertains to him (God) in the highest degree" (I). Even though his
1792:
which darkened the remainder of
Leibniz's life. A formal investigation by the Royal Society (in which Newton was an unacknowledged participant), undertaken in response to Leibniz's demand for a retraction, upheld Keill's charge. Historians of mathematics writing since 1900 or so have tended to acquit
1611:
to visit
Hanover proved to have been fateful. Leibniz had declined the invitation, but had begun corresponding with the duke in 1671. In 1673, the duke offered Leibniz the post of counsellor. Leibniz very reluctantly accepted the position two years later, only after it became clear that no employment
3962:
we already see an attempt to solve legal problems by rationalist mathematical methods (Weigel's influence being most explicit in the Specimen Quaestionum Philosophicarum ex Jure collectarum (An Essay of Collected Philosophical Problems of Right)). For example, the Inaugural Disputation on Perplexing
3777:
at WolfenbĂŒttel. It was an extensive library with at least 25,946 printed volumes. At this library, Leibniz sought to improve the catalog. He was not allowed to make complete changes to the existing closed catalog, but was allowed to improve upon it so he started on that task immediately. He created
3772:
Later in Leibniz's career (after the death of von Boyneburg), Leibniz moved to Paris and accepted a position as a librarian in the Hanoverian court of Johann Friedrich, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg. Leibniz's predecessor, Tobias Fleischer, had already created a cataloging system for the Duke's library
3489:
from the point of view of causality and of purpose: "Souls act according to the laws of final causes, through aspirations, ends and means. Bodies act according to the laws of efficient causes, i.e. the laws of motion. And these two realms, that of efficient causes and that of final causes, harmonize
3200:
To sample Leibniz' scientific works is a sobering experience. Next to calculus, and to other thoughts that have been carried out to completion, the number and variety of premonitory thrusts is overwhelming. We saw examples in "packing", ... My Leibniz mania is further reinforced by finding that
2329:
Because God is "an absolutely perfect being" (I), Leibniz argues that God would be acting imperfectly if he acted with any less perfection than what he is able of (III). His syllogism then ends with the statement that God has made the world perfectly in all ways. This also affects how we should view
2132:
of René Descartes and others. These simple substances or monads are the "ultimate units of existence in nature". Monads have no parts but still exist by the qualities that they have. These qualities are continuously changing over time, and each monad is unique. They are also not affected by time and
1765:
with commentary, to be completed in three years or less. They never knew that he had in fact carried out a fair part of his assigned task: when the material Leibniz had written and collected for his history of the House of Brunswick was finally published in the 19th century, it filled three volumes.
6458:
The answer is unknowable, but it may not be unreasonable to see him, at least in theological terms, as essentially a deist. He is a determinist: there are no miracles (the events so called being merely instances of infrequently occurring natural laws); Christ has no real role in the system; we live
3989:
Leibniz penned The New Method of Teaching and Learning the Law, by way of application. The text proposed a reform of legal education and is characteristically syncretic, integrating aspects of Thomism, Hobbesianism, Cartesianism and traditional jurisprudence. Leibniz's argument that the function of
2032:
are identical; to suppose two things indiscernible is to suppose the same thing under two names. Frequently invoked in modern logic and philosophy, the "identity of indiscernibles" is. It has attracted the most controversy and criticism, especially from corpuscular philosophy and quantum mechanics.
1639:
Leibniz managed to delay his arrival in Hanover until the end of 1676 after making one more short journey to London, where Newton accused him of having seen his unpublished work on calculus in advance. This was alleged to be evidence supporting the accusation, made decades later, that he had stolen
4768:
I cannot tell you how extraordinarily distracted and spread out I am. I am trying to find various things in the archives; I look at old papers and hunt up unpublished documents. From these I hope to shed some light on the history of the Brunswick. I receive and answer a huge number of letters. At
2314:
Further, although human actions flow from prior causes that ultimately arise in God and therefore are known to God as metaphysical certainties, an individual's free will is exercised within natural laws, where choices are merely contingently necessary and to be decided in the event by a "wonderful
6516:
Consistent with the liberal views of the Enlightenment, Leibniz was an optimist with respect to human reasoning and scientific progress (Popper 1963, p. 69). Although he was a great reader and admirer of Spinoza, Leibniz, being a confirmed deist, rejected emphatically Spinoza's pantheism: God and
4846:
began in 1901. It was hampered by two world wars and then by decades of German division into two states with the Cold War's "iron curtain" in between, separating scholars, and also scattering portions of his literary estates. The ambitious project has had to deal with writings in seven languages,
3651:
In 1906, Garland published a volume of Leibniz's writings bearing on his many practical inventions and engineering work. To date, few of these writings have been translated into English. Nevertheless, it is well understood that Leibniz was a serious inventor, engineer, and applied scientist, with
1727:
The Brunswicks tolerated the enormous effort Leibniz devoted to intellectual pursuits unrelated to his duties as a courtier, pursuits such as perfecting calculus, writing about other mathematics, logic, physics, and philosophy, and keeping up a vast correspondence. He began working on calculus in
8788:
Otivm Hanoveranvm Sive Miscellanea Ex ore & schedis Illustris Viri, piĂŠ memoriĂŠ, Godofr. Gvilielmi Leibnitii ... / Quondam notata & descripta, Cum ipsi in collendis & excerpendis rebus ad Historiam Brunsvicensem pertinentibus operam navaret, Joachimvs Fridericvs Fellervs, Secretarius
3476:
often rely on everyday observations such as the behaviour of a dog or the noise of the sea, and he develops intuitive analogies (the synchronous running of clocks or the balance spring of a clock). He also devised postulates and principles that apply to psychology: the continuum of the unnoticed
1860:
Leibniz never married. He proposed to an unknown woman at age 50, but changed his mind when she took too long to decide. He complained on occasion about money, but the fair sum he left to his sole heir, his sister's stepson, proved that the Brunswicks had paid him fairly well. In his diplomatic
1760:
or earlier, hoping that the resulting book would advance his dynastic ambitions. From 1687 to 1690, Leibniz traveled extensively in Germany, Austria, and Italy, seeking and finding archival materials bearing on this project. Decades went by but no history appeared; the next Elector became quite
3993:
Leibniz's next major attempt to find a universal rational core to law and so found a legal "science of right", came when Leibniz worked in Mainz from 1667â72. Starting initially from Hobbes' mechanistic doctrine of power, Leibniz reverted to logico-combinatorial methods in an attempt to define
1888:
Leibniz's philosophical thinking appears fragmented because his philosophical writings consist mainly of a multitude of short pieces: journal articles, manuscripts published long after his death, and letters to correspondents. He wrote two book-length philosophical treatises, of which only the
3790:. Seemingly, Leibniz paid a good deal of attention to the classification of subject matter, favoring a well-balanced library covering a host of numerous subjects and interests. Leibniz, for example, proposed the following classification system in the Otivm Hanoveranvm Sive Miscellanea (1737):
3187:
in such a sense that the situs remains unchanged under topological deformations. He mistakenly credits Leibniz with originating this concept. ... is sometimes not realized that Leibniz used the term in an entirely different sense and hence can hardly be considered the founder of that part of
1431:
His next goal was to earn his license and Doctorate in Law, which normally required three years of study. In 1666, the University of Leipzig turned down Leibniz's doctoral application and refused to grant him a Doctorate in Law, most likely due to his relative youth. Leibniz subsequently left
1505:
Von Boyneburg did much to promote Leibniz's reputation, and the latter's memoranda and letters began to attract favorable notice. After Leibniz's service to the Elector there soon followed a diplomatic role. He published an essay, under the pseudonym of a fictitious Polish nobleman, arguing
1035:. Leibniz has been called the "last universal genius" due to his knowledge and skills in different fields and because such people became much less common after his lifetime with the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the spread of specialized labor. He is a prominent figure in both the
3949:
But at the same time, he arrived to propose an interreligious and multicultural project to create a universal system of justice, which required from him a broad interdisciplinary perspective. In order to propose it, he combined linguistics (especially sinology), moral and legal philosophy,
2488:
and calculus ratiocinator, and the extent to which modern formal logic does justice to calculus, may never be established. Leibniz's idea of reasoning through a universal language of symbols and calculations remarkably foreshadows great 20th-century developments in formal systems, such as
1963:
in 1676, read some of his unpublished writings, and had since been influenced by some of Spinoza's ideas. While Leibniz befriended him and admired Spinoza's powerful intellect, he was also dismayed by Spinoza's conclusions, especially when these were inconsistent with Christian orthodoxy.
1599:
The mission ended abruptly when news of the Elector's death (12 February 1673) reached them. Leibniz promptly returned to Paris and not, as had been planned, to Mainz. The sudden deaths of his two patrons in the same winter meant that Leibniz had to find a new basis for his career.
2405:
as any written sign, he then defined a "real" character as one that represents an idea directly and not simply as the word embodying the idea. Some real characters, such as the notation of logic, serve only to facilitate reasoning. Many characters well known in his day, including
2198:
essence of a monad is its irreducible simplicity. Unlike atoms, monads possess no material or spatial character. They also differ from atoms by their complete mutual independence, so that interactions among monads are only apparent. Instead, by virtue of the principle of
4410:
edited the first multi-volume edition of Leibniz's writings, followed in the 19th century by a number of editions, including those edited by Erdmann, Foucher de Careil, Gerhardt, Gerland, Klopp, and Mollat. Publication of Leibniz's correspondence with notables such as
1728:
1674; the earliest evidence of its use in his surviving notebooks is 1675. By 1677 he had a coherent system in hand, but did not publish it until 1684. Leibniz's most important mathematical papers were published between 1682 and 1692, usually in a journal which he and
2886:
Leibniz wrote that circles "can most simply be expressed by this series, that is, the aggregate of fractions alternately added and subtracted". However this formula is only accurate with a large number of terms, using 10,000,000 terms to obtain the correct value of
1835:
in 1716. At the time, he was so out of favor that neither George I (who happened to be near Hanover at that time) nor any fellow courtier other than his personal secretary attended the funeral. Even though Leibniz was a life member of the Royal Society and the
1595:
where he demonstrated a calculating machine that he had designed and had been building since 1670. The machine was able to execute all four basic operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing), and the society quickly made him an external member.
1526:. In return, France would agree to leave Germany and the Netherlands undisturbed. This plan obtained the Elector's cautious support. In 1672, the French government invited Leibniz to Paris for discussion, but the plan was soon overtaken by the outbreak of the
1661:
In 1677, he was promoted, at his request, to Privy Counselor of Justice, a post he held for the rest of his life. Leibniz served three consecutive rulers of the House of Brunswick as historian, political adviser, and most consequentially, as librarian of the
1720:, were dead. Leibniz played a role in the initiatives and negotiations leading up to that Act, but not always an effective one. For example, something he published anonymously in England, thinking to promote the Brunswick cause, was formally censured by the
2354:
The only way to rectify our reasonings is to make them as tangible as those of the Mathematicians, so that we can find our error at a glance, and when there are disputes among persons, we can simply say: Let us calculate, without further ado, to see who is
1322:, where he also served as dean of philosophy. The boy inherited his father's personal library. He was given free access to it from the age of seven, shortly after his father's death. While Leibniz's schoolwork was largely confined to the study of a small
3837:. He also called on publishers to distribute abstracts of all new titles they produced each year, in a standard form that would facilitate indexing. He hoped that this abstracting project would eventually include everything printed from his day back to
1582:
When it became clear that France would not implement its part of Leibniz's Egyptian plan, the Elector sent his nephew, escorted by Leibniz, on a related mission to the English government in London, early in 1673. There Leibniz came into acquaintance of
1326:
of authorities, his father's library enabled him to study a wide variety of advanced philosophical and theological worksâones that he would not have otherwise been able to read until his college years. Access to his father's library, largely written in
2881:
4554:, central propaedeutic institution of the university, which aims to enable high school graduates to make a well-founded study decision through a ten-month, comprehensive general course of study and at the same time to introduce them to academic work
4120:
was the primeval language of the human race. At the same time, he rejected the idea of unrelated language groups and considered them all to have a common source. He also refuted the argument, advanced by Swedish scholars in his day, that a form of
3297:, time and motion are relative, not absolute: "As for my own opinion, I have said more than once, that I hold space to be something merely relative, as time is, that I hold it to be an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions."
3343:
in quantum mechanics, a field some even credit him with having anticipated in some sense. In addition to his theories about the nature of reality, Leibniz's contributions to the development of calculus have also had a major impact on physics.
5119:
Six important collections of English translations are Wiener (1951), Parkinson (1966), Loemker (1969), Ariew and Garber (1989), Woolhouse and Francks (1998), and Strickland (2006). The ongoing critical edition of all of Leibniz's writings is
4380:" (it is not clear), a term that was applied during the Roman Republic to a legal verdict of "not proven". Voltaire's depiction of Leibniz's ideas was so influential that many believed it to be an accurate description. Thus Voltaire and his
9940:
8215:
2278:
In the view of Leibniz, because reason and faith must be entirely reconciled, any tenet of faith which could not be defended by reason must be rejected. Leibniz then approached one of the central criticisms of Christian theism: if God is
1914:
were not published until the 19th century. In 1695, Leibniz made his public entrée into European philosophy with a journal article titled "New System of the Nature and Communication of Substances". Between 1695 and 1705, he composed his
1861:
endeavors, he at times verged on the unscrupulous, as was often the case with professional diplomats of his day. On several occasions, Leibniz backdated and altered personal manuscripts, actions which put him in a bad light during the
2270:
is Leibniz's attempt to reconcile his personal philosophical system with his interpretation of the tenets of Christianity. This project was motivated in part by Leibniz's belief, shared by many philosophers and theologians during the
3901:
was created. Leibniz drew up its first statutes, and served as its first President for the remainder of his life. That Academy evolved into the German Academy of Sciences, the publisher of the ongoing critical edition of his works.
5355:
3374:. He realized that the total energy would be conserved in certain mechanical systems, so he considered it an innate motive characteristic of matter. Here too his thinking gave rise to another regrettable nationalistic dispute. His
3428:. In medicine, he exhorted the physicians of his timeâwith some resultsâto ground their theories in detailed comparative observations and verified experiments, and to distinguish firmly scientific and metaphysical points of view.
3941:
In 1677, Leibniz called for a European confederation, governed by a council or senate, whose members would represent entire nations and would be free to vote their consciences; this is sometimes considered an anticipation of the
1447:). Leibniz earned his license to practice law and his Doctorate in Law in November 1666. He next declined the offer of an academic appointment at Altdorf, saying that "my thoughts were turned in an entirely different direction".
3304:
of space and time, against Newton's substantivalist views. According to Newton's substantivalism, space and time are entities in their own right, existing independently of things. Leibniz's relationalism, in contrast, describes
2925:(differential and integral calculus). According to Leibniz's notebooks, a critical breakthrough occurred on 11 November 1675, when he employed integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of a function
4313:
between May 1688 and February 1689, where he did much legal and diplomatic work for the Brunswicks. He visited mines, talked with mine engineers, and tried to negotiate export contracts for lead from the ducal mines in the
3231:
Leibniz's writings are currently discussed, not only for their anticipations and possible discoveries not yet recognized, but as ways of advancing present knowledge. Much of his writing on physics is included in Gerhardt's
2165:
that Leibnizianism was superior to Newtonianism, and his ideas would have dominated over Newton's had it not been for the poor technological tools of the time; Joseph Agassi argues that Leibniz paved the way for Einstein's
3925:, views invoked in support of liberalism, in 18th-century America and later elsewhere. The following excerpt from a 1695 letter to Baron J. C. Boyneburg's son Philipp is very revealing of Leibniz's political sentiments:
2647:
was implicit in trigonometric and logarithmic tables, which existed in his day, Leibniz was the first, in 1692 and 1694, to employ it explicitly, to denote any of several geometric concepts derived from a curve, such as
1381:), arguing for both a theoretical and a pedagogical relationship between philosophy and law. After one year of legal studies, he was awarded his bachelor's degree in Law on 28 September 1665. His dissertation was titled
2265:
Leibniz asserted that the truths of theology (religion) and philosophy cannot contradict each other, since reason and faith are both "gifts of God" so that their conflict would imply God contending against himself. The
3490:
with one another." This idea refers to the mind-body problem, stating that the mind and brain do not act upon each other, but act alongside each other separately but in harmony. Leibniz, however, did not use the term
4574:, Honor given since 1997 by the Hannover Press Club to personalities or institutions âwho have drawn attention to themselves through an outstanding performance or have made a special mark through their lifeâs work.â
273:
3749:. Couturat reported finding an unpublished note by Leibniz, dated 1674, describing a machine capable of performing some algebraic operations. Leibniz also devised a (now reproduced) cipher machine, recovered by
3631:. He worked to set up a coherent medical training program, oriented towards public health and preventive measures. In economic policy, he proposed tax reforms and a national insurance program, and discussed the
4763:
cover almost all of his known writings and the letters from him and to him. The amount, variety, and disorder of Leibniz's writings are a predictable result of a situation he described in a letter as follows:
2436:
It is obvious that if we could find characters or signs suited for expressing all our thoughts as clearly and as exactly as arithmetic expresses numbers or geometry expresses lines, we could do in all matters
1673:
Leibniz began promoting a project to use windmills to improve the mining operations in the Harz Mountains. This project did little to improve mining operations and was shut down by Duke Ernst August in 1685.
10461:
4519:, one of the largest regional and academic libraries in Germany and, alongside the Oldenburg State Library and the Herzog August Library in WolfenbĂŒttel, one of the three state libraries in Lower Saxony
9171:
Smith, Daniel W. (2005). Deleuze on Leibniz : Difference, Continuity, and the Calculus. In Stephen H. Daniel (ed.), Current Continental Theory and Modern Philosophy. Northwestern University Press.
2394:
is an example of his skill in this regard. Leibniz's passion for symbols and notation, as well as his belief that these are essential to a well-running logic and mathematics, made him a precursor of
6414:
See Wir IV.6 and Loemker §50. Also see a curious passage titled "Leibniz's Philosophical Dream", first published by Bodemann in 1895 and translated on p. 253 of Morris, Mary, ed. and trans., 1934.
5374:
3929:
As for ... the great question of the power of sovereigns and the obedience their peoples owe them, I usually say that it would be good for princes to be persuaded that their people have the
1704:
was quite an honor, especially in light of the meteoric rise in the prestige of that House during Leibniz's association with it. In 1692, the Duke of Brunswick became a hereditary Elector of the
4544:, Association of scientists founded in Berlin in 1993 with the legal form of a registered association; It continues the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR with personnel continuity
4084:âboth cradle Lutherans who converted to Catholicism as adultsâwho did what they could to encourage the reunion of the two faiths, and who warmly welcomed such endeavors by others. (The House of
3985:
announced a review of the legal system and made available a position to support his current law commissioner. Leibniz left Franconia and made for Mainz before even winning the role. On reaching
12363:
7253:
A good introductory discussion of the "characteristic" is Jolley (1995: 226â240). An early, yet still classic, discussion of the "characteristic" and "calculus" is Couturat (1901: chpts. 3, 4).
2057:. "he appropriate nature of each substance brings it about that what happens to one corresponds to what happens to all the others, without, however, their acting upon one another directly." (
7232:
Loemker, however, who translated some of Leibniz's works into English, said that the symbols of chemistry were real characters, so there is disagreement among Leibniz scholars on this point.
6656:
2909:. While most mathematicians defined a straight line as the shortest line between two points, Leibniz believed that this was merely a property of a straight line rather than the definition.
1255:
tradition, notably the assumption that some substantive knowledge of reality can be achieved by reasoning from first principles or prior definitions. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern
2390:
were important for human understanding. He attached so much importance to the development of good notations that he attributed all his discoveries in mathematics to this. His notation for
1956:. After a meticulous study (informed by the 1999 additions to the critical edition) of all of Leibniz's philosophical writings up to 1688, Mercer (2001) disagreed with Couturat's reading.
4476:
has surmised that Leibniz's reputation as a philosopher is now perhaps higher than at any time since he was alive. Analytic and contemporary philosophy continue to invoke his notions of
3990:
legal teaching was not to impress rules as one might train a dog, but to aid the student in discovering their own public reason, evidently impressed von Schönborn as he secured the job.
3869:, and a "community of minds"âintended, among other things, to bring political and religious unity to Europeâcan be seen as distant unwitting anticipations of artificial languages (e.g.,
2986:
2734:. This method for solving systems of linear equations based on determinants was found in 1684 by Leibniz (Cramer published his findings in 1750). Although Gaussian elimination requires
4769:
the same time, I have so many mathematical results, philosophical thoughts, and other literary innovations that should not be allowed to vanish that I often do not know where to begin.
9072:, and binary numbers, see Aiton (1985: 245â248). Leibniz's writings on Chinese civilization are collected and translated in Cook and Rosemont (1994), and discussed in Perkins (2004).
4442:
published an important study of Leibniz, and edited a volume of Leibniz's heretofore unpublished writings, mainly on logic. They made Leibniz somewhat respectable among 20th-century
6331:
For a study of Leibniz's correspondence with Sophia Charlotte, see MacDonald Ross, George, 1990, "Leibniz's Exposition of His System to Queen Sophie Charlotte and Other Ladies." In
3841:. Neither proposal met with success at the time, but something like them became standard practice among English language publishers during the 20th century, under the aegis of the
10505:
3436:
Psychology had been a central interest of Leibniz. He appears to be an "underappreciated pioneer of psychology" He wrote on topics which are now regarded as fields of psychology:
2795:
8789:
Ducalis Saxo-Vinariensis. AdditĂŠ sunt coronidis loco EpistolĂŠ GallicĂŠ amĆbeĂŠ Leibnitii & Pellissonii de Tolerantia Religionum & de controversiis quibusdam Theologicis ...
2441:
all that we can do in arithmetic and geometry. For all investigations which depend on reasoning would be carried out by transposing these characters and by a species of calculus.
18161:
1534:
can be seen as an unwitting, late implementation of Leibniz's plan, after the Eastern hemisphere colonial supremacy in Europe had already passed from the Dutch to the British.
9190:
3035:
1738:. That journal played a key role in advancing his mathematical and scientific reputation, which in turn enhanced his eminence in diplomacy, history, theology, and philosophy.
6731:
For a precis of what Leibniz meant by these and other Principles, see Mercer (2001: 473â484). For a classic discussion of Sufficient Reason and Plenitude, see Lovejoy (1957).
3324:. However, his project went beyond vortex theory, since at its heart there was an attempt to explain one of the most difficult problems in physics, that of the origin of the
13268:
11744:
4187:
Leibniz was perhaps the first major European intellectual to take a close interest in Chinese civilization, which he knew by corresponding with, and reading other works by,
2718:
also discovered determinants independently of Leibniz. His works show calculating the determinants using cofactors. Calculating the determinant using cofactors is named the
9262:
3410:, he was a preformationist, but also proposed that organisms are the outcome of a combination of an infinite number of possible microstructures and of their powers. In the
4499:
In Germany, various important institutions were named after Leibniz. In Hanover in particular, he is the namesake for some of the most important institutions in the town:
4468:(1904â1985) through his translations and his interpretive essays in LeClerc (1973). Leibniz's philosophy was also highly regarded by Gilles Deleuze, who in 1988 published
3688:
2), then revisited that system throughout his career. While Leibniz was examining other cultures to compare his metaphysical views, he encountered an ancient Chinese book
3549:
can be traced back to his theory of small perceptions. Leibniz's ideas regarding music and tonal perception went on to influence the laboratory studies of Wilhelm Wundt.
7833:
Supplementum geometriae dimensoriae, seu generalissima omnium tetragonismorum effectio per motum: similiterque multiplex constructio lineae ex data tangentium conditione
4092:, and involved Leibniz in some theological controversy. He evidently thought that the thoroughgoing application of reason would suffice to heal the breach caused by the
3963:
Cases uses early combinatorics to solve some legal disputes, while the 1666 Dissertation on the Combinatorial Art includes simple legal problems by way of illustration.
10256:
3175:
Although for Leibniz the situs of a sequence of points is completely determined by the distance between them and is altered if those distances are altered, his admirer
21212:
2768:
10518:
5956:
3278:, which posited space as relative, whereas Newton was thoroughly convinced that space was absolute. An important example of Leibniz's mature physical thinking is his
1518:
exhausted, fragmented, and economically backward. Leibniz proposed to protect German-speaking Europe by distracting Louis as follows: France would be invited to take
2690:: "For it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used."
2128:. He proposes his theory that the universe is made of an infinite number of simple substances known as monads. Monads can also be compared to the corpuscles of the
2367:, can be viewed as a way of making such calculations feasible. Leibniz wrote memoranda that can now be read as groping attempts to get symbolic logicâand thus his
1130:, Germany, that would have served as a guide for many of Europe's largest libraries. Leibniz's contributions to a wide range of subjects were scattered in various
965:
4227:
originates from his perception that Chinese philosophy was similar to his own. The historian E.R. Hughes suggests that Leibniz's ideas of "simple substance" and "
3668:. He even proposed a method for desalinating water. From 1680 to 1685, he struggled to overcome the chronic flooding that afflicted the ducal silver mines in the
3289:
governing them, many of Leibniz's speculative ideas about aspects of nature not reducible to statics and dynamics made little sense. For instance, he anticipated
13208:
8538:
306:
10535:
2350:
Leibniz believed that much of human reasoning could be reduced to calculations of a sort, and that such calculations could resolve many differences of opinion:
3889:
Leibniz emphasized that research was a collaborative endeavor. Hence he warmly advocated the formation of national scientific societies along the lines of the
3101:, criticized these. A recent study argues that Leibnizian calculus was free of contradictions, and was better grounded than Berkeley's empiricist criticisms.
3041:. Leibniz did not publish anything about his calculus until 1684. Leibniz expressed the inverse relation of integration and differentiation, later called the
1623:
as a foreign honorary member, but it was considered that there were already enough foreigners there and so no invitation came. He left Paris in October 1676.
4581:
3778:
an alphabetical author catalog and had also created other cataloging methods that were not implemented. While serving as librarian of the ducal libraries in
2089:
that this best of all possible worlds will contain all possibilities, with our finite experience of eternity giving no reason to dispute nature's perfection.
7914:
Dauben, Joseph W (December 2003). "Mathematics, ideology, and the politics of infinitesimals: mathematical logic and nonstandard analysis in modern China".
21197:
15454:
1788:, writing in the journal of the Royal Society and with Newton's presumed blessing, accused Leibniz of having plagiarised Newton's calculus. Thus began the
101:
7868:; Sherry, David (2012), "Leibniz's Infinitesimals: Their Fictionality, Their Modern Implementations, and Their Foes from Berkeley to Russell and Beyond",
1700:
The population of Hanover was only about 10,000, and its provinciality eventually grated on Leibniz. Nevertheless, to be a major courtier to the House of
1693:. To each of these women he was correspondent, adviser, and friend. In turn, they all approved of Leibniz more than did their spouses and the future king
10569:
2476:
or script. Only in 1676 did he conceive of a kind of "algebra of thought", modeled on and including conventional algebra and its notation. The resulting
5061:. University of Pittsburgh Press. Ariew and Garber 213, Loemker §67, Wiener III.13, Woolhouse and Francks 19. An English translation by Robert Latta is
1506:(unsuccessfully) for the German candidate for the Polish crown. The main force in European geopolitics during Leibniz's adult life was the ambition of
278:
4108:
was an avid student of languages, eagerly latching on to any information about vocabulary and grammar that came his way. In 1710, he applied ideas of
3893:
and the French Académie Royale des Sciences. More specifically, in his correspondence and travels he urged the creation of such societies in Dresden,
20909:
15442:
10469:
10438:
9360:
The two chief collections which were issued by the philosopher are the Accessiones historicae (1698â1700) and the Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium....
6391:
The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz: Translated from the Latin Texts Published by Carl Immanuel Gerhardt with Critical and Historical Notes
4473:
3418:, he revealed an amazing transformist intuition, fueled by his study of comparative anatomy and fossils. One of his principal works on this subject,
10491:
9131:
1753:
17534:
16414:
16062:
15602:
3733:
In 1671, Leibniz began to invent a machine that could execute all four arithmetic operations, gradually improving it over a number of years. This "
2585:
Russell's principal work on Leibniz found that many of Leibniz's most startling philosophical ideas and claims (e.g., that each of the fundamental
6528:
Leibniz on the Trinity and the Incarnation: Reason and Revelation in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, pp. xixâxx).
2061:, XIV) A dropped glass shatters because it "knows" it has hit the ground, and not because the impact with the ground "compels" the glass to split.
15710:
4465:
3753:
in 2010. In 1693, Leibniz described a design of a machine which could, in theory, integrate differential equations, which he called "integraph".
3978:
attempted to solve ecumenical disputes through recourse to a combinatorial mode of reasoning he regarded as universal (a mathesis universalis).
2604:
only): For him, "Mary is the mother of John" describes separate qualities of Mary and of John. This view contrasts with the relational logic of
1868:
He was charming, well-mannered, and not without humor and imagination. He had many friends and admirers all over Europe. He was identified as a
21207:
19063:
12368:
11124:
10862:
9776:
8820:
See (in order of difficulty) Jolley (2005: ch. 7), Gregory Brown's chapter in Jolley (1995), Hostler (1975), Connelly (2021), and Riley (1996).
7807:
For an English translation of this paper, see Struik (1969: 271â284), who also translates parts of two other key papers by Leibniz on calculus.
4624:
The collection of manuscript papers of Leibniz at the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek â NiedersĂ€chische Landesbibliothek was inscribed on
1305:
11235:
8625:
3660:. He designed wind-driven propellers and water pumps, mining machines to extract ore, hydraulic presses, lamps, submarines, clocks, etc. With
21217:
14046:
5062:
4847:
contained in some 200,000 written and printed pages. In 1985 it was reorganized and included in a joint program of German federal and state (
4602:
3730:. Wiener is quoted with "Indeed, the general idea of a computing machine is nothing but a mechanization of Leibniz's Calculus Ratiocinator."
10094:
4326:
and in subsequent memoranda, he advocated reorganizing the Austrian economy, reforming the coinage of much of central Europe, negotiating a
4081:
1604:
18389:
15564:
15449:
5244:
4972:
1694. "De primae philosophiae Emendatione, et de Notione Substantiae" ("On the Correction of First Philosophy and the Notion of Substance")
3390:
in those countries tended to neglect Leibniz's idea. Leibniz knew of the validity of conservation of momentum. In reality, both energy and
4617:
for experimental results and 770,000 euros for theoretical ones. It was the world's largest prize for scientific achievement prior to the
21272:
21222:
21082:
21047:
7166:
6664:
5009:
4744:
3069:
is still called "Leibniz's law". In addition, the theorem that tells how and when to differentiate under the integral sign is called the
1458:
G. W. von Leibniz." However, no document has ever been found from any contemporary government that stated his appointment to any form of
9354:
4752:. Only in 1895, when Bodemann completed his catalogue of Leibniz's manuscripts and correspondence, did the enormous extent of Leibniz's
2582:
went so far as to claim that Leibniz had developed logic in his unpublished writings to a level which was reached only 200 years later.
1545:
that soon pushed him to making major contributions to both subjects, including discovering his version of the differential and integral
1134:, in tens of thousands of letters and in unpublished manuscripts. He wrote in several languages, primarily in Latin, French and German.
19853:
19494:
18251:
15627:
15432:
15427:
4338:, and creating an imperial research library, official archive, and public insurance fund. He wrote and published an important paper on
4270:
4029:
3584:
8638:
4724:, French and German. During his lifetime, he published many pamphlets and scholarly articles, but only two "philosophical" books, the
4309:
While making his grand tour of European archives to research the Brunswick family history that he never completed, Leibniz stopped in
3694:. Leibniz interpreted a diagram which showed yin and yang and corresponded it to a zero and one. More information can be found in the
3525:(Contributions on the Theory of Sensory Perception) and published a detailed and aspiring monograph on Leibniz. Wundt shaped the term
2338:
The sufficient reason ... is found in a substance which ... is a necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself."
21107:
21087:
21067:
21052:
18351:
17461:
15728:
15437:
15422:
14536:
4088:
remained Lutheran, because the Duke's children did not follow their father.) These efforts included corresponding with French bishop
7976:
21227:
20038:
18113:
17472:
14724:
12097:
11877:
10156:
8975:
5746:
5234:
3115:, but survived in science and engineering, and even in rigorous mathematics, via the fundamental computational device known as the
2572:
Leibniz published nothing on formal logic in his lifetime; most of what he wrote on the subject consists of working drafts. In his
9194:
4932:
2371:âoff the ground. These writings remained unpublished until the appearance of a selection edited by Carl Immanuel Gerhardt (1859).
21097:
21092:
21057:
20646:
19948:
15417:
10897:
10606:
10562:
10404:
3910:
Leibniz's writings on law, ethics, and politics were long overlooked by English-speaking scholars, but this has changed of late.
3105:
2550:
Complex ideas proceed from these simple ideas by a uniform and symmetrical combination, analogous to arithmetical multiplication.
2335:
1927:
1840:, neither organization saw fit to honor his death. His grave went unmarked for more than 50 years. He was, however, eulogized by
1150:
703:
8010:
Ariew and Garber 117, Loemker §46, W II.5. On Leibniz and physics, see the chapter by Garber in Jolley (1995) and Wilson (1989).
4231:" were directly influenced by Confucianism, pointing to the fact that they were conceived during the period when he was reading
3061:
developed supporting theory. The concept became more transparent as developed through Leibniz's formalism and new notation. The
1670:
matters involving the House of Brunswick; the resulting documents form a valuable part of the historical record for the period.
21187:
21162:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21077:
21072:
20067:
16455:
15770:
15765:
15657:
13441:
11315:
10987:
6389:
5281:
4384:
bear some of the blame for the lingering failure to appreciate and understand Leibniz's ideas. Leibniz had an ardent disciple,
3321:
2311:(imperfection), as a means by which humans can identify and correct their erroneous decisions, and as a contrast to true good.
1862:
1849:
1789:
14503:
10052:
in Just the Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Arguments in Western Philosophy edited by M Bruce & S Barbone. Blackwell.
9243:
7305:
2730:
products and the number of n-permutations. He also solved systems of linear equations using determinants, which is now called
21262:
21182:
21137:
20055:
19030:
18990:
18356:
15884:
15034:
14788:
14056:
13238:
12406:
10069:
9957:
9910:
9838:
9004:
8849:
8677:
7764:
7739:
7714:
7689:
7664:
7631:
7606:
7582:
7557:
7527:
7502:
7408:
7116:
6921:
6896:
6810:
6783:
6750:
6684:
6509:
6480:
6451:
6294:
6203:
5966:
5811:
5784:
5710:
5639:
5590:
1541:
and realised that his own knowledge of mathematics and physics was patchy. With Huygens as his mentor, he began a program of
531:
7651:
Algorithms and Computation: 18th International Symposium, ISAAC 2007, Sendai, Japan, December 17â19, 2007 : proceedings
6800:
3933:
them, and for the people, on the other hand, to be persuaded to obey them passively. I am, however, quite of the opinion of
3745:
by a craftsman working under his supervision. They were not an unambiguous success because they did not fully mechanize the
21242:
21102:
21062:
17527:
16055:
15595:
13338:
13258:
10515:
9825:
5276:
5239:
4942:
4589:
10462:
The Best of All Possible Worlds: Nicholas Rescher Talks About Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz's "Versatility and Creativity"
1331:, also led to his proficiency in the Latin language, which he achieved by the age of 12. At the age of 13 he composed 300
50:
21132:
20756:
20666:
18717:
15690:
15652:
15647:
15642:
15637:
15632:
14135:
11060:
10385:
10370:
10355:
10340:
10325:
10310:
10291:
7352:
6640:
3521:, founder of psychology as a discipline. Wundt used the "⊠nisi intellectu ipse" quotation 1862 on the title page of his
20781:
11355:
6655:, Translated and Edited by Courtney D. Fugate and John Hymers, Bloomsbury, 2013, "Preface of the Third Edition (1750)",
4169:
21177:
21032:
19056:
18712:
16347:
16330:
14586:
14264:
13865:
10855:
10818:
10555:
9191:"Letters from and to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz within the collection of manuscript papers of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
7032:
6722:. Harvard University Press, 1936, Chapter V "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza", pp. 144â182.
2445:
Complex thoughts would be represented by combining characters for simpler thoughts. Leibniz saw that the uniqueness of
1566:
1531:
1146:
972:
8811:
See, for example, Ariew and Garber 19, 94, 111, 193; Riley 1988; Loemker §§2, 7, 20, 29, 44, 59, 62, 65; W I.1, IV.1â3
8582:
1439:
and quickly submitted a thesis, which he had probably been working on earlier in Leipzig. The title of his thesis was
21172:
16874:
15760:
15743:
15532:
15391:
14413:
13836:
13713:
12311:
12204:
12148:
12135:
11882:
10799:
10770:
10711:
10532:
9972:
7477:
6616:
6399:
6372:
6158:
5902:
5872:
5842:
5615:
5335:
4469:
4296:
4220:
of the western philosophers of the time who attempted to accommodate Confucian ideas to prevailing European beliefs.
4055:
3610:
3148:
1917:
1169:
657:
9967:. Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten. 4. Auflage. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg (Rowohlts Monographien, 50481),
4278:
4037:
3592:
2613:
20726:
19176:
19025:
18382:
17560:
15899:
15733:
15662:
14946:
14862:
14497:
11411:
9444:
8961:
Gottfried Leibniz, "Brevis designatio meditationum de originibus gentium, ductis potissimum ex indicio linguarum",
7203:
2719:
566:
9630:
The Leibniz-De Volder Correspondence: With Selections from the Correspondence Between Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli
3537:. In this way, Leibniz's theory of perception can be viewed as one of many theories leading up to the idea of the
1987:
universities. Leibniz was deeply interested in the new methods and conclusions of Descartes, Huygens, Newton, and
19682:
19533:
18346:
17520:
17501:
17159:
17072:
16048:
15849:
15588:
15527:
15459:
15084:
14939:
14907:
14666:
14089:
13188:
12194:
11955:
11280:
10151:
9860:
8326:
Davis (2000) discusses Leibniz's prophetic role in the emergence of calculating machines and of formal languages.
4954:
4610:
3424:, unpublished in his lifetime, has recently been published in English for the first time. He worked out a primal
3042:
2950:
2669:
2574:
2093:
Leibniz would on occasion give a rational defense of a specific principle, but more often took them for granted.
2085:. Leibniz believed that the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility, and argued in
106:
16271:
11713:
4923:
4867:
have jointly published 57 volumes of the critical edition, with an average of 870 pages, and prepared index and
4665:, published in 1759. Leibniz was lampooned as Professor Pangloss, described as "the greatest philosopher of the
4450:
philosophers in the English-speaking world (Leibniz had already been of great influence to many Germans such as
3982:
2905:
to 8 decimal places. Leibniz attempted to create a definition for a straight line while attempting to prove the
2672:). In the 18th century, "function" lost these geometrical associations. Leibniz was also one of the pioneers in
1499:
21247:
21237:
20883:
20736:
19622:
18899:
18832:
18326:
18191:
15798:
15788:
15667:
15160:
15137:
14852:
14418:
13976:
11828:
11070:
10694:
10428:
4274:
4033:
3711:
3588:
3332:
2601:
2184:
2048:
1487:
693:
647:
224:
11260:
8628:(commentary, pp. 60â61), translated by Pierre Beaudry, amatterofmind.org, Leesburg, Va., September 2000. (pdf)
3680:
Leibniz may have been the first computer scientist and information theorist. Early in life, he documented the
3180:
21267:
20923:
20796:
20018:
19049:
19020:
18847:
18499:
18406:
18072:
17851:
17813:
17763:
17451:
17284:
17077:
16936:
16787:
15748:
15738:
15250:
15188:
14983:
14857:
14529:
13044:
12954:
12929:
12840:
12199:
12063:
11492:
11139:
10848:
10419:
9905:
Connelly, Stephen, 2021. ââLeibniz: A Contribution to the Archaeology of Powerââ, Edinburgh University Press
9738:
6831:
5525:
4557:
4385:
3921:, or for tyranny in any form, neither did he echo the political and constitutional views of his contemporary
3050:
2876:{\displaystyle 1\,-\,{\frac {1}{3}}\,+\,{\frac {1}{5}}\,-\,{\frac {1}{7}}\,+\,\cdots \,=\,{\frac {\pi }{4}}.}
2051:. "There must be a sufficient reason for anything to exist, for any event to occur, for any truth to obtain."
1421:
1363:
1342:
In April 1661 he enrolled in his father's former university at age 14. There he was guided, among others, by
993:
334:
186:
11401:
9319:
7425:
4992:
1703. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" ("Explanation of Binary Arithmetic"); Carl Immanuel Gerhardt,
4116:
to linguistics in a short essay. He refuted the belief, widely held by Christian scholars of the time, that
1486:. He knew fairly little about the subject at that time but presented himself as deeply learned. He soon met
21232:
21157:
20821:
20816:
20510:
19548:
19181:
18665:
18439:
18321:
18221:
17426:
15753:
15705:
15611:
14736:
14714:
13915:
13373:
12479:
12276:
12090:
11930:
11887:
9916:
9216:
7682:
The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution : Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz, and the Cultivation of Virtue
7298:
4629:
4585:
3898:
3116:
2997:
1848:
in Paris, which had admitted him as a foreign member in 1700. The eulogy was composed at the behest of the
1837:
1717:
1588:
1297:
15559:
10466:
8380:
Ares, J.; Lara, J.; Lizcano, D.; MartĂnez, M. (2017). "Who Discovered the Binary System and Arithmetic?".
5493:
5033:; Farrer, A. M., and Huggard, E. M., trans., 1985 (1952). Wiener III.11 (part). An English translation is
4080:
churches. In this respect, he followed the example of his early patrons, Baron von Boyneburg and the Duke
3656:, he urged that theory be combined with practical application, and thus has been claimed as the father of
3254:
Leibniz contributed a fair amount to the statics and dynamics emerging around him, often disagreeing with
21277:
21252:
21192:
21167:
20836:
20831:
20616:
19015:
18375:
18062:
18012:
16838:
16795:
16325:
16315:
15695:
15544:
15310:
14924:
14746:
14493:
13910:
13816:
13726:
13248:
12209:
11457:
11305:
10619:
10601:
10486:
9138:
8527:(2nd edition with revisions and two additional chapters), The MIT Press and Wiley, New York, 1961, p. 12.
5261:
5074:
4938:
Oct. 1684. "Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis" ("Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas")
4504:
4424:
4206:
4197:
in the first year of its publication. He came to the conclusion that Europeans could learn much from the
3861:
3545:, who is credited with originally coining the term UnbewuĂtseyn (unconscious). Additionally, the idea of
2424:
2259:
2243:
1967:
Unlike Descartes and Spinoza, Leibniz had a university education in philosophy. He was influenced by his
1682:
1268:
1212:
814:
675:
506:
9950:
Wilhelm Wundt (1832â1920). Introduction, Quotations, Reception, Commentaries, Attempts at Reconstruction
6068:
were produced as requested for the habilitation procedure; it was reprinted without his consent in 1690.
4682:. Stephenson credits readings and discussions concerning Leibniz for inspiring him to write the series.
3108:
with John Keill, Newton and others, over whether Leibniz had invented calculus independently of Newton.
1454:
Leibniz". Many posthumously published editions of his writings presented his name on the title page as "
21142:
20942:
19501:
19161:
18764:
18754:
18201:
17941:
17821:
17552:
16800:
16465:
16430:
16226:
15954:
15909:
14929:
14699:
14444:
13434:
13353:
12819:
12434:
12225:
11892:
11502:
11427:
11365:
11230:
10640:
10447:
10203:
9754:
9705:
9118:
8216:"The influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the Psychology, philosophy, and Ethics of Wilhelm Wundt"
5567:
4481:
3486:
3340:
2484:(geometry of situation), a universal concept language, and more. What Leibniz actually intended by his
2226:
2180:
2013:
1845:
1746:
1690:
1620:
1359:
516:
17:
19818:
11340:
11290:
9941:
The influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the Psychology, Philosophy, and Ethics of Wilhelm Wundt.
9358:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 828â901, see page 899, para two.
8283:
Klempe, SH (2011). "The role of tone sensation and musical stimuli in early experimental psychology".
7376:
Automated Deduction â CADE 25: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Automated Deduction
4089:
3003:
2375:
published a selection in 1901; by this time the main developments of modern logic had been created by
1991:, but the established philosophical ideas in which he was educated influenced his view of their work.
21152:
21147:
19808:
19393:
18994:
18914:
18639:
18559:
18286:
17886:
17793:
16480:
15295:
14423:
14348:
14130:
14051:
13852:
13844:
13741:
13586:
13089:
12544:
12399:
11154:
11075:
9390:
Der Briefwechsel des Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover
7495:
The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution: Descartes, Pascal, Leibniz, and the Cultivation of Virtue
7426:"Leibniz on the Foundations of the Calculus: The Question of the Reality of Infinitesimal Magnitudes"
6428:
4618:
3699:
2632:
2544:
2429:
1809:
1694:
1515:
728:
668:
618:
551:
14756:
9743:
Philosophische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahr 1856
7140:
6250:
5469:, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 207 n. 25: "Leibniz's conceptualism the Ockhamist tradition..."
4551:
4492:
has revealed more clearly the 17th-century "Intellectual Revolution" that preceded the better-known
1823:
and met Leibniz, who took interest in Russian matters since 1708 and was appointed advisor in 1711.
257:
Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure (Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases)
20706:
18998:
18211:
17137:
17067:
16888:
16653:
16582:
16577:
16276:
15793:
15700:
15464:
15235:
14783:
14522:
14321:
14013:
13925:
13821:
13786:
13546:
13363:
13298:
12154:
11487:
11452:
11021:
10760:
10409:
9870:(1974). "Differentials, higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian calculus".
8982:, eds. Tullio De Mauro & Lia Formigari (AmsterdamâPhiladelphia: John Benjamins, 1990), 119â134.
6000:
5367:
5348:
5094:
4868:
4259:
4018:
3719:
3573:
3453:
3379:
2473:
1898:
1877:
31:
8509:
Lande, Daniel. "Development of the Binary Number System and the Foundations of Computer Science".
7787:
6309:
On the encounter between Newton and Leibniz and a review of the evidence, see Alfred Rupert Hall,
4958:; Martin and Brown (1988), Ariew and Garber 35, Loemker §35, Wiener III.3, Woolhouse and Francks 1
3167:. There are two takes on this situation. On the one hand, Mates, citing a 1954 paper in German by
2783:
2016:. Two distinct things cannot have all their properties in common. If every predicate possessed by
1537:
Thus Leibniz went to Paris in 1672. Soon after arriving, he met Dutch physicist and mathematician
561:
20686:
20606:
20023:
19612:
19523:
18872:
18697:
17856:
17783:
17638:
17334:
17049:
16989:
16981:
16678:
16673:
16460:
16445:
16310:
15230:
14902:
14405:
13993:
13826:
13702:
13636:
13458:
13228:
13158:
13039:
12824:
12504:
12083:
11708:
11685:
11650:
11432:
11396:
11320:
11255:
10733:
10684:
10630:
10596:
10399:
9830:
9690:
Lovejoy, Arthur O., 1957 (1936). "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza" in his
8693:
7430:
6429:"Christian Mathematicians â Leibniz â God & Math â Thinking Christianly About Math Education"
4879:
The year given is usually that in which the work was completed, not of its eventual publication.
4513:, Institution for academic and non-academic training and further education in the business sector
4263:
4228:
4022:
3946:. He believed that Europe would adopt a uniform religion. He reiterated these proposals in 1715.
3623:
In public health, he advocated establishing a medical administrative authority, with powers over
3577:
3465:
3219:
2511:
Leibniz has been noted as one of the most important logicians between the times of Aristotle and
2200:
2069:
2054:
1416:
1323:
745:
511:
169:
165:
20420:
5669:
5498:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
4388:, whose dogmatic and facile outlook did Leibniz's reputation much harm. Leibniz also influenced
1793:
Leibniz, pointing to important differences between Leibniz's and Newton's versions of calculus.
20013:
19993:
19843:
19513:
19141:
18949:
18944:
18852:
18102:
17946:
17881:
17543:
16931:
16750:
16367:
16362:
16071:
15819:
15685:
15358:
15240:
15061:
15009:
14815:
14793:
14661:
13940:
13860:
13100:
12994:
12974:
12851:
12779:
12724:
12647:
12429:
12256:
12000:
11902:
11859:
11718:
11599:
11006:
10951:
10689:
10635:
9344:
7656:
5562:
5266:
4093:
4068:
Leibniz devoted considerable intellectual and diplomatic effort to what would now be called an
3826:
3245:
3144:
2644:
2562:
2559:
2528:
2407:
2376:
2247:
2082:
2076:
2003:
1713:
1712:
designated the Electress Sophia and her descent as the royal family of England, once both King
1709:
1208:
1181:
1040:
713:
612:
526:
491:
19880:
10301:
8165:
The German scholar Johann Thomas Freigius was the first to use this Latin term 1574 in print:
8092:
Gottfried W. Leibniz (transl. and ed., by Leroy E. Loemker). Dordrecht: Riedel (2nd ed. 1969).
7106:
6775:
6691:
6193:
5879:
5818:
2737:
21257:
21127:
20167:
20122:
19933:
19528:
18934:
18924:
18862:
18812:
18786:
18692:
18687:
18574:
18549:
18424:
18077:
18057:
17992:
17876:
17658:
17466:
17421:
17359:
17349:
16688:
16552:
16397:
16387:
16372:
16320:
15619:
15484:
15343:
15255:
14912:
14847:
14820:
14810:
14731:
14719:
14704:
14676:
14459:
14041:
14018:
13998:
13880:
13751:
13691:
13427:
13288:
13198:
13069:
12759:
12704:
12699:
12657:
12585:
12519:
12449:
12342:
12125:
11785:
11571:
11510:
11406:
10917:
10665:
10612:
10451:
9978:
9805:
7049:
Discourse on Metaphysics. The Rationalists: Rene Descartes â Discourse on Method, Meditations
6162:
5909:
5849:
5256:
4493:
4477:
4447:
4188:
3866:
3774:
3715:
3681:
3132:
3070:
3066:
2566:
2360:
2129:
1841:
1770:
1756:
commissioned Leibniz to write a history of the House of Brunswick, going back to the time of
1436:
1319:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1123:
1036:
682:
541:
536:
142:
19983:
11698:
11693:
9728:
7648:
6767:
5034:
4735:
4085:
1701:
1608:
21202:
21042:
21037:
20676:
20556:
20325:
20132:
19973:
19900:
19592:
19553:
19538:
19072:
18969:
18702:
18241:
18151:
17950:
17911:
17643:
17456:
16901:
16833:
16776:
16760:
16745:
16725:
16683:
16557:
16402:
16392:
16377:
16342:
16337:
16305:
15300:
14919:
14766:
14378:
14224:
13950:
13935:
13396:
13333:
12794:
12769:
12694:
12392:
12184:
12179:
12050:
11910:
11872:
11823:
11467:
11437:
11265:
10980:
10871:
10750:
10678:
9995:
Hamza, Gabor, 2005. "Le développement du droit privé européen". ELTE Eotvos Kiado Budapest.
9656:
8646:
8550:
7378:(Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: Volume 9195), Berlin: Springer, 2015, pp. 73â97.
6718:
6648:
6635:
5441:
5250:
5219:
4885:
4358:
When Leibniz died, his reputation was in decline. He was remembered for only one book, the
4153:
3640:
3325:
3267:
2707:
2703:
2539:. The principles of Leibniz's logic and, arguably, of his whole philosophy, reduce to two:
2272:
2167:
1873:
1511:
1425:
1394:
1347:
809:
708:
663:
521:
496:
199:
20147:
17099:
13566:
11844:
11723:
2676:, calculating the purchase price of life annuities and the liquidation of a state's debt.
1944:
Leibniz also wrote a short paper, "Primae veritates" ("First Truths"), first published by
1648:, the discoverer of microorganisms. He also spent several days in intense discussion with
1366:
30 May], presenting an early version of monadic substance theory. Leibniz earned his
255:
8:
20866:
20746:
20716:
20636:
20162:
20102:
19423:
19343:
18649:
18479:
18291:
18281:
18131:
18087:
17921:
17698:
17613:
17441:
17142:
17014:
16893:
16562:
16485:
16475:
16352:
16236:
16231:
15320:
15245:
15132:
15089:
14840:
14825:
14656:
14644:
14631:
14591:
14571:
14333:
14316:
14296:
14259:
14208:
14203:
14145:
14082:
14028:
14023:
14003:
13905:
13890:
13885:
13686:
13178:
13014:
12979:
12959:
12914:
12729:
12719:
12689:
12189:
11793:
11477:
11245:
11214:
10530:
Leibniz's binary numeral system, 'De progressione dyadica', 1679, online and analyzed on
10456:
10395:
9281:
7980:
5730:
5224:
4773:
The extant parts of the critical edition of Leibniz's writings are organized as follows:
4534:
4443:
3842:
3707:
3628:
2516:
2490:
2446:
1953:
1903:
1686:
1550:
1507:
1260:
1185:
924:
601:
571:
378:
19910:
12894:
11350:
11325:
8554:
7781:
5743:
2706:, in order to find a solution to the system if it existed. This method was later called
2679:
Leibniz's research into formal logic, also relevant to mathematics, is discussed in the
2299:. God does not arbitrarily inflict pain and suffering on humans; rather he permits both
1999:
Leibniz variously invoked one or another of seven fundamental philosophical Principles:
1976:
20968:
20878:
20873:
20856:
20851:
20320:
19828:
19765:
19002:
18877:
18727:
18398:
18141:
18037:
18032:
17956:
17931:
17733:
17718:
17683:
17431:
17389:
17299:
17264:
17039:
17004:
16906:
16848:
16810:
16805:
16641:
16631:
16435:
16407:
16357:
16148:
16108:
15859:
15814:
15409:
15384:
15215:
15168:
15109:
15074:
15069:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15004:
14951:
14934:
14835:
14709:
14694:
14639:
14606:
14269:
14198:
14155:
13681:
13471:
13368:
13358:
13128:
13118:
12622:
12534:
12373:
12261:
11803:
11665:
11655:
11640:
11630:
11584:
11472:
11295:
11016:
10499:
10481:
10222:
Philosophiegeschichte und Logische Analyse / Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy
10016:
9887:
9701:
9099:
9051:
8869:
8786:
8768:
8734:
8574:
8562:
8491:
8415:
8362:
7939:
7897:
7879:
7443:
7334:
Philosophiegeschichte und logische Analyse / Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy
6983:
6866:
6238:
6096:
5696:
5155:
4323:
4224:
4202:
4158:
4126:
3967:
3874:
3838:
3746:
3546:
3314:
3310:
3136:
2906:
2605:
2589:
mirrors the whole universe) follow logically from Leibniz's conscious choice to reject
2586:
2364:
2119:
1721:
1666:
library. He thenceforth employed his pen on all the various political, historical, and
1538:
1367:
1088:
884:
839:
819:
450:
312:
247:
179:
135:
113:
20310:
17194:
17147:
11775:
10944:
10172:
9999:
Hoeflich, M. H. (1986). "Law & Geometry: Legal Science from Leibniz to Langdell".
9418:
8156:
Larry M. Jorgensen, The Principle of Continuity and Leibniz's Theory of Consciousness.
7547:
7398:
2770:
arithmetic operations, linear algebra textbooks still teach cofactor expansion before
2722:. Finding the determinant of a matrix using this method proves impractical with large
2543:
All our ideas are compounded from a very small number of simple ideas, which form the
2454:
1931:, but upon learning of Locke's 1704 death, lost the desire to publish it, so that the
21016:
20980:
20963:
20841:
20786:
20626:
20415:
20077:
20003:
19978:
19780:
19582:
18939:
18796:
18414:
18107:
18027:
17866:
17748:
17491:
17487:
17369:
17354:
17024:
16971:
16951:
16853:
16843:
16770:
16599:
16589:
16382:
16170:
16090:
15979:
15864:
15549:
15373:
15305:
15127:
15104:
14978:
14971:
14874:
14689:
14581:
14483:
14454:
14449:
14439:
14373:
14301:
14186:
13930:
13408:
13138:
13054:
13009:
12595:
12564:
12296:
12286:
12271:
12008:
11813:
11808:
11770:
11760:
11609:
11525:
11520:
11462:
11310:
11300:
11065:
10922:
10721:
10650:
10251:
10110:
10065:
10058:
9968:
9953:
9945:
9936:
9906:
9891:
9844:
9834:
9770:
9103:
9000:
8873:
8673:
8566:
8495:
8483:
8407:
8300:
7943:
7931:
7901:
7760:
7735:
7710:
7685:
7660:
7649:
7627:
7602:
7578:
7553:
7523:
7498:
7473:
7447:
7404:
7112:
7028:
6987:
6917:
6892:
6806:
6779:
6768:
6746:
6680:
6505:
6476:
6447:
6395:
6368:
6290:
6199:
6154:
6053:
Leibniz' Weg ins perspektivische Universum: Eine Harmonie im Zeitalter der Berechnung
5962:
5898:
5868:
5838:
5807:
5780:
5706:
5635:
5611:
5586:
5211:
5169:
5149:
5038:
4678:
4666:
4420:
4134:
4113:
3986:
3958:
Leibniz trained as a legal academic, but under the tutelage of Cartesian-sympathiser
3914:
3834:
3425:
3301:
3286:
3193:
3168:
3140:
3135:
can be seen as a belated vindication of Leibniz's mathematical reasoning. Robinson's
2673:
2665:
2609:
2432:
in which each fundamental concept would be represented by a unique "real" character:
2411:
2064:
1816:
1741:
1705:
1678:
1523:
1293:
1220:
1165:
1145:. As a mathematician, his major achievement was the development of the main ideas of
958:
939:
919:
844:
829:
778:
718:
652:
556:
454:
229:
19895:
18509:
16994:
13511:
12899:
11849:
11270:
10163:
Schulte-Albert, H. G. (1971). Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification.
8578:
8419:
4350:
3756:
Leibniz was groping towards hardware and software concepts worked out much later by
2315:
spontaneity" that provides individuals with an escape from rigorous predestination.
1240:
20956:
20846:
20776:
20546:
20465:
20460:
20385:
20360:
20305:
20295:
20285:
20255:
20235:
20225:
20092:
20087:
20045:
19988:
19785:
19468:
19463:
19438:
19383:
19358:
18781:
18774:
18739:
18707:
18529:
18171:
18082:
17906:
17901:
17703:
17394:
17257:
17227:
17217:
17212:
17109:
17094:
16740:
16636:
16470:
16290:
16261:
16200:
16138:
15964:
15949:
15894:
15677:
15507:
15290:
15203:
15183:
15114:
15024:
14966:
14958:
14892:
14805:
14566:
14561:
14388:
14114:
14109:
14008:
13960:
13895:
13646:
13621:
13581:
13496:
13034:
13019:
12999:
12799:
12611:
12554:
12337:
12332:
12230:
12013:
11645:
11625:
11594:
11285:
11250:
11194:
10671:
10660:
10350:
10260:
10229:
10141:
10106:
10008:
9879:
9759:
9715:
9680:
9590:
9295:
9091:
9043:
8861:
8558:
8475:
8446:
8397:
8389:
8354:
8292:
7923:
7889:
7435:
7302:
7066:
6973:
6963:
6858:
6630:
6228:
5303:
5229:
5141:
5082:
5054:
4997:
4489:
4451:
4431:
4193:
4149:
4130:
4122:
3971:
3894:
3830:
3750:
3734:
3632:
3275:
3263:
3128:
3120:
3112:
2771:
2731:
2661:
2579:
2554:
The formal logic that emerged early in the 20th century also requires, at minimum,
2339:
2146:
2034:
1980:
1654:
1576:
1527:
1315:. His father died when he was six years old, and Leibniz was raised by his mother.
1112:
630:
596:
268:
219:
117:
20450:
18722:
13781:
11728:
8877:
8141:
7780:
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von; Gerhardt, Carl Immanuel (trans.) (1920).
6968:
6951:
5401:
There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz translated into English.
4460:, meaning interchangeability without loss of or compromising the truth, recurs in
2683:. The best overview of Leibniz's writings on calculus may be found in Bos (1974).
1612:
was forthcoming in Paris, whose intellectual stimulation he relished, or with the
1470:
20903:
20576:
20495:
20455:
20425:
20410:
20375:
20370:
20340:
20315:
20300:
20275:
20260:
20195:
20172:
20157:
20142:
20127:
19998:
19953:
19938:
19928:
19750:
19745:
19602:
19597:
19577:
19565:
18624:
18484:
18444:
18316:
18231:
17987:
17966:
17916:
17896:
17836:
17803:
17758:
17753:
17713:
17598:
17401:
17384:
17339:
17329:
17274:
17247:
17184:
17179:
17164:
17089:
16825:
16815:
16450:
16440:
16241:
16118:
16014:
15984:
15939:
15914:
15904:
15879:
15869:
15824:
15569:
15554:
15338:
15193:
15173:
15142:
15119:
15099:
14993:
14649:
14596:
14234:
14176:
13900:
13766:
13761:
13656:
13611:
13491:
13148:
13079:
13064:
12984:
12964:
12939:
12749:
12559:
12494:
12306:
12291:
12130:
11818:
11703:
11579:
11541:
11360:
11204:
11199:
11001:
10907:
10539:
10522:
10495:
10473:
10305:
10286:
10210:
9820:
9694:. Harvard University Press: 144â182. Reprinted in Frankfurt, H. G., (ed.), 1972.
9538:
7927:
7816:
7367:
7325:
7309:
7244:, 1677. Revision of Rutherford's translation in Jolley 1995: 234. Also Wiener I.4
7083:
6978:
6674:
6517:
nature, for Leibniz, were not simply two different "labels" for the same "thing".
5892:
5862:
5832:
5801:
5750:
5388:
5380:
5001:
4673:
4485:
4412:
4117:
3930:
3846:
3787:
3757:
3657:
3538:
3534:
3406:
By proposing that the earth has a molten core, he anticipated modern geology. In
3290:
3214:
3088:
2699:
2628:
2617:
2506:
2292:
2280:
1972:
1907:
1734:
1645:
1584:
1554:
1343:
1310:
1296:(1597â1652) and Catharina Schmuck (1621â1664). He was baptized two days later at
1131:
1119:
934:
929:
864:
804:
546:
476:
328:
300:
204:
11867:
10080:
New Essays on Leibniz Reception: In Science and Philosophy of Science 1800-2000.
7329:
6644:
4712:
3783:
2258:
tries to justify the apparent imperfections of the world by claiming that it is
1774:
1640:
calculus from Newton. On the journey from London to Hanover, Leibniz stopped in
1127:
20992:
20893:
20801:
20791:
20520:
20395:
20380:
20355:
20350:
20345:
20290:
20265:
20220:
20200:
20062:
20033:
20008:
19963:
19943:
19905:
19860:
19740:
19730:
19587:
19418:
19231:
18884:
18734:
18629:
18539:
18504:
18474:
18459:
18429:
18067:
18022:
17846:
17778:
17648:
17374:
17364:
17304:
17252:
17189:
17084:
17009:
16966:
16946:
16735:
16611:
16572:
16266:
16256:
16251:
16175:
15994:
15974:
15969:
15959:
15944:
15934:
15479:
15378:
15225:
15178:
15079:
14882:
14488:
14181:
14160:
14075:
13676:
13671:
13661:
13571:
13536:
13526:
13501:
13476:
13466:
13278:
13059:
13049:
12904:
12889:
12834:
12605:
12464:
12347:
12240:
11990:
11940:
11798:
11675:
11670:
11660:
11556:
11482:
11391:
11386:
11209:
11184:
11164:
11149:
11134:
11119:
10780:
10700:
10625:
10247:
10233:
10214:
10095:"Mathesis and Analysis: Finitude and the Infinite in the Monadology of Leibniz"
9926:
9867:
9816:
9670:
7848:
6712:
5271:
5183:
5029:
4945:" ("New method for maximums and minimums"); translated in Struik, D. J., 1969.
4738:, most notably the "De jure suprematum" a major consideration of the nature of
4734:. (He published numerous pamphlets, often anonymous, on behalf of the House of
4730:
4456:
4439:
4394:
4360:
4315:
4180:
4073:
3943:
3878:
3723:
3703:
3669:
3395:
3371:
3306:
3271:
2598:
2555:
2372:
2254:
2175:
1960:
1945:
1649:
1491:
1370:
in Philosophy on 7 February 1664. In December 1664 he published and defended a
1264:
1244:
889:
688:
635:
624:
129:
121:
17653:
14897:
10282:
9861:
https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691260747/leibniz-in-his-world
8393:
7893:
5932:
Sariel, Aviram. "Diabolic Philosophy." Studia Leibnitiana H. 1 (2019): 99â118.
3975:
3966:
The use of combinatorial methods to solve legal and moral problems seems, via
21026:
20826:
20656:
20566:
20515:
20485:
20475:
20405:
20400:
20390:
20250:
20240:
20230:
20205:
20072:
20050:
19968:
19875:
19848:
19833:
19775:
19458:
18964:
18889:
18842:
18759:
18749:
18654:
18609:
18604:
18579:
18554:
18544:
18524:
18449:
18311:
17926:
17831:
17826:
17788:
17708:
17688:
17663:
17628:
17344:
17269:
17152:
17132:
17044:
16999:
16210:
16024:
16019:
15919:
15353:
15208:
15094:
14798:
14773:
14338:
14279:
13791:
13731:
13696:
13631:
13606:
13601:
13561:
13531:
13348:
13074:
13024:
12989:
12969:
12949:
12514:
12106:
12018:
11975:
11945:
11925:
11589:
11515:
11442:
11345:
11275:
11189:
11144:
11129:
11026:
10975:
10655:
10645:
9749:
9383:
Die Leibniz-Handschriften der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover
9349:
8865:
8850:"Are Humanism and Mixed Methods Related? Leibniz's Universal (Chinese) Dream"
8802:
On Leibniz's projects for scientific societies, see Couturat (1901), App. IV.
8487:
8451:
8434:
8130:, Vol. V. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 1â17.
7935:
7371:
5725:
Palumbo, Margherita, 'Leibniz as Librarian', in Maria Rosa Antognazza (ed.),
5703:
4693:
4641:
4461:
4416:
4216:
3959:
3890:
3738:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3461:
3441:
3411:
3077:
2941:
2715:
2620:. Notably, Leibniz also declared space and time to be inherently relational.
2512:
2494:
2450:
2380:
2007:
1592:
1562:
1252:
1189:
1001:
740:
591:
581:
394:
294:
209:
10827:
10547:
10415:
9564:
The Labyrinth of the Continuum: Writings on the Continuum Problem, 1672â1686
7707:
The Universal Computer : The Road from Leibniz to Turing, Third Edition
6603:
See Jolley (1995: 129â131), Woolhouse and Francks (1998), and Mercer (2001).
6502:
Controversy in Marketing Theory: For Reason, Realism, Truth, and Objectivity
5521:
3249:
20806:
20490:
20480:
20470:
20335:
20330:
20270:
20245:
20215:
20210:
20117:
20112:
19958:
19838:
19572:
19508:
19378:
19368:
19363:
19282:
19272:
19216:
19106:
18919:
18909:
18904:
18867:
18817:
18614:
18594:
18584:
18514:
18434:
18052:
18047:
18002:
17961:
17871:
17773:
17728:
17723:
17693:
17678:
17673:
17289:
17279:
17242:
17232:
17222:
17114:
17029:
16961:
16858:
16522:
16246:
16195:
15989:
15929:
15924:
15889:
15854:
15839:
15363:
15333:
15198:
14761:
14328:
14150:
13875:
13806:
13651:
13521:
13506:
13450:
13328:
13094:
13029:
12919:
12829:
12679:
12549:
12459:
12439:
12281:
12266:
12028:
12023:
11970:
11960:
11935:
11915:
11635:
11604:
11551:
11546:
11330:
11240:
11179:
11159:
11046:
10970:
10435:, the exchanges with Bayle, Arnauld and Clarke, and about 15 shorter works.
10117:
9299:
9263:"Sunday's Google Doodle Celebrates Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
9034:
Mungello, David E. (1971). "Leibniz's Interpretation of Neo-Confucianism".
8570:
8479:
8411:
8402:
8304:
7865:
5762:
4407:
4319:
4198:
3897:, Vienna, and Berlin. Only one such project came to fruition; in 1700, the
3761:
3665:
3624:
3526:
3482:
3415:
3259:
3124:
3080:
in developing calculus, manipulating them in ways suggesting that they had
3062:
3058:
3054:
2918:
2711:
2493:, where computation was used to define equivalent universal languages (see
1988:
1801:
1778:
1677:
Among the few people in north Germany to accept Leibniz were the Electress
1403:
1371:
1336:
1193:
1154:
1020:
859:
723:
586:
434:
382:
374:
9763:
9095:
8345:
Ryan, James A. (1996). "Leibniz' Binary System and Shao Yong's "Yijing"".
8103:
Contributions to the history of psychology: III. G. W. Leibniz (1646â1716)
3111:
The use of infinitesimals in mathematics was frowned upon by followers of
2686:
Leibniz, who invented one of the earliest mechanical calculators, said of
1565:, unpublished as well as published. He befriended a German mathematician,
1557:, the leading French philosophers of the day, and studied the writings of
1157:'s contemporaneous developments. Mathematicians have consistently favored
20505:
20500:
20435:
20430:
20280:
20152:
20107:
20097:
19890:
19885:
19823:
19760:
19543:
19518:
19443:
19403:
19373:
19348:
19328:
19307:
19287:
19267:
19257:
19226:
19091:
18985:
18959:
18769:
18682:
18659:
18634:
18619:
18519:
18494:
18469:
18464:
18296:
18261:
18181:
18007:
17798:
17738:
17623:
17608:
17512:
17309:
17294:
17174:
17169:
16715:
16648:
16567:
16532:
16512:
16180:
16040:
16029:
15999:
15834:
15829:
15580:
14611:
14553:
14363:
14358:
14311:
13955:
13811:
13801:
13746:
13721:
13666:
13641:
13626:
13596:
13576:
13551:
13481:
13084:
13004:
12934:
12884:
12662:
12590:
12569:
12524:
12489:
12444:
12415:
12235:
12141:
11980:
11765:
11561:
11335:
11174:
11053:
11036:
11031:
10716:
8616:(Pittsburgh, University Library Systems, University of Pittsburgh, 2012).
7439:
5634:(in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG.
5049:
5017:
Langley translation 1896. Cambridge University Press. Wiener III.6 (part)
4739:
4435:
4105:
3727:
3661:
3636:
3093:
2687:
2520:
2288:
2284:
2115:
1984:
1949:
1941:, composed in 1714 and published posthumously, consists of 90 aphorisms.
1902:, which he composed in 1686 as a commentary on a running dispute between
1820:
1757:
1729:
1667:
1572:
1411:
1248:
1138:
1108:
1028:
1005:
944:
481:
410:
398:
390:
350:
194:
18589:
16101:
10995:
9082:
Cook, Daniel (2015). "Leibniz, China, and the Problem of Pagan Wisdom".
8772:
8756:
8738:
8722:
7167:""Let us Calculate!": Leibniz, Llull, and the Computational Imagination"
6802:
Einstein's Space-Time: An Introduction to Special and General Relativity
4517:
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek â NiedersĂ€chsische Landesbibliothek
2464:
Because Leibniz was a mathematical novice when he first wrote about the
21004:
20888:
20696:
20596:
20445:
20365:
20137:
20028:
19870:
19813:
19790:
19755:
19704:
19694:
19662:
19607:
19433:
19413:
19338:
19302:
19206:
19191:
19116:
19041:
18822:
18744:
18644:
18564:
18534:
18489:
18301:
18092:
17936:
17891:
17768:
17743:
17668:
17603:
17237:
17034:
16956:
16941:
16730:
16700:
16663:
16621:
16616:
16547:
16185:
16009:
16004:
15874:
15328:
15260:
15014:
14887:
14751:
14741:
14684:
14306:
14274:
14239:
13965:
13945:
13796:
13771:
13736:
13591:
13556:
13541:
13516:
13486:
13218:
12944:
12909:
12859:
12744:
12642:
12529:
12454:
12120:
11985:
11965:
11950:
11920:
11169:
11080:
10937:
10912:
10902:
10840:
10790:
9883:
9055:
8366:
8296:
7870:
7061:
6870:
6846:
6335:, ed. H. Poser and A. Heinekamp, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1990, 61â69.
5585:(in German) (7th ed.). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut GmbH.
5197:
4749:
4402:
Leibniz's reputation began to recover with the 1765 publication of the
4389:
4376:
4109:
3922:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3457:
3407:
2345:
2158:
2124:
2107:
2101:
1937:
1922:
1869:
1808:. On the death of Queen Anne in 1714, Elector George Louis became King
1785:
1542:
1332:
1200:
1104:
1084:
1044:
1032:
904:
854:
849:
576:
501:
386:
370:
20987:
10365:
10020:
9578:
Confessio Philosophi: Papers Concerning the Problem of Evil, 1671â1678
9399:, Paris: Alcan, 1937 (anastatic reprint Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966).
9343:
8178:
Leibniz, Nouveaux essais, 1765, Livre II, Des Idées, Chapitre 1, § 6.
5729:, Oxford Handbooks (2018; online edn, Oxford Academic, 28 Jan. 2013),
5177:
5013:. Translated in: Remnant, Peter, and Bennett, Jonathan, trans., 1996.
4856:
4525:, Society for the cultivation and dissemination of Leibniz's teachings
2461:
way to number any set of elementary concepts using the prime numbers.
2010:. If a proposition is true, then its negation is false and vice versa.
1635:
Portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Public Library of Hanover, 1703
20586:
20525:
20082:
19725:
19652:
19637:
19558:
19478:
19473:
19398:
19353:
19333:
19312:
19297:
19277:
19262:
19126:
19086:
18894:
18827:
18791:
18454:
18419:
18367:
18333:
18042:
17982:
17861:
17841:
17593:
17588:
17568:
17379:
17104:
16926:
16755:
16720:
16705:
16668:
16085:
15844:
15522:
15270:
15265:
14576:
14368:
14229:
14140:
13920:
13378:
13343:
13323:
12869:
12754:
12684:
12637:
12600:
12539:
12469:
12301:
11011:
10932:
10146:
Leibniz's Universal Jurisprudence: Justice as the Charity of the Wise
9411:
Leibniz-Bibliographie. Die Literatur ĂŒber Leibniz. Band II: 1981â1990
7147:(Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
6882:
6880:
5101:
4760:
4339:
4327:
4069:
3870:
3853:
3511:
3507:
3437:
3420:
3383:
3336:
3255:
3201:
for one moment its hero attached importance to geometric scaling. In
3123:
worked out a rigorous foundation for Leibniz's infinitesimals, using
2940:. He introduced several notations used to this day, for instance the
2536:
2419:
2415:
2395:
2296:
2219:
2204:
2133:
are subject to only creation and annihilation. Monads are centers of
1975:, who also supervised his BA thesis in philosophy. Leibniz also read
1762:
1652:, who had just completed, but had not published, his masterwork, the
1641:
1558:
1483:
1285:
1068:
1009:
899:
834:
824:
765:
698:
422:
418:
406:
402:
9741:, 1857, "Ăber Leibnizens Entwurf einer allgemeinen Charakteristik,"
9047:
8358:
6862:
4655:
One of the earliest popular but indirect expositions of Leibniz was
4318:. His proposal that the streets of Vienna be lit with lamps burning
4248:
4007:
3829:
in ignorance of the only other such system then extant, that of the
3737:" attracted fair attention and was the basis of his election to the
3562:
20861:
20440:
20177:
19770:
19735:
19709:
19689:
19642:
19453:
19408:
19292:
19196:
19186:
19151:
19121:
18306:
17997:
17618:
17578:
17446:
17436:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16863:
16710:
16626:
16594:
16507:
16499:
16190:
16165:
16133:
16128:
15780:
15720:
15517:
15019:
14545:
14289:
13776:
13318:
12879:
12734:
12509:
12474:
11370:
10965:
10958:
10727:
10706:
10424:
10269:
10265:
10012:
9417:
An updated bibliography of more than 25.000 titles is available at
9193:. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. Archived from
6937:
6473:
Owen's Ape & Darwin's Bulldog: Beyond Darwinism and Creationism
4809:
4800:
4754:
4656:
4365:
4335:
4331:
4138:
4077:
3856:
3449:
3391:
3387:
3357:
3164:
2922:
2653:
2649:
2524:
2458:
2402:
2391:
2195:
1910:. This led to an extensive correspondence with Arnauld; it and the
1805:
1631:
1613:
1546:
1459:
1455:
1301:
1224:
1211:, i.e. his conclusion that our world is, in a qualified sense, the
1204:
1180:. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to
1142:
1096:
1056:
1048:
1024:
1013:
997:
909:
894:
788:
641:
607:
486:
446:
430:
362:
214:
147:
12164:
10380:
10335:
10320:
8193:
Leibniz zu seinem zweihundertjÀhrigen Todestag, 14. November 1916.
7884:
7347:
6877:
6629:
is the Latin translation of the phrase (originally put forward by
4977:
SystĂšme nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances
3163:, later used in the 19th century to refer to what is now known as
2515:. Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call
1137:
As a philosopher, he was a leading representative of 17th-century
20999:
20898:
20811:
19699:
19667:
19657:
19428:
19388:
19221:
19146:
19131:
19111:
18837:
18017:
17573:
16695:
16606:
16527:
16517:
16160:
16113:
15368:
14621:
14353:
14284:
13756:
13168:
12874:
12804:
12774:
12739:
12674:
12632:
12617:
12484:
12075:
9635:
Artosi, Alberto, Pieri, Bernardo, Sartor, Giovanni (eds.), 2014.
9323:
9244:"Google Doodle celebrates mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibni"
8626:"The discoveries of principle of the calculus in Acta Eruditorum"
7757:
Leibniz on the Parallel Postulate and the Foundations of Geometry
7732:
Leibniz on the Parallel Postulate and the Foundations of Geometry
6576:
Ariew & Garber, 272â284; Loemker, §§14, 20, 21; Wiener, III.8
5191:
4860:
4852:
4748:, which Leibniz had withheld from publication after the death of
4701:
4697:
4661:
4370:
4211:
4175:
3934:
3779:
3742:
3741:
in 1673. A number of such machines were made during his years in
3690:
3210:
3084:
3081:
2657:
2631:) and the associated metaphysics, are of interest in present-day
2469:
2230:
1968:
1832:
1479:
1318:
Leibniz's father had been a Professor of Moral Philosophy at the
1289:
1235:
1231:
1100:
1092:
1080:
1064:
426:
366:
358:
354:
86:
67:
9848:
7546:
Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre, eds. (2008).
5632:
Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary)
3726:
suggested that Leibniz should be considered the patron saint of
3635:. He even proposed something akin to what much later emerged as
3309:
as systems of relations that exist between objects. The rise of
2342:
called this question "the fundamental question of metaphysics".
19647:
19448:
19236:
19211:
19201:
19171:
19156:
18954:
18162:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
18097:
16765:
16658:
16537:
15537:
14601:
14191:
13870:
13419:
12764:
12714:
12627:
12499:
11041:
10457:
Philosophical Works of Leibniz translated by G.M. Duncan (1890)
4864:
4625:
4310:
3918:
3445:
2593:
between things as unreal. He regarded such relations as (real)
2532:
2387:
2142:
1797:
1685:(1668â1705), the Queen of Prussia and his avowed disciple, and
1510:, backed by French military and economic might. Meanwhile, the
1228:
1052:
438:
414:
239:
12384:
9644:
Leibniz: The New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence
9531:
Remnant, Peter, & Bennett, Jonathan, (eds.), 1996 (1981).
8976:"Descent, Perfection and the Comparative Method since Leibniz"
8090:
Introduction to Philosophical papers and letters: A selection.
7541:
7539:
5044:
1714. "Principes de la nature et de la Grùce fondés en raison"
4967:
General Inquiries About the Analysis of Concepts and of Truths
4672:
Leibniz also appears as one of the main historical figures in
2480:
included a logical calculus, some combinatorics, algebra, his
1079:, and other studies. Leibniz also made major contributions to
19677:
19166:
19101:
18599:
17583:
16542:
16095:
14616:
14383:
14098:
13970:
13616:
13269:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
12864:
12814:
10927:
10513:
Leibniz's arithmetical machine, 1710, online and analyzed on
10184:
9623:
Leibniz and the two Sophies. The Philosophical Correspondence
6936:
Rutherford (1998) is a detailed scholarly study of Leibniz's
6287:
The Universal Computer : The Road from Leibniz to Turing
4721:
4649:
4645:
4644:
for 1 July 2018 celebrated Leibniz's 372nd birthday. Using a
3685:
3320:
One of Leibniz's projects was to recast Newton's theory as a
3294:
3176:
2422:, he deemed not real. Instead, he proposed the creation of a
2233:, which represents individual creatures as merely accidental.
2150:
2138:
2134:
1519:
1495:
1328:
1256:
1076:
1072:
442:
9437:
Schrecker, Paul & Schrecker, Anne Martin, (eds.), 1965.
7684:( ed.). Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 169.
7217:
Leibniz. Language, Signs and Thought: A Collection of Essays
6952:"The global/local distinction vindicates Leibniz's theodicy"
6673:
Britton, Andrew; Sedgwick, Peter H.; Bock, Burghard (2008).
6653:
Metaphysics: A Critical Translation with Kant's Elucidations
6555:
Later translated as Loemker 267 and Woolhouse and Francks 30
5867:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 172.
2453:
in the universal characteristic, a striking anticipation of
2210:
Monads are purported to have gotten rid of the problematic:
1450:
As an adult, Leibniz often introduced himself as "Gottfried
19672:
19096:
18929:
18857:
16123:
14514:
14343:
12809:
12789:
12784:
12709:
12667:
12652:
10442:
9990:
Philosophers at War: The Quarrel between Newton and Leibniz
9595:
The Shorter Leibniz Texts: A Collection of New Translations
9279:
Stephenson, Neal. "How the Baroque Cycle Began" in P.S. of
8253:
Thinking the Unconscious: Nineteenth-Century German Thought
8122:
R. E. Fancher & H. Schmidt: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:
7536:
7027:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 20.
6367:(2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 1.
6311:
Philosophers at War: The Quarrel Between Newton and Leibniz
5583:
Duden-Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden Pronunciation Dictionary)
5312:
4614:
4496:
and commercial revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.
4201:
ethical tradition. He mulled over the possibility that the
3053:
is credited for the theorem's discovery in geometric form,
2401:
But Leibniz took his speculations much further. Defining a
2215:
2154:
1813:
1663:
1478:
Leibniz's first position was as a salaried secretary to an
1346:, previously a student of Friedrich. Leibniz completed his
1161:
as the conventional and more exact expression of calculus.
10173:"Legal and political thought of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
9404:
Leibniz-Bibliographie. Die Literatur ĂŒber Leibniz bis 1980
9392:, 1889, (anastatic reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1966).
9385:, 1895, (anastatic reprint: Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1966).
7397:
Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2008).
6741:
O'Leary-Hawthorne, John; Cover, J. A. (4 September 2008).
6740:
6192:
Benaroya, Haym; Han, Seon Mi; Nagurka, Mark (2 May 2013).
5943:
Leben und Werk von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Eine Chronik
5428:
The Mental as Fundamental: New Perspectives on Panpsychism
4893:); partially translated in Loemker §1 and Parkinson (1966)
1356:
Metaphysical Disputation on the Principle of Individuation
19241:
19136:
16205:
10200:
Leibniz's Metaphysics: A Historical and Comparative Study
7417:
6470:
6441:
5779:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
5761:(one of the three Official Libraries of the German state
5321:
3981:
In the late 1660s the enlightened Prince-Bishop of Mainz
1451:
1216:
1060:
1017:
125:
14067:
9543:
Leibniz's 'New System' and Associated Contemporary Texts
8466:
Booth, Michael (2003). "Thomas Harriot's Translations".
7545:
7396:
7223:
series), John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1987, p. 42.
6442:
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (2012). Loptson, Peter (ed.).
4963:
Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum
3139:
is a mathematical implementation of Leibniz's heuristic
1522:
as a stepping stone towards an eventual conquest of the
1392:
In early 1666, at age 19, Leibniz wrote his first book,
1375:
Specimen Quaestionum Philosophicarum ex Jure collectarum
1223:, a view sometimes lampooned by other thinkers, such as
1172:
found a consistent mathematical formulation by means of
13209:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
9921:
The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing
9517:
Cook, Daniel, & Rosemont, Henry Jr., (eds.), 1994.
9482:
Niall, R. Martin, D. & Brown, Stuart (eds.), 1988.
9424:
8379:
8070:
See Ariew and Garber 155â86, Loemker §§53â55, W II.6â7a
4759:
in recent decades. The more than 67,000 records of the
2149:
are merely phenomenal. He argued, against Newton, that
1406:
thesis in Philosophy, which he defended in March 1666.
1122:
by devising a cataloguing system whilst working at the
8757:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification"
8723:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Library Classification"
7552:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 744.
7403:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 745.
6774:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p.
6233:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.
6153:, ed. by N. Jolley, Cambridge University Press, 1994,
5731:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744725.013.008
5492:
David, Marian (10 July 2022). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
4793:
Mathematical, Scientific, and Technical Correspondence
4374:, which concludes with the character Candide saying, "
3652:
great respect for practical life. Following the motto
2307:(pain and suffering) as the necessary consequences of
1087:, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in
20940:
9748:
9734:. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
9661:
Leibnizsche Gedanken in der neueren Naturwissenschaft
9507:, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013).
9468:
Morris, Mary & Parkinson, G. H. R. (eds.), 1973.
9454:
Mason, H. T. & Parkinson, G. H. R. (eds.), 1967.
7270:, Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier-North-Holland, pp. 1â83.
6835:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 25â26.
5442:"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"
5336:
5327:
5318:
5081:(1745), a collection of letters between Leibnitz and
4582:
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
3006:
2954:
2953:
2798:
2740:
1379:
An Essay of Collected Philosophical Problems of Right
9607:
Cohen, Claudine and Wakefield, Andre, (eds.), 2008.
7601:. V&S Publishers. April 2012. pp. 113â114.
7472:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 8.
6639:, 1st ed., 1751, Chapter III, § 77, p. 27; see also
6098:
Calculus Gems: Brief Lives and Memorable Mathematics
5467:
The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy
5324:
5315:
5309:
5131:
4902:
A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence
4720:
Leibniz mainly wrote in three languages: scholastic
4584:, established in 1906 and awarded previously by the
3786:, Leibniz effectively became one of the founders of
3317:
has put Leibniz's stance in a more favorable light.
3213:
promoted by Mandelbrot drew on Leibniz's notions of
3104:
From 1711 until his death, Leibniz was engaged in a
2988:), representing an elongated S, from the Latin word
2346:
Symbolic thought and rational resolution of disputes
1948:
in 1903 (pp. 518â523) summarizing his views on
1896:
Leibniz dated his beginning as a philosopher to his
10122:
The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language
9963:Finster, Reinhard & van den Heuvel, Gerd 2000.
9600:Look, Brandon and Rutherford, Donald (eds.), 2007.
9498:
G. W. Leibniz's Monadology. An Edition for Students
8997:
Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
8980:
Leibniz, Humboldt, and the Origins of Comparativism
8694:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | Biography & Facts"
8670:
Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
7520:
Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences
7108:
Wittgenstein und Heidegger: Die letzten Philosophen
6770:
G. W. Leibniz's Monadology: an edition for students
6672:
6546:
Ariew & Garber, 138; Loemker, §47; Wiener, II.4
5958:
The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language
5897:. The Facts on File Calculus Handbook. p. 58.
5306:
4898:
Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae
4742:.) One substantial book appeared posthumously, his
4603:
Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz
4322:was implemented. During a formal audience with the
3884:
3285:Until the discovery of subatomic particles and the
1658:. Spinoza died very shortly after Leibniz's visit.
1441:
Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure
1339:in a single morning for a special event at school.
10129:Leibniz's Metaphysics: Its Origins and Development
10060:Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal
10057:
9755:Leibniz as a Politician: The Adamson Lecture, 1910
9727:
9720:A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz
9687:. Indiana University Press (lecture course, 1928).
9650:
8990:
8988:
8079:On Leibniz and biology, see Loemker (1969a: VIII).
7282:A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz
6824:
6822:
6191:
6095:
5695:
5654:See inscription of the engraving depicted in the "
3029:
2980:
2875:
2762:
2710:. Leibniz laid down the foundations and theory of
1251:. His philosophy also assimilates elements of the
1196:, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator.
21213:People educated at the St. Thomas School, Leipzig
10439:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Texts and Translations
10393:
10193:Divine Machines. Leibniz and the Sciences of Life
9785:
9548:Woolhouse, R. S., and Francks, R., (eds.), 1998.
8285:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
8182:Book 2. p. 36; transl. by Jonathan Bennett, 2009.
7497:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 237â239.
7303:"A Study in the Calculus of Real Addition" (1690)
6149:Ariew R., G.W. Leibniz, life and works, p. 21 in
5803:History of Western Philosophy: Collectors Edition
5439:
4907:1667. "Dialogus de connexione inter res et verba"
4779:Political, Historical, and General Correspondence
4685:Leibniz also stars in Adam Ehrlich Sachs's novel
3057:proved a more generalized geometric version, and
2698:Leibniz arranged the coefficients of a system of
1569:; they corresponded for the rest of their lives.
1490:(1622â1672), the dismissed chief minister of the
21024:
9637:Leibniz: Logico-Philosophical Puzzles in the Law
8639:"The Reality Club: Wake Up Call for Europe Tech"
8143:The Principles of Philosophy known as Monadology
8057:
8055:
8001:Mandelbrot (1977), 419. Quoted in Hirano (1997).
7575:Leibniz's Theory of Elimination and Determinants
7022:
6388:Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr von (1920).
5831:Handley, Lindsey D.; Foster, Stephen R. (2020).
4613:, offering an annual award of 1.55 million
4488:. Work in the history of 17th- and 18th-century
3517:Leibniz found his most important interpreter in
2173:Leibniz's proof of God can be summarized in the
1350:in Philosophy in December 1662. He defended his
1247:, was one of the three influential early modern
27:German mathematician and philosopher (1646â1716)
10450:, links and resources edited by Gregory Brown,
9983:The Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences
9557:G. W. Leibniz and Samuel Clarke: Correspondence
9489:Ariew, Roger and Garber, Daniel. (eds.), 1989.
9337:
9335:
9333:
8985:
8916:Connelly, 2018, ch.5; Artosi et al. 2013, pref.
8126:. In: G. A. Kimble & M. Wertheimer (Eds.).
7779:
7268:The Rise of Modern Logic: From Leibniz to Frege
6819:
6564:A VI, 4, n. 324, pp. 1643â1649 with the title:
5629:
5510:Leibniz: Der Philosoph der universalen Harmonie
4842:The systematic cataloguing of all of Leibniz's
4648:, his hand is shown writing "Google" in binary
3192:But Hideaki Hirano argues differently, quoting
1796:In 1712, Leibniz began a two-year residence in
996:21 June] â 14 November 1716) was a German
249:De Arte Combinatoria (On the Combinatorial Art)
10087:The Philosophy of Leibniz and the Modern World
9900:The Young Leibniz and His Philosophy (1646â76)
9512:De Summa Rerum. Metaphysical Papers, 1675â1676
8847:
8754:
8720:
8238:D. Brett King, Wayne Viney and William Woody.
7977:"Leibniz's Cultural Pluralism And Natural Law"
6671:" (literally, "Nature does not make a jump") (
6475:. Indiana University Press. pp. 102â103.
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
5549:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5533:
4640:Leibniz still receives popular attention. The
1626:
1445:Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases
1164:In the 20th century, Leibniz's notions of the
30:"Leibniz" redirects here. For other uses, see
19057:
18383:
17528:
16056:
15596:
14530:
14083:
13435:
12400:
12091:
10856:
10832:
10577:
10563:
10498:(1749, German) â full digital facsimile from
9745:, Berlin: Commission DĂŒmmler, pp. 36â69.
9484:Discourse on Metaphysics and Related Writings
8539:"Time, Communication, and the Nervous System"
8432:
8146:. Translated by Jonathan Bennett. p. 11.
8052:
7783:The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz
7138:
6365:Historical Dictionary of Leibniz's Philosophy
5830:
5774:
4696:is named after Leibniz, a famous resident of
4542:Leibniz-SozietÀt der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
4472:, an important part of Deleuze's own corpus.
3494:. Leibniz's epistemological positionâagainst
1424:, cast in geometrical form, and based on the
1352:Disputatio Metaphysica de Principio Individui
966:
19563:
10985:
10956:
10942:
9952:. Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2020,
9857:Leibniz in His World: The Making of a Savant
9815:
9795:. New York: Oxford, Oxford University Press.
9330:
9217:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's 372nd Birthday"
9029:
9027:
9025:
8435:"The Introductions of Logarithms into Spain"
7773:
6280:
6278:
5834:Don't Teach Coding: Until You Read This Book
5806:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 469.
5775:Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008).
5670:"Gottfried W. Leibniz: The Last True Genius"
5245:List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz
4183:. The Arabic numerals were added by Leibniz.
3806:Philosophy of the Imagination or Mathematics
1603:In this regard, a 1669 invitation from Duke
1118:In addition, he contributed to the field of
21198:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
19499:
11051:
10302:"Leibniz's Influence on 19th Century Logic"
10257:Works by or about Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10082:1st ed. 2012. Heidelberg: Birkhauser, 2012.
7266:by D. M. Gabbay/J. Woods (eds.), volume 3:
6847:"Leibniz's Place in the History of Physics"
6676:Ăkonomische Theorie und christlicher Glaube
6444:Discourse on Metaphysics and Other Writings
6027:
5630:Eva-Maria Krech; et al., eds. (2010).
5544:
5530:
4836:Scientific, Medical, and Technical Writings
4707:
4609:In 1985, the German government created the
4277:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4036:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3591:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2981:{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int f(x)\,dx}
2428:or "universal characteristic", built on an
2336:Why is there something rather than nothing?
2318:
19064:
19050:
18390:
18376:
18252:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
17542:
17535:
17521:
16070:
16063:
16049:
15610:
15603:
15589:
14537:
14523:
14090:
14076:
13442:
13428:
12407:
12393:
12098:
12084:
10863:
10849:
10570:
10556:
10036:Leibniz's Philosophy of Logic and Language
9775:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9533:Leibniz: New Essays on Human Understanding
9119:Irenaean theodicy § Gottfried Leibniz
8994:
8667:
8543:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
8240:A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context
8213:
7864:
7517:
6745:. Cambridge University Press. p. 65.
6195:Probabilistic Models for Dynamical Systems
5482:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 85.
5465:Stefano Di Bella, Tad M. Schmaltz (eds.),
3523:BeitrÀge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung
3226:
2079:. "God assuredly always chooses the best."
2073:(literally, "Nature does not make jumps").
1689:, the consort of her grandson, the future
1284:Gottfried Leibniz was born on July 1 [
973:
959:
274:BartholomÀus Leonhard von Schwendendörffer
89:, Electorate of Hanover, Holy Roman Empire
49:
17462:Relationship between religion and science
15565:Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem
9642:De Iuliis, Carmelo Massimo, (ed.), 2017.
9463:Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters
9439:Monadology and other Philosophical Essays
9304:Gothofridi Guillemi Leibnitii Opera Omnia
9022:
8450:
8401:
7883:
7467:
7372:"Automating Leibniz's Theory of Concepts"
6977:
6967:
6611:
6609:
6537:Ariew & Garber, 69; Loemker, §§36, 38
6275:
5945:. Frankfurt a.M., Klostermann 1969, p. 3.
5698:The library : an illustrated history
4297:Learn how and when to remove this message
4056:Learn how and when to remove this message
3611:Learn how and when to remove this message
3045:, by means of a figure in his 1693 paper
2970:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2836:
2832:
2821:
2817:
2806:
2802:
70:, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
19071:
15408:
10870:
10157:Leibniz and the Rational Order of Nature
10055:
9998:
9696:Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays
9616:Dissertation on Predestination and Grace
9413:, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1996.
9406:, Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1984.
9033:
8829:Loemker: 59, fn 16. Translation revised.
8107:On the Association of Ideas and Learning
7646:
7626:(4th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.
7572:
7374:, in A. Felty and A. Middeldorp (eds.),
7262:Lenzen, W., 2004, "Leibniz's Logic," in
7202:Many of his memoranda are translated in
7139:Kulstad, Mark; Carlin, Laurence (2020),
6949:
5235:List of German inventors and discoverers
5079:Commercium philosophicum et mathematicum
5073:
5010:Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain
4851:) academies. Since then the branches in
4822:Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain
4745:Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain
4711:
4434:published a critical study of Leibniz's
4349:
4345:
4168:
3809:Philosophy of Sensible Things or Physics
3401:
2468:, at first he did not conceive it as an
2439:insofar as they are subject to reasoning
2237:
2105:A page from Leibniz's manuscript of the
2100:
1740:
1630:
1619:In 1675 he tried to get admitted to the
1571:
1469:
1402:), the first part of which was also his
1176:. He was also a pioneer in the field of
20647:Reflections on the Revolution in France
14913:Differentiating under the integral sign
10405:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
9585:G. W. Leibniz. The Art of Controversies
9409:Heinekamp, Albert and Mertens, Marlen.
9402:Heinekamp, Albert and Mertens, Marlen.
9341:
8995:Agarwal, Ravi P; Sen, Syamal K (2014).
8668:Agarwal, Ravi P; Sen, Syamal K (2014).
8139:
8021:Leibniz's Metaphysics of Time and Space
7754:
7729:
7647:Tokuyama, Takeshi; et al. (2007).
7518:Agarwal, Ravi P; Sen, Syamal K (2014).
7470:The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann
7423:
7279:
7145:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7071:The Monadology: An Edition for Students
7023:Anderson Csiszar, Sean (26 July 2015).
6911:
6886:
6798:
6792:
6765:
6387:
6093:
5860:
5799:
5742:Roughly 40%, 35% and 25%, respectively.
5580:
5495:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5059:The Monadology: An Edition for Students
4947:A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200â1800
3698:section. Leibniz had similarities with
3464:, the general dynamics of development (
3382:championed by Newton in England and by
3183:and its generalizations, used the term
3179:, in the famous 1736 paper solving the
1928:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1893:of 1710 was published in his lifetime.
1769:Leibniz was appointed Librarian of the
1263:, such as its adopted use of the term "
704:Problem of why there is anything at all
14:
21025:
18397:
16388:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
10170:
10136:Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light
10092:
10078:Kromer, Ralf, and Yannick Chin-Drian.
9793:Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist
9663:, Berlin: Dummler, 1871 (reprinted in
9314:
9312:
8750:
8748:
8716:
8714:
8536:
8282:
8124:Underappreciated pioneer of psychology
7913:
7755:De Risi, Vincenzo (10 February 2016).
7549:The Princeton Companion to Mathematics
7400:The Princeton Companion to Mathematics
7295:Leibniz: Die philosophischen Schriften
6844:
6743:Substance and Individuation in Leibniz
6667:IV, 16)."). A variant translation is "
6659:: " must also have in mind Leibniz's "
6606:
6077:
5693:
5480:Kant on Representation and Objectivity
5440:Fumerton, Richard (21 February 2000).
5433:
5282:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography
4635:
4523:Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Gesellschaft
3859:as a way to further all sciences. His
3639:. In sociology he laid the ground for
3159:Leibniz was the first to use the term
3047:Supplementum geometriae dimensoriae...
2714:, although the Japanese mathematician
1027:in addition to many other branches of
21208:People associated with Baruch Spinoza
19045:
18991:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
18371:
17516:
16044:
15584:
14789:Inverse functions and differentiation
14518:
14071:
13423:
13239:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
12388:
12210:Infinitesimal strain theory (physics)
12079:
11101:
10882:
10844:
10831:
10551:
10209:
9872:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
9685:The Metaphysical Foundations of Logic
9602:The Leibniz-Des Bosses Correspondence
9260:
9241:
8465:
7704:
7679:
7492:
7314:Leibniz: Logical Papers â A Selection
7104:
6362:
6284:
5954:
5837:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
5667:
5605:
5491:
5387:
5366:
5347:
5093:, edited by the secretary of Leibniz
4563:more than 20 schools all over Germany
4129:. He puzzled over the origins of the
3950:management, economics, and politics.
2616:and Russell himself, now standard in
2114:Leibniz's best known contribution to
1716:and his sister-in-law and successor,
21218:People from the Electorate of Saxony
13339:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
13259:The World as Will and Representation
10299:
9826:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
9710:Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz
9425:Primary literature (chronologically)
9183:
9081:
8344:
7573:Knobloch, Eberhard (13 March 2013).
7493:Jones, Matthew L. (1 October 2006).
6499:
5890:
5759:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek
5349:[ËÉĄÉtfÊiËtËvÉȘlhÉlmËlaÉȘbnÉȘts]
5277:Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
5240:List of pioneers in computer science
4943:Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis
4590:German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
4275:adding citations to reliable sources
4242:
4191:posted in China. He apparently read
4137:. Leibniz was also an expert in the
4034:adding citations to reliable sources
4001:
3589:adding citations to reliable sources
3556:
3541:. Leibniz was a direct influence on
2643:Although the mathematical notion of
2457:. Granted, there is no intuitive or
2218:and matter arising in the system of
20757:The End of History and the Last Man
20667:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
15711:Quantum computing and communication
14265:Analytic and synthetic propositions
14136:Formal semantics (natural language)
10386:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10371:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10356:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10341:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10326:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10318:
10311:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10292:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10215:"A (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts"
9866:
9576:Robert C. Sleigh Jr., (ed.), 2005.
9562:Richard T. W. Arthur, (ed.), 2001.
9397:Bibliographie des Ćuvres de Leibniz
9309:
8745:
8711:
8195:Alfred Kröner Verlag, Leipzig 1917.
8128:Portraits of pioneers in psychology
7624:Linear algebra and its applications
7621:
7353:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7330:"A (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts"
7105:Geier, Manfred (17 February 2017).
7073:. Uni. of Pittsburgh Press, p. 135.
6916:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 23.
6891:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 22.
6679:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. p. 289.
6641:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6446:. Broadview Press. pp. 23â24.
6353:Ayton, Leibniz, a biography, p. 308
5894:The Facts on File Calculus Handbook
5800:Russell, Bertrand (15 April 2013).
5446:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5069:
4996:VII.223. An English translation by
4949:. Harvard University Press: 271â81.
4072:endeavor, seeking to reconcile the
3913:While Leibniz was no apologist for
3905:
1935:were not published until 1765. The
1852:, a niece of the Electress Sophia.
1745:Pages from Leibniz's papers in the
24:
21273:Writers about religion and science
21223:People of the Age of Enlightenment
21083:18th-century German mathematicians
21048:17th-century German mathematicians
14587:Free variables and bound variables
12105:
10378:
10333:
10266:Works by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10248:Works by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10050:Leibniz' Argument for Innate Ideas
10043:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
9810:Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography
9722:, Cambridge: The University Press.
9456:The Leibniz-Arnauld Correspondence
8563:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1948.tb39853.x
7974:
7705:Davis, Martin (28 February 2018).
7366:Jesse Alama, Paul E. Oppenheimer,
7345:
7284:. The University Press, Cambridge.
7004:. New York: Harper Collins (1990).
6914:Leibniz: A Guide for the Perplexed
6912:Perkins, Franklin (10 July 2007).
6889:Leibniz: A Guide for the Perplexed
6887:Perkins, Franklin (10 July 2007).
6623:la nature ne fait jamais des sauts
6471:Christopher Ernest Cosans (2009).
6151:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
6080:The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz
5430:, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, p. 111.
4810:Historical and Linguistic Writings
4716:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, c. 1710
4595:Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Medaille
4399:correspondence went unrecognized.
4364:, whose supposed central argument
3460:(the act of "striving"), emergent
2045:, which is mostly uncontroversial.
1567:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
1530:and became irrelevant. Napoleon's
1259:and still influences contemporary
1147:differential and integral calculus
25:
21289:
15392:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
12312:Transcendental law of homogeneity
12205:Constructive nonstandard analysis
12149:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
12136:Criticism of nonstandard analysis
10771:New Essays on Human Understanding
10712:Transcendental law of homogeneity
10441:, compiled by Donald Rutherford,
10241:
10001:American Journal of Legal History
9931:The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque
9541:, and Francks, R., (eds.), 1997.
9500:, University of Pittsburgh Press.
9375:
8854:Journal of Mixed Methods Research
8721:Schulte-Albert, H. (April 1971).
8508:
8180:New Essays on Human Understanding
8047:Symmetry, Structure and Spacetime
7786:. Open Court Publishing. p.
7599:Concise Dictionary of Mathematics
6845:Agassi, Joseph (September 1969).
6394:. Open court publishing Company.
5015:New Essays on Human Understanding
4874:
4470:The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque
4454:). For example, Leibniz's phrase
4354:Leibnizstrasse street sign Berlin
3852:He called for the creation of an
3552:
3398:), so both approaches are valid.
3293:by arguing, against Newton, that
3217:and the principle of continuity:
3149:transcendental law of homogeneity
2693:
2680:
2260:optimal among all possible worlds
1918:New Essays on Human Understanding
1184:, he was the first to describe a
1170:transcendental law of homogeneity
1031:, such as binary arithmetic, and
658:Transcendental law of homogeneity
21108:18th-century German male writers
21088:18th-century German philosophers
21068:17th-century German male writers
21053:17th-century German philosophers
21010:
20998:
20986:
20974:
20962:
20950:
20727:The Open Society and Its Enemies
17497:
17496:
17486:
14947:Partial fractions in integration
14863:Stochastic differential equation
14477:
13449:
13402:
13392:
13391:
12163:
12059:
12058:
10814:
10813:
10321:"Gottfried Leibniz: Metaphysics"
10280:
10273:
10111:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2006.00296.x
9933:. University of Minnesota Press.
9510:Parkinson, G. H. R. (ed.) 1992.
9472:. Everyman's University Library.
9342:Holland, Arthur William (1911).
9288:
9273:
9261:Smith, Kiona N. (30 June 2018).
9254:
9235:
9209:
9174:
9165:
9156:
9124:
9110:
9075:
9062:
9013:
8968:
8955:
8946:
8937:
8928:
8919:
8910:
8901:
8892:
8841:
8832:
8823:
8814:
8805:
8796:
8779:
8686:
8661:
8631:
8619:
8606:
8597:
8530:
8517:
8502:
8459:
8433:Navarro-Loidi, Juan (May 2008).
8426:
8373:
8338:
8329:
8320:
8311:
8276:
8267:
8258:
8245:
8232:
8207:
8198:
8185:
8172:
8159:
8150:
8133:
8116:
8095:
8082:
8073:
8064:
8039:
8026:
8013:
8004:
7995:
7968:
7959:
7950:
7907:
7858:
7842:
7826:
7810:
7801:
7759:. BirkhÀuser, Cham. p. 58.
7748:
7723:
7698:
7673:
7640:
7615:
7591:
7566:
7511:
7486:
7461:
7390:
7381:
7360:
7339:
7319:
7288:
7273:
7264:Handbook of the History of Logic
7256:
7247:
7164:
7002:Masterpieces of World Philosophy
5668:Dunne, Luke (21 December 2022).
5608:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
5302:
5204:
5190:
5176:
5162:
5148:
5134:
4247:
4006:
3885:Advocate of scientific societies
3695:
3561:
3030:{\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dx}}}
2917:Leibniz is credited, along with
2623:Leibniz's 1690 discovery of his
1876:. Leibniz remained committed to
1855:
1532:failed invasion of Egypt in 1798
1207:, Leibniz is most noted for his
764:
567:Leibniz formula for determinants
21228:German philosophers of language
19534:Family as a model for the state
15085:Jacobian matrix and determinant
14940:Tangent half-angle substitution
14908:Fundamental theorem of calculus
13189:Meditations on First Philosophy
12414:
12195:Synthetic differential geometry
10041:Jolley, Nicholas, (ed.), 1995.
9859:. Princeton University Press. (
9651:Secondary literature up to 1950
9496:Rescher, Nicholas (ed.), 1991.
8999:. Springer, Cham. p. 186.
7916:History and Philosophy of Logic
7522:. Springer, Cham. p. 180.
7235:
7226:
7209:
7196:
7184:
7158:
7132:
7098:
7076:
7054:
7041:
7016:
7007:
6994:
6943:
6930:
6905:
6851:Journal of the History of Ideas
6838:
6759:
6734:
6725:
6706:
6697:
6645:"Continuity and Infinitesimals"
6597:
6588:
6579:
6570:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6493:
6464:
6435:
6421:
6408:
6381:
6356:
6347:
6338:
6325:
6316:
6313:, (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 44â69.
6303:
6266:
6257:
6221:
6212:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6143:
6134:
6125:
6116:
6107:
6087:
6071:
6058:
6045:
6018:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5948:
5935:
5926:
5914:
5884:
5854:
5824:
5793:
5768:
5736:
5719:
5687:
5661:
5648:
5623:
5599:
5574:
5556:
5395:
5294:
5022:Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium
4189:European Christian missionaries
4179:hexagrams sent to Leibniz from
3974:to be of Llullist inspiration:
3347:
3127:, in the context of a field of
3043:fundamental theorem of calculus
2670:History of the function concept
2627:(deductively equivalent to the
2500:
21098:18th-century German scientists
21093:18th-century German physicists
21058:17th-century German scientists
20884:Separation of church and state
20782:Collectivism and individualism
20737:The Origins of Totalitarianism
18192:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
15161:Arithmetico-geometric sequence
14853:Ordinary differential equation
13866:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
10336:"Gottfried Leibniz: Causation"
10165:The Journal of Library History
10089:. Vanderbilt University Press.
9791:Adams, Robert Merrihew. 1994.
9786:Secondary literature post-1950
9621:Strickand, Lloyd (ed.), 2011.
9611:. University of Chicago Press.
9486:. Manchester University Press.
9461:Loemker, Leroy, (ed.), 1969 .
9458:. Manchester University Press.
8761:The Journal of Library History
8755:Schulte-Albert, H. G. (1971).
8727:The Journal of Library History
8672:. Springer, Cham. p. 28.
8382:Science and Engineering Ethics
8264:Nicholls and Leibscher (2010).
8167:Quaestiones logicae et ethicae
7577:. Springer. pp. 230â237.
7242:Preface to the General Science
7141:"Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind"
6055:, Meiner Verlag, 1997, p. 120.
5727:The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz
5655:
5515:
5512:, Severus Verlag, 2014, p. 29.
5502:
5485:
5472:
5459:
5420:
5122:SĂ€mtliche Schriften und Briefe
5114:
4368:lampooned in his popular book
4205:were an unwitting form of his
4164:
4148:(first modern edition) of the
3818:Literary History and Libraries
3712:algorithmic information theory
3675:
3510:and the principle of purpose (
3386:and Voltaire in France; hence
3361:(Latin for "living force") is
3333:principle of sufficient reason
2967:
2961:
2757:
2744:
2638:
2185:principle of sufficient reason
2043:indiscernibility of identicals
2024:and vice versa, then entities
1488:Johann Christian von Boyneburg
694:Partial fraction decomposition
648:Principle of sufficient reason
225:Correspondence theory of truth
13:
1:
21188:Mathematics of infinitesimals
21163:German political philosophers
21123:Constructed language creators
21118:18th-century German inventors
21113:18th-century writers in Latin
21078:17th-century German inventors
21073:17th-century writers in Latin
20924:Category:Political philosophy
20797:Critique of political economy
18848:Hard problem of consciousness
18073:Principle of compositionality
15729:Free and open-source software
14984:Integro-differential equation
14858:Partial differential equation
12364:Analyse des Infiniment Petits
12200:Smooth infinitesimal analysis
10800:LeibnizâClarke correspondence
10420:Mathematics Genealogy Project
10366:"Leibniz: Philosophy of Mind"
10195:, Princeton University Press.
10160:. Cambridge University Press.
10138:. Cambridge University Press.
10131:. Cambridge University Press.
10045:. Cambridge University Press.
10038:. Cambridge University Press.
9992:. Cambridge University Press.
9712:. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln.
9614:Murray, Michael, (ed.) 2011.
9583:Dascal, Marcelo (ed.), 2006.
9535:. Cambridge University Press.
9491:Leibniz: Philosophical Essays
9479:. Cambridge University Press.
9475:Riley, Patrick, (ed.), 1988.
9430:Wiener, Philip, (ed.), 1951.
9242:Musil, Steven (1 July 2018).
8848:Andrés-Gallego, José (2015).
8468:The Yale Journal of Criticism
8335:See Couturat (1901): 473â478.
7655:. Berlin : Springer. p.
7468:Goldstine, Herman H. (1972).
7143:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
7111:(in German). Rowohlt Verlag.
7051:. N.Y.: Dolphin., n.d., n.p.,
7025:The Golden Book About Leibniz
6969:10.1080/14746700.2022.2124481
6832:Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence
6082:. Cambridge University Press.
5941:Kurt MĂŒller, Gisela Krönert,
5526:Mathematics Genealogy Project
5408:
5389:[ÉĄÉdfÊwaÉĄijomlÉbnits]
4931:); an English translation is
4558:Leibniz Supercomputing Centre
4233:Confucius Sinarum Philosophus
4194:Confucius Sinarum Philosophus
3646:
3431:
3262:. He devised a new theory of
2575:History of Western Philosophy
1994:
1883:
1435:Leibniz then enrolled in the
1422:proof of the existence of God
1279:
21263:University of Altdorf alumni
21183:German mathematical analysts
21138:Fellows of the Royal Society
20822:Institutional discrimination
20817:History of political thought
19549:Negative and positive rights
18222:Philosophical Investigations
17427:Desacralization of knowledge
14544:
13374:Philosophy of space and time
11102:
10988:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
10351:"Leibniz: Modal Metaphysics"
9758:(1st ed.), Manchester,
9730:A Source Book in Mathematics
9726:Smith, David Eugene (1929).
9569:Richard T. W. Arthur, 2014.
9550:Leibniz: Philosophical Texts
9524:Farrer, Austin (ed.), 1995.
9306:, vol. 6.1, 1768, pp. 59â60.
8273:King et al. (2009), 150â153.
7928:10.1080/01445340310001599560
7821:A Source Book in Mathematics
7424:Jesseph, Douglas M. (1998).
7047:Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.
6566:Principia Logico-Metaphysica
6504:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 33.
6005:history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk
5694:Murray, Stuart A.P. (2009).
5413:
4786:Philosophical Correspondence
4630:Memory of the World Register
4586:Prussian Academy of Sciences
4215:hexagrams correspond to the
4099:
3997:
3983:Johann Philipp von Schönborn
3767:
3481:to the distinct, self-aware
2702:into an array, now called a
2597:of things (Leibniz admitted
2449:suggests a central role for
2179:. Reason is governed by the
2137:; substance is force, while
1500:Johann Philipp von Schönborn
1465:
1298:St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig
1274:
288:Other academic advisors
7:
21243:German philosophers of mind
21103:18th-century German writers
21063:17th-century German writers
20832:Justification for the state
20617:Two Treatises of Government
18063:Modality (natural language)
16839:Best of all possible worlds
16796:Eschatological verification
16353:Fine-tuning of the universe
15138:Generalized Stokes' theorem
14925:Integration by substitution
13911:Internalism and externalism
13249:The Phenomenology of Spirit
10957:
10620:Characteristica universalis
10602:Best of all possible worlds
10504:Leibniz's (1768, 6-volume)
10400:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
10283:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
10272:(public domain audiobooks)
10191:Smith, Justin E. H., 2011.
10148:. Harvard University Press.
10085:LeClerc, Ivor (ed.), 1973.
9898:Brown, Stuart (ed.), 1999.
9706:Guhrauer, Gottschalk Eduard
9555:Ariew, Roger, (ed.), 2000.
9477:Leibniz: Political Writings
9322:(in German). Archived from
8549:(4 Teleological): 197â220.
8214:Fahrenberg, Jochen (2017).
8023:. New York: Springer, 2008.
7853:Mathematics and its History
7316:, Oxford 1966, pp. 131â144.
6585:Mates (1986), chpts. 7.3, 9
5961:. Oxford University Press.
5385:Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz
5262:Leibniz University Hannover
5127:
4761:Leibniz Edition's Catalogue
4505:Leibniz University Hannover
4425:Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
4238:
4157:, a Latin chronicle of the
3862:characteristica universalis
3718:anticipated aspects of the
3335:has been invoked in recent
3313:and subsequent work in the
3154:
2912:
2777:
2486:characteristica universalis
2425:characteristica universalis
2244:Best of all possible worlds
1683:Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
1627:House of Hanover, 1676â1716
815:Best of all possible worlds
676:Characteristica universalis
507:Best of all possible worlds
10:
21294:
21133:Enlightenment philosophers
19502:Bellum omnium contra omnes
18202:Language, Truth, and Logic
17942:Theological noncognitivism
17827:Contrast theory of meaning
17822:Causal theory of reference
17553:Index of language articles
15766:Virtualization development
14667:(Δ, Ύ)-definition of limit
10883:
10641:Identity of indiscernibles
10234:10.30965/26664275-00301008
10204:Princeton University Press
10167:(1966â1972), (2). 133â152.
10124:. Oxford University Press.
10056:Karabell, Zachary (2003).
10029:Leibniz's Moral Philosophy
9725:
9552:. Oxford University Press.
9545:. Oxford University Press.
9519:Leibniz: Writings on China
9370:
9116:
8511:The Mathematics Enthusiast
8317:Aiton (1985), 107â114, 136
8036:. London: Routledge, 1991.
8034:Time, Space and Philosophy
7730:De Risi, Vincenzo (2016).
7680:Jones, Matthew L. (2006).
7280:Russell, Bertrand (1900).
7084:"The Fundamental Question"
7013:Magill, Frank (ed.) (1990)
6828:See H. G. Alexander, ed.,
6766:Rescher, Nicholas (1991).
5920:
5757:(i.e. Legacy of Leibniz),
5581:Mangold, Max, ed. (2005).
5568:Collins English Dictionary
3899:Berlin Academy of Sciences
3487:psychophysical parallelism
3468:). His discussions in the
3341:identity of indiscernibles
3243:
3239:
3147:implements the Leibnizian
2504:
2241:
2229:inherent to the system of
2181:principle of contradiction
2014:Identity of indiscernibles
1921:, a lengthy commentary on
1846:French Academy of Sciences
1838:Berlin Academy of Sciences
1747:National Library of Poland
1681:(1630â1714), her daughter
1621:French Academy of Sciences
1360:principle of individuation
517:Identity of indiscernibles
337:(epistolary correspondent)
331:(epistolary correspondent)
29:
21178:Leipzig University alumni
21033:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
20919:
20769:
20538:
20186:
19919:
19799:
19718:
19630:
19621:
19487:
19321:
19250:
19079:
19011:
18978:
18805:
18675:
18570:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
18560:David Lewis (philosopher)
18405:
18342:
18287:Philosophy of information
18274:
18123:
17975:
17887:Mediated reference theory
17812:
17559:
17550:
17482:
17414:
17318:
17203:
17123:
17058:
16980:
16887:
16872:
16824:
16786:
16498:
16423:
16298:
16289:
16219:
16156:
16147:
16078:
15807:
15779:
15719:
15676:
15618:
15560:Proof that 22/7 exceeds Ï
15497:
15475:
15401:
15349:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
15319:
15296:e (mathematical constant)
15281:
15153:
15060:
14992:
14873:
14675:
14630:
14552:
14472:
14432:
14404:
14397:
14349:Necessity and sufficiency
14252:
14217:
14169:
14123:
14105:
14097:
14037:
13986:
13835:
13742:Evolutionary epistemology
13712:
13457:
13387:
13311:
13110:
12850:
12578:
12422:
12356:
12328:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
12320:
12249:
12218:
12172:
12161:
12113:
12045:
11999:
11901:
11858:
11837:
11784:
11753:
11737:
11684:
11618:
11570:
11534:
11501:
11420:
11379:
11223:
11112:
11108:
11097:
11002:Methodological skepticism
10893:
10889:
10878:
10838:
10833:Links to related articles
10811:
10742:
10585:
10579:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10416:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10198:Wilson, Catherine, 1989.
10171:SepioĆ, Zbigniew (2003).
10134:Perkins, Franklin, 2004.
9965:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
9667:, Leipzig: Veit, vol. 1).
9628:Lodge, Paul (ed.), 2013.
8943:(Akademie Ed VI ii 35â93)
8394:10.1007/s11948-017-9890-6
8049:. Oxford: Elsevier, 2008.
7894:10.1007/s10670-012-9370-y
7734:. BirkhÀuser. p. 4.
7434:. 6.1&2 (1â2): 6â40.
6230:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
6078:Jolley, Nicholas (1995).
5610:(3rd ed.), Longman,
5522:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
4891:On the Art of Combination
4619:Fundamental Physics Prize
3821:General and Miscellaneous
3700:Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz
3378:was seen as rivaling the
3250:Conatus § In Leibniz
3181:Königsberg Bridge Problem
2726:, requiring to calculate
2633:computational metaphysics
2545:alphabet of human thought
2430:alphabet of human thought
2096:
1810:George I of Great Britain
1802:Imperial Court Councillor
1800:, where he was appointed
1790:calculus priority dispute
1695:George I of Great Britain
1474:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1288:: June 21], 1646, in
1188:in 1685 and invented the
986:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
763:
758:
754:
669:alphabet of human thought
619:Principle of least action
552:Leibniz harmonic triangle
460:
344:
321:
287:
283:(Dr. jur. thesis advisor)
267:
238:
185:
175:
161:
157:
94:
75:
60:
48:
43:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
41:
21173:German writers in French
20707:The Revolt of the Masses
18212:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
17068:Friedrich Schleiermacher
16654:Theories about religions
16456:Inconsistent revelations
15311:Stirling's approximation
14784:Implicit differentiation
14732:Rules of differentiation
14014:Philosophy of perception
13817:Representational realism
13787:Naturalized epistemology
13364:Philosophy of psychology
13299:Simulacra and Simulation
10761:Discourse on Metaphysics
10410:University of St Andrews
10127:Mercer, Christia, 2001.
9855:Borowski, Audrey, 2024.
9812:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
9692:The Great Chain of Being
9632:, Yale University Press.
9618:, Yale University Press.
9604:, Yale University Press.
9580:. Yale University Press.
9573:. John Wiley & Sons.
9566:. Yale University Press.
9514:. Yale University Press.
9298:, 15 September 1695, in
9084:Philosophy East and West
9036:Philosophy East and West
8963:Miscellanea Berolinensia
8866:10.1177/1558689813515332
8614:Leibniz and Cryptography
8537:Wiener, Norbert (1948).
8452:10.1016/j.hm.2007.09.002
8347:Philosophy East and West
8140:Leibniz, G. W. (2007) .
8113:, 1967, Vol. 20, 11â116.
7709:. CRC Press. p. 7.
7221:Foundations of Semiotics
7171:The Public Domain Review
6950:Franklin, James (2022).
6799:Ferraro, Rafael (2007).
6500:Hunt, Shelby D. (2003).
6289:. CRC Press. p. 9.
6094:Simmons, George (2007).
5861:Apostol, Tom M. (1991).
5733:, accessed 25 Aug. 2024.
5426:Michael Blamauer (ed.),
5287:
5095:Johann Georg von Eckhart
4955:Discours de métaphysique
4820:. 7 vols., 1663â90, and
4708:Writings and publication
4223:Leibniz's attraction to
4207:universal characteristic
4125:was the ancestor of the
3825:He also designed a book
3720:universal Turing machine
3708:Lagrangian interpolation
3380:conservation of momentum
2921:, with the discovery of
2763:{\displaystyle O(n^{3})}
2320:Discourse on Metaphysics
2293:evil come into the world
2059:Discourse on Metaphysics
2037:of this is often called
1899:Discourse on Metaphysics
1878:Trinitarian Christianity
1826:
1400:On the Combinatorial Art
1300:; his godfather was the
32:Leibniz (disambiguation)
20687:The Communist Manifesto
19613:Tyranny of the majority
19524:Consent of the governed
18698:Eliminative materialism
18013:Useâmention distinction
17857:Direct reference theory
15691:Artificial intelligence
15545:EulerâMaclaurin formula
15450:trigonometric functions
14903:Constant of integration
13994:Outline of epistemology
13827:Transcendental idealism
13229:Critique of Pure Reason
10734:Well-founded phenomenon
10685:Pre-established harmony
10597:Alternating series test
9831:Oxford University Press
9355:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
9345:"Germany/History"
8952:Connelly, 2021, chs.6â8
8934:Christopher Johns, 2018
8698:Encyclopedia Britannica
8251:Nicholls and Leibscher
7839:(Sep. 1693) pp. 385â392
7823:(1969) pp. 282â284
7431:Perspectives on Science
7312:by G. H. R. Parkinson,
6805:. Springer. p. 1.
6669:natura non-saltum facit
6661:natura non-facit saltus
6627:Natura non-facit saltus
5606:Wells, John C. (2008),
5091:Collectanea Etymologica
4916:New Physical Hypothesis
4912:Hypothesis Physica Nova
4700:where the manufacturer
4597:of the Leibniz-SozietÀt
4229:pre-established harmony
4090:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
3803:Intellectual Philosophy
3672:, but did not succeed.
3466:evolutionary psychology
3227:Science and engineering
3220:Natura non facit saltus
3037:), from the Latin word
2201:pre-established harmony
2070:Natura non facit saltus
2055:Pre-established harmony
1362:, on 9 June 1663 [
1358:), which addressed the
746:Well-founded phenomenon
512:Pre-established harmony
170:18th-century philosophy
19564:
19514:Clash of civilizations
19500:
18950:Propositional attitude
18945:Problem of other minds
18853:Hypostatic abstraction
17947:Theory of descriptions
17882:Linguistic determinism
17544:Philosophy of language
16932:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
16072:Philosophy of religion
15820:John Vincent Atanasoff
15612:Timelines of computing
15514:Differential geometry
15359:Infinitesimal calculus
15062:Multivariable calculus
15010:Directional derivative
14816:Second derivative test
14794:Logarithmic derivative
14767:General Leibniz's rule
14662:Order of approximation
13941:Problem of other minds
12820:Typeâtoken distinction
12648:Hypostatic abstraction
12430:Abstract object theory
12257:Standard part function
11052:
10986:
10952:Enlightened absolutism
10943:
10183:: 227â250 – via
10093:Luchte, James (2006).
9979:Grattan-Guinness, Ivor
9806:Antognazza, Maria Rosa
9798:Aiton, Eric J., 1985.
9470:Philosophical Writings
8480:10.1353/yale.2003.0013
7622:Lay, David C. (2012).
6418:. Dent & Sons Ltd.
6416:Philosophical Writings
6363:Brown, Stuart (2023).
6322:Mackie (1845), 117â118
6285:Davis, Martin (2018).
5955:Mates, Benson (1989).
5384:
5267:Bartholomew Des Bosses
5085:
4988:Accessiones historicae
4918:); Loemker §8.I (part)
4818:Philosophical Writings
4781:. 25 vols., 1666â1706.
4771:
4717:
4438:. Shortly thereafter,
4355:
4184:
4133:and was fascinated by
3953:
3939:
3246:Dynamism (metaphysics)
3207:
3190:
3145:standard part function
3031:
2982:
2877:
2764:
2443:
2408:Egyptian hieroglyphics
2377:Charles Sanders Peirce
2357:
2248:Philosophical optimism
2111:
1749:
1710:Act of Settlement 1701
1636:
1579:
1516:German-speaking Europe
1475:
1239:. Leibniz, along with
1178:mechanical calculators
1041:history of mathematics
613:conservation of energy
492:Differential equations
21248:Philosophical theists
21238:Philosophers of logic
19529:Divine right of kings
19021:Philosophers category
18925:Mental representation
18688:Biological naturalism
18575:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
18550:Frank Cameron Jackson
18058:Mental representation
17993:Linguistic relativity
17877:Inquisitive semantics
17467:Faith and rationality
17422:Criticism of religion
17360:Robert Merrihew Adams
17350:Nicholas Wolterstorff
16553:Divine command theory
15955:KlĂĄra DĂĄn von Neumann
15761:Programming languages
15433:logarithmic functions
15428:exponential functions
15344:Generality of algebra
15222:Tests of convergence
14848:Differential equation
14832:Further applications
14821:Extreme value theorem
14811:First derivative test
14705:Differential operator
14677:Differential calculus
14484:Philosophy portal
14019:Philosophy of science
13999:Faith and rationality
13881:Descriptive knowledge
13752:Feminist epistemology
13692:Nicholas Wolterstorff
13409:Philosophy portal
13289:Being and Nothingness
12705:Mental representation
12343:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
12155:Cavalieri's principle
10918:Counter-Enlightenment
10613:Calculus ratiocinator
10494:1 August 2020 at the
10472:1 August 2020 at the
10452:University of Houston
10048:Kaldis, Byron, 2011.
10034:Ishiguro, Hidé 1990.
10027:Hostler, John, 1975.
9750:Adolphus William Ward
9677:. Paris: Felix Alcan.
9675:La Logique de Leibniz
9657:Du Bois-Reymond, Emil
9419:Leibniz Bibliographie
9221:Google Doodle Archive
9096:10.1353/pew.2015.0074
8204:Wundt (1917), p. 117.
8169:, Basel, Henricpetri.
7000:Magill, Frank (ed.).
6979:1959.4/unsworks_80586
5777:From Plato to Derrida
5257:Scientific Revolution
5077:
4994:Mathematical Writings
4929:A Philosopher's Creed
4829:Mathematical Writings
4804:. 9 vols., 1667â1702.
4795:. 8 vols., 1672â1698.
4788:. 3 vols., 1663â1700.
4766:
4715:
4601:Leibniz-Medaille der
4572:Leibniz-Ring-Hannover
4353:
4346:Posthumous reputation
4172:
3927:
3891:British Royal Society
3867:calculus ratiocinator
3812:Philology or Language
3716:calculus ratiocinator
3682:binary numeral system
3402:Other natural science
3234:Mathematical Writings
3198:
3173:
3133:non-standard analysis
3119:. Beginning in 1960,
3071:Leibniz integral rule
3067:differential calculus
3032:
2983:
2878:
2765:
2567:universe of discourse
2434:
2414:, and the symbols of
2361:calculus ratiocinator
2352:
2242:Further information:
2238:Theodicy and optimism
2130:mechanical philosophy
2104:
2020:is also possessed by
1954:analytic philosophers
1880:throughout his life.
1771:Herzog August Library
1744:
1732:founded in 1682, the
1634:
1575:
1473:
1437:University of Altdorf
1320:University of Leipzig
1174:non-standard analysis
1124:Herzog August Library
1037:history of philosophy
1016:who is disputed with
714:Metaphysical dynamism
683:Calculus ratiocinator
572:Fractional derivative
562:Leibniz formula for Ï
542:Leibniz integral rule
527:Mathematical function
307:Johann Adam Schertzer
260: (November 1666)
143:University of Altdorf
21268:Writers from Leipzig
20677:Democracy in America
20056:political philosophy
20039:political philosophy
19854:political philosophy
19683:political philosophy
19593:Separation of powers
19554:Night-watchman state
19539:Monopoly on violence
19073:Political philosophy
18703:Emergent materialism
18242:Naming and Necessity
18152:De Arte Combinatoria
17951:Definite description
17912:Semantic externalism
17457:Religious philosophy
16937:Pico della Mirandola
16902:Anselm of Canterbury
16834:Augustinian theodicy
16746:Religious skepticism
16079:Concepts in religion
15734:Hypertext technology
15498:Miscellaneous topics
15438:hyperbolic functions
15423:irrational functions
15301:Exponential function
15154:Sequences and series
14920:Integration by parts
13951:Procedural knowledge
13936:Problem of induction
13334:Feminist metaphysics
12185:Nonstandard calculus
12180:Nonstandard analysis
10872:Age of Enlightenment
10751:De Arte Combinatoria
10679:Mathesis universalis
10607:Calculus controversy
10538:24 July 2017 at the
10521:24 July 2017 at the
10396:Robertson, Edmund F.
9939:, 2017. PsyDok ZPID
9902:, Dordrecht, Kluwer.
9800:Leibniz: A Biography
9739:Trendelenburg, F. A.
9698:. Anchor Books 1972.
8925:Connelly, 2021, ch.6
8603:Couturat (1901), 115
8439:Historia Mathematica
8111:Psychological Report
7440:10.1162/posc_a_00543
7336:, 3 (2000): 137â183.
7308:19 July 2021 at the
7301:â247; translated as
7191:The Art of Discovery
6956:Theology and Science
6719:Great Chain of Being
6649:Alexander Baumgarten
6636:Philosophia Botanica
6272:Mackie (1845), 73â74
6263:Mackie (1845), 69â70
6218:Mackie (1845), 58â61
6182:Mackie (1845), 44â45
6066:De Arte Combinatoria
5923:, pp. 173â181 (1929)
5251:Mathesis universalis
5220:General Leibniz rule
4981:New System of Nature
4924:Confessio philosophi
4886:De Arte Combinatoria
4676:'s series of novels
4529:outside of Hanover:
4271:improve this section
4154:Chronicon Holtzatiae
4030:improve this section
3641:communication theory
3585:improve this section
3091:, in a tract called
3004:
2951:
2796:
2784:Leibniz formula for
2738:
2708:Gaussian elimination
2214:interaction between
2168:theory of relativity
1874:philosophical theist
1863:calculus controversy
1426:argument from motion
1408:De Arte Combinatoria
1395:De Arte Combinatoria
1192:, later used in the
1043:. He wrote works on
810:Augustinian theodicy
709:Pluralistic idealism
532:NewtonâLeibniz axiom
497:Mathesis universalis
200:Pluralistic idealism
21233:Philosophers of law
21158:German philologists
20867:Right-wing politics
20747:A Theory of Justice
20717:The Road to Serfdom
20637:The Social Contract
19344:Christian democracy
18900:Language of thought
18650:Ludwig Wittgenstein
18480:Patricia Churchland
18292:Philosophical logic
18282:Analytic philosophy
18088:Sense and reference
17967:Verification theory
17922:Situation semantics
17442:History of religion
17143:Friedrich Nietzsche
17020:Gottfried W Leibniz
17015:Nicolas Malebranche
16947:King James VI and I
16227:Abrahamic religions
15485:List of derivatives
15321:History of calculus
15236:Cauchy condensation
15133:Exterior derivative
15090:Lagrange multiplier
14826:Maximum and minimum
14657:Limit of a sequence
14645:Limit of a function
14592:Graph of a function
14572:Continuous function
14146:Philosophy of logic
14029:Virtue epistemology
14024:Social epistemology
14004:Formal epistemology
13891:Epistemic injustice
13886:Exploratory thought
13687:Ludwig Wittgenstein
13179:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
12690:Linguistic modality
12369:Elementary Calculus
12250:Individual concepts
12190:Internal set theory
11878:FeijĂło y Montenegro
11829:Vorontsova-Dashkova
10510:â digital facsimile
10394:O'Connor, John J.;
10064:. Alfred A. Knopf.
9988:Hall, A. R., 1980.
9702:Mackie, John Milton
9646:, Talbot, Clark NJ.
9503:Rescher, Nicholas,
9445:Parkinson, G. H. R.
9432:Leibniz: Selections
9285:Perennial ed. 2004.
9144:on 23 February 2011
9019:Perkins (2004), 117
8974:Henry Hoenigswald,
8649:on 28 December 2005
8555:1948NYASA..50..197W
8061:Arthur 2014, p. 56.
6692:Extract of page 289
6615:Gottfried Leibniz,
6001:"Leibniz biography"
5880:Extract of page 172
5819:Extract of page 469
5749:7 July 2011 at the
5553:Arthur 2014, p. 13.
5541:Arthur 2014, p. 16.
5368:[ËlaÉȘpnÉȘts]
5225:Leibniz Association
5007:1704 (publ. 1765).
4883:1666 (publ. 1690).
4831:. 6 vols., 1672â76.
4692:The German biscuit
4687:The Organs of Sense
4636:Cultural references
4552:TĂŒbingen University
4535:Leibniz Association
4423:, and her daughter
4209:. He noted how the
3843:Library of Congress
3775:Bibliotheca Augusta
3629:veterinary medicine
3479:petites perceptions
3370:, twice the modern
2625:algebra of concepts
2491:Turing completeness
2447:prime factorization
1904:Nicolas Malebranche
1687:Caroline of Ansbach
1551:Nicolas Malebranche
1508:Louis XIV of France
1261:analytic philosophy
1213:best possible world
1186:pinwheel calculator
1182:Pascal's calculator
992:(1 July 1646 [
602:Algebra of concepts
522:Mathematical matrix
379:veterinary medicine
21278:Critics of atheism
21253:Philosophy writers
21193:Linear algebraists
21168:German Protestants
20879:Political violence
20874:Political theology
20857:Left-wing politics
20852:Political spectrum
18728:Neurophenomenology
18399:Philosophy of mind
18142:Port-Royal Grammar
18038:Family resemblance
17957:Theory of language
17932:Supposition theory
17452:Religious language
17432:Ethics in religion
17390:William Lane Craig
17265:Charles Hartshorne
17005:Desiderius Erasmus
16907:Augustine of Hippo
16849:Inconsistent triad
16811:Apophatic theology
16806:Logical positivism
16788:Religious language
16408:Watchmaker analogy
16373:Necessary existent
16149:Conceptions of God
16109:Intelligent design
15860:Edsger W. Dijkstra
15815:Kathleen Antonelli
15799:Web search engines
15789:Internet conflicts
15668:Women in computing
15418:rational functions
15385:Method of Fluxions
15231:Alternating series
15128:Differential forms
15110:Partial derivative
15070:Divergence theorem
14952:Quadratic integral
14720:Leibniz's notation
14710:Mean value theorem
14695:Partial derivative
14640:Indeterminate form
14445:Rules of inference
14414:Mathematical logic
14156:Semantics of logic
13682:Timothy Williamson
13472:Augustine of Hippo
13369:Philosophy of self
13359:Philosophy of mind
12623:Embodied cognition
12535:Scientific realism
12262:Transfer principle
12126:Leibniz's notation
11017:Natural philosophy
10666:Leibniz's notation
10500:Linda Hall Library
10482:Linda Hall Library
10379:Lenzen, Wolfgang.
10334:Carlin, Laurence.
10319:Burnham, Douglas.
10300:Peckhaus, Volker.
10152:Rutherford, Donald
9946:Fahrenberg, Jochen
9937:Fahrenberg, Jochen
9884:10.1007/bf00327456
9451:. Clarendon Press.
9388:Bodemann, Eduard,
9381:Bodemann, Eduard,
9326:on 7 January 2008.
8297:10.1002/jhbs.20495
8032:Ray, Christopher.
7855:(1989, 2002) p.159
7387:Struik (1969), 367
7346:Lenzen, Wolfgang.
6431:. 31 January 2012.
6344:Mackie (1845), 109
6163:Extract of page 21
6042:Arthur 2014, p. x.
5910:Extract of page 58
5891:Maor, Eli (2003).
5864:Calculus, Volume 1
5850:Extract of page 29
5156:Mathematics portal
5109:Origines Guelficae
5086:
4838:. 1 vol., 1668â76.
4801:Political Writings
4736:Brunswick-LĂŒneburg
4718:
4356:
4225:Chinese philosophy
4203:Chinese characters
4185:
4159:County of Holstein
4127:Germanic languages
3968:Athanasius Kircher
3547:subliminal stimuli
3394:are conserved (in
3326:cohesion of matter
3315:history of physics
3311:general relativity
3280:Specimen Dynamicum
3137:transfer principle
3076:Leibniz exploited
3027:
2978:
2977:
2907:parallel postulate
2873:
2760:
2565:ranging over some
2474:universal language
2412:Chinese characters
2363:, which resembles
2122:, as exposited in
2112:
1983:respected even in
1850:Duchess of Orleans
1750:
1722:British Parliament
1637:
1591:. He met with the
1580:
1539:Christiaan Huygens
1476:
1159:Leibniz's notation
1089:probability theory
840:Inconsistent triad
820:Divine retribution
537:Leibniz's notation
451:universal language
313:Christiaan Huygens
252: (March 1666)
180:Western philosophy
136:University of Jena
114:Leipzig University
102:Alte Nikolaischule
21143:German librarians
20938:
20937:
20932:
20931:
20842:Philosophy of law
20787:Conflict theories
20627:The Spirit of Law
20534:
20533:
19583:Original position
19039:
19038:
18935:Mindâbody problem
18833:Cognitive closure
18797:Substance dualism
18415:G. E. M. Anscombe
18365:
18364:
17867:Dynamic semantics
17510:
17509:
17410:
17409:
17370:Peter van Inwagen
17355:Richard Swinburne
17300:George I Mavrodes
17160:Vladimir Solovyov
17100:SĂžren Kierkegaard
17025:William Wollaston
16972:William of Ockham
16952:Marcion of Sinope
16854:Irenaean theodicy
16844:Euthyphro dilemma
16771:Transcendentalism
16600:Womanist theology
16590:Feminist theology
16494:
16493:
16285:
16284:
16171:Divine simplicity
16091:Euthyphro dilemma
16038:
16037:
15980:Bjarne Stroustrup
15885:Margaret Hamilton
15865:J. Presper Eckert
15739:Operating systems
15578:
15577:
15504:Complex calculus
15493:
15492:
15374:Law of Continuity
15306:Natural logarithm
15291:Bernoulli numbers
15282:Special functions
15241:Direct comparison
15105:Multiple integral
14979:Integral equation
14875:Integral calculus
14806:Stationary points
14780:Other techniques
14725:Newton's notation
14690:Second derivative
14582:Finite difference
14512:
14511:
14468:
14467:
14302:Deductive closure
14248:
14247:
14187:Critical thinking
14065:
14064:
13931:Privileged access
13567:SĂžren Kierkegaard
13417:
13416:
12596:Category of being
12565:Truthmaker theory
12382:
12381:
12297:Law of continuity
12287:Levi-Civita field
12272:Increment theorem
12231:Hyperreal numbers
12073:
12072:
12041:
12040:
12037:
12036:
11093:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11066:Scientific method
10923:Critical thinking
10825:
10824:
10803:(1715–1716)
10722:Universal science
10695:Sufficient reason
10651:Law of continuity
10544:
10527:
10476:(1693, Latin, in
10281:Look, Brandon C.
10252:Project Gutenberg
10071:978-0-375-40883-0
9958:978-3-95853-574-9
9911:978-1-4744-1808-9
9840:978-0-19-282147-8
9716:Russell, Bertrand
9681:Heidegger, Martin
9591:Strickland, Lloyd
9320:"Leibniz-Edition"
9006:978-3-319-10870-4
8880:on 27 August 2016
8838:Loemker: 58, fn 9
8679:978-3-319-10870-4
7975:Hirano, Hideaki.
7965:Mates (1986), 240
7766:978-3-319-19862-0
7741:978-3-319-19863-7
7716:978-1-138-50208-6
7691:978-0-226-40954-2
7666:978-3-540-77120-3
7633:978-0-321-38517-8
7608:978-93-81588-83-3
7584:978-4-431-54272-8
7559:978-0-691-11880-2
7529:978-3-319-10870-4
7504:978-0-226-40955-9
7410:978-0-691-11880-2
7118:978-3-644-04511-8
6923:978-0-8264-8921-0
6898:978-0-8264-8921-0
6812:978-0-387-69946-2
6785:978-0-8229-5449-1
6752:978-0-521-07303-5
6686:978-3-8258-0162-5
6511:978-0-7656-0931-1
6482:978-0-253-22051-6
6453:978-1-55481-011-6
6333:Leibniz in Berlin
6296:978-1-138-50208-6
6205:978-1-4398-5015-2
6173:Mackie (1845), 43
6131:Mackie (1845), 40
6122:Mackie (1845), 39
6113:Mackie (1845), 38
6051:Hubertus Busche,
6024:Mackie (1845), 26
5990:Mackie (1845), 22
5981:Mackie (1845), 21
5968:978-0-19-505946-5
5813:978-1-135-69284-1
5786:978-0-13-158591-1
5712:978-1-60239-706-4
5641:978-3-11-018203-3
5592:978-3-411-04066-7
5478:A. B. Dickerson,
5362:
5212:Literature portal
5170:Philosophy portal
5039:Project Gutenberg
4813:. In preparation.
4726:Combinatorial Art
4679:The Baroque Cycle
4667:Holy Roman Empire
4421:Sophia of Hanover
4307:
4306:
4299:
4144:He published the
4135:classical Chinese
4114:uniformitarianism
4066:
4065:
4058:
3987:Frankfurt am Main
3915:absolute monarchy
3873:and its rivals),
3835:Oxford University
3654:theoria cum praxi
3621:
3620:
3613:
3426:organismic theory
3302:relational notion
3287:quantum mechanics
3169:Jacob Freudenthal
3141:law of continuity
3129:hyperreal numbers
3025:
2868:
2845:
2830:
2815:
2681:preceding section
2674:actuarial science
2309:metaphysical evil
2163:Concepts of Space
2118:is his theory of
2065:Law of continuity
2049:Sufficient reason
1706:Holy Roman Empire
1679:Sophia of Hanover
1524:Dutch East Indies
1512:Thirty Years' War
1348:bachelor's degree
1294:Friedrich Leibniz
1166:law of continuity
1023:to have invented
983:
982:
845:Irenaean theodicy
830:Epicurean paradox
772:
771:
653:Law of continuity
455:universal science
16:(Redirected from
21285:
21153:German Lutherans
21148:German logicians
21015:
21014:
21013:
21003:
21002:
20991:
20990:
20979:
20978:
20977:
20967:
20966:
20955:
20954:
20953:
20946:
20847:Political ethics
20837:Machiavellianism
20777:Authoritarianism
20762:
20752:
20742:
20732:
20722:
20712:
20702:
20692:
20682:
20672:
20662:
20652:
20642:
20632:
20622:
20612:
20602:
20592:
20582:
20572:
20562:
20552:
19628:
19627:
19569:
19505:
19495:Balance of power
19469:Social democracy
19464:Social Darwinism
19439:Multiculturalism
19384:Environmentalism
19359:Communitarianism
19066:
19059:
19052:
19043:
19042:
18787:Representational
18782:Property dualism
18775:Type physicalism
18740:New mysterianism
18708:Epiphenomenalism
18530:Martin Heidegger
18392:
18385:
18378:
18369:
18368:
18327:Formal semantics
18275:Related articles
18267:
18257:
18247:
18237:
18227:
18217:
18207:
18197:
18187:
18177:
18167:
18157:
18147:
18137:
17907:Relevance theory
17902:Phallogocentrism
17537:
17530:
17523:
17514:
17513:
17500:
17499:
17490:
17395:Ali Akbar Rashad
17258:Reinhold Niebuhr
17218:Bertrand Russell
17213:George Santayana
17110:Albrecht Ritschl
17095:Ludwig Feuerbach
16885:
16884:
16881:(by date active)
16741:Process theology
16486:Russell's teapot
16296:
16295:
16291:Existence of God
16201:Process theology
16154:
16153:
16139:Theological veto
16102:religious belief
16065:
16058:
16051:
16042:
16041:
15965:Guido van Rossum
15950:John von Neumann
15895:David A. Huffman
15706:Machine learning
15678:Computer science
15605:
15598:
15591:
15582:
15581:
15508:Contour integral
15406:
15405:
15256:Limit comparison
15165:Types of series
15124:Advanced topics
15115:Surface integral
14959:Trapezoidal rule
14898:Basic properties
14893:Riemann integral
14841:Taylor's theorem
14567:Concave function
14562:Binomial theorem
14539:
14532:
14525:
14516:
14515:
14482:
14481:
14480:
14402:
14401:
14167:
14166:
14131:Computer science
14092:
14085:
14078:
14069:
14068:
14009:Metaepistemology
13987:Related articles
13961:Regress argument
13896:Epistemic virtue
13647:Bertrand Russell
13622:Duncan Pritchard
13582:Hilary Kornblith
13497:Laurence BonJour
13444:
13437:
13430:
13421:
13420:
13407:
13406:
13405:
13395:
13394:
13304:
13294:
13284:
13274:
13264:
13254:
13244:
13234:
13224:
13214:
13204:
13194:
13184:
13174:
13164:
13154:
13144:
13134:
13124:
12800:Substantial form
12612:Cogito, ergo sum
12555:Substance theory
12409:
12402:
12395:
12386:
12385:
12338:Pierre de Fermat
12333:Abraham Robinson
12173:Related branches
12167:
12100:
12093:
12086:
12077:
12076:
12062:
12061:
11110:
11109:
11099:
11098:
11057:
10991:
10962:
10948:
10891:
10890:
10880:
10879:
10865:
10858:
10851:
10842:
10841:
10829:
10828:
10817:
10816:
10804:
10796:
10786:
10776:
10766:
10756:
10672:Lingua generalis
10572:
10565:
10558:
10549:
10548:
10543:
10526:
10429:Jonathan Bennett
10412:
10390:
10381:"Leibniz: Logic"
10375:
10363:Jorarti, Julia.
10360:
10345:
10330:
10315:
10306:Zalta, Edward N.
10296:
10287:Zalta, Edward N.
10277:
10276:
10261:Internet Archive
10237:
10219:
10188:
10114:
10099:Heythrop Journal
10075:
10063:
10031:. UK: Duckworth.
10024:
9895:
9852:
9829:(1st ed.).
9821:Tipler, Frank J.
9780:
9774:
9766:
9735:
9733:
9539:Woolhouse, R. S.
9441:. Prentice-Hall.
9364:
9362:
9347:
9339:
9328:
9327:
9316:
9307:
9296:Vincent Placcius
9292:
9286:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9239:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9213:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9187:
9181:
9178:
9172:
9169:
9163:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9143:
9137:. Archived from
9136:
9132:"Vasilyev, 1993"
9128:
9122:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9079:
9073:
9068:On Leibniz, the
9066:
9060:
9059:
9031:
9020:
9017:
9011:
9010:
8992:
8983:
8972:
8966:
8959:
8953:
8950:
8944:
8941:
8935:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8917:
8914:
8908:
8905:
8899:
8898:Artosi ed.(2013)
8896:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8876:. Archived from
8845:
8839:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8812:
8809:
8803:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8752:
8743:
8742:
8718:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8645:. Archived from
8635:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8612:See N. Rescher,
8610:
8604:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8581:. Archived from
8534:
8528:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8405:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8265:
8262:
8256:
8249:
8243:
8242:(2009), 150â153.
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8220:
8211:
8205:
8202:
8196:
8189:
8183:
8176:
8170:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8137:
8131:
8120:
8114:
8099:
8093:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8071:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8050:
8043:
8037:
8030:
8024:
8019:Futch, Michael.
8017:
8011:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7979:. Archived from
7972:
7966:
7963:
7957:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7887:
7862:
7856:
7846:
7840:
7837:Acta Euriditorum
7830:
7824:
7814:
7808:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7654:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7543:
7534:
7533:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7394:
7388:
7385:
7379:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7348:"Leibniz: Logic"
7343:
7337:
7323:
7317:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7277:
7271:
7260:
7254:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7224:
7215:Marcelo Dascal,
7213:
7207:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7165:Gray, Jonathan.
7162:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7080:
7074:
7069:, trans., 1991.
7067:Nicholas Rescher
7058:
7052:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7005:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6884:
6875:
6874:
6842:
6836:
6826:
6817:
6816:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6773:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6723:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6690:
6613:
6604:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6360:
6354:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6336:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6282:
6273:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6242:
6234:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6174:
6171:
6165:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6075:
6069:
6064:A few copies of
6062:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5908:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5828:
5822:
5817:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5772:
5766:
5755:Leibniz-Nachlass
5740:
5734:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5702:. New York, NY:
5701:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5578:
5572:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5542:
5539:
5528:
5519:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5483:
5476:
5470:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5437:
5431:
5424:
5402:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5298:
5230:Leibniz operator
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5144:
5142:Biography portal
5139:
5138:
5137:
5083:Johann Bernoulli
5070:Posthumous works
5055:Nicholas Rescher
5053:; translated by
4998:Lloyd Strickland
4578:Leibniz-Medaille
4511:Leibniz-Akademie
4452:Bernhard Riemann
4432:Bertrand Russell
4324:Austrian Emperor
4302:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4251:
4243:
4131:Slavic languages
4061:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4010:
4002:
3972:Daniel Schwenter
3906:Law and Morality
3895:Saint Petersburg
3831:Bodleian Library
3751:Nicholas Rescher
3735:stepped reckoner
3633:balance of trade
3616:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3565:
3557:
3369:
3276:potential energy
3211:fractal geometry
3131:. The resulting
3121:Abraham Robinson
3113:Karl Weierstrass
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3008:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2946:
2939:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2787:
2772:LU factorization
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2700:linear equations
2580:Bertrand Russell
2472:but rather as a
2386:Leibniz thought
2340:Martin Heidegger
2334:Leibniz wrote: "
2207:is problematic.
1977:Francisco SuĂĄrez
1831:Leibniz died in
1616:imperial court.
1577:Stepped reckoner
1528:Franco-Dutch War
1420:and contained a
1410:was inspired by
1383:De conditionibus
1314:
1132:learned journals
1113:computer science
975:
968:
961:
774:
773:
768:
664:Ars combinatoria
631:Stepped reckoner
471:
322:Notable students
282:
269:Doctoral advisor
220:Indirect realism
110:
82:
79:14 November 1716
53:
39:
38:
21:
21293:
21292:
21288:
21287:
21286:
21284:
21283:
21282:
21023:
21022:
21021:
21011:
21009:
20997:
20985:
20975:
20973:
20961:
20951:
20949:
20941:
20939:
20934:
20933:
20928:
20915:
20904:Totalitarianism
20765:
20760:
20750:
20740:
20730:
20720:
20710:
20700:
20690:
20680:
20670:
20660:
20650:
20640:
20630:
20620:
20610:
20600:
20590:
20580:
20577:Treatise on Law
20570:
20560:
20550:
20530:
20188:
20182:
19921:
19915:
19801:
19795:
19714:
19617:
19603:State of nature
19598:Social contract
19578:Ordered liberty
19566:Noblesse oblige
19483:
19317:
19246:
19075:
19070:
19040:
19035:
19007:
18974:
18920:Mental property
18813:Abstract object
18801:
18671:
18625:Wilfrid Sellars
18500:Donald Davidson
18485:Paul Churchland
18445:George Berkeley
18401:
18396:
18366:
18361:
18338:
18317:School of Names
18270:
18265:
18255:
18245:
18235:
18232:Of Grammatology
18225:
18215:
18205:
18195:
18185:
18175:
18165:
18155:
18145:
18135:
18119:
17971:
17917:Semantic holism
17897:Non-cognitivism
17837:Conventionalism
17808:
17555:
17546:
17541:
17511:
17506:
17478:
17406:
17402:Alexander Pruss
17385:Jean-Luc Marion
17340:Alvin Plantinga
17335:Dewi Z Phillips
17322:
17320:
17314:
17285:Walter Kaufmann
17275:Frithjof Schuon
17248:Rudolf Bultmann
17205:
17199:
17195:Joseph Maréchal
17185:Pavel Florensky
17180:Sergei Bulgakov
17165:Ernst Troeltsch
17148:Harald HĂžffding
17125:
17119:
17090:William Whewell
17078:Georg W F Hegel
17073:Karl C F Krause
17060:
17054:
17050:Johann G Herder
17040:Baron d'Holbach
16990:Augustin Calmet
16976:
16892:
16880:
16879:
16876:
16868:
16826:Problem of evil
16820:
16816:Verificationism
16782:
16490:
16436:Atheist's Wager
16419:
16281:
16215:
16143:
16119:Problem of evil
16074:
16069:
16039:
16034:
16015:Stephen Wolfram
15985:Ruth Teitelbaum
15940:Douglas McIlroy
15915:Semyon Korsakov
15905:Brian Kernighan
15880:Betty Holberton
15870:Adele Goldstine
15825:Charles Babbage
15803:
15775:
15715:
15696:Binary prefixes
15672:
15614:
15609:
15579:
15574:
15570:Steinmetz solid
15555:Integration Bee
15489:
15471:
15397:
15339:Colin Maclaurin
15315:
15283:
15277:
15149:
15143:Tensor calculus
15120:Volume integral
15056:
15031:Basic theorems
14994:Vector calculus
14988:
14869:
14836:Newton's method
14671:
14650:One-sided limit
14626:
14607:Rolle's theorem
14597:Linear function
14548:
14543:
14513:
14508:
14478:
14476:
14464:
14428:
14419:Boolean algebra
14393:
14244:
14235:Metamathematics
14213:
14165:
14119:
14101:
14096:
14066:
14061:
14033:
13982:
13901:Gettier problem
13831:
13762:Foundationalism
13708:
13657:Wilfrid Sellars
13612:Alvin Plantinga
13492:George Berkeley
13459:Epistemologists
13453:
13448:
13418:
13413:
13403:
13401:
13383:
13307:
13302:
13292:
13282:
13272:
13262:
13252:
13242:
13232:
13222:
13212:
13202:
13192:
13182:
13172:
13162:
13152:
13149:De rerum natura
13142:
13132:
13122:
13106:
12846:
12750:Physical object
12586:Abstract object
12574:
12560:Theory of forms
12495:Meaning of life
12418:
12413:
12383:
12378:
12374:Cours d'Analyse
12352:
12316:
12307:Microcontinuity
12292:Hyperfinite set
12245:
12241:Surreal numbers
12214:
12168:
12159:
12131:Integral symbol
12109:
12104:
12074:
12069:
12068:
12055:
12033:
11995:
11897:
11854:
11833:
11780:
11749:
11745:Carvalho e Melo
11733:
11680:
11614:
11566:
11530:
11497:
11416:
11375:
11219:
11104:
11085:
11071:Spanish America
10945:Encyclopédistes
10908:Civil liberties
10885:
10874:
10869:
10834:
10826:
10821:
10807:
10802:
10794:
10784:
10774:
10764:
10754:
10738:
10590:
10588:
10587:Mathematics and
10581:
10576:
10540:Wayback Machine
10523:Wayback Machine
10496:Wayback Machine
10478:Acta eruditorum
10474:Wayback Machine
10364:
10349:
10274:
10244:
10217:
10177:Studia Iuridica
10072:
9927:Deleuze, Gilles
9841:
9817:Barrow, John D.
9788:
9768:
9767:
9671:Couturat, Louis
9653:
9427:
9395:Ravier, Ămile,
9378:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9340:
9331:
9318:
9317:
9310:
9293:
9289:
9278:
9274:
9259:
9255:
9240:
9236:
9226:
9224:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9200:
9198:
9197:on 19 July 2010
9189:
9188:
9184:
9180:Jolley, 217â219
9179:
9175:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9134:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9115:
9111:
9080:
9076:
9067:
9063:
9048:10.2307/1397760
9032:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9007:
8993:
8986:
8973:
8969:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8942:
8938:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8915:
8911:
8906:
8902:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8881:
8846:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8785:
8784:
8780:
8753:
8746:
8719:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8666:
8662:
8652:
8650:
8637:
8636:
8632:
8624:
8620:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8588:
8586:
8585:on 23 July 2021
8535:
8531:
8522:
8518:
8507:
8503:
8464:
8460:
8431:
8427:
8403:20.500.12226/69
8378:
8374:
8359:10.2307/1399337
8343:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8281:
8277:
8272:
8268:
8263:
8259:
8250:
8246:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8212:
8208:
8203:
8199:
8190:
8186:
8177:
8173:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8151:
8138:
8134:
8121:
8117:
8100:
8096:
8088:L. E. Loemker:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8060:
8053:
8045:Rickles, Dean.
8044:
8040:
8031:
8027:
8018:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8000:
7996:
7986:
7984:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7912:
7908:
7863:
7859:
7847:
7843:
7831:
7827:
7817:Dirk Jan Struik
7815:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7753:
7749:
7742:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7645:
7641:
7634:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7571:
7567:
7560:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7516:
7512:
7505:
7491:
7487:
7480:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7395:
7391:
7386:
7382:
7368:Edward N. Zalta
7365:
7361:
7344:
7340:
7326:Edward N. Zalta
7324:
7320:
7310:Wayback Machine
7293:
7289:
7278:
7274:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7214:
7210:
7201:
7197:
7193:1685, Wiener 51
7189:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7163:
7159:
7150:
7148:
7137:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7059:
7055:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7021:
7017:
7012:
7008:
6999:
6995:
6948:
6944:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6885:
6878:
6863:10.2307/2708561
6843:
6839:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6726:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6687:
6614:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6512:
6498:
6494:
6483:
6469:
6465:
6454:
6440:
6436:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6413:
6409:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6246:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6148:
6144:
6140:Aiton 1985: 312
6139:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6092:
6088:
6076:
6072:
6063:
6059:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5953:
5949:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5905:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5829:
5825:
5814:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5773:
5769:
5751:Wayback Machine
5741:
5737:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5666:
5662:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5579:
5575:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5531:
5520:
5516:
5507:
5503:
5490:
5486:
5477:
5473:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5438:
5434:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5337:
5305:
5301:
5300:Pronunciation:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5117:
5072:
4877:
4710:
4674:Neal Stephenson
4638:
4486:possible worlds
4474:Nicholas Jolley
4413:Antoine Arnauld
4404:Nouveaux Essais
4392:, who read his
4386:Christian Wolff
4348:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4268:
4252:
4241:
4167:
4146:princeps editio
4102:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4027:
4011:
4000:
3956:
3931:right to resist
3908:
3887:
3847:British Library
3827:indexing system
3788:library science
3770:
3758:Charles Babbage
3747:carry operation
3678:
3664:, he created a
3658:applied science
3649:
3617:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3582:
3566:
3555:
3535:stages of sleep
3434:
3404:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3353:
3300:Leibniz held a
3291:Albert Einstein
3252:
3242:
3229:
3215:self-similarity
3185:geometria situs
3157:
3089:George Berkeley
3017:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2915:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2860:
2837:
2822:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2720:Leibniz formula
2696:
2641:
2629:Boolean algebra
2618:predicate logic
2509:
2507:Algebraic logic
2503:
2455:Gödel numbering
2348:
2333:
2323:
2291:, then how did
2250:
2240:
2099:
1997:
1973:Jakob Thomasius
1908:Antoine Arnauld
1886:
1858:
1829:
1817:Peter the Great
1754:Ernest Augustus
1735:Acta Eruditorum
1646:van Leeuwenhoek
1629:
1585:Henry Oldenburg
1555:Antoine Arnauld
1468:
1368:master's degree
1344:Jakob Thomasius
1308:
1282:
1277:
1120:library science
979:
950:
949:
885:Saint Augustine
880:
879:
878:Notable figures
870:
869:
865:Problem of evil
805:Absence of good
800:
799:
750:
547:Integral symbol
477:Algebraic logic
473:
472:
469:
463:
347:
340:
335:Christian Wolff
329:Jacob Bernoulli
317:
301:Jakob Thomasius
276:
263:
234:
205:Foundationalism
153:
145:
138:
104:
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21291:
21281:
21280:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21250:
21245:
21240:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21170:
21165:
21160:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21140:
21135:
21130:
21125:
21120:
21115:
21110:
21105:
21100:
21095:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21070:
21065:
21060:
21055:
21050:
21045:
21040:
21035:
21020:
21019:
21007:
20995:
20983:
20971:
20959:
20936:
20935:
20930:
20929:
20927:
20926:
20920:
20917:
20916:
20914:
20913:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20894:Social justice
20891:
20886:
20881:
20876:
20871:
20870:
20869:
20864:
20859:
20849:
20844:
20839:
20834:
20829:
20824:
20819:
20814:
20809:
20804:
20802:Egalitarianism
20799:
20794:
20792:Contractualism
20789:
20784:
20779:
20773:
20771:
20767:
20766:
20764:
20763:
20753:
20743:
20733:
20723:
20713:
20703:
20693:
20683:
20673:
20663:
20653:
20643:
20633:
20623:
20613:
20603:
20593:
20583:
20573:
20563:
20553:
20542:
20540:
20536:
20535:
20532:
20531:
20529:
20528:
20523:
20518:
20513:
20508:
20503:
20498:
20493:
20488:
20483:
20478:
20473:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20433:
20428:
20423:
20418:
20413:
20408:
20403:
20398:
20393:
20388:
20383:
20378:
20373:
20368:
20363:
20358:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20338:
20333:
20328:
20323:
20318:
20313:
20308:
20303:
20298:
20293:
20288:
20283:
20278:
20273:
20268:
20263:
20258:
20253:
20248:
20243:
20238:
20233:
20228:
20223:
20218:
20213:
20208:
20203:
20198:
20192:
20190:
20184:
20183:
20181:
20180:
20175:
20170:
20165:
20160:
20155:
20150:
20145:
20140:
20135:
20130:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20080:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20059:
20058:
20048:
20043:
20042:
20041:
20031:
20026:
20021:
20016:
20011:
20006:
20001:
19996:
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19961:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19936:
19931:
19925:
19923:
19917:
19916:
19914:
19913:
19908:
19903:
19898:
19893:
19888:
19883:
19878:
19873:
19868:
19863:
19858:
19857:
19856:
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19805:
19803:
19797:
19796:
19794:
19793:
19788:
19783:
19778:
19773:
19768:
19763:
19758:
19753:
19748:
19743:
19738:
19733:
19728:
19722:
19720:
19716:
19715:
19713:
19712:
19707:
19702:
19697:
19692:
19687:
19686:
19685:
19675:
19670:
19665:
19660:
19655:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19634:
19632:
19625:
19619:
19618:
19616:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19588:Overton window
19585:
19580:
19575:
19570:
19561:
19556:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19526:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19497:
19491:
19489:
19485:
19484:
19482:
19481:
19476:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19456:
19451:
19446:
19441:
19436:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19419:Libertarianism
19416:
19411:
19406:
19401:
19396:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19331:
19325:
19323:
19319:
19318:
19316:
19315:
19310:
19305:
19300:
19295:
19290:
19285:
19280:
19275:
19270:
19265:
19260:
19254:
19252:
19248:
19247:
19245:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19229:
19224:
19219:
19214:
19209:
19204:
19199:
19194:
19189:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19169:
19164:
19159:
19154:
19149:
19144:
19139:
19134:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19109:
19104:
19099:
19094:
19089:
19083:
19081:
19077:
19076:
19069:
19068:
19061:
19054:
19046:
19037:
19036:
19034:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19012:
19009:
19008:
19006:
19005:
18988:
18982:
18980:
18976:
18975:
18973:
18972:
18967:
18962:
18957:
18952:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18927:
18922:
18917:
18915:Mental process
18912:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18885:Intentionality
18882:
18881:
18880:
18875:
18865:
18860:
18855:
18850:
18845:
18840:
18835:
18830:
18825:
18820:
18815:
18809:
18807:
18803:
18802:
18800:
18799:
18794:
18789:
18784:
18779:
18778:
18777:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18735:Neutral monism
18732:
18731:
18730:
18720:
18718:Interactionism
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18679:
18677:
18673:
18672:
18670:
18669:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18637:
18632:
18630:Baruch Spinoza
18627:
18622:
18617:
18612:
18607:
18602:
18597:
18592:
18587:
18582:
18577:
18572:
18567:
18562:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18542:
18540:Edmund Husserl
18537:
18532:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18510:René Descartes
18507:
18505:Daniel Dennett
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18475:David Chalmers
18472:
18467:
18462:
18460:Franz Brentano
18457:
18452:
18447:
18442:
18440:Alexander Bain
18437:
18432:
18430:Thomas Aquinas
18427:
18422:
18417:
18411:
18409:
18403:
18402:
18395:
18394:
18387:
18380:
18372:
18363:
18362:
18360:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18343:
18340:
18339:
18337:
18336:
18331:
18330:
18329:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18278:
18276:
18272:
18271:
18269:
18268:
18258:
18248:
18238:
18228:
18218:
18208:
18198:
18188:
18178:
18168:
18158:
18148:
18138:
18127:
18125:
18121:
18120:
18118:
18117:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18068:Presupposition
18065:
18060:
18055:
18050:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17979:
17977:
17973:
17972:
17970:
17969:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17929:
17924:
17919:
17914:
17909:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17859:
17854:
17849:
17847:Deconstruction
17844:
17839:
17834:
17829:
17824:
17818:
17816:
17810:
17809:
17807:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17701:
17696:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17626:
17621:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17565:
17563:
17557:
17556:
17551:
17548:
17547:
17540:
17539:
17532:
17525:
17517:
17508:
17507:
17505:
17504:
17494:
17483:
17480:
17479:
17477:
17476:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17418:
17416:
17415:Related topics
17412:
17411:
17408:
17407:
17405:
17404:
17398:
17397:
17392:
17387:
17382:
17377:
17375:Daniel Dennett
17372:
17367:
17365:Ravi Zacharias
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17330:William L Rowe
17326:
17324:
17316:
17315:
17313:
17312:
17307:
17305:William Alston
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17261:
17260:
17255:
17253:Gabriel Marcel
17250:
17245:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17225:
17220:
17215:
17209:
17207:
17201:
17200:
17198:
17197:
17192:
17190:Ernst Cassirer
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17156:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17135:
17129:
17127:
17121:
17120:
17118:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17085:Thomas Carlyle
17081:
17080:
17075:
17070:
17064:
17062:
17056:
17055:
17053:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17010:Baruch Spinoza
17007:
17002:
16997:
16995:René Descartes
16992:
16986:
16984:
16978:
16977:
16975:
16974:
16969:
16967:Thomas Aquinas
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16898:
16896:
16882:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16867:
16866:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16830:
16828:
16822:
16821:
16819:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16792:
16790:
16784:
16783:
16781:
16780:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16758:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16736:Possibilianism
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16692:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16671:
16666:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16645:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16612:Fundamentalism
16609:
16604:
16603:
16602:
16597:
16587:
16586:
16585:
16580:
16573:Existentialism
16570:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16504:
16502:
16496:
16495:
16492:
16491:
16489:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16473:
16468:
16466:Noncognitivism
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16427:
16425:
16421:
16420:
16418:
16417:
16415:Transcendental
16412:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16395:
16390:
16385:
16383:Pascal's wager
16380:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16360:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16334:
16333:
16328:
16318:
16313:
16311:Christological
16308:
16302:
16300:
16293:
16287:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16223:
16221:
16217:
16216:
16214:
16213:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16193:
16188:
16183:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16163:
16157:
16151:
16145:
16144:
16142:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16126:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16105:
16104:
16093:
16088:
16082:
16080:
16076:
16075:
16068:
16067:
16060:
16053:
16045:
16036:
16035:
16033:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15995:Linus Torvalds
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15975:Frances Spence
15972:
15970:Claude Shannon
15967:
15962:
15960:Dennis Ritchie
15957:
15952:
15947:
15945:Marlyn Meltzer
15942:
15937:
15935:Joseph Kruskal
15932:
15927:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15817:
15811:
15809:
15808:Notable people
15805:
15804:
15802:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15785:
15783:
15777:
15776:
15774:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15757:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15736:
15731:
15725:
15723:
15717:
15716:
15714:
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15682:
15680:
15674:
15673:
15671:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15624:
15622:
15616:
15615:
15608:
15607:
15600:
15593:
15585:
15576:
15575:
15573:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15550:Gabriel's horn
15547:
15542:
15541:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15501:
15499:
15495:
15494:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15487:
15482:
15480:List of limits
15476:
15473:
15472:
15470:
15469:
15468:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15414:
15412:
15403:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15395:
15388:
15381:
15379:Leonhard Euler
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15325:
15323:
15317:
15316:
15314:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15287:
15285:
15279:
15278:
15276:
15275:
15274:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15220:
15219:
15218:
15213:
15212:
15211:
15206:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15163:
15157:
15155:
15151:
15150:
15148:
15147:
15146:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15080:Hessian matrix
15077:
15072:
15066:
15064:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15054:
15053:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15035:Line integrals
15029:
15028:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15012:
15007:
14998:
14996:
14990:
14989:
14987:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14975:
14974:
14969:
14961:
14956:
14955:
14954:
14944:
14943:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14922:
14917:
14916:
14915:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14883:Antiderivative
14879:
14877:
14871:
14870:
14868:
14867:
14866:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14845:
14844:
14843:
14838:
14830:
14829:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14803:
14802:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14778:
14777:
14776:
14771:
14770:
14769:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14729:
14728:
14727:
14722:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14681:
14679:
14673:
14672:
14670:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14653:
14652:
14642:
14636:
14634:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14558:
14556:
14550:
14549:
14542:
14541:
14534:
14527:
14519:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14501:
14491:
14486:
14473:
14470:
14469:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14436:
14434:
14430:
14429:
14427:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14410:
14408:
14399:
14395:
14394:
14392:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14325:
14324:
14314:
14309:
14304:
14299:
14294:
14293:
14292:
14287:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14256:
14254:
14250:
14249:
14246:
14245:
14243:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14221:
14219:
14215:
14214:
14212:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14195:
14194:
14189:
14179:
14173:
14171:
14164:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14127:
14125:
14121:
14120:
14118:
14117:
14112:
14106:
14103:
14102:
14095:
14094:
14087:
14080:
14072:
14063:
14062:
14060:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13990:
13988:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13980:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13850:
13841:
13839:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13727:Constructivism
13724:
13718:
13716:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13706:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13677:Baruch Spinoza
13674:
13672:P. F. Strawson
13669:
13664:
13662:Susanna Siegel
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13637:W. V. O. Quine
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13537:Nelson Goodman
13534:
13529:
13527:Edmund Gettier
13524:
13519:
13514:
13512:René Descartes
13509:
13504:
13502:Gilles Deleuze
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13477:William Alston
13474:
13469:
13467:Thomas Aquinas
13463:
13461:
13455:
13454:
13447:
13446:
13439:
13432:
13424:
13415:
13414:
13412:
13411:
13399:
13388:
13385:
13384:
13382:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13315:
13313:
13312:Related topics
13309:
13308:
13306:
13305:
13295:
13285:
13279:Being and Time
13275:
13265:
13255:
13245:
13235:
13225:
13215:
13205:
13195:
13185:
13175:
13165:
13155:
13145:
13135:
13125:
13114:
13112:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12856:
12854:
12852:Metaphysicians
12848:
12847:
12845:
12844:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12608:
12606:Causal closure
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12582:
12580:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12480:Libertarianism
12477:
12472:
12467:
12465:Existentialism
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12426:
12424:
12420:
12419:
12412:
12411:
12404:
12397:
12389:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12360:
12358:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12350:
12348:Leonhard Euler
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12324:
12322:
12321:Mathematicians
12318:
12317:
12315:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12253:
12251:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12222:
12220:
12219:Formalizations
12216:
12215:
12213:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12169:
12162:
12160:
12158:
12157:
12152:
12145:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12117:
12115:
12111:
12110:
12107:Infinitesimals
12103:
12102:
12095:
12088:
12080:
12071:
12070:
12067:
12066:
12048:
12047:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12039:
12038:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12005:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11864:
11862:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11841:
11839:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11790:
11788:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11757:
11755:
11751:
11750:
11748:
11747:
11741:
11739:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11690:
11688:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11622:
11620:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11576:
11574:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11538:
11536:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11507:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11496:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11424:
11422:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11383:
11381:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11215:Wollstonecraft
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11116:
11114:
11106:
11105:
11095:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10992:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10954:
10949:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10894:
10887:
10886:
10876:
10875:
10868:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10845:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10823:
10822:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10797:
10787:
10777:
10767:
10757:
10746:
10744:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10701:Salva veritate
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10675:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10626:Compossibility
10623:
10616:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10593:
10591:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10575:
10574:
10567:
10560:
10552:
10546:
10545:
10528:
10511:
10502:
10484:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10445:
10436:
10422:
10413:
10391:
10376:
10361:
10348:Horn, Joshua.
10346:
10331:
10316:
10297:
10278:
10263:
10254:
10243:
10242:External links
10240:
10239:
10238:
10207:
10196:
10189:
10168:
10161:
10149:
10142:Riley, Patrick
10139:
10132:
10125:
10115:
10105:(4): 519â543.
10090:
10083:
10076:
10070:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10013:10.2307/845705
9996:
9993:
9986:
9976:
9961:
9943:
9934:
9924:
9914:
9903:
9896:
9864:
9853:
9839:
9813:
9803:
9802:. Hilger (UK).
9796:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9746:
9736:
9723:
9713:
9699:
9688:
9678:
9668:
9652:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9640:
9633:
9626:
9619:
9612:
9605:
9598:
9593:, 2006 (ed.).
9588:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9473:
9466:
9459:
9452:
9449:Logical Papers
9442:
9435:
9426:
9423:
9415:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9377:
9376:Bibliographies
9374:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9350:Chisholm, Hugh
9329:
9308:
9287:
9272:
9253:
9234:
9208:
9182:
9173:
9164:
9155:
9123:
9109:
9090:(3): 936â947.
9074:
9061:
9021:
9012:
9005:
8984:
8967:
8954:
8945:
8936:
8927:
8918:
8909:
8900:
8891:
8860:(2): 118â132.
8840:
8831:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8778:
8767:(2): 133â152.
8744:
8733:(2): 133â152.
8710:
8685:
8678:
8660:
8630:
8618:
8605:
8596:
8529:
8516:
8501:
8474:(2): 345â361.
8458:
8425:
8388:(1): 173â188.
8372:
8337:
8328:
8319:
8310:
8291:(2): 187â199.
8275:
8266:
8257:
8244:
8231:
8206:
8197:
8184:
8171:
8158:
8149:
8132:
8115:
8094:
8081:
8072:
8063:
8051:
8038:
8025:
8012:
8003:
7994:
7983:on 22 May 2009
7967:
7958:
7949:
7922:(4): 327â363.
7906:
7878:(3): 571â625,
7857:
7849:John Stillwell
7841:
7825:
7809:
7800:
7772:
7765:
7747:
7740:
7722:
7715:
7697:
7690:
7672:
7665:
7639:
7632:
7614:
7607:
7590:
7583:
7565:
7558:
7535:
7528:
7510:
7503:
7485:
7478:
7460:
7416:
7409:
7389:
7380:
7359:
7338:
7318:
7287:
7272:
7255:
7246:
7234:
7225:
7208:
7195:
7183:
7157:
7131:
7117:
7097:
7075:
7053:
7040:
7034:978-1515243915
7033:
7015:
7006:
6993:
6962:(4): 445â462.
6942:
6929:
6922:
6904:
6897:
6876:
6857:(3): 331â344.
6837:
6818:
6811:
6791:
6784:
6758:
6751:
6733:
6724:
6713:Arthur Lovejoy
6705:
6696:
6685:
6605:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6569:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6510:
6492:
6481:
6463:
6452:
6434:
6420:
6407:
6400:
6380:
6373:
6355:
6346:
6337:
6324:
6315:
6302:
6295:
6274:
6265:
6256:
6247:|website=
6220:
6211:
6204:
6184:
6175:
6166:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6115:
6106:
6086:
6070:
6057:
6044:
6026:
6017:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5967:
5947:
5934:
5925:
5913:
5903:
5883:
5873:
5853:
5843:
5823:
5812:
5792:
5785:
5767:
5735:
5718:
5711:
5686:
5660:
5647:
5640:
5622:
5616:
5598:
5591:
5573:
5555:
5543:
5529:
5514:
5501:
5484:
5471:
5458:
5432:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5394:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5272:Joachim Bouvet
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5201:
5187:
5184:Science portal
5173:
5159:
5145:
5129:
5126:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5097:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5045:
5042:
5025:
5018:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4973:
4970:
4959:
4950:
4939:
4936:
4919:
4908:
4905:
4894:
4876:
4875:Selected works
4873:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4814:
4805:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4709:
4706:
4637:
4634:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4592:
4588:and later the
4575:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4548:Leibniz Kolleg
4545:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4457:salva veritate
4440:Louis Couturat
4347:
4344:
4316:Harz mountains
4305:
4304:
4287:September 2021
4255:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4217:binary numbers
4181:Joachim Bouvet
4166:
4163:
4101:
4098:
4082:John Frederick
4074:Roman Catholic
4064:
4063:
4046:September 2021
4014:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3955:
3952:
3944:European Union
3907:
3904:
3886:
3883:
3879:World Wide Web
3875:symbolic logic
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3769:
3766:
3724:Norbert Wiener
3704:Thomas Harriot
3677:
3674:
3670:Harz Mountains
3648:
3645:
3619:
3618:
3601:September 2021
3569:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3553:Social science
3551:
3433:
3430:
3403:
3400:
3396:closed systems
3372:kinetic energy
3366:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3307:space and time
3272:kinetic energy
3241:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3203:Euclidis Prota
3161:analysis situs
3156:
3153:
3078:infinitesimals
3023:
3020:
3015:
3012:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2911:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2779:
2776:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2695:
2694:Linear systems
2692:
2640:
2637:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2505:Main article:
2502:
2499:
2482:analysis situs
2478:characteristic
2466:characteristic
2373:Louis Couturat
2365:symbolic logic
2347:
2344:
2322:
2317:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2074:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2011:
1996:
1993:
1961:Baruch Spinoza
1946:Louis Couturat
1885:
1882:
1857:
1854:
1828:
1825:
1708:. The British
1628:
1625:
1605:John Frederick
1467:
1464:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1265:possible world
1245:Baruch Spinoza
1241:René Descartes
981:
980:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:Saint Irenaeus
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
797:
796:
795:
792:
791:
785:
784:
770:
769:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
749:
748:
743:
738:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
689:Compossibility
686:
679:
672:
660:
655:
650:
645:
642:Analysis situs
638:
636:Symbolic logic
633:
628:
625:Salva veritate
621:
616:
611:(principle of
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
557:Leibniz's test
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
468:
467:
466:
464:
461:
458:
457:
348:
346:Main interests
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
332:
325:
323:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
309:(B.A. advisor)
304:
303:(B.A. advisor)
298:
291:
289:
285:
284:
271:
265:
264:
262:
261:
253:
244:
242:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
189:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
152:
151:
140:
133:
130:Dr. phil. hab.
111:
98:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 70)
77:
73:
72:
66:
62:
58:
57:
55:Portrait, 1695
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21290:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21236:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21191:
21189:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21176:
21174:
21171:
21169:
21166:
21164:
21161:
21159:
21156:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21146:
21144:
21141:
21139:
21136:
21134:
21131:
21129:
21126:
21124:
21121:
21119:
21116:
21114:
21111:
21109:
21106:
21104:
21101:
21099:
21096:
21094:
21091:
21089:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21074:
21071:
21069:
21066:
21064:
21061:
21059:
21056:
21054:
21051:
21049:
21046:
21044:
21041:
21039:
21036:
21034:
21031:
21030:
21028:
21018:
21008:
21006:
21001:
20996:
20994:
20989:
20984:
20982:
20972:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20958:
20948:
20947:
20944:
20925:
20922:
20921:
20918:
20912:
20911:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20858:
20855:
20854:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20845:
20843:
20840:
20838:
20835:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20827:Jurisprudence
20825:
20823:
20820:
20818:
20815:
20813:
20810:
20808:
20805:
20803:
20800:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20774:
20772:
20768:
20759:
20758:
20754:
20749:
20748:
20744:
20739:
20738:
20734:
20729:
20728:
20724:
20719:
20718:
20714:
20709:
20708:
20704:
20699:
20698:
20694:
20689:
20688:
20684:
20679:
20678:
20674:
20669:
20668:
20664:
20659:
20658:
20657:Rights of Man
20654:
20649:
20648:
20644:
20639:
20638:
20634:
20629:
20628:
20624:
20619:
20618:
20614:
20609:
20608:
20604:
20599:
20598:
20594:
20589:
20588:
20584:
20579:
20578:
20574:
20569:
20568:
20567:De re publica
20564:
20559:
20558:
20554:
20549:
20548:
20544:
20543:
20541:
20537:
20527:
20524:
20522:
20519:
20517:
20514:
20512:
20509:
20507:
20504:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20472:
20469:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20434:
20432:
20429:
20427:
20424:
20422:
20419:
20417:
20414:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20402:
20399:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20382:
20379:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20369:
20367:
20364:
20362:
20359:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20344:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20332:
20329:
20327:
20324:
20322:
20319:
20317:
20314:
20312:
20309:
20307:
20304:
20302:
20299:
20297:
20294:
20292:
20289:
20287:
20284:
20282:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20254:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20209:
20207:
20204:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20193:
20191:
20187:20th and 21st
20185:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20171:
20169:
20166:
20164:
20161:
20159:
20156:
20154:
20151:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20139:
20136:
20134:
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20057:
20054:
20053:
20052:
20049:
20047:
20044:
20040:
20037:
20036:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19926:
19924:
19920:18th and 19th
19918:
19912:
19909:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19882:
19879:
19877:
19874:
19872:
19869:
19867:
19864:
19862:
19859:
19855:
19852:
19851:
19850:
19847:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19806:
19804:
19798:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19782:
19779:
19777:
19776:Nizam al-Mulk
19774:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19727:
19724:
19723:
19721:
19717:
19711:
19708:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19684:
19681:
19680:
19679:
19676:
19674:
19671:
19669:
19666:
19664:
19661:
19659:
19656:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19644:
19641:
19639:
19636:
19635:
19633:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19620:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19584:
19581:
19579:
19576:
19574:
19571:
19568:
19567:
19562:
19560:
19557:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19504:
19503:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19492:
19490:
19486:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19472:
19470:
19467:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19459:Republicanism
19457:
19455:
19452:
19450:
19447:
19445:
19442:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19422:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19326:
19324:
19320:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19279:
19276:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19255:
19253:
19249:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19225:
19223:
19220:
19218:
19215:
19213:
19210:
19208:
19205:
19203:
19200:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19190:
19188:
19185:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19165:
19163:
19160:
19158:
19155:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19084:
19082:
19078:
19074:
19067:
19062:
19060:
19055:
19053:
19048:
19047:
19044:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19013:
19010:
19004:
19000:
18996:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18983:
18981:
18977:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18965:Understanding
18963:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18933:
18931:
18928:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18890:Introspection
18888:
18886:
18883:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18870:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18844:
18843:Consciousness
18841:
18839:
18836:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18826:
18824:
18821:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18810:
18808:
18804:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18776:
18773:
18772:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18765:Phenomenology
18763:
18761:
18760:Phenomenalism
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18750:Occasionalism
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18729:
18726:
18725:
18724:
18723:NaĂŻve realism
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18713:Functionalism
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18680:
18678:
18674:
18668:
18667:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18655:Stephen Yablo
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18610:Richard Rorty
18608:
18606:
18605:Hilary Putnam
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18580:Marvin Minsky
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18555:Immanuel Kant
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18545:William James
18543:
18541:
18538:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18450:Henri Bergson
18448:
18446:
18443:
18441:
18438:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18412:
18410:
18408:
18404:
18400:
18393:
18388:
18386:
18381:
18379:
18374:
18373:
18370:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18344:
18341:
18335:
18332:
18328:
18325:
18324:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18312:Scholasticism
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18279:
18277:
18273:
18264:
18263:
18259:
18254:
18253:
18249:
18244:
18243:
18239:
18234:
18233:
18229:
18224:
18223:
18219:
18214:
18213:
18209:
18204:
18203:
18199:
18194:
18193:
18189:
18183:
18179:
18174:
18173:
18169:
18164:
18163:
18159:
18154:
18153:
18149:
18144:
18143:
18139:
18134:
18133:
18129:
18128:
18126:
18122:
18116:
18115:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17980:
17978:
17974:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17952:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17927:Structuralism
17925:
17923:
17920:
17918:
17915:
17913:
17910:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17860:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17852:Descriptivism
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17838:
17835:
17833:
17832:Contrastivism
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17819:
17817:
17815:
17811:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17700:
17697:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17566:
17564:
17562:
17558:
17554:
17549:
17545:
17538:
17533:
17531:
17526:
17524:
17519:
17518:
17515:
17503:
17495:
17493:
17489:
17485:
17484:
17481:
17475:
17474:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17420:
17419:
17417:
17413:
17403:
17400:
17399:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17378:
17376:
17373:
17371:
17368:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17345:Anthony Kenny
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17327:
17325:
17317:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17270:Mircea Eliade
17268:
17266:
17263:
17262:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17221:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17210:
17208:
17202:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17157:
17154:
17153:William James
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17133:Ernst Haeckel
17131:
17130:
17128:
17122:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17082:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
17065:
17063:
17057:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17045:Immanuel Kant
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
17000:Blaise Pascal
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16987:
16985:
16983:
16979:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16899:
16897:
16895:
16890:
16886:
16883:
16878:
16871:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16831:
16829:
16827:
16823:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16801:Language game
16799:
16797:
16794:
16793:
16791:
16789:
16785:
16779:
16778:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16677:
16676:
16675:
16672:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16591:
16588:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16505:
16503:
16501:
16497:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16471:Occam's razor
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16428:
16426:
16422:
16416:
16413:
16409:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16332:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16323:
16322:
16319:
16317:
16316:Consciousness
16314:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16303:
16301:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16288:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16224:
16222:
16218:
16212:
16211:Unmoved mover
16209:
16207:
16206:Supreme Being
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16162:
16159:
16158:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16146:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16103:
16099:
16098:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16083:
16081:
16077:
16073:
16066:
16061:
16059:
16054:
16052:
16047:
16046:
16043:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16025:Steve Wozniak
16023:
16021:
16020:Niklaus Wirth
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15920:Nancy Leveson
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15910:Andrew Koenig
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15810:
15806:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15782:
15778:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15741:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15726:
15724:
15722:
15718:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15683:
15681:
15679:
15675:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15623:
15621:
15617:
15613:
15606:
15601:
15599:
15594:
15592:
15587:
15586:
15583:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15513:
15509:
15506:
15505:
15503:
15502:
15500:
15496:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15477:
15474:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15452:
15451:
15448:
15444:
15441:
15440:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15415:
15413:
15411:
15407:
15404:
15400:
15394:
15393:
15389:
15387:
15386:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15354:Infinitesimal
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15326:
15324:
15322:
15318:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15286:
15280:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15217:
15214:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15201:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15166:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15158:
15156:
15152:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15125:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15095:Line integral
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15067:
15065:
15063:
15059:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15002:
15000:
14999:
14997:
14995:
14991:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14967:Washer method
14965:
14964:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14948:
14945:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14930:trigonometric
14928:
14927:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14880:
14878:
14876:
14872:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14850:
14849:
14846:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14833:
14831:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14808:
14807:
14804:
14800:
14799:Related rates
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14781:
14779:
14775:
14772:
14768:
14765:
14764:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14734:
14733:
14730:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14682:
14680:
14678:
14674:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14651:
14648:
14647:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14637:
14635:
14633:
14629:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14559:
14557:
14555:
14551:
14547:
14540:
14535:
14533:
14528:
14526:
14521:
14520:
14517:
14505:
14502:
14499:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14475:
14474:
14471:
14461:
14460:Logic symbols
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14437:
14435:
14431:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14411:
14409:
14407:
14403:
14400:
14396:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14339:Logical truth
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14282:
14281:
14280:Contradiction
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14255:
14251:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14225:Argumentation
14223:
14222:
14220:
14216:
14210:
14209:Philosophical
14207:
14205:
14204:Non-classical
14202:
14200:
14197:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14184:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14174:
14172:
14168:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14128:
14126:
14122:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14104:
14100:
14093:
14088:
14086:
14081:
14079:
14074:
14073:
14070:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14039:
14036:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13991:
13989:
13985:
13979:
13978:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13916:Justification
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13855:
13851:
13849:
13847:
13843:
13842:
13840:
13838:
13834:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13792:Phenomenalism
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13782:NaĂŻve realism
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13732:Contextualism
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13719:
13717:
13715:
13711:
13705:
13704:
13700:
13698:
13697:Vienna Circle
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13632:Hilary Putnam
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13607:Robert Nozick
13605:
13603:
13602:John McDowell
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13562:Immanuel Kant
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13532:Alvin Goldman
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13464:
13462:
13460:
13456:
13452:
13445:
13440:
13438:
13433:
13431:
13426:
13425:
13422:
13410:
13400:
13398:
13390:
13389:
13386:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13354:Phenomenology
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13310:
13301:
13300:
13296:
13291:
13290:
13286:
13281:
13280:
13276:
13271:
13270:
13266:
13261:
13260:
13256:
13251:
13250:
13246:
13241:
13240:
13236:
13231:
13230:
13226:
13221:
13220:
13216:
13211:
13210:
13206:
13201:
13200:
13196:
13191:
13190:
13186:
13181:
13180:
13176:
13171:
13170:
13166:
13161:
13160:
13156:
13151:
13150:
13146:
13141:
13140:
13136:
13131:
13130:
13126:
13121:
13120:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13111:Notable works
13109:
13103:
13102:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12857:
12855:
12853:
12849:
12843:
12842:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12669:
12666:
12665:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12613:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12583:
12581:
12577:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12515:Phenomenalism
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12435:Action theory
12433:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12410:
12405:
12403:
12398:
12396:
12391:
12390:
12387:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12355:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12319:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12248:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12226:Differentials
12224:
12223:
12221:
12217:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12177:
12175:
12171:
12166:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12150:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12101:
12096:
12094:
12089:
12087:
12082:
12081:
12078:
12065:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12044:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12004:
12002:
12001:United States
11998:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11904:
11900:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11865:
11863:
11861:
11857:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11836:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11787:
11783:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11761:Budai-Deleanu
11759:
11758:
11756:
11752:
11746:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11736:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11687:
11683:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11617:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11577:
11575:
11573:
11569:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11500:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11222:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11125:Ashley-Cooper
11123:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11100:
11096:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11027:Progressivism
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10997:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10976:Individualism
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10892:
10888:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10866:
10861:
10859:
10854:
10852:
10847:
10846:
10843:
10837:
10830:
10820:
10810:
10801:
10798:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10783:
10782:
10778:
10773:
10772:
10768:
10763:
10762:
10758:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10741:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10729:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10680:
10676:
10674:
10673:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10661:Leibniz's gap
10659:
10657:
10656:Leibniz wheel
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10646:Individuation
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10584:
10580:
10573:
10568:
10566:
10561:
10559:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10542:
10541:
10537:
10534:
10529:
10525:
10524:
10520:
10517:
10512:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10489:
10485:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10411:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10397:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10358:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10313:
10312:
10307:
10303:
10298:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10284:
10279:
10271:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10249:
10246:
10245:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10179:(in Polish).
10178:
10174:
10169:
10166:
10162:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10150:
10147:
10143:
10140:
10137:
10133:
10130:
10126:
10123:
10119:
10118:Mates, Benson
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10067:
10062:
10061:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10007:(2): 95â121.
10006:
10002:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9987:
9985:. W W Norton.
9984:
9980:
9977:
9974:
9973:3-499-50481-2
9970:
9966:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9928:
9925:
9922:
9918:
9917:Davis, Martin
9915:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9868:Bos, H. J. M.
9865:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9827:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9801:
9797:
9794:
9790:
9789:
9778:
9772:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9747:
9744:
9740:
9737:
9732:
9731:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9645:
9641:
9638:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9624:
9620:
9617:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9603:
9599:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9582:
9579:
9575:
9572:
9568:
9565:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9530:
9528:, Open Court.
9527:
9523:
9521:. Open Court.
9520:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9447:(ed.), 1966.
9446:
9443:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9429:
9428:
9422:
9420:
9412:
9408:
9405:
9401:
9398:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9379:
9361:
9357:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9291:
9284:
9283:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9249:
9245:
9238:
9223:. 1 July 2018
9222:
9218:
9212:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9177:
9168:
9162:Russell, 1900
9159:
9140:
9133:
9127:
9120:
9113:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9071:
9065:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9016:
9008:
9002:
8998:
8991:
8989:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8964:
8958:
8949:
8940:
8931:
8922:
8913:
8904:
8895:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8844:
8835:
8826:
8817:
8808:
8799:
8791:
8790:
8782:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8751:
8749:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8717:
8715:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8681:
8675:
8671:
8664:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8634:
8627:
8622:
8615:
8609:
8600:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8520:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8462:
8453:
8448:
8445:(2): 83â101.
8444:
8440:
8436:
8429:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8376:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8341:
8332:
8323:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8270:
8261:
8254:
8248:
8241:
8235:
8217:
8210:
8201:
8194:
8188:
8181:
8175:
8168:
8162:
8153:
8145:
8144:
8136:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8091:
8085:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8056:
8048:
8042:
8035:
8029:
8022:
8016:
8007:
7998:
7982:
7978:
7971:
7962:
7953:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7866:Katz, Mikhail
7861:
7854:
7850:
7845:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7818:
7813:
7804:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7776:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7743:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7718:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7668:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7643:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7604:
7600:
7594:
7586:
7580:
7576:
7569:
7561:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7542:
7540:
7531:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7506:
7500:
7496:
7489:
7481:
7479:0-691-08104-2
7475:
7471:
7464:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7384:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7322:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7250:
7243:
7238:
7229:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7120:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7101:
7085:
7079:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7057:
7050:
7044:
7036:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7010:
7003:
6997:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6933:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6894:
6890:
6883:
6881:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6833:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6795:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6771:
6762:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6728:
6721:
6720:
6714:
6709:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6600:
6591:
6582:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6525:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6424:
6417:
6411:
6403:
6401:9780598818461
6397:
6393:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6374:9781538178447
6370:
6366:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6334:
6328:
6319:
6312:
6306:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6279:
6269:
6260:
6252:
6240:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6207:
6201:
6198:. CRC Press.
6197:
6196:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6159:0-521-36588-0
6156:
6152:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6100:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6061:
6054:
6048:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6021:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5938:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5906:
5904:9781438109541
5900:
5896:
5895:
5887:
5881:
5876:
5874:9780471000051
5870:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5846:
5844:9781119602620
5840:
5836:
5835:
5827:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5739:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5704:Skyhorse Pub.
5700:
5699:
5690:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5617:9781405881180
5613:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5550:
5548:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5505:
5497:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5462:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5423:
5419:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5369:
5356:
5350:
5342:
5341:
5332:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5202:
5199:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5174:
5171:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5132:
5125:
5123:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4694:Choco Leibniz
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4642:Google Doodle
4633:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:Leibniz Prize
4605:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4482:individuation
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4466:Leroy Loemker
4463:
4462:Willard Quine
4459:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4417:Samuel Clarke
4414:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4301:
4298:
4290:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4256:This section
4254:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4173:A diagram of
4171:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4150:late medieval
4147:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4049:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4015:This section
4013:
4009:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3960:Erhard Weigel
3951:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3815:Civil History
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3797:Jurisprudence
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:Royal Society
3736:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3570:This section
3568:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:Ernst Platner
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:perspectivism
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:Wilhelm Wundt
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:individuality
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:consciousness
3439:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3412:life sciences
3409:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:vortex theory
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:James Gregory
3048:
3044:
3040:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3010:
2999:
2998:differentials
2991:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2943:
2942:integral sign
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2773:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2732:Cramer's rule
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:Seki Takakazu
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:perpendicular
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:negation and
2557:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:Gottlob Frege
2508:
2498:
2496:
2495:Turing degree
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:prime numbers
2448:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2381:Gottlob Frege
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:physical evil
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2273:Enlightenment
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2227:individuation
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2189:monas monadum
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:Leibniz's law
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:contradiction
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1856:Personal life
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:, before the
1843:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1644:where he met
1643:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:Royal Society
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1387:On Conditions
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:, Saxony, to
1291:
1287:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:Leibniz wheel
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:independently
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:mathematician
999:
995:
991:
987:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
954:
953:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
874:
873:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
794:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
781:
776:
775:
767:
762:
757:
753:
747:
744:
742:
741:Deontic logic
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:Relationalism
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
670:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:
622:
620:
617:
614:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Leibniz's gap
595:
593:
592:Leibniz wheel
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Quotient rule
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
465:
462:Notable ideas
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:librarianship
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
343:
336:
333:
330:
327:
326:
324:
320:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
295:Erhard Weigel
293:
292:
290:
286:
280:
275:
272:
270:
266:
259:
258:
254:
251:
250:
246:
245:
243:
241:
237:
231:
230:Relationalism
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:Conceptualism
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
149:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
100:
99:
97:
93:
88:
78:
74:
69:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
21258:Rationalists
21128:Determinists
20908:
20807:Elite theory
20755:
20745:
20735:
20725:
20715:
20705:
20695:
20685:
20675:
20665:
20655:
20645:
20635:
20625:
20615:
20605:
20595:
20585:
20575:
20565:
20555:
20545:
19865:
19844:Guicciardini
19800:Early modern
19623:Philosophers
19573:Open society
19509:Body politic
19379:Distributism
19369:Conservatism
19364:Confucianism
19283:Gerontocracy
19273:Dictatorship
19227:Sovereigntyâ
19217:Ruling class
19107:Emancipation
19092:Citizenshipâ
19001: /
18997: /
18993: /
18910:Mental image
18905:Mental event
18868:Intelligence
18818:Chinese room
18664:
18615:Gilbert Ryle
18595:Derek Parfit
18585:Thomas Nagel
18569:
18515:Fred Dretske
18435:J. L. Austin
18407:Philosophers
18260:
18250:
18240:
18230:
18220:
18210:
18200:
18190:
18170:
18160:
18150:
18140:
18130:
18112:
18053:Metalanguage
18048:Logical form
18003:Truth-bearer
17962:Unilalianism
17872:Expressivism
17699:Wittgenstein
17644:von Humboldt
17633:
17561:Philosophers
17471:
17290:Martin Lings
17243:Emil Brunner
17233:Paul Tillich
17223:Martin Buber
17138:W K Clifford
17115:Afrikan Spir
17030:Thomas Chubb
17019:
16982:Early modern
16962:Adi Shankara
16875:Philosophers
16859:Natural evil
16775:
16751:Spiritualism
16726:Perennialism
16679:Metaphysical
16523:Antireligion
16398:Teleological
16321:Cosmological
16272:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
16237:Christianity
16196:Personal god
15990:Ken Thompson
15930:Donald Knuth
15925:Ada Lovelace
15890:Grace Hopper
15855:Stephen Cook
15840:George Boole
15794:Web browsers
15701:Cryptography
15465:Secant cubed
15390:
15383:
15364:Isaac Newton
15348:
15334:Brook Taylor
15001:Derivatives
14972:Shell method
14700:Differential
14379:Substitution
14199:Mathematical
14124:Major fields
13975:
13876:Common sense
13854:A posteriori
13853:
13845:
13807:Reductionism
13701:
13652:Gilbert Ryle
13522:Fred Dretske
13507:Keith DeRose
13451:Epistemology
13329:Epistemology
13297:
13287:
13277:
13267:
13257:
13247:
13237:
13227:
13217:
13207:
13197:
13187:
13177:
13167:
13157:
13147:
13139:NyÄya SĆ«tras
13137:
13127:
13117:
13099:
13015:Wittgenstein
12960:Schopenhauer
12924:
12839:
12830:Unobservable
12680:Intelligence
12610:
12550:Subjectivism
12545:Spiritualism
12460:Essentialism
12440:Anti-realism
12327:
12282:Internal set
12267:Hyperinteger
12236:Dual numbers
12147:
12140:
12049:
11794:Catherine II
11447:
11246:Beaumarchais
11076:Universality
11047:Reductionism
10994:
10971:Human rights
10789:
10779:
10769:
10759:
10749:
10726:
10699:
10677:
10670:
10618:
10611:
10578:
10531:
10514:
10506:
10487:
10477:
10432:
10425:Translations
10403:
10384:
10369:
10354:
10339:
10324:
10309:
10290:
10225:
10221:
10211:Zalta, E. N.
10199:
10192:
10180:
10176:
10164:
10155:
10145:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10102:
10098:
10086:
10079:
10059:
10049:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10004:
10000:
9989:
9982:
9964:
9949:
9930:
9923:. WW Norton.
9920:
9899:
9875:
9871:
9856:
9824:
9809:
9799:
9792:
9753:
9742:
9729:
9719:
9709:
9695:
9691:
9684:
9674:
9664:
9660:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9601:
9597:. Continuum.
9594:
9584:
9577:
9570:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9438:
9431:
9416:
9410:
9403:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9359:
9353:
9324:the original
9303:
9300:Louis Dutens
9290:
9280:
9275:
9266:
9256:
9247:
9237:
9225:. Retrieved
9220:
9211:
9199:. Retrieved
9195:the original
9185:
9176:
9167:
9158:
9146:. Retrieved
9139:the original
9126:
9112:
9087:
9083:
9077:
9069:
9064:
9039:
9035:
9015:
8996:
8979:
8970:
8962:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8930:
8921:
8912:
8903:
8894:
8882:. Retrieved
8878:the original
8857:
8853:
8843:
8834:
8825:
8816:
8807:
8798:
8787:
8781:
8764:
8760:
8730:
8726:
8701:. Retrieved
8697:
8688:
8669:
8663:
8651:. Retrieved
8647:the original
8643:www.edge.org
8642:
8633:
8621:
8613:
8608:
8599:
8587:. Retrieved
8583:the original
8546:
8542:
8532:
8524:
8523:Wiener, N.,
8519:
8510:
8504:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8442:
8438:
8428:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8353:(1): 59â90.
8350:
8346:
8340:
8331:
8322:
8313:
8288:
8284:
8278:
8269:
8260:
8252:
8247:
8239:
8234:
8222:. Retrieved
8209:
8200:
8192:
8187:
8179:
8174:
8166:
8161:
8152:
8142:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8101:T. Verhave:
8097:
8089:
8084:
8075:
8066:
8046:
8041:
8033:
8028:
8020:
8015:
8006:
7997:
7985:. Retrieved
7981:the original
7970:
7961:
7952:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7875:
7869:
7860:
7852:
7844:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7803:
7791:. Retrieved
7782:
7775:
7756:
7750:
7731:
7725:
7706:
7700:
7681:
7675:
7650:
7642:
7623:
7617:
7598:
7593:
7574:
7568:
7548:
7519:
7513:
7494:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7451:. Retrieved
7429:
7419:
7399:
7392:
7383:
7375:
7362:
7351:
7341:
7333:
7321:
7313:
7294:
7290:
7281:
7275:
7267:
7263:
7258:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7211:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7174:. Retrieved
7170:
7160:
7149:, retrieved
7144:
7134:
7122:. Retrieved
7107:
7100:
7088:. Retrieved
7086:. hedweb.com
7078:
7070:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7043:
7024:
7018:
7009:
7001:
6996:
6959:
6955:
6945:
6932:
6913:
6907:
6888:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6829:
6801:
6794:
6769:
6761:
6742:
6736:
6727:
6716:
6708:
6699:
6675:
6668:
6660:
6652:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6599:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6501:
6495:
6486:
6472:
6466:
6457:
6443:
6437:
6423:
6415:
6410:
6390:
6383:
6364:
6358:
6349:
6340:
6332:
6327:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6286:
6268:
6259:
6229:
6223:
6214:
6194:
6187:
6178:
6169:
6150:
6145:
6136:
6127:
6118:
6109:
6097:
6089:
6079:
6073:
6065:
6060:
6052:
6047:
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
6004:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5937:
5928:
5916:
5893:
5886:
5863:
5856:
5833:
5826:
5802:
5795:
5776:
5770:
5763:Lower Saxony
5758:
5754:
5738:
5726:
5721:
5697:
5689:
5677:. Retrieved
5674:TheCollector
5673:
5663:
5650:
5631:
5625:
5607:
5601:
5582:
5576:
5566:
5558:
5517:
5509:
5508:Kurt Huber,
5504:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5466:
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5445:
5435:
5427:
5422:
5397:
5296:
5249:
5121:
5118:
5108:
5100:
5090:
5078:
5058:
5048:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5008:
4993:
4987:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4962:
4953:
4946:
4941:Nov. 1684. "
4928:
4922:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4767:
4753:
4743:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4677:
4671:
4660:
4654:
4639:
4623:
4608:
4600:
4594:
4577:
4571:
4566:
4547:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4455:
4429:
4408:Louis Dutens
4403:
4401:
4393:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4330:between the
4320:rapeseed oil
4308:
4293:
4284:
4269:Please help
4257:
4232:
4222:
4210:
4192:
4186:
4174:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4104:Leibniz the
4103:
4067:
4052:
4043:
4028:Please help
4016:
3992:
3980:
3965:
3957:
3948:
3940:
3928:
3912:
3909:
3888:
3860:
3851:
3824:
3784:WolfenbĂŒttel
3771:
3762:Ada Lovelace
3755:
3732:
3689:
3679:
3666:steam engine
3653:
3650:
3625:epidemiology
3622:
3607:
3598:
3583:Please help
3571:
3527:apperception
3522:
3516:
3498:and English
3491:
3483:apperception
3478:
3473:
3469:
3435:
3419:
3416:paleontology
3405:
3375:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3330:
3319:
3299:
3284:
3279:
3253:
3233:
3230:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3191:
3188:mathematics.
3184:
3174:
3160:
3158:
3143:, while the
3125:model theory
3117:differential
3110:
3103:
3098:
3097:and also in
3092:
3087:properties.
3075:
3063:product rule
3055:Isaac Barrow
3046:
3038:
2989:
2919:Isaac Newton
2916:
2885:
2789:states that
2781:
2727:
2723:
2712:determinants
2697:
2685:
2678:
2642:
2624:
2622:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2571:
2553:
2510:
2501:Formal logic
2485:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2423:
2400:
2385:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2289:all powerful
2277:
2267:
2264:
2253:
2251:
2209:
2193:
2188:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2123:
2113:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2068:
2058:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
1998:
1979:, a Spanish
1966:
1959:Leibniz met
1958:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1867:
1859:
1830:
1795:
1783:
1779:Lower Saxony
1775:WolfenbĂŒttel
1768:
1752:The Elector
1751:
1733:
1726:
1699:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1589:John Collins
1581:
1536:
1504:
1477:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1407:
1404:habilitation
1399:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:dissertation
1355:
1351:
1341:
1317:
1306:Martin Geier
1283:
1267:" to define
1249:rationalists
1234:
1198:
1194:arithmometer
1163:
1155:Isaac Newton
1136:
1128:WolfenbĂŒttel
1117:
1021:Isaac Newton
1000:active as a
989:
985:
984:
914:
860:Natural evil
798:Key concepts
779:
734:a posteriori
733:
729:
724:Apperception
681:
674:
662:
640:
623:
606:
587:Product rule
435:music theory
383:paleontology
375:epidemiology
256:
248:
81:(1716-11-14)
36:
21203:Panpsychism
21043:1716 deaths
21038:1646 births
20969:Mathematics
20681:(1835â1840)
20561:(c. 350 BC)
20551:(c. 375 BC)
20168:Tocqueville
20133:Saint-Simon
20098:Montesquieu
19949:Bolingbroke
19881:Machiavelli
19761:Ibn Khaldun
19726:Alpharabius
19719:Middle Ages
19544:Natural law
19519:Common good
19444:Nationalism
19404:Imperialism
19374:Corporatism
19349:Colonialism
19329:Agrarianism
19308:Technocracy
19288:Meritocracy
19268:Bureaucracy
19258:Aristocracy
18995:information
18986:Metaphysics
18960:Tabula rasa
18770:Physicalism
18755:Parallelism
18683:Behaviorism
18640:Michael Tye
18635:Alan Turing
18620:John Searle
18495:Dharmakirti
18470:Tyler Burge
18465:C. D. Broad
18297:Linguistics
18262:Limited Inc
18182:On Denoting
18008:Proposition
17659:de Saussure
17624:Ibn Khaldun
17310:Antony Flew
17295:Peter Geach
17228:René Guénon
17175:Lev Shestov
17170:Rudolf Otto
16877:of religion
16716:Panentheism
16649:Inclusivism
16568:Exclusivism
16563:Esotericism
16533:Creationism
16513:Agnosticism
16481:Poor design
16476:Omnipotence
16403:Natural law
16378:Ontological
16331:Contingency
16181:Holy Spirit
16030:Konrad Zuse
16000:Alan Turing
15835:Jean Bartik
15830:John Backus
15628:Before 1950
15533:of surfaces
15284:and numbers
15246:Dirichlet's
15216:Telescoping
15169:Alternating
14757:L'HĂŽpital's
14554:Precalculus
14494:WikiProject
14364:Proposition
14359:Probability
14312:Description
14253:Foundations
13956:Proposition
13926:Objectivity
13812:Reliabilism
13802:Rationalism
13747:Fallibilism
13722:Coherentism
13667:Ernest Sosa
13642:Thomas Reid
13627:James Pryor
13597:G. E. Moore
13587:David Lewis
13577:Saul Kripke
13572:Peter Klein
13552:Susan Haack
13482:Robert Audi
13159:Metaphysics
13143:(c. 200 BC)
13133:(c. 350 BC)
13123:(c. 350 BC)
13010:Collingwood
12915:Malebranche
12663:Information
12591:Anima mundi
12570:Type theory
12525:Physicalism
12490:Materialism
12445:Determinism
12416:Metaphysics
12142:The Analyst
12051:Romanticism
11873:Charles III
11714:Poniatowski
11651:Leeuwenhoek
11631:de la Court
11619:Netherlands
11463:Mendelssohn
11458:Lichtenberg
11336:Montesquieu
11054:Sapere aude
11037:Rationalism
11032:Rationality
11022:Objectivity
10717:Rationalism
10507:Opera omnia
10448:Leibnitiana
10228:: 137â183.
9639:, Springer.
9587:, Springer.
9434:. Scribner.
9282:Quicksilver
9201:15 December
9042:(1): 3â22.
8703:18 February
8525:Cybernetics
7956:Loemker §27
7793:10 November
7453:31 December
7297:VII, 1890,
7062:Monadologie
6703:Loemker 311
6621:, IV, 16: "
6594:Loemker 717
5921:David Smith
5744:www.gwlb.de
5115:Collections
5050:Monadologie
5020:1707â1710.
4869:concordance
4740:sovereignty
4436:metaphysics
4406:. In 1768,
4165:Sinophology
4106:philologist
4094:Reformation
3976:RamĂłn Llull
3877:, even the
3728:cybernetics
3722:. In 1961,
3696:Sinophology
3676:Computation
3662:Denis Papin
3637:game theory
3539:unconscious
3492:psychologia
3454:association
3270:) based on
3094:The Analyst
3082:paradoxical
3049:. However,
3039:differentia
2688:calculation
2639:Mathematics
2521:disjunction
2517:conjunction
2196:ontological
2125:Monadologie
2116:metaphysics
1950:metaphysics
1938:Monadologie
1821:Bad Pyrmont
1819:stopped in
1781:, in 1691.
1758:Charlemagne
1730:Otto Mencke
1714:William III
1668:theological
1482:society in
1412:Ramon Llull
1337:Latin verse
1309: [
1304:theologian
1219:could have
1139:rationalism
1109:linguistics
1029:mathematics
1006:philosopher
736:distinction
482:Binary code
411:metaphysics
399:linguistics
391:engineering
351:Mathematics
277: [
195:Rationalism
105: [
64:1 July 1647
21027:Categories
21017:Literature
20981:Philosophy
20889:Separatism
20697:On Liberty
20597:The Prince
20326:Huntington
19829:Campanella
19756:al-Ghazali
19705:Thucydides
19663:Lactantius
19608:Statolatry
19434:Monarchism
19414:Liberalism
19339:Capitalism
19322:Ideologies
19303:Plutocracy
19251:Government
19207:Revolution
19192:Propaganda
19142:Legitimacy
19117:Government
19031:Task Force
18999:perception
18873:Artificial
18823:Creativity
18745:Nondualism
18645:Vasubandhu
18565:John Locke
18535:David Hume
18490:Andy Clark
18357:Discussion
18352:Task Force
18302:Pragmatics
18093:Speech act
18023:Categories
17937:Symbiosism
17892:Nominalism
17804:Watzlawick
17684:Bloomfield
17604:Chrysippus
17280:J L Mackie
17238:Karl Barth
17035:David Hume
16957:Maimonides
16942:Heraclitus
16731:Polytheism
16701:Nondualism
16689:Humanistic
16674:Naturalism
16664:Monotheism
16622:Henotheism
16617:Gnosticism
16548:Demonology
16431:747 gambit
16348:Experience
16186:Misotheism
16010:Larry Wall
16005:Paul Vixie
15875:Lois Haibt
15850:John Cocke
15744:DOS family
15686:Algorithms
15663:Scientific
15329:Adequality
15015:Divergence
14888:Arc length
14685:Derivative
14424:Set theory
14322:Linguistic
14317:Entailment
14307:Definition
14275:Consequent
14270:Antecedent
14057:Discussion
14047:Task Force
13966:Simplicity
13946:Perception
13822:Skepticism
13797:Positivism
13772:Infinitism
13737:Empiricism
13592:John Locke
13557:David Hume
13547:Anil Gupta
13542:Paul Grice
13517:John Dewey
13487:A. J. Ayer
13219:Monadology
13153:(c. 80 BC)
12860:Parmenides
12745:Perception
12643:Experience
12530:Relativism
12505:Naturalism
12455:Enactivism
12121:Adequality
11893:Villarroel
11888:Jovellanos
11824:Radishchev
11771:Micu-Klein
11709:Niemcewicz
11676:Swammerdam
11666:Nieuwentyt
11656:Mandeville
11511:Farmakidis
11397:Burlamaqui
11306:La Mettrie
11281:Fontenelle
11236:d'Argenson
11231:d'Alembert
11155:Harrington
11081:Utopianism
10981:Liberalism
10938:Empiricism
10913:Classicism
10903:Capitalism
10791:Monadology
10631:Difference
10589:philosophy
10467:"ProtogĂŠa"
10433:New Essays
9625:, Toronto.
9559:. Hackett.
9505:On Leibniz
9493:. Hackett.
9294:Letter to
9117:See also:
8907:Loemker, 1
8653:11 January
8513:: 513â540.
8255:(2010), 6.
7871:Erkenntnis
6657:p. 79 n.d.
6618:New Essays
5658:" section.
5409:References
5198:Art portal
5037:online at
4834:Series 8.
4827:Series 7.
4816:Series 6.
4807:Series 5.
4798:Series 4.
4791:Series 3.
4784:Series 2.
4777:Series 1.
4750:John Locke
4704:is based.
4659:'s satire
4494:Industrial
4448:linguistic
4444:analytical
4390:David Hume
4377:Non liquet
4141:language.
4110:gradualism
4070:ecumenical
3923:John Locke
3647:Technology
3504:sensualism
3500:empiricism
3496:John Locke
3474:Monadology
3470:New Essays
3458:motivation
3432:Psychology
3408:embryology
3355:Leibniz's
3339:, and his
3244:See also:
3194:Mandelbrot
3171:, argues:
2992:, and the
2664:, and the
2602:predicates
2560:quantified
2535:, and the
2359:Leibniz's
2303:(sin) and
2301:moral evil
2191:" or God.
2159:Max Jammer
2108:Monadology
1995:Principles
1971:professor
1933:New Essays
1923:John Locke
1884:Philosophy
1870:Protestant
1842:Fontenelle
1786:John Keill
1718:Queen Anne
1543:self-study
1480:alchemical
1333:hexameters
1280:Early life
1253:scholastic
1201:philosophy
1105:psychology
1085:technology
1045:philosophy
1033:statistics
855:Moral evil
850:Misotheism
577:Chain rule
387:psychology
371:embryology
18:Leibnizian
20957:Biography
20607:Leviathan
20587:Monarchia
20581:(c. 1274)
20416:Oakeshott
20361:Mansfield
20356:Luxemburg
20341:Kropotkin
20236:Bernstein
20189:centuries
20103:Nietzsche
20046:Jefferson
19974:Condorcet
19922:centuries
19901:Pufendorf
19766:Marsilius
19653:Confucius
19638:Aristotle
19631:Antiquity
19559:Noble lie
19479:Third Way
19474:Socialism
19399:Feudalism
19354:Communism
19334:Anarchism
19313:Theocracy
19298:Oligarchy
19278:Democracy
19263:Autocracy
19177:Pluralism
19162:Obedience
19127:Hierarchy
19087:Authority
18895:Intuition
18828:Cognition
18792:Solipsism
18455:Ned Block
18425:Armstrong
18420:Aristotle
18334:Semiotics
18322:Semantics
18172:Alciphron
18108:Statement
18043:Intension
17983:Ambiguity
17862:Dramatism
17842:Cratylism
17594:Eubulides
17589:Aristotle
17569:Confucius
17380:Loyal Rue
17105:Karl Marx
16927:Gaudapada
16756:Shamanism
16721:Pantheism
16706:Nontheism
16684:Religious
16669:Mysticism
16642:Christian
16632:Religious
16583:Atheistic
16578:Christian
16461:Nonbelief
16446:Free will
16262:Mormonism
16086:Afterlife
15845:Vint Cerf
15633:1950â1979
15620:Computing
15528:of curves
15523:Curvature
15410:Integrals
15204:Maclaurin
15184:Geometric
15075:Geometric
15025:Laplacian
14737:linearity
14577:Factorial
14455:Fallacies
14450:Paradoxes
14440:Logicians
14374:Statement
14369:Reference
14334:Induction
14297:Deduction
14260:Abduction
14230:Metalogic
14177:Classical
14141:Inference
13921:Knowledge
13906:Induction
13856:knowledge
13848:knowledge
13379:Teleology
13344:Mereology
13324:Cosmology
13183:(c. 1000)
13080:Plantinga
13070:Armstrong
13020:Heidegger
12995:Whitehead
12980:Nietzsche
12900:Descartes
12870:Aristotle
12825:Universal
12755:Principle
12725:Necessity
12685:Intention
12638:Existence
12601:Causality
12540:Solipsism
12470:Free will
12357:Textbooks
12302:Overspill
12014:Jefferson
11956:Hutcheson
11845:ObradoviÄ
11814:Lomonosov
11809:Kheraskov
11719:Ćniadecki
11483:Weishaupt
11478:Thomasius
11468:Pufendorf
11311:Lavoisier
11296:d'Holbach
11291:Helvétius
11271:Descartes
11266:Condorcet
11261:Condillac
11195:Priestley
11012:Modernity
10933:Democracy
10781:Théodicée
10690:Plenitude
10488:Protogaea
10431:, of the
9892:120779114
9781:(lecture)
9764:Q19095295
9609:Protogaea
9465:. Reidel.
9104:170208696
8874:147266697
8496:161603159
8488:0893-5378
7944:120089173
7936:0144-5340
7902:119329569
7885:1205.0174
7448:118227996
7204:Parkinson
6988:252979403
6249:ignored (
6239:cite book
5679:1 October
5656:1666â1676
5565:entry in
5563:"Leibniz"
5451:19 August
5414:Citations
5102:Protogaea
5063:available
5035:available
5030:Théodicée
5024:(3 Vols.)
5002:available
4933:available
4731:Théodicée
4632:in 2007.
4430:In 1900,
4427:, began.
4395:Théodicée
4361:Théodicée
4340:mechanics
4332:Habsburgs
4328:Concordat
4258:does not
4199:Confucian
4100:Philology
4086:Brunswick
4017:does not
3998:Ecumenism
3871:Esperanto
3854:empirical
3839:Gutenberg
3768:Librarian
3572:does not
3512:teleology
3508:causality
3438:attention
3421:Protogaea
3388:academics
3384:Descartes
3337:cosmology
3282:of 1695.
3256:Descartes
3209:Thus the
3085:algebraic
2996:used for
2956:∫
2863:π
2853:⋯
2834:−
2804:−
2606:De Morgan
2595:qualities
2591:relations
2563:variables
2537:empty set
2533:inclusion
2420:chemistry
2416:astronomy
2403:character
2396:semiotics
2297:free will
2220:Descartes
2205:free will
2176:Théodicée
2087:Théodicée
2083:Plenitude
2041:, or the
1912:Discourse
1891:Théodicée
1806:Habsburgs
1784:In 1708,
1763:genealogy
1702:Brunswick
1691:George II
1642:The Hague
1609:Brunswick
1559:Descartes
1549:. He met
1514:had left
1484:Nuremberg
1466:1666â1676
1432:Leipzig.
1417:Ars Magna
1275:Biography
1271:notions.
1229:satirical
1069:philology
1010:scientist
940:Swinburne
930:Plantinga
925:Nietzsche
835:Free will
825:Dystheism
759:Signature
699:Protogaea
423:diplomacy
419:economics
407:sociology
403:philology
95:Education
20862:Centrism
20557:Politics
20547:Republic
20516:Voegelin
20496:Spengler
20481:Shariati
20456:Rothbard
20411:Nussbaum
20311:Habermas
20286:Fukuyama
20276:Foucault
20201:Ambedkar
20178:Voltaire
20148:de Staël
20123:Rousseau
20004:Franklin
19979:Constant
19939:Beccaria
19771:Muhammad
19751:Gelasius
19736:Averroes
19710:Xenophon
19690:Polybius
19643:Chanakya
19488:Concepts
19454:Populism
19424:Localism
19409:Islamism
19394:Feminism
19293:Monarchy
19197:Property
19187:Progress
19152:Monopoly
19122:Hegemony
19016:Category
18863:Identity
18806:Concepts
18676:Theories
18660:Zhuangzi
18590:Alva Noë
18347:Category
18307:Rhetoric
18132:Cratylus
18103:Sentence
18078:Property
17998:Language
17976:Concepts
17814:Theories
17779:Strawson
17764:Davidson
17754:Hintikka
17749:Anscombe
17694:Vygotsky
17649:Mauthner
17619:Averroes
17609:Zhuangzi
17599:Diodorus
17579:Cratylus
17502:Category
17447:Religion
17437:Exegesis
16922:Boethius
16917:Averroes
16912:Avicenna
16894:medieval
16864:Theodicy
16711:Pandeism
16627:Humanism
16595:Thealogy
16538:Dharmism
16508:Acosmism
16500:Theology
16368:Morality
16363:Miracles
16242:Hinduism
16232:Buddhism
16191:Pandeism
16166:Demiurge
16134:Theodicy
15900:Bob Kahn
15781:Internet
15721:Software
15518:Manifold
15251:Integral
15194:Infinite
15189:Harmonic
15174:Binomial
15020:Gradient
14963:Volumes
14774:Quotient
14715:Notation
14546:Calculus
14489:Category
14389:Validity
14290:Antinomy
14218:Theories
14182:Informal
14042:Category
13861:Analysis
13846:A priori
13837:Concepts
13777:Innatism
13714:Theories
13397:Category
13319:Axiology
13173:(c.â270)
13101:more ...
13055:Anscombe
13050:Strawson
13045:Davidson
12940:Berkeley
12880:Plotinus
12841:more ...
12780:Relation
12760:Property
12735:Ontology
12658:Identity
12579:Concepts
12510:Nihilism
12475:Idealism
12423:Theories
12064:Category
12009:Franklin
11976:Playfair
11946:Ferguson
11903:Scotland
11850:MrazoviÄ
11804:Kantemir
11799:Fonvizin
11738:Portugal
11704:Krasicki
11699:Konarski
11694:KoĆĆÄ
taj
11646:Koerbagh
11595:Genovesi
11580:Beccaria
11542:Berkeley
11473:Schiller
11438:Humboldt
11412:Saussure
11407:Rousseau
11371:Voltaire
11326:Maréchal
11301:Jaucourt
11256:ChĂątelet
11251:Chamfort
11200:Reynolds
11103:Thinkers
11007:Midlands
10996:LumiĂšres
10966:Humanism
10959:Haskalah
10819:Category
10728:Vis viva
10707:Theodicy
10636:Dynamism
10536:Archived
10519:Archived
10492:Archived
10470:Archived
10270:LibriVox
10213:(2000).
10154:, 1998.
10144:, 1996.
10120:, 1986.
9981:, 1997.
9948:, 2020.
9929:, 1993.
9919:, 2000.
9878:: 1â90.
9849:87028148
9823:(1986).
9808:, 2008.
9771:citation
9760:Wikidata
9752:(1911),
9718:, 1900,
9708:, 1845.
9683:, 1983.
9673:, 1901.
9659:, 1912.
9526:Theodicy
8773:25540286
8739:25540286
8579:28452205
8571:18886381
8420:35486997
8412:28281152
8305:21462196
7987:10 March
7306:Archived
7124:26 April
7090:26 April
7065:(1714).
6938:theodicy
6631:Linnaeus
5747:Archived
5128:See also
5057:, 1991.
4844:Nachlass
4755:Nachlass
4728:and the
4657:Voltaire
4567:Awards:
4560:, Munich
4538:, Berlin
4478:identity
4366:Voltaire
4334:and the
4239:Polymath
4139:Sanskrit
4078:Lutheran
3857:database
3845:and the
3800:Medicine
3794:Theology
3450:learning
3392:momentum
3376:vis viva
3358:vis viva
3350:vis viva
3268:dynamics
3165:topology
3155:Topology
2923:calculus
2913:Calculus
2778:Geometry
2654:ordinate
2650:abscissa
2645:function
2614:Schröder
2529:identity
2525:negation
2459:mnemonic
2392:calculus
2369:calculus
2285:all wise
2281:all good
2268:Theodicy
2255:Theodicy
2225:lack of
2183:and the
2161:'s book
2077:Optimism
2035:converse
2004:Identity
1985:Lutheran
1925:'s 1690
1614:Habsburg
1547:calculus
1460:nobility
1456:Freiherr
1302:Lutheran
1225:Voltaire
1209:optimism
1205:theology
1143:idealism
1097:medicine
1057:politics
1049:theology
1039:and the
1025:calculus
1014:diplomat
998:polymath
990:Leibnitz
895:Epicurus
789:Theodicy
780:a series
777:Part of
730:A priori
608:Vis viva
487:Calculus
447:theodicy
431:politics
363:medicine
215:Optimism
148:Dr. jur.
128:, 1665;
124:, 1664;
120:, 1662;
20993:Science
20943:Portals
20899:Statism
20812:Elitism
20770:Related
20571:(51 BC)
20501:Strauss
20476:Scruton
20471:Schmitt
20461:Russell
20381:Michels
20376:Maurras
20371:Marcuse
20331:Kautsky
20301:Gramsci
20296:Gentile
20266:Dworkin
20256:Du Bois
20251:Dmowski
20246:Chomsky
20241:Burnham
20226:Benoist
20196:Agamben
20163:Thoreau
20153:Stirner
20143:Spencer
20088:Mazzini
20078:Maistre
20073:Madison
20068:Le Play
19999:Fourier
19964:Carlyle
19944:Bentham
19934:Bastiat
19929:Bakunin
19906:Spinoza
19896:MĂŒntzer
19866:Leibniz
19839:Grotius
19819:Bossuet
19786:Plethon
19731:Aquinas
19700:Sun Tzu
19668:Mencius
19658:Han Fei
19429:Marxism
19389:Fascism
19222:Society
19147:Liberty
19132:Justice
19112:Freedom
19026:Project
18979:Related
18838:Concept
18693:Dualism
18666:more...
18525:Goldman
18114:more...
18018:Concept
17759:Dummett
17734:Gadamer
17729:Chomsky
17714:Derrida
17704:Russell
17689:Bergson
17674:Tillich
17634:Leibniz
17574:Gorgias
17473:more...
17206:postwar
16889:Ancient
16777:more...
16696:New Age
16637:Secular
16607:Fideism
16558:Dualism
16528:Atheism
16518:Animism
16424:Against
16267:Sikhism
16257:Judaism
16252:Jainism
16161:Brahman
16114:Miracle
15771:Malware
15749:Windows
15455:inverse
15443:inverse
15369:Fluxion
15179:Fourier
15045:Stokes'
15040:Green's
14762:Product
14622:Tangent
14504:changes
14496: (
14354:Premise
14285:Paradox
14115:History
14110:Outline
13977:more...
13757:Fideism
13703:more...
13169:Enneads
13163:(c. 50)
13129:Timaeus
13119:Sophist
13065:Dummett
13060:Deleuze
13000:Russell
12990:Bergson
12985:Meinong
12965:Bolzano
12925:Leibniz
12905:Spinoza
12890:Aquinas
12875:Proclus
12805:Thought
12795:Subject
12775:Reality
12770:Quality
12740:Pattern
12700:Meaning
12675:Insight
12633:Essence
12618:Concept
12520:Realism
12485:Liberty
12450:Dualism
12114:History
12019:Madison
11991:Stewart
11931:Burnett
11926:Boswell
11911:Beattie
11883:MoratĂn
11868:Cadalso
11819:Novikov
11754:Romania
11729:Wybicki
11724:Staszic
11671:Spinoza
11641:Huygens
11636:Grotius
11590:Galvani
11585:Galiani
11535:Ireland
11516:Feraios
11488:Wieland
11453:Lessing
11448:Leibniz
11421:Germany
11402:Prévost
11387:Abauzit
11351:Quesnay
11341:Morelly
11331:Meslier
11316:Leclerc
11276:Diderot
11165:Johnson
11140:Collins
11135:Bentham
11120:Addison
11113:England
11061:Science
10898:Atheism
10418:at the
10308:(ed.).
10289:(ed.).
10259:at the
9571:Leibniz
9371:Sources
9352:(ed.).
9302:(ed.),
9227:23 July
9148:12 June
9070:I Ching
9056:1397760
8965:. 1710.
8884:24 June
8589:23 July
8551:Bibcode
8367:1399337
8224:28 June
8191:Wundt:
7299:pp. 236
7176:22 June
7151:22 June
6871:2708561
5524:at the
5364:German:
5345:German:
5065:online.
5004:online.
4935:online.
4871:works.
4861:Hanover
4857:MĂŒnster
4853:Potsdam
4702:Bahlsen
4698:Hanover
4662:Candide
4580:of the
4382:Candide
4371:Candide
4336:Vatican
4279:removed
4264:sources
4212:I Ching
4176:I Ching
4123:Swedish
4038:removed
4023:sources
3935:Grotius
3780:Hanover
3743:Hanover
3691:I Ching
3593:removed
3578:sources
3240:Physics
3106:dispute
3099:De Motu
2903:
2889:
2658:tangent
2470:algebra
2388:symbols
2379:and by
2231:Spinoza
1969:Leipzig
1833:Hanover
1804:to the
1650:Spinoza
1492:Elector
1290:Leipzig
1236:Candide
1232:novella
1227:in his
1221:created
1101:geology
1093:biology
1081:physics
1065:history
920:Maistre
915:Leibniz
427:history
367:biology
359:geology
355:physics
150:, 1666)
132:, 1666)
87:Hanover
68:Leipzig
20761:(1992)
20751:(1971)
20741:(1951)
20731:(1945)
20721:(1944)
20711:(1929)
20701:(1859)
20691:(1848)
20671:(1820)
20661:(1791)
20651:(1790)
20641:(1762)
20631:(1748)
20621:(1689)
20611:(1651)
20601:(1532)
20591:(1313)
20521:Walzer
20511:Taylor
20466:Sartre
20431:Popper
20426:Pareto
20421:Ortega
20406:Nozick
20396:Mouffe
20346:Laclau
20306:Guénon
20291:Gandhi
20231:Berlin
20221:Bauman
20216:Badiou
20206:Arendt
20173:Tucker
20063:Le Bon
20024:Herder
20014:Haller
20009:Godwin
19994:Fichte
19989:Engels
19984:Cortés
19954:Bonald
19911:SuĂĄrez
19886:Milton
19876:Luther
19849:Hobbes
19834:Filmer
19824:Calvin
19809:Boétie
19802:period
19781:Ockham
19648:Cicero
19449:Nazism
19237:Utopia
19212:Rights
19202:Regime
19172:People
19157:Nation
18970:Zombie
18955:Qualia
18266:(1988)
18256:(1982)
18246:(1980)
18236:(1967)
18226:(1953)
18216:(1951)
18206:(1936)
18196:(1921)
18186:(1905)
18176:(1732)
18166:(1668)
18156:(1666)
18146:(1660)
18136:(n.d.)
18098:Symbol
17799:Searle
17789:Putnam
17739:Kripke
17724:Austin
17709:Carnap
17654:RicĆur
17639:Herder
17629:Hobbes
17492:Portal
16766:Theism
16659:Monism
16393:Reason
16343:Desire
16338:Degree
16306:Beauty
16220:God in
16176:Egoism
16129:Spirit
15538:Tensor
15460:Secant
15226:Abel's
15209:Taylor
15100:Matrix
15050:Gauss'
14632:Limits
14612:Secant
14602:Radian
14406:topics
14192:Reason
14170:Logics
14161:Syntax
13871:Belief
13767:Holism
13303:(1981)
13293:(1943)
13283:(1927)
13273:(1846)
13263:(1818)
13253:(1807)
13243:(1783)
13233:(1781)
13223:(1714)
13213:(1710)
13203:(1677)
13199:Ethics
13193:(1641)
13095:Parfit
13085:Kripke
13075:Putnam
13035:Sartre
13025:Carnap
12975:Peirce
12920:Newton
12895:SuĂĄrez
12885:Scotus
12765:Qualia
12730:Object
12720:Nature
12715:Motion
12695:Matter
12628:Entity
12500:Monism
11971:Newton
11961:Hutton
11941:Cullen
11838:Serbia
11786:Russia
11776:Èincai
11686:Poland
11626:Bekker
11600:Pagano
11562:Toland
11526:Korais
11521:Kairis
11503:Greece
11433:Herder
11428:Goethe
11392:Bonnet
11380:Geneva
11366:Turgot
11356:Raynal
11346:Pascal
11286:Gouges
11224:France
11210:Tindal
11205:Sidney
11180:Newton
11175:Milton
11150:Godwin
11145:Gibbon
11042:Reason
10884:Topics
10795:(1714)
10785:(1710)
10775:(1704)
10765:(1686)
10755:(1666)
10533:BibNum
10516:BibNum
10068:
10021:845705
10019:
9971:
9956:
9909:
9890:
9847:
9837:
9762:
9267:Forbes
9102:
9054:
9003:
8872:
8771:
8737:
8676:
8577:
8569:
8494:
8486:
8418:
8410:
8365:
8303:
7942:
7934:
7900:
7763:
7738:
7713:
7688:
7663:
7630:
7605:
7581:
7556:
7526:
7501:
7476:
7446:
7407:
7115:
7031:
6986:
6920:
6895:
6869:
6809:
6782:
6749:
6683:
6508:
6479:
6450:
6398:
6371:
6293:
6202:
6157:
6102:. MAA.
5965:
5901:
5871:
5841:
5810:
5783:
5709:
5638:
5614:
5589:
5381:French
5107:1750.
5099:1749.
5089:1717.
5047:1714.
5027:1710.
4986:1700.
4975:1695.
4961:1686.
4952:1686.
4910:1671.
4896:1667.
4865:Berlin
4849:LĂ€nder
4652:code.
4626:UNESCO
4484:, and
4311:Vienna
4121:proto-
4118:Hebrew
3919:Hobbes
3714:. His
3485:, and
3446:memory
3264:motion
3260:Newton
3059:Newton
2704:matrix
2610:Peirce
2587:monads
2531:, set
2355:right.
2287:, and
2147:motion
2145:, and
2143:matter
2120:monads
2097:Monads
1981:Jesuit
1872:and a
1798:Vienna
1655:Ethics
1563:Pascal
1053:ethics
945:Wiesel
890:Ehrman
502:Monads
470:
439:poetry
415:ethics
297:(Jena)
240:Theses
187:School
176:Region
139:(1663)
20910:Index
20539:Works
20526:Weber
20491:Spann
20486:Sorel
20451:Röpke
20446:Rawls
20401:Negri
20391:Mosca
20386:Mises
20351:Lenin
20321:Hoppe
20316:Hayek
20281:Fromm
20271:Evola
20261:Dugin
20158:Taine
20138:Smith
20118:Renan
20113:Paine
20034:Iqbal
20019:Hegel
19969:Comte
19959:Burke
19871:Locke
19861:James
19814:Bodin
19746:Dante
19741:Bruni
19695:Shang
19678:Plato
19232:State
19182:Power
19167:Peace
19102:Elite
19080:Terms
18878:Human
18600:Plato
18520:Fodor
18124:Works
18033:Class
17794:Lewis
17784:Quine
17769:Grice
17719:Whorf
17679:Sapir
17664:Frege
17614:Xunzi
17584:Plato
16761:Taoic
16543:Deism
16326:Kalam
16277:Wicca
16247:Islam
16096:Faith
15754:Linux
15658:2020s
15653:2010s
15648:2000s
15643:1990s
15638:1980s
15402:Lists
15261:Ratio
15199:Power
14935:Euler
14752:Chain
14742:Power
14617:Slope
14433:other
14398:Lists
14384:Truth
14151:Proof
14099:Logic
14052:Stubs
13971:Truth
13617:Plato
13349:Meta-
13090:Lewis
13040:Quine
13005:Moore
12970:Lotze
12955:Hegel
12930:Wolff
12910:Locke
12865:Plato
12835:Value
12815:Truth
12277:Monad
12029:Paine
12024:Mason
11986:Smith
11936:Burns
11921:Blair
11916:Black
11860:Spain
11766:Maior
11661:Meyer
11605:Verri
11572:Italy
11557:Swift
11552:Burke
11547:Boyle
11493:Wolff
11321:Mably
11241:Bayle
11190:Price
11170:Locke
11160:Hooke
11130:Bacon
10928:Deism
10743:Works
10304:. In
10285:. In
10218:(PDF)
10185:CEEOL
10017:JSTOR
9888:S2CID
9665:Reden
9348:. In
9142:(PDF)
9135:(PDF)
9100:S2CID
9052:JSTOR
8870:S2CID
8792:1737.
8769:JSTOR
8735:JSTOR
8575:S2CID
8492:S2CID
8416:S2CID
8363:JSTOR
8219:(PDF)
7940:S2CID
7898:S2CID
7880:arXiv
7444:S2CID
7206:1966.
6984:S2CID
6867:JSTOR
6010:8 May
5340:-nits
5288:Notes
4921:1673
4722:Latin
4650:ASCII
4646:quill
4615:euros
4490:ideas
3917:like
3295:space
3177:Euler
2990:summa
2668:(see
2662:chord
2599:unary
2556:unary
2151:space
2139:space
2135:force
1989:Boyle
1827:Death
1664:ducal
1520:Egypt
1496:Mainz
1329:Latin
1324:canon
1313:]
1269:modal
1257:logic
1215:that
1077:music
1073:games
443:logic
281:]
166:17th-
109:]
20441:Rand
20436:Qutb
20336:Kirk
20211:Aron
20128:Sade
20108:Owen
20093:Mill
20083:Marx
20051:Kant
20029:Hume
19891:More
19791:Wang
19673:Mozi
19097:Duty
19003:self
18940:Pain
18930:Mind
18858:Idea
18083:Sign
17988:Cant
17774:Ryle
17744:Ayer
17669:Boas
17323:2010
17321:1990
17319:1970
17204:1920
17126:1900
17124:1880
17061:1850
17059:1800
16451:Hell
16441:Evil
16358:Love
16124:Soul
15271:Term
15266:Root
15005:Curl
14498:talk
14344:Name
14329:Form
13030:Ryle
12950:Kant
12945:Hume
12935:Reid
12810:Time
12790:Soul
12785:Self
12710:Mind
12668:Data
12653:Idea
11981:Reid
11966:Mill
11951:Hume
11610:Vico
11443:Kant
11361:Sade
11185:Pope
10480:) â
10443:UCSD
10066:ISBN
9969:ISBN
9954:ISBN
9907:ISBN
9845:LCCN
9835:ISBN
9777:link
9248:CNET
9229:2021
9203:2009
9150:2010
9001:ISBN
8886:2015
8705:2019
8674:ISBN
8655:2006
8591:2021
8567:PMID
8484:ISSN
8408:PMID
8301:PMID
8226:2022
7989:2010
7932:ISSN
7795:2013
7761:ISBN
7736:ISBN
7711:ISBN
7686:ISBN
7661:ISBN
7628:ISBN
7603:ISBN
7579:ISBN
7554:ISBN
7524:ISBN
7499:ISBN
7474:ISBN
7455:2011
7405:ISBN
7178:2023
7153:2023
7126:2017
7113:ISBN
7092:2017
7029:ISBN
6918:ISBN
6893:ISBN
6830:The
6807:ISBN
6780:ISBN
6747:ISBN
6717:The
6681:ISBN
6647:and
6506:ISBN
6477:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6396:ISBN
6369:ISBN
6291:ISBN
6251:help
6200:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6104::143
6012:2018
5963:ISBN
5899:ISBN
5869:ISBN
5839:ISBN
5808:ISBN
5781:ISBN
5707:ISBN
5681:2023
5636:ISBN
5612:ISBN
5587:ISBN
5453:2018
5338:LYBE
4863:and
4446:and
4262:any
4260:cite
4112:and
4076:and
4021:any
4019:cite
3970:and
3782:and
3760:and
3710:and
3702:and
3686:base
3627:and
3576:any
3574:cite
3472:and
3440:and
3414:and
3348:The
3331:The
3274:and
3258:and
3248:and
2782:The
2418:and
2252:The
2246:and
2216:mind
2194:The
2155:time
2033:The
2028:and
1906:and
1814:Tsar
1587:and
1561:and
1553:and
1364:O.S.
1243:and
1203:and
1168:and
1141:and
1111:and
1083:and
1012:and
994:O.S.
935:Rowe
905:Hume
900:Hick
76:Died
61:Born
21005:Art
20506:Sun
20366:Mao
19242:War
19137:Law
18028:Set
16891:and
16299:For
16100:or
14747:Sum
14240:Set
10427:by
10268:at
10250:at
10230:doi
10107:doi
10009:doi
9880:doi
9092:doi
9044:doi
8862:doi
8559:doi
8476:doi
8447:doi
8398:hdl
8390:doi
8355:doi
8293:doi
7924:doi
7890:doi
7657:599
7436:doi
6974:hdl
6964:doi
6859:doi
6663:" (
6625:".
6084::20
5000:is
4669:".
4628:'s
4550:of
4273:by
4032:by
3954:Law
3833:at
3587:by
3514:).
3456:),
3065:of
2497:).
1773:in
1607:of
1494:of
1452:von
1414:'s
1389:).
1335:of
1217:God
1199:In
1153:of
1126:in
1115:.
1061:law
1018:Sir
988:or
162:Era
126:LLB
21029::
18184:"
10408:,
10402:,
10398:,
10383:.
10368:.
10353:.
10338:.
10323:.
10224:.
10220:.
10202:.
10181:41
10175:.
10103:47
10101:.
10097:.
10015:.
10005:30
10003:.
9886:.
9876:14
9874:.
9843:.
9833:.
9819:;
9773:}}
9769:{{
9704:;
9421:.
9332:^
9311:^
9265:.
9246:.
9219:.
9098:.
9088:65
9086:.
9050:.
9040:21
9038:.
9024:^
8987:^
8978:,
8868:.
8858:29
8856:.
8852:.
8763:.
8759:.
8747:^
8729:.
8725:.
8713:^
8696:.
8641:.
8573:.
8565:.
8557:.
8547:50
8545:.
8541:.
8490:.
8482:.
8472:16
8470:.
8443:35
8441:.
8437:.
8414:.
8406:.
8396:.
8386:24
8384:.
8361:.
8351:46
8349:.
8299:.
8289:47
8287:.
8109:.
8105:.
8054:^
7938:.
7930:.
7920:24
7918:.
7896:,
7888:,
7876:78
7874:,
7851:,
7835:,
7819:,
7788:93
7659:.
7538:^
7442:.
7428:.
7370:,
7350:.
7332:,
7328:,
7169:.
6982:.
6972:.
6960:20
6958:.
6954:.
6879:^
6865:.
6855:30
6853:.
6849:.
6821:^
6778:.
6776:40
6715:,
6694:.)
6665:NE
6651:,
6643::
6633:'
6608:^
6514:.
6485:.
6456:.
6277:^
6243::
6241:}}
6237:{{
6161:.
6029:^
6003:.
5765:).
5753:.
5672:.
5546:^
5532:^
5444:.
5383::
5379:;
5361:or
5343:,
5313:aÉȘ
5124:.
4859:,
4855:,
4689:.
4621:.
4480:,
4419:,
4415:,
4342:.
4235:.
4161:.
4096:.
3881:.
3865:,
3849:.
3643:.
3448:,
3444:,
3328:.
3236:.
3196::
3151:.
3073:.
2930:=
2774:.
2728:n!
2660:,
2656:,
2652:,
2635:.
2612:,
2608:,
2578:,
2569:.
2527:,
2523:,
2519:,
2410:,
2398:.
2383:.
2283:,
2170:.
2153:,
2141:,
2067:.
1865:.
1777:,
1724:.
1697:.
1498:,
1462:.
1428:.
1311:de
1286:OS
1149:,
1107:,
1103:,
1099:,
1095:,
1091:,
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
1055:,
1051:,
1047:,
1008:,
1004:,
783:on
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
421:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
353:,
279:de
122:MA
118:BA
107:de
20945::
19065:e
19058:t
19051:v
18391:e
18384:t
18377:v
18180:"
17953:)
17949:(
17536:e
17529:t
17522:v
16064:e
16057:t
16050:v
15604:e
15597:t
15590:v
14538:e
14531:t
14524:v
14500:)
14091:e
14084:t
14077:v
13443:e
13436:t
13429:v
12408:e
12401:t
12394:v
12099:e
12092:t
12085:v
12053:â
10864:e
10857:t
10850:v
10571:e
10564:t
10557:v
10389:.
10374:.
10359:.
10344:.
10329:.
10314:.
10295:.
10236:.
10232::
10226:3
10206:.
10187:.
10113:.
10109::
10074:.
10023:.
10011::
9975:.
9960:.
9913:.
9894:.
9882::
9863:)
9851:.
9779:)
9363:.
9269:.
9250:.
9231:.
9205:.
9152:.
9106:.
9094::
9058:.
9046::
9009:.
8888:.
8864::
8775:.
8765:6
8741:.
8731:6
8707:.
8682:.
8657:.
8593:.
8561::
8553::
8498:.
8478::
8455:.
8449::
8422:.
8400::
8392::
8369:.
8357::
8307:.
8295::
8228:.
7991:.
7946:.
7926::
7892::
7882::
7797:.
7769:.
7744:.
7719:.
7694:.
7669:.
7636:.
7611:.
7587:.
7562:.
7532:.
7507:.
7482:.
7457:.
7438::
7413:.
7356:.
7219:(
7180:.
7128:.
7094:.
7037:.
6990:.
6976::
6966::
6940:.
6926:.
6901:.
6873:.
6861::
6815:.
6788:.
6755:.
6689:.
6404:.
6377:.
6299:.
6253:)
6208:.
6014:.
5971:.
5907:.
5877:.
5847:.
5821:.
5816:.
5789:.
5715:.
5683:.
5644:.
5595:.
5571:.
5455:.
5392:.
5331:/
5328:s
5325:t
5322:ÉȘ
5319:n
5316:b
5310:l
5307:Ë
5304:/
5041:.
4983:)
4979:(
4969:)
4965:(
4927:(
4914:(
4904:)
4900:(
4889:(
4824:.
4300:)
4294:(
4289:)
4285:(
4281:.
4267:.
4059:)
4053:(
4048:)
4044:(
4040:.
4026:.
3684:(
3614:)
3608:(
3603:)
3599:(
3595:.
3581:.
3502:(
3452:(
3367:v
3364:m
3266:(
3022:x
3019:d
3014:y
3011:d
3000:(
2994:d
2975:x
2972:d
2968:)
2965:x
2962:(
2959:f
2947:(
2945:â«
2938:)
2936:x
2934:(
2932:f
2928:y
2900:4
2897:/
2893:Ï
2871:.
2866:4
2857:=
2849:+
2843:7
2840:1
2828:5
2825:1
2819:+
2813:3
2810:1
2800:1
2786:Ï
2758:)
2753:3
2749:n
2745:(
2742:O
2724:n
2547:.
2222:;
2030:y
2026:x
2022:y
2018:x
2006:/
1443:(
1398:(
1385:(
1377:(
1354:(
974:e
967:t
960:v
732:/
671:)
667:(
615:)
168:/
146:(
116:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)