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they know the world' (this entails language, culture, semiotic systems, mathematics, science etc.). In order to verify particular means, or particular statements belonging to certain means (e.g., the propositions of the natural sciences), a person would have to 'step outside' the means and critique them neutrally, in order to provide a foundation for adopting them. However, this is impossible. The only way in which one can know the world is through the means by which they know the world; a method cannot justify itself. This argument can be seen as directly related to
1093:, which argues that a belief is justified if it is reliably produced, meaning that it will be probably true. Goldman distinguished between two kinds of justification for beliefs: belief-dependent and belief-independent. A belief-dependent process uses prior beliefs to produce new beliefs; a belief-independent process does not, using other stimuli instead. Beliefs produced this way are justified because the processes that cause them are reliable; this might be because we have evolved to reach good conclusions when presented with
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955:, it is not clear how anything in the chain could be justified. Foundationalism holds that there are 'basic beliefs' which serve as foundations to anchor the rest of our beliefs. Strong versions of the theory assert that an indirectly justified belief is completely justified by basic beliefs; more moderate theories hold that indirectly justified beliefs require basic beliefs to be justified, but can be further justified by other factors.
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that they can infallibly ground empirical knowledge (even if my belief that the table looks red to me is infallible, the inference to the belief that the table actually is red might not be infallible). Modest foundationalism does not require this link between perception and reality to be so strong; our perception of a table being yellow is adequate justification to believe that this is the case, even if it is not infallible.
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832:– 'I think therefore I am', or the belief that he was thinking – as his indubitable belief suitable as a foundation for knowledge. This resolved Descartes' problem of the Evil Demon. Even if his beliefs about the external world were false, his beliefs about what he was experiencing were still indubitably true, even if those perceptions do not relate to anything in the world.
826:, which are clear and distinct. Geometrical truths are also certain and indubitable; Descartes thus attempted to find truths which were clear and distinct because they would be indubitably true and a suitable foundation for knowledge. His method was to question all of his beliefs until he reached something clear and distinct that was indubitably true. The result was his
970:. This foundation serves not only as a starting point but also as the fundamental basis for understanding the truth of existence. Thinking is the process of proving the validity of knowledge, not proving the rationality of the foundation from which knowledge is shaped. This means, with ultimate cause, the foundation is true, absolute, entire and impossible to prove.
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as an acceptable form of inference. For example, a belief that 'I see red' could be defeated with psychological evidence showing my mind to be confused or inattentive. Modest foundationalism can also be used to avoid the problem of inference. Even if perceptual beliefs are infallible, it is not clear
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have attacked foundationalism on the grounds that the truth of a statement or discourse is only verifiable in accordance with other statements and discourses. Rorty in particular elaborates further on this, claiming that the individual, the community, the human body as a whole have a 'means by which
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As an alternative to the classic view, modest foundationalism does not require that basic perceptual beliefs are infallible, but holds that it is reasonable to assume that perceptual beliefs are justified unless evidence to the contrary exists. This is still foundationalism because it maintains that
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as a model for the release of existence, which is only the faint copy of the Forms of eternity, that means, understanding the expression of objects leads to acquiring all knowledge, then acquiring knowledge accompanies achieving the truth. Achieving the truth means understanding the foundation. This
1024:
has argued that the classical formulation of foundationalism requires basic beliefs to be infallible, incorrigible, indubitable, and certain if they are to be adequately justified. Mental states and immediate experience are often taken as good candidates for basic beliefs because it is argued that
814:, Descartes challenged the contemporary principles of philosophy by arguing that everything he knew he learnt from or through his senses. He used various arguments to challenge the reliability of the senses, citing previous errors and the possibilities that he was dreaming or being deceived by an
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Foundationalism holds basic beliefs exist, which are justified without reference to other beliefs, and that nonbasic beliefs must ultimately be justified by basic beliefs. Classical foundationalism maintains that basic beliefs must be
672:, whereby a body of knowledge, not requiring a secure foundation, can be established by the interlocking strength of its components, like a puzzle solved without prior certainty that each small region was solved correctly.
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forms. Internalism requires that a believer's justification for a belief must be accessible to them for it to be justified. Foundationalist internalists have held that basic beliefs are justified by
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argued that scientific knowledge lacks an ultimate foundation and acts like a raft. In the 1950s, the dominance of foundationalism was challenged by a number of philosophers such as
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or states, such as experiences, that do not constitute beliefs. Alternatively, basic beliefs may be justified by some special property of the belief itself, such as its being
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Smith, Steve, Ownens
Patrica, "Alternative approaches to international relations theory" in "The Globalisation of World Politics", Baylis, Smith and Owens, OUP, 4th ed, p177
1375:, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 25: "Spinoza's foundationalism (Hegel argues) threatens to eliminate all determinate reality, leaving only one indeterminate substance."
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found any belief networked to one's beliefs on all of reality, while auxiliary beliefs somewhere in the vast network are readily modified to protect desired beliefs.
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is a form of modest foundationalism which takes religious beliefs as basic because they are non-inferentially justified: their justification arises from
1049:, rather than prior beliefs. This takes a modest approach to foundationalism – religious beliefs are not taken to be infallible, but are assumed to be
699:, the most famed foundationalist, discovered a foundation in the fact of his own existence and in the "clear and distinct" ideas of reason, whereas
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which rendered all of his beliefs about the external world false. Descartes attempted to establish the secure foundations for knowledge to avoid
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all non-basic beliefs must be ultimately justified by basic beliefs, but it does not require that basic beliefs are infallible and allows
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between beliefs—a strong foundationalism. Around 1975, weak foundationalism emerged. Thus recent foundationalists have variously allowed
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1083:. Externalism maintains that it is unnecessary for the means of justification of a belief to be accessible to the believer.
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foundationalism argue that only mental states or properties the believer is aware of could make a belief justified.
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Critics of foundationalism often argue that for a belief to be justified it must be supported by other beliefs; in
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mental states cannot be reasons, and so noninferential warrant cannot be derived from them. Similarly, critics of
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Rorty, Richard (1979). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton
University Press. pp. 165–173
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which constitutes the foundation, from which dominates epistemology. The earliest foundationalism is
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viewed scientific knowledge like a pyramid where a special class of statements does not require
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of justification in epistemology. According to this argument, every proposition requires
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has pursued a solid foundation as the ultimate and eternal reference system for all
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Coelho, Ivo (2010). "Foundationalism". In
Puthenpurackal, Johnson J. (ed.).
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Realism and Platonic Naturalism",
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Reason in the World: Hegel's
Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal
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Epistemology: A Contemporary
Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
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can be used to transfer justification from one belief to another.
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beliefs about these do not need further support to be justified.
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Several other philosophers of the early modern period, including
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is an externalist foundationalist theory, initially proposed by
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German
Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801
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In the 1930s, debate over foundationalism revived. Whereas
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1621:"Wittgenstein, Heidegger, and the reification of language"
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if they are to justify nonbasic beliefs, and that only
1833:"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"
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1348:"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"
1407:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 236.
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made foundationalism his own clear choice, positing
142:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1055:justified unless evidence arises to the contrary.
738:through other beliefs and serves as a foundation,
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1212:, 2nd (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005),
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941:Foundationalism is an attempt to respond to the
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1619:Rorty, Richard (1993), Guignon, Charles (ed.),
1148:that is united in critique of foundationalism.
707:. Differing foundations may reflect differing
1748:Franke, John R.; Grenz, Stanley James (2001).
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1771:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1807:An introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
1788:An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
1423:(Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 517.
999:idea still has some appeal in for example
875:'s foundationalism rests on his theory of
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5280:Relationship between religion and science
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1731:Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology
1439:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, p. 111.
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893:Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre
757:Classically, foundationalism had posited
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:Learn how and when to remove this message
1481:. Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 29.
1466:Rethinking Knowledge: The Heuristic View
1421:The Genesis of Neo-Kantianism, 1796–1880
1391:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, p. 65.
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793:find justification without such access.
79:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
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921:, foundationalism has been defended by
675:Identifying the alternatives as either
666:foundationalist theory of justification
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1346:Fumerton, Richard (21 February 2000).
1294:"René Descartes (1596—1650): Overview"
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1455:, Cambridge University Press, p. 292.
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1322:. internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1244:(Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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1689:The Structure of Empirical Knowledge
1625:The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger
1292:Skirry, Justin (13 September 2008).
855:, accepted foundationalism as well.
140:adding citations to reliable sources
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1874:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1863:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
1842:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1352:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1298:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1272:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1210:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
902:Über die Gewißheit der Erkenntniss.
658:philosophical theories of knowledge
13:
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1453:The Cambridge Companion to Husserl
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1266:Hatfield, Gary (3 December 2008).
886:, foundationalism was defended by
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5300:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5295:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5248:History and philosophy of science
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779:inference to the best explanation
670:coherence theory of justification
34:This article has multiple issues.
6300:
6288:
6182:Stratification of emotional life
5631:
5625:
5619:
5497:
5485:
4020:
3974:
3973:
3960:
1711:ACPI Encyclopaedia of Philosophy
1451:and David Woodruff Smith, eds.,
116:
64:
23:
1769:Putting Skeptics in Their Place
1752:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1659:
1612:
1603:
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1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
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1471:
1458:
1442:
1426:
1410:
1394:
789:access to justificatory means,
127:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
4689:Analytic–synthetic distinction
4437:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1924:
1790:. Cambridge University Press.
1786:Lemos, Noah Mercelino (2007).
1378:
1365:
1318:Kind, Amy (18 November 2005).
1311:
1285:
1259:
1256:Grenz & Franke 2001, p. 31
387:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1:
3657:
1714:. Asian Trading Corporation.
1188:
1100:
936:
911:Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik
660:resting upon non-inferential
3446:Ordinary language philosophy
1937:
1693:. Harvard University Press.
7:
5774:Theological intellectualism
5022:Hypothetico-deductive model
4997:Deductive-nomological model
4982:Constructivist epistemology
4482:Internalism and externalism
3496:Contemporary utilitarianism
3411:Internalism and externalism
1158:Constructivist epistemology
1151:
1059:Internalism and externalism
10:
6360:
6152:Principle of double effect
2760:Svatantrika and Prasangika
2399:
1685:BonJour, Laurence (1985).
1633:10.1017/ccol0521385709.014
994:, which shows the general
796:
683:, and thus exhibiting the
91:Such statements should be
6344:Theories of justification
6283:
6222:
6019:
5796:
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5728:
5685:
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5640:
5617:
5551:
5476:
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5140:
5083:Semantic view of theories
5002:Epistemological anarchism
4954:
4939:dependent and independent
4676:
4608:
4557:
4406:
4313:Evolutionary epistemology
4283:
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2048:
2020:
1982:Philosophy of mathematics
1972:Philosophy of information
1947:
1943:
1932:
1892:
1887:Links to related articles
1063:Foundationalism can take
1007:Classical foundationalism
984:privileged representation
493:Evolutionary epistemology
4825:Intertheoretic reduction
4814:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4791:Functional contextualism
4585:Philosophy of perception
4388:Representational realism
4358:Naturalized epistemology
1729:Dancy, Jonathan (1985).
1468:, Springer, 2017, p. 32.
803:early modern philosopher
773:between them, either by
608:Philosophy of perception
6339:Philosophical analogies
5779:Theological voluntarism
5310:Philosophers of science
5088:Scientific essentialism
5037:Model-dependent realism
4972:Constructive empiricism
4865:Evidence-based practice
4565:Outline of epistemology
4398:Transcendental idealism
3451:Postanalytic philosophy
3392:Experimental philosophy
1573:O'Brien 2006, pp. 72–74
1507:O'Brien 2006, pp. 61–62
1001:international relations
919:contemporary philosophy
744:Willard Van Orman Quine
503:Historical epistemology
6295:Catholicism portal
5393:Alfred North Whitehead
5383:Charles Sanders Peirce
4512:Problem of other minds
3584:Social constructionism
2596:Hellenistic philosophy
2012:Theoretical philosophy
1987:Philosophy of religion
1977:Philosophy of language
1029:Modest foundationalism
884:late modern philosophy
752:ontological relativity
703:found a foundation in
16:Epistemological theory
6307:Philosophy portal
6122:Infused righteousness
5492:Philosophy portal
5243:Hard and soft science
5238:Faith and rationality
5107:Scientific skepticism
4887:Scientific Revolution
4670:Philosophy of science
4590:Philosophy of science
4570:Faith and rationality
4452:Descriptive knowledge
4323:Feminist epistemology
4263:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3967:Philosophy portal
3486:Scientific skepticism
3466:Reformed epistemology
1992:Philosophy of science
1805:O'Brien, Dan (2006).
1666:Audi, Robert (2003).
1561:Dancy 1985, pp. 53–54
1543:Lemos 2007, pp. 50–51
1043:Reformed epistemology
775:enumerative induction
761:of basic beliefs and
727:—but may blend both.
695:underpinning others.
613:Philosophy of science
6255:Doctor of the Church
6137:Ontological argument
5218:Criticism of science
5093:Scientific formalism
4977:Constructive realism
4882:Scientific pluralism
4855:Problem of induction
4522:Procedural knowledge
4507:Problem of induction
3387:Critical rationalism
3094:Edo neo-Confucianism
2938:Acintya bheda abheda
2917:Renaissance humanism
2628:School of the Sextii
2002:Practical philosophy
1997:Political philosophy
1767:Greco, John (2000).
1591:O'Brien 2006, p. 184
1498:(1996), pp. 275–281.
1492:Philosophical Issues
1163:Ethical intuitionism
1047:religious experience
980:anti-foundationalism
488:Applied epistemology
136:improve this article
93:clarified or removed
6082:Divine illumination
5738:Augustinian realism
5606:Theological virtues
5545:Catholic philosophy
5285:Rhetoric of science
5223:Descriptive science
4967:Confirmation holism
4860:Scientific evidence
4820:Inductive reasoning
4749:Demarcation problem
4600:Virtue epistemology
4595:Social epistemology
4575:Formal epistemology
4462:Epistemic injustice
4457:Exploratory thought
4258:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2958:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2869:Korean Confucianism
2616:Academic Skepticism
1831:Fumerton, Richard.
1609:O'Brien 2006, p. 88
1552:BonJour 1985, p. 27
1417:Frederick C. Beiser
1401:Frederick C. Beiser
1129:post-structuralists
1036:inductive reasoning
1018:deductive reasoning
863:foundationalist by
859:was interpreted as
771:inductive reasoning
769:basic beliefs, and
763:deductive reasoning
598:Epistemic cognition
518:Virtue epistemology
513:Social epistemology
498:Formal epistemology
237:Part of a series on
6250:Islamic philosophy
6204:Trademark argument
6097:Formal distinction
6047:Augustinian values
5720:Analytical Thomism
5700:Christian humanism
5504:Science portal
5433:Carl Gustav Hempel
5388:Wilhelm Windelband
5275:Questionable cause
5098:Scientific realism
4919:Underdetermination
4754:Empirical evidence
4744:Creative synthesis
4253:Timothy Williamson
4043:Augustine of Hippo
3579:Post-structuralism
3481:Scientific realism
3436:Quinean naturalism
3416:Logical positivism
3372:Analytical Marxism
2591:Peripatetic school
2503:Chinese naturalism
2030:Aesthetic response
1957:Applied philosophy
1600:O'Brien 2006, p.87
1146:logical positivism
964:Western philosophy
898:Wilhelm Windelband
677:circular reasoning
6321:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6230:Catholic theology
6177:Seven deadly sins
6147:Peripatetic axiom
6057:Cartesian dualism
5792:
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5758:Scotistic realism
5715:Neo-scholasticism
5511:
5510:
5353:
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5265:Normative science
5122:Uniformitarianism
4877:Scientific method
4771:Explanatory power
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4502:Privileged access
4138:Søren Kierkegaard
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3263:Transcendentalism
3223:Neo-scholasticism
3069:Classical Realism
3046:
3045:
2818:
2817:
2633:Neopythagoreanism
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2007:Social philosophy
1869:"Foundationalism"
1816:978-0-74563-316-9
1797:978-1-13946-185-6
1778:978-0-521-04553-7
1721:978-8-17086-574-2
1700:978-0-67484-381-3
1677:978-0-415-28109-6
1642:978-1-139-00051-2
1516:Audi 2003, p. 194
1242:"Foundationalism"
1208:Simon Blackburn,
978:, a proponent of
867:, a proponent of
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151:"Foundationalism"
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6117:Homo unius libri
6062:Cogito, ergo sum
6052:Cardinal virtues
5753:Moderate realism
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5561:Cardinal virtues
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5489:
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5463:Bas van Fraassen
5418:Hans Reichenbach
5398:Bertrand Russell
5315:
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5141:Philosophy of...
4924:Unity of science
4717:Commensurability
4663:
4656:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4580:Metaepistemology
4558:Related articles
4532:Regress argument
4467:Epistemic virtue
4218:Bertrand Russell
4193:Duncan Pritchard
4153:Hilary Kornblith
4068:Laurence BonJour
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3441:Normative ethics
3421:Legal positivism
3397:Falsificationism
3382:Consequentialism
3377:Communitarianism
3350:
3349:
3218:New Confucianism
3057:
3056:
2864:Neo-Confucianism
2829:
2828:
2638:Second Sophistic
2623:Middle Platonism
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2239:Epiphenomenalism
2106:Consequentialism
2040:Institutionalism
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1113:argued that non-
1022:Laurence BonJour
927:Bertrand Russell
681:infinite regress
662:justified belief
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543:Sextus Empiricus
508:Metaepistemology
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5127:Verificationism
5032:Instrumentalism
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4786:Feminist method
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4632:
4604:
4553:
4472:Gettier problem
4402:
4333:Foundationalism
4279:
4228:Wilfrid Sellars
4183:Alvin Plantinga
4063:George Berkeley
4030:Epistemologists
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992:theory of Forms
943:regress problem
939:
845:George Berkeley
829:cogito ergo sum
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748:Wilfrid Sellars
709:epistemological
685:regress problem
654:Foundationalism
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4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Constructivism
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Baruch Spinoza
4245:
4243:P. F. Strawson
4240:
4235:
4233:Susanna Siegel
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4208:W. V. O. Quine
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Nelson Goodman
4105:
4100:
4098:Edmund Gettier
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:René Descartes
4080:
4075:
4073:Gilles Deleuze
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:William Alston
4045:
4040:
4038:Thomas Aquinas
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3970:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
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3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3770:Middle Eastern
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
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3699:
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3649:
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3627:
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3612:
3606:
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3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Existentialism
3531:
3529:Deconstruction
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Applied ethics
3358:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:Nietzscheanism
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3268:Utilitarianism
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3166:Transcendental
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Existentialism
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Augustinianism
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:Zoroastrianism
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
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2698:
2693:
2688:
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2673:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
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2648:Church Fathers
2645:
2640:
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2608:
2603:
2593:
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2546:
2541:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
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2472:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
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2421:
2415:
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2392:
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2259:
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2256:
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2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2163:Libertarianism
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Metaphilosophy
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1826:
1825:External links
1823:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1783:
1777:
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1479:Mind and World
1470:
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1284:
1258:
1246:
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1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1178:Panrationalism
1175:
1173:Foundherentism
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1125:Postmodernists
1102:
1099:
1060:
1057:
1030:
1027:
1008:
1005:
960:ancient Greece
938:
935:
923:Edmund Husserl
865:G. W. F. Hegel
857:Baruch Spinoza
806:René Descartes
798:
795:
781:. And whereas
732:Moritz Schlick
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
594:
591:Related fields
590:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
575:
573:W. V. O. Quine
570:
565:
560:
558:René Descartes
555:
550:
548:Edmund Gettier
545:
540:
534:
530:
529:
528:
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63:
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32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6356:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6308:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6275:Phenomenology
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
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6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6172:Rota Fortunae
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6132:Occam's razor
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Head of a pin
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:Actus Essendi
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Chateaubriand
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:Conceptualism
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Scholasticism
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5612:
5611:Virtue ethics
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:Seven virtues
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Rudolf Carnap
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:Auguste Comte
5356:
5355:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Francis Bacon
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5258:Pseudoscience
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Structuralism
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:Received view
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
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5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:Contextualism
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
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4927:
4925:
4922:
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4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
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4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
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4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
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4815:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
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4560:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Justification
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Phenomenalism
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Naïve realism
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Contextualism
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:Vienna Circle
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Hilary Putnam
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Robert Nozick
4176:
4174:
4173:John McDowell
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Immanuel Kant
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Alvin Goldman
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:Miscellaneous
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:Miscellaneous
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Structuralism
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Postmodernism
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Phenomenology
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Vienna Circle
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Moral realism
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Phenomenology
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Individualism
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3038:Judeo-Islamic
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Shuddhadvaita
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Scholasticism
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Conceptualism
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Particularism
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Functionalism
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Eliminativism
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Compatibilism
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Particularism
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1759:9780664257699
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1740:0-631-13622-3
1736:
1733:. Blackwell.
1732:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:. Routledge.
1669:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1321:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:Evidentialism
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1133:Richard Rorty
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:Alvin Goldman
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:mental events
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:Richard Rorty
973:
972:Neopragmatist
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
953:
948:
947:justification
944:
934:
932:
931:John McDowell
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
912:
907:
906:Gottlob Frege
903:
899:
896:(1794/1795),
895:
894:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
873:Immanuel Kant
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:G. W. Leibniz
838:
833:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
804:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:infallibility
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:basic beliefs
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Immanuel Kant
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Wang Yangming
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
477:
476:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:Justification
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
394:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
371:
370:
363:
362:Structuralism
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Perspectivism
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Infallibilism
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Contextualism
285:
283:
280:
279:
271:
270:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
232:
224:
221:
206:
203:
195:
192:November 2022
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153: –
152:
148:
147:Find sources:
141:
137:
131:
130:
125:This article
123:
119:
114:
113:
104:
101:November 2022
94:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6245:Neoplatonism
6167:Ressentiment
6162:Quinque viae
6127:Memento mori
6087:Double truth
6032:Actus primus
5798:Philosophers
5783:
5705:Cartesianism
5468:Larry Laudan
5448:Imre Lakatos
5403:Otto Neurath
5378:Karl Pearson
5368:Pierre Duhem
5340:Isaac Newton
5270:Protoscience
5228:Epistemology
5102:Anti-realism
5100: /
5081: /
5072: /
5058: /
5056:Reductionism
5054: /
5027:Inductionism
5016:
5007:Evolutionism
4812:
4699:a posteriori
4698:
4694:
4546:
4447:Common sense
4425:A posteriori
4424:
4416:
4378:Reductionism
4332:
4272:
4223:Gilbert Ryle
4093:Fred Dretske
4078:Keith DeRose
4022:Epistemology
3972:
3958:
3629:
3620:Postcritique
3610:Kyoto School
3569:Posthumanism
3549:Hermeneutics
3404: /
3401:
3345:Contemporary
3321:Newtonianism
3284:Cartesianism
3243:Reductionism
3108:
3079:Conservatism
3074:Collectivism
3012:
2740:Sarvāstivadā
2718:Anekantavada
2643:Neoplatonism
2611:Epicureanism
2544:Pythagoreans
2483:Confucianism
2449:Contemporary
2439:Early modern
2343:Anti-realism
2297:Universalism
2254:Subjectivism
2050:Epistemology
1872:
1840:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1709:
1688:
1667:
1660:Bibliography
1646:, retrieved
1624:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1433:Tom Rockmore
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1385:Tom Rockmore
1380:
1372:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1324:. Retrieved
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1261:
1240:Ted Poston,
1209:
1142:Wittgenstein
1123:
1104:
1085:
1077:self-evident
1062:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1010:
983:
974:philosopher
957:
952:ad infinitum
950:
940:
916:
909:
908:in his book
904:(1873), and
901:
900:in his book
891:
890:in his book
888:J. G. Fichte
881:
861:metaphysical
834:
827:
809:
800:
791:externalists
783:internalists
756:
740:Otto Neurath
736:verification
729:
724:
723:emphasizing
721:rationalists
716:
715:emphasizing
674:
665:
653:
652:
397:a posteriori
396:
392:
311:
243:Epistemology
231:
216:
198:
189:
179:
172:
165:
158:
146:
134:Please help
129:verification
126:
98:
85:unverifiable
77:weasel words
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
6265:Rationalism
6260:Renaissance
6192:Augustinian
6077:Disputation
6072:Differentia
6037:Actus purus
5941:Malebranche
5856:Bonaventure
5591:Personalism
5586:Natural law
5581:Probabilism
5458:Ian Hacking
5443:Thomas Kuhn
5428:Karl Popper
5408:C. D. Broad
5325:Roger Bacon
5253:Non-science
5195:Linguistics
5175:Archaeology
5070:Rationalism
5060:Determinism
5047:Physicalism
5012:Fallibilism
4962:Coherentism
4892:Testability
4845:Observation
4840:Objectivity
4801:alternative
4732:Correlation
4722:Consilience
4527:Proposition
4497:Objectivity
4383:Reliabilism
4373:Rationalism
4318:Fallibilism
4293:Coherentism
4238:Ernest Sosa
4213:Thomas Reid
4198:James Pryor
4168:G. E. Moore
4158:David Lewis
4148:Saul Kripke
4143:Peter Klein
4123:Susan Haack
4053:Robert Audi
3615:Objectivism
3554:Neo-Marxism
3516:Continental
3426:Meta-ethics
3406:Coherentism
3311:Hegelianism
3248:Rationalism
3208:Natural law
3188:Materialism
3114:Historicism
3084:Determinism
2975:Navya-Nyāya
2750:Sautrāntika
2745:Pudgalavada
2681:Vaisheshika
2534:Presocratic
2434:Renaissance
2373:Physicalism
2358:Materialism
2264:Normativity
2249:Objectivism
2234:Emergentism
2224:Behaviorism
2173:Metaphysics
2139:Determinism
2078:Rationalism
1449:Barry Smith
1119:externalist
1087:Reliabilism
1069:externalist
1065:internalist
1052:prima facie
869:coherentism
853:Thomas Reid
811:Meditations
713:empiricists
453:Rationality
428:Information
342:Rationalism
302:Fallibilism
282:Coherentism
87:information
6328:Categories
6270:Empiricism
6092:Evil demon
5866:Chesterton
5743:Nominalism
5730:Universals
5571:Just price
5345:David Hume
5318:Precursors
5200:Psychology
5180:Economics
5074:Empiricism
5065:Pragmatism
5052:Positivism
5042:Naturalism
4912:scientific
4796:Hypothesis
4759:Experiment
4628:Discussion
4618:Task Force
4537:Simplicity
4517:Perception
4393:Skepticism
4368:Positivism
4343:Infinitism
4308:Empiricism
4163:John Locke
4128:David Hume
4118:Anil Gupta
4113:Paul Grice
4088:John Dewey
4058:A. J. Ayer
3914:Amerindian
3821:Australian
3760:Vietnamese
3740:Indonesian
3289:Kantianism
3238:Positivism
3228:Pragmatism
3203:Naturalism
3183:Liberalism
3161:Subjective
3099:Empiricism
3003:Avicennism
2948:Bhedabheda
2832:East Asian
2755:Madhyamaka
2735:Abhidharma
2601:Pyrrhonism
2368:Nominalism
2363:Naturalism
2292:Skepticism
2282:Relativism
2272:Absolutism
2201:Naturalism
2111:Deontology
2083:Skepticism
2068:Naturalism
2058:Empiricism
2022:Aesthetics
1926:Philosophy
1854:PhilPapers
1809:. Polity.
1496:Perception
1189:References
1183:Pragmatism
1101:Criticisms
1095:sense-data
1081:infallible
1014:infallible
937:Definition
877:categories
849:David Hume
837:John Locke
820:scepticism
816:Evil Demon
750:. Quine's
717:experience
705:experience
563:David Hume
423:Experience
352:Skepticism
347:Relativism
337:Pragmatism
327:Naturalism
322:Infinitism
297:Empiricism
162:newspapers
39:improve it
6235:Platonism
6209:Univocity
6107:Haecceity
5986:Ratzinger
5951:Montaigne
5931:MacIntyre
5886:Dionysius
5881:Descartes
5841:Augustine
5695:Salamanca
5185:Geography
5153:Chemistry
5112:Scientism
4907:ladenness
4727:Construct
4705:Causality
4492:Knowledge
4477:Induction
4427:knowledge
4419:knowledge
3793:Pakistani
3755:Taiwanese
3702:Ethiopian
3675:By region
3661:By region
3476:Scientism
3471:Systemics
3331:Spinozism
3258:Socialism
3193:Modernism
3156:Objective
3064:Anarchism
2998:Averroism
2887:Christian
2839:Neotaoism
2810:Zurvanism
2800:Mithraism
2795:Mazdakism
2566:Cyrenaics
2493:Logicians
2126:Free will
2088:Solipsism
2035:Formalism
1357:19 August
1003:studies.
968:knowledge
808:. In his
787:cognitive
711:emphases—
697:Descartes
689:Aristotle
656:concerns
538:Aristotle
443:Knowledge
438:Induction
413:Certainty
357:Solipsism
292:Dogmatism
75:contains
45:talk page
6197:Irenaean
6187:Theodicy
6157:Quiddity
6020:Concepts
5946:Maritain
5916:Krasicki
5906:Gassendi
5896:Eriugena
5851:Boethius
5826:Anscombe
5816:Albertus
5710:Molinism
5677:Occamism
5649:Medieval
5576:Just war
5480:Category
5132:Vitalism
4955:Theories
4929:Variable
4850:Paradigm
4737:function
4695:A priori
4684:Analysis
4677:Concepts
4613:Category
4432:Analysis
4417:A priori
4408:Concepts
4348:Innatism
4285:Theories
3979:Category
3934:Yugoslav
3924:Romanian
3831:Scottish
3816:American
3745:Japanese
3725:Buddhist
3707:Africana
3697:Egyptian
3539:Feminist
3461:Rawlsian
3456:Quietism
3354:Analytic
3306:Krausism
3213:Nihilism
3178:Kokugaku
3141:Absolute
3136:Idealism
3124:Humanism
2912:Occamism
2879:European
2824:Medieval
2770:Yogacara
2730:Buddhist
2723:Syādvāda
2606:Stoicism
2571:Cynicism
2559:Sophists
2554:Atomists
2549:Eleatics
2488:Legalism
2429:Medieval
2353:Idealism
2307:Ontology
2287:Nihilism
2191:Idealism
1949:Branches
1938:Branches
1494:Vol. 7,
1419:(2014),
1326:28 March
1303:28 March
1277:28 March
1152:See also
1131:such as
1115:doxastic
914:(1884).
824:geometry
785:require
767:fallible
408:Credence
393:A priori
375:Concepts
258:Category
6223:Related
6011:Wojtyła
5991:Scheler
5936:Maistre
5926:Lombard
5911:Isidore
5891:Erasmus
5871:Clement
5836:Aquinas
5806:Abelard
5672:Scotism
5667:Thomism
5641:Schools
5190:History
5158:Physics
5148:Biology
4946:more...
4934:control
4830:Inquiry
4548:more...
4328:Fideism
4274:more...
3929:Russian
3898:Spanish
3893:Slovene
3883:Maltese
3878:Italian
3858:Finland
3826:British
3808:Western
3798:Turkish
3783:Islamic
3778:Iranian
3730:Chinese
3717:Eastern
3684:African
3631:more...
3316:Marxism
3146:British
3089:Dualism
2985:Islamic
2943:Advaita
2933:Vedanta
2907:Scotism
2902:Thomism
2844:Tiantai
2787:Persian
2775:Tibetan
2765:Śūnyatā
2706:Cārvāka
2696:Ājīvika
2691:Mīmāṃsā
2671:Samkhya
2586:Academy
2539:Ionians
2513:Yangism
2470:Chinese
2461:Ancient
2424:Western
2419:Ancient
2378:Realism
2335:Reality
2325:Process
2206:Realism
2186:Dualism
2181:Atomism
2063:Fideism
1861:at the
1839:(ed.).
1648:9 March
996:concept
797:History
668:is the
578:more...
481:Domains
448:Meaning
307:Fideism
275:Schools
253:Outline
176:scholar
6214:Utopia
6006:Suárez
5996:Scotus
5981:Rahner
5971:Pascal
5961:Newman
5901:Ficino
5831:Anselm
5821:Alcuin
5687:Modern
5553:Ethics
4902:choice
4897:Theory
4835:Nature
4764:design
4442:Belief
4338:Holism
3888:Polish
3868:German
3863:French
3848:Danish
3838:Canada
3788:Jewish
3750:Korean
3735:Indian
3277:People
3198:Monism
3151:German
3119:Holism
3052:Modern
3030:Jewish
2953:Dvaita
2926:Indian
2849:Huayan
2701:Ajñana
2658:Indian
2523:Greco-
2508:Taoism
2498:Mohism
2444:Modern
2411:By era
2400:By era
2315:Action
2196:Monism
2116:Virtue
2098:Ethics
1813:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1737:
1718:
1697:
1674:
1639:
958:Since
851:, and
777:or by
725:reason
468:Wisdom
458:Reason
403:Belief
382:Action
178:
171:
164:
157:
149:
81:biased
6042:Aevum
6001:Stein
5966:Occam
5921:Llull
5846:Bacon
5811:Adler
5767:Other
4623:Stubs
4542:Truth
4188:Plato
3919:Aztec
3873:Greek
3853:Dutch
3843:Czech
3692:Bantu
3129:Anti-
2676:Nyaya
2666:Hindu
2526:Roman
2320:Event
1962:Logic
1835:. In
1214:p 139
988:Plato
701:Locke
463:Truth
263:Index
183:JSTOR
169:books
5976:Pico
5956:More
5876:Cusa
4806:null
4776:Fact
4697:and
3020:Sufi
2854:Chan
2713:Jain
2686:Yoga
2216:Mind
2156:Hard
2144:Hard
1811:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1650:2023
1637:ISBN
1359:2018
1328:2013
1305:2013
1279:2013
1135:and
1127:and
1067:and
929:and
746:and
418:Data
395:and
155:news
3294:Neo
2859:Zen
1852:at
1629:doi
1079:or
990:'s
917:In
882:In
679:or
138:by
83:or
6330::
1871:.
1635:,
1623:,
1566:^
1435:,
1403:,
1387:,
1350:.
1336:^
1296:.
1270:.
1249:^
1221:^
1197:^
962:,
933:.
925:,
879:.
871:.
847:,
843:,
839:,
719:,
687:,
48:.
5537:e
5530:t
5523:v
4662:e
4655:t
4648:v
4014:e
4007:t
4000:v
1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1877:.
1845:.
1819:.
1800:.
1781:.
1762:.
1743:.
1724:.
1703:.
1680:.
1631::
1361:.
1330:.
1307:.
1281:.
1216:.
642:e
635:t
628:v
223:)
217:(
205:)
199:(
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190:(
180:·
173:·
166:·
159:·
132:.
103:)
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95:.
89:.
55:)
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